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was attached to a beam on that frame. The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together. These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner's left hand thus extending the thread. The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel
373:
in the machine's name is that one of his daughters (or his wife) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working normally, with the spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realised there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had
277:
they had. Carding and spinning might be the only income for that household, or part of it. The family might farm a few acres and card, spin and weave wool and cotton. It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner, and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver. The process
221:
from India, China or Persia. This caused grey cloth (calico that had not been finished – dyed or printed) to be imported instead, and these were printed in southern
England with popular patterns. Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, which they sent to London to
344:
named Thomas James. He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street. On 12 July 1770, he took out a patent (no. 962) on his invention, the
Spinning Jenny—a machine for spinning, drawing and twisting cotton. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine, and
352:
had not been invented and installed in textile factories. Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel, and this was limited by the need to card by hand. It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810. The spinning jenny was
289:). The weaver organised the carding, spinning and weaving to the master's specification. The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth, and took it to shopkeepers. Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men, who collected the grey cloth and took it to market
345:
Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered
Hargreaves £3,000. He at first demanded £7,000, and stood out for £4,000, but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had sold several in the past.
296:
To hand weave a 12-pound (5.4 kg) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all. Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning, and nine for carding. So by 1750, a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged.
200:
which jealously protected their product. Cotton processing was tiny: in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds (900,775 kg) of cotton-wool was imported into
England, and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds (701,014 kg). This was due to commercial legislation
335:
Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering the large spinning community in
Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to
147:, around 1720. Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000, known for the production of "Blackburn greys," cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India. They were usually sent to London to be printed.
180:
which caused all the spindles to revolve, and the thread to be spun. When the bars were returned, the thread wound onto the spindle. A pressing wire (faller) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle.
158:
1733) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machine produced coarse thread.
233:
The use of coloured cotton weft, with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth. In 1764, 3,870,392 pounds (1,755,580 kg) of cotton-wool was imported.
377:
The name is variously said to derive from this tale. The
Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters, but none named Jenny (neither was his wife). A more likely explanation of the name is that
817:
304:
started to improve the loom. He improved the reed, and invented the raceboard, the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output. This invention is commonly called the
309:. It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds. Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs, it was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning.
1777:
348:
The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn, making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost. The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the
312:
The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny, and triggered the start of the
1807:
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in 1768. This was a centre for the hosiery industry, and knitted silks, cottons and wool. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr
Shipley, with the assistance of a
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Another myth has Thomas
Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description – but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor.
150:
At the time, cotton yarn production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry, and
Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The
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be finished. Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels. Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in
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was continuous, and done by both sexes, from the youngest to the oldest. The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale.
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217:(as India was then called), became popular. In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed
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The
British Cotton Manufactures: and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review
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would work for the merchant, taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns, and with them would go
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The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end. A set of eight
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822:. London: E. Thomson & Sons and W. & W. Clarke and Longman, Rees, & Co.
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The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the
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were exempted. It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited.
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has claimed to be the inventor and the story is repeated using his wife's name.
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cloth. That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as
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General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
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Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of Early Industrialisation,
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and could produce both weft and warp for the woollen industry.
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where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing.
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The improved spinning jenny that was used in textile mills
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Cotton Spinning: its development, principles and practice
831:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 253,
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The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce
1823:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
258:. Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of
1818:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
1783:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
672:. Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. Archived from
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451:
449:
424:
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
741:(Elibron Classics ed.). London: John Heywood.
726:
History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain;
374:been, and he could place them vertically in a row.
446:
2054:
188:In the 17th century, England was famous for its
739:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
729:. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson.
1788:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
1165:
892:
81:, and was one of the key developments in the
1318:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
434:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1838:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
1828:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
872:Source for alternate name of spinning ginny
357:. The jenny was adapted for the process of
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361:, being the basis of the Slubbing Billy.
238:The economics of Northern England in 1750
205:) to protect the woollen industry. Cheap
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123:. The spinning jenny helped to start the
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57:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
868:on Thomas Highs and the spinning jenny.
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858:on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.
