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475:. Active front spoilers have also been implemented on specific models, in which the front spoiler or air dam extends further toward the road below to reduce drag at high speed. In most cases, the spoiler deployment is achieved with an electric motor controlled automatically by the onboard computer or other electronics, usually based on vehicle speed, driver setting, or other inputs. Often, the driver can manually deploy the spoiler if desired, but may not be able to retract the spoiler above a certain speed because doing so could dangerously diminish the high-speed handling qualities of the vehicle.
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540:. The body of the car is designed to generate downforce while driving forward. These roof flaps deploy when the car's body is rotated to travel in reverse, a condition where the body generates lift instead. The roof flaps deploy because they are recessed into a pocket in the roof. The low pressure above this pocket will cause the flaps to deploy, and counteract some of the lift generated by the car, making it more resistant to coming out of contact with the ground. These devices were introduced in 1994 in
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487:) without drastically changing its appearance. Hiding a spoiler at low speeds can improve aerodynamics as well. At low speeds, a fixed spoiler may increase drag and does little to improve the vehicle's handling due to having little airflow over it. A retractable front spoiler can reduce the scraping of the car on curbs or other road imperfections, while still reducing drag at high speeds.
522:, may also have a spoiler on the top and sides of the cab to lessen drag caused by air resistance from the trailer it is towing, which may be taller than the cab and reduce the aerodynamics of the vehicle dramatically without the use of this spoiler. The trailers they pull can also be fitted with under-side spoilers that angle outward to deflect passing air from the rear axle's wheels.
448:. In racing, this spoiler controls the dynamics of handling related to the air in front of the vehicle. This can be to improve the drag coefficient of the vehicle's body at speed or generate downforce. In passenger vehicles, the focus shifts to directing the airflow into the engine bay for cooling purposes.
301:
Sports cars are most commonly seen with front and rear spoilers. Even though these vehicles typically have a more rigid chassis and a stiffer suspension to aid in high-speed maneuverability, a spoiler can still be beneficial. This is because many cars have a relatively steep downward angle going from
350:
However, "the spoilers that feature on more upmarket models rarely provide further aerodynamic benefit." The vast majority of the designs do not do anything, except the factory units on competition and high-end sports cars, while some manufacturers disclose that their "spoilers are for looks only".
224:
Since spoiler is a term describing an application, the operation of a spoiler varies depending on the particular effect it is trying to spoil. Standard spoiler functions include disrupting airflow passing over and around a moving vehicle. A standard spoiler diffuses air by increasing amounts of
220:
Aerodynamics plays a critical role in a car's behavior at higher speeds. Vehicles must be stable and balanced first at lower speeds through their mechanical grip on the road via the chassis, suspensions, and tires. Aerodynamic aids can then be used to provide the necessary balance and stability
478:
Active spoilers can offer additional benefits over fixed spoilers. Cosmetically, they can allow a cleaner or less cluttered appearance when the vehicle is parked or traveling at low speeds when it is most likely to be observed. A spoiler that hides may be appealing to vehicle designers who are
470:
An active spoiler dynamically adjusts while the vehicle operates based on the conditions presented, changing the spoiling effect, intensity, or other performance attributes. Found most often on sports cars and other passenger cars, the most common form is a rear spoiler that retracts and hides
314:
to the spoiler, which helps to delay flow separation, and the higher pressure in front of the spoiler can help reduce the lift on the car by creating downforce . This may reduce drag in certain instances and generally increase high-speed stability due to the reduced rear lift.
351:
Moreover, "attention must also be paid to the sides of the car" to achieve drag reduction such as techniques to reduce the cross-sectional area at the rear of the car to reduce the volume within the wake as in the case of a boat-tail design that extends back to a fine point.
650:. In 1976, a rubber front chin spoiler was also introduced to offset the more effective spoiler. By 1978, Porsche introduced another design for the rear spoiler, the "teatray", a boxier enclosure which accommodated the intercooler, and was also an option for the 911SC.
237:
While a mass travels at increasing speeds, the environment's air affects its movement. Spoilers in racing are combined with other features on the body or chassis of race cars to change the handling characteristics that are affected by the air of the environment.
583:
at high speeds, the rubber edges of the whale tail spoilers were thought to be "pedestrian friendly". The Turbo with its whale tail became recognizable. From 1978, the rear spoiler was redesigned and dubbed 'tea tray' because of its raised sides. The
533:, is designed to reach speeds of 400 km/h (250 mph). Its nose is specifically designed to spoil a wind effect associated with passing through tunnels, and it can deploy 'ears' that slow the train in case of emergency by increasing its drag.
428:: Some auto accessory manufacturers have recently used silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicone possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime.
334:
magazine indicated no improvement in reducing lift at speeds below 115 mph (185 km/h). This feature was replaced and homologated in 1970 by AMC with a trunk lid-mounted oversized ducktail spoiler designed by
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characteristics at higher speeds. Spoilers and wings on a vehicle have little effect at low speeds improper designs may create undesirable responses and lower stability or efficiency for the car at high speeds.
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Often, these devices are designed to be highly adjustable to suit the needs of racing on a given track or to suit the talents of a particular driver, with the overall goal of reaching faster times.
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the rear edge of the roof down to the vehicle's trunk or tail, which may cause airflow separation. The airflow becomes turbulent, creating a low-pressure zone, increasing drag and instability (see
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229:
and providing a cushion for the laminar boundary layer. However, other types of airflow may require the spoiler to operate differently and take on vastly different physical characteristics.
194:, although they have also become common on passenger vehicles. Spoilers are added to cars primarily for styling and either have little aerodynamic benefit or worsen the aerodynamics.
658:
The whale tail car spoilers of the
Porsche 911 caught on as a fashion statement, and the term has been used to refer to large rear spoilers on a number of automobiles, including
434:: Carbon fiber is lightweight, durable, and expensive. Due to a large amount of manual labor, large-scale production cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts currently.
322:
set a flying mile record of 161.7335 miles per hour (260.28 km/h) at the
Bonneville Salt Flats with a prepared production 304 cu in (5.0 L) V8
1121:
294:
can be equipped with front and rear spoilers. Front spoilers, found beneath the bumper, are mainly used to decrease the air underneath the vehicle to reduce the
579:
debuted in August 1974, with large, flared, rear spoilers, they were immediately dubbed whale tails. Designed to reduce rear-end lift and so keep the car from
646:); it was also an option on non-turbo Carreras from 1975. Both types of spoilers were designed while Ernst Fuhrmann was serving as the Technical Director of
600:, "rear wing running across the base of the tailgate window", or "an electronically controlled wing that deploys at about 50 mph (80 km/h)"
471:
partially or entirely into the rear of the vehicle, then extends upwards when the vehicle exceeds a specific speed, such as the active spoiler in the
400:
with various admixtures, typically granular fillers, which introduce stiffness to this inexpensive material. Frailness is the main disadvantage of
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whale tails were used in conjunction with a chin spoiler attached to the front valence panel, which, according to some sources, did not enhance
700:
201:
as air passes around it, not simply disrupt existing airflow patterns. Rather than decreasing drag, automotive wings actually increase drag.
171:
device whose intended design function is to 'spoil' unfavorable air movement across the body of a vehicle in motion, usually manifested as
685:
422:. Fiberglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large-scale production because of the labor involved.
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rails near the rear. Used with a bed cover, this spoiler is intended to reduce the air profile of the steep drop-off from the tailgate.
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later made a streamlined fiberglass airfoil above the rear window that became a factory option on the 1969 Javelins. Testing by
461:
Pickup truck cab spoiler: This works the same as above, except focusing on the drop-off from the truck's cab to the cargo bed.
900:
197:
The term "spoiler" is often mistakenly used interchangeably with "wing". An automotive wing is a device designed to generate
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991:"Showdown for Spoilers: 1-Wind, Dust, and Science in Nevada. 2- They Work (at least part of the time)".
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semi-trailer truck seen from behind. The spoilers attached to the top and sides of the cab are visible.
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414:: Used in car parts production due to the low cost of the materials. Fiberglass spoilers consist of
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Due to their association with racing, spoilers are often viewed as "sporty" by consumers. In 1968,
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or race sport in German), optional outside
Germany. The whale tail was originally designed for
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306:). Adding a rear spoiler could be considered to make the air "see" a more extended, gentler
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Front spoilers: A front spoiler (air dam) is positioned under or integrated with the front
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1060:"The Eclectic AMC Javelin: Chapter and Verse on America's Most Underrated Muscle Car"
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The goal of many spoilers used in passenger vehicles is to reduce drag and increase
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1175:"Gordon Murray's McLaren F1 Successor Uses a Fan for Downforce and Drag Reduction"
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1983:
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319:
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132:
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498:). Research continues on the use of fans to alter the aerodynamics of vehicles.