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803:. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co
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653:«Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves»
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135:The spinning jenny was invented by
48:
1793:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
1338:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
364:
93:. It was invented in 1764–1765 by
49:
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1813:General Union of Loom Overlookers
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2088:History of Blackburn with Darwen
2083:Industrial Revolution in England
1798:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
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330:Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery
2078:History of the textile industry
1228:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
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1656:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
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1631:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
1605:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
1308:W & J Galloway & Sons
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170:
1409:John Hetherington & Sons
1293:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
906:
781:. Manchester: Marsden and Co
670:"James Hargreaves 1720–1778"
7:
1394:Butterworth & Dickinson
762:. George Bell and Sons 1903
402:
10:
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1626:Fine Spinners and Doublers
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827:Timmins, Geoffrey (1993),
319:
130:
53:Multi-spool spinning frame
2037:John Kay (spinning frame)
2032:John Kay (flying shuttle)
1999:
1963:
1877:
1846:
1770:
1677:Cotton-spinning machinery
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1399:Curtis, Parr & Walton
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1245:
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1079:Cotton-spinning machinery
1071:
1025:
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756:Marsden, Richard (1884).
127:of cotton manufacturing.
1474:Textile Machinery Makers
1454:British Northrop Loom Co
1373:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
1323:John Musgrave & Sons
1203:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
209:prints, imported by the
31:latest accepted revision
2093:18th-century inventions
1991:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
1651:James Burton & Sons
1641:Combined Egyptian Mills
1479:Tweedales & Smalley
816:Guest, Richard (1828).
723:Baines, Edward (1835).
382:was an abbreviation of
1687:Magnetic ring spinning
1682:DREF friction spinning
1363:Willans & Robinson
1268:Bateman & Sherratt
1099:Magnetic ring spinning
1094:DREF friction spinning
866:www.cottonttimes.co.uk
332:
184:The politics of cotton
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67:
1864:Mule spinners' cancer
1833:The Textile Institute
1803:Cardroom Amalgamation
1672:Textile manufacturing
1484:T. Wildman & Sons
1469:Taylor, Lang & Co
1429:Howard & Bullough
1419:John Pilling and Sons
1353:Urmson & Thompson
1263:Ashworth & Parker
1104:Mule spinners' cancer
775:Marsden, ed. (1909).
429:Textile manufacturing
327:
314:Industrial Revolution
165:
91:Industrial Revolution
87:textile manufacturing
61:
1847:Employment practices
1665:Industrial processes
1283:Buckley & Taylor
1208:F.W. Dixon & Son
1139:Wool combing machine
778:Cotton Yearbook 1910
1859:Kissing the shuttle
1636:Bagley & Wright
1575:George Augustus Lee
1565:William Houldsworth
1535:Nathaniel Eckersley
1404:Dobson & Barlow
1348:Scott & Hodgson
1313:Benjamin Goodfellow
1298:Earnshaw & Holt
1072:Industrial spinning
1026:Hand spinning tools
800:Lancashire Worthies
242:In England, before
21:Page version status
2073:English inventions
1515:Hugh Hornby Birley
1459:Pemberton & Co
1444:Mather & Platt
1424:Harling & Todd
1389:Brooks & Doxey
1333:Petrie of Rochdale
1328:J & W McNaught
1273:Boulton & Watt
856:www.cottontown.org
795:Espinasse, Francis
353:superseded by the
333:
328:Spinning jenny at
287:Putting-out system
211:East India Company
168:
68:
27:
2068:Textile machinery
2050:
2049:
2007:Richard Arkwright
1986:Weavers' Triangle
1981:Queen Street Mill
1762:Lancashire boiler
1692:Open-end spinning
1614:Limited companies
1580:Charles Macintosh
1520:Joseph Brotherton
1147:
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1089:Open-end spinning
250:, and before the
139:. He was born in
114:Richard Arkwright
89:during the early
83:industrialisation
39:15 September 2024
18:
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2022:James Hargreaves
1920:Oldham (borough)
1530:Peter Drinkwater
1500:Elkanah Armitage
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484:
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152:flying shuttle
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125:factory system
97:in Stan hill,
79:spinning frame
72:spinning jenny
52:
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1033:Hand spinning
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838:0 7190-3725-5
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748:1-4021-4558-6
744:
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721:
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709:, p. 316
708:
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697:, p. 155
696:
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675:
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664:
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642:, p. 219
641:
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617:
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594:Aiken, John.
590:
584:, p. 325
583:
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571:
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559:
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520:
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481:
476:
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469:
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458:, p. 322
457:
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419:Spinning mule
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351:
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291:in Manchester
288:
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141:Oswaldtwistle
138:
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126:
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118:water-powered
116:invented the
115:
111:
106:
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100:
99:Oswaldtwistle
96:
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80:
77:
73:
65:
60:
56:
51:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2027:Thomas Highs
1771:Associations
1747:Air-jet loom
1732:Roberts Loom
1706:
1600:John Rylands
1570:John Kennedy
1545:William Gray
1540:John Fielden
1525:James Burton
1343:George Saxon
1258:Ashton Frost
1213:Edward Potts
1118:
828:
818:
805:. Retrieved
799:
783:. Retrieved
777:
764:. Retrieved
758:
738:
725:
717:Bibliography
702:
690:
678:. Retrieved
674:the original
663:
656:
647:
640:Marsden 1884
635:
623:
611:
599:. Retrieved
589:
577:
565:
553:
526:
514:
502:
475:
468:Timmins 1993
463:
398:
390:Thomas Highs
388:
383:
379:
376:
370:
368:
347:
334:
311:
299:
295:
280:
272:
268:sample books
260:bridle paths
241:
232:
187:
174:
149:
134:
107:
105:in England.
71:
69:
55:
50:
38:
29:This is the
23:
2042:Robert Owen
1752:Rapier loom
1727:Water frame
1595:Robert Peel
1555:Samuel Greg
1550:Hannah Greg
1510:Hugh Birley
1493:Mill owners
1134:Water frame
1043:Niddy noddy
695:Baines 1835
616:Baines 1835
601:26 November
480:Baines 1835
409:Cotton mill
203:Calico Acts
121:water frame
74:is a multi-
2057:Categories
1915:Manchester
1910:Lancashire
1905:Derbyshire
1854:More looms
1757:Dandy loom
1646:Courtaulds
1585:Hugh Mason
1191:Architects
1181:Lancashire
1048:Nostepinne
1012:Short draw
980:Techniques
807:1 December
628:Guest 1828
440:References
338:Nottingham
171:Components
103:Lancashire
66:, Germany.
1955:Yorkshire
1940:Stockport
1885:LCC mills
1303:Fairbairn
1007:Scutching
1002:Long draw
915:Materials
657:About.com
300:In 1738,
256:packhorse
252:turnpikes
215:Hindustan
145:Blackburn
64:Wuppertal
2063:Spinning
2000:Pioneers
1945:Tameside
1930:Rochdale
1900:Cheshire
1722:Steaming
1439:Asa Lees
997:Heckling
908:Spinning
797:(1874).
785:26 April
766:26 April
737:(1895).
403:See also
359:slubbing
302:John Kay
248:railways
228:fustians
224:Coventry
219:calicoes
156:John Kay
35:reviewed
1964:Museums
1935:Salford
1925:Preston
1717:Carding
1053:Spindle
1038:Distaff
992:Combing
987:Carding
962:Worsted
414:Luddite
320:Success
283:fustian
264:chapmen
198:Norwich
194:worsted
190:woollen
177:rovings
143:, near
131:History
76:spindle
1890:Bolton
1184:cotton
957:Woolen
942:Staple
937:Sliver
932:Roving
835:
745:
680:17 May
384:engine
342:joiner
244:canals
207:calico
1950:Wigan
1218:Stott
927:Rolag
864:from
862:Essay
854:from
852:Essay
394:Leigh
380:jenny
371:jenny
213:from
110:cloth
1895:Bury
922:Noil
833:ISBN
809:2010
787:2009
768:2009
743:ISBN
682:2009
603:2016
275:weft
192:and
70:The
952:Tow
947:Top
392:of
85:of
37:on
2059::
655:,
538:^
487:^
448:^
386:.
316:.
270:.
246:,
101:,
33:,
1173:e
1166:t
1159:v
900:e
893:t
886:v
811:.
789:.
770:.
751:.
684:.
605:.
201:(
154:(
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