404:, which increases with product age and is caused by the evaporation of volatile
343:. This race-proven feature became standard equipment on every 1971 through 1974
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Spoilers are usually made of lightweight polymer-based materials, including:
630:), a smaller and less flared rear-spoiler fitted to 911 Carrera RS (meaning
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race cars in 1973, and introduced to the Turbo in 1974 (as a part of the
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Trains may use spoilers to induce drag (like an air brake). A prototype
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1944:
1939:
901:"Why a Spoiler for Your Car?: Fuel Economy, Styling, Value Enhancement"
526:
415:
411:
378:
253:
176:
1470:
High
Performance: The Culture and Technology of Drag Racing, 1950-2000
2361:
2015:
1988:
1958:
932:
The
Complete Book of AMC Cars - American Motors Corporation 1954-1988
593:
580:
537:
373:
288:
198:
1802:
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Some modern race cars employ a passive situational spoiler called a
35:
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2190:
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2005:
671:
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187:
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2010:
1902:
1293:
Original
Porsche 911: The Guide to All Production Models, 1963-98
772:
647:
597:
484:
455:
401:
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511:
405:
363:
326:
featuring
Breedlove's unique roof-mounted spoiler. Stylists at
179:, or drag. Spoilers on the front of a vehicle are often called
479:
seeking to improve high-speed aerodynamics (for example, the
419:
307:
622:
The whale tail came on the heels of the 1973 "duck tail" or
2205:
1513:(2006). BusinessWeek European Edition: 86. EBSCO Publishing
311:
1844:
418:
cloth infiltrated with a thermosetting resin, such as
1522:
264:
Optional "Breedlove" airfoil roof spoiler on a 1969
1122:"Do spoilers actually improve a car's performance?"
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1467:
1291:Morgan, Peter; Colley, John; Hughes, Mark (1998).
1290:
454:bed spoiler: This attaches only to the top of the
225:turbulence flowing over the shape, "spoiling" the
1148:"#MISSION8 - BMW M8 GTE Technical Specifications"
670:. Whale tail spoilers also appear at the rear of
2454:
1082:
1080:
592:stability. It is less effective in multiplying
1316:Lewis, Albert L.; Musciano, Walter A. (1977).
1818:
1498:
1315:
1200:"Jayski's Silly Season Site - Past News Page"
1086:
1077:
438:
279:" ducktail rear spoiler on a 1970 AMC Javelin
1622:
1523:Batchelor, Dean; Leffingwell, Randy (1997).
1443:101 Projects for Your Porsche 911: 1964-1989
961:
959:
928:
1572:
1825:
1811:
1499:Sturmey, Henry; Staner, H. Walter (1986).
1228:
1226:
1224:
1650:The Illustrated Directory of Classic Cars
1393:Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005
1343:Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005
1286:
1284:
1258:
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956:
861:
859:
857:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1597:
1547:
1503:. Iliffe, Sons & Sturmey. p. 6.
1415:
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929:Foster, Patrick R.; Glatch, Tom (2024).
607:
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140:is famous for its high factory rear wing
131:
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1034:"1970 AMC Javelin Mark Donohue Edition"
1008:"1970 AMC Javelin Mark Donahue Edition"
865:
749:Retractable Spoiler on a Bugatti Veyron
14:
2455:
1785:. Dominion Enterprises. Archived from
1647:
1409:
1281:
1253:
969:Steve Magnante's 1001 Muscle Car Facts
854:
377:Rear spoiler on an endurance race car
1832:
1806:
1749:"Universal Whale Tail Truck Spoilers"
1698:"Classic Saab Whale Tail restoration"
1090:Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design
674:, trucks, boats, and other vehicles.
256:with a factory-installed rear spoiler
244:
152:S1 with special racing wings and the
2427:
1465:
1295:. MotorBooks/MBI. pp. 144–160.
1031:
840:. Bentley Robert. pp. 208–209.
835:
810:
568:as introduced on the 1975 3.0 litre
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
27:Device for reducing aerodynamic drag
2400:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1320:. Simon and Schuster. p. 660.
1173:Perkins, Chris (10 December 2019).
653:
154:Pikes Peak International Hill Climb
24:
1395:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. reface.
872:. SAE International. p. 175.
465:
366:with rear spoiler (black) made of
186:Spoilers are frequently fitted to
25:
2499:
1776:
1525:Illustrated Porsche Buyer's Guide
1236:101 Projects for Your Porsche 911
1058:Ruggieri, Lou (11 January 2024).
501:
354:
232:
2436:
2426:
2417:
2416:
1843:Part of a series of articles on
1418:Porsche 911 Performance Handbook
1265:Porsche 911 Performance Handbook
1005:
754:
742:
728:
714:
699:
684:
596:than newer technologies like an
394:original equipment manufacturers
34:
1770:
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1666:
1652:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 228.
1641:
1616:
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1577:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 144.
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1541:
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1445:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 200.
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1239:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 198.
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45:needs additional citations for
1527:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 84.
1420:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 16.
1345:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 45.
1267:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 16.
1093:. Elsevier. pp. 116–117.
1087:Happian-Smith, Julian (2000).
1025:
999:
984:
922:
893:
869:The Successful Race Car Driver
829:
815:. Bentley Robert. p. 99.
804:
694:factory-installed rear spoiler
13:
1:
2234:Approach and departure angles
836:Katz, Joseph (8 March 1996).
811:Katz, Joseph (8 March 1996).
798:
555:
490:Powered fans, such as in the
1627:. Grove Press. p. 207.
1032:Koch, Jeff (26 March 2024).
995:. June 1969. pp. 20–27.
626:in German (as a part of the
396:produce spoilers by casting
204:
7:
2473:Automotive styling features
2297:Automotive light bulb types
1573:Leffingwell, Randy (2002).
972:. CarTech. pp. 356–357
935:. Motorbooks. p. 218.
766:
707:Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
10:
2504:
1600:Porsche the Ultimate Guide
1550:Porsche the Ultimate Guide
1441:Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001).
1391:Paternie, Patrick (2005).
1368:Porsche the Ultimate Guide
1341:Paternie, Patrick (2005).
1233:Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001).
677:
603:
439:Other common spoiler types
158:Goodwood Festival of Speed
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1110:– via Google Books.
980:– via Google Books.
952:– via Google Books.
889:– via Google Books.
527:Japanese high-speed train
213:Retractable spoiler on a
2317:high-intensity discharge
1598:Faragher, Scott (2005).
1548:Faragher, Scott (2005).
1466:Post, Robert C. (2001).
1416:Anderson, Bruce (1997).
1366:Faragher, Scott (2005).
1318:Automobiles of the World
1263:Anderson, Bruce (1997).
966:Magnante, Steve (2013).
866:Metcalf, Robert (2000).
2478:Automotive technologies
1648:Robson, Graham (2001).
1623:O'Rourke, P.J. (2000).
692:Ford Sierra RS Cosworth
2483:Motorsport terminology
2463:Automotive accessories
2001:Stressed member engine
1678:showcars-bodyparts.com
1602:. Krause. p. 52.
1552:. Krause. p. 49.
1370:. Krause. p. 50.
1206:. 2005. Archived from
619:
617:Porsche 911 Carrera RS
572:
515:
382:
370:
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268:
257:
217:
169:automotive aerodynamic
160:
141:
2468:Automotive body parts
2133:Windshield/windscreen
1474:. JHU Press. p.
838:Race Car Aerodynamics
813:Race Car Aerodynamics
722:Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR
611:
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190:and high-performance
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2302:Daytime running lamp
761:NASCAR Dodge Charger
54:improve this article
18:Spoiler (automotive)
2264:Weight distribution
2196:Omniview technology
1154:. 12 September 2017
518:Heavy trucks, like
2383:Registration plate
1152:bmw-motorsport.com
1126:The Globe and Mail
793:List of auto parts
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520:long haul tractors
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245:Passenger vehicles
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215:Chrysler Crossfire
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150:Audi Sport Quattro
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138:Plymouth Superbird
69:"Spoiler" car
2488:German inventions
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2103:Glass run channel
2037:Trunk/boot/dickie
1834:Automotive design
1725:"Hannigan Trikes"
1128:. 21 October 2014
1012:oldcarscanada.com
577:Porsche 911 Turbo
570:Porsche 911 Turbo
381:made from carbon
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16:(Redirected from
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364:BMW E92 M3 Coupé
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1680:
1674:"Rear spoilers"
1672:
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1660:
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1642:
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1575:Porsche Legends
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1085:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1056:
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1042:
1040:
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1026:
1016:
1014:
1006:Mays, James C.
1004:
1000:
990:
989:
985:
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848:
834:
830:
823:
809:
805:
801:
769:
762:
759:
750:
747:
738:
736:Porsche 996 GT3
733:
724:
719:
710:
704:
695:
689:
680:
656:
606:
558:
546:Rusty Wallace's
504:
468:
466:Active spoilers
441:
357:
345:AMC Javelin AMX
320:Craig Breedlove
285:fuel efficiency
247:
235:
207:
156:livery, in the
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2339:
2338:Other elements
2335:
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2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
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2259:Turning radius
2256:
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2198:
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2188:
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2168:
2163:
2161:Bumper sticker
2157:
2155:
2154:Other elements
2151:
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2140:
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2110:
2105:
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2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
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1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
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1952:
1937:
1932:
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1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
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1849:
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1838:
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1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1779:"Classic Swan"
1769:
1740:
1716:
1689:
1665:
1658:
1640:
1633:
1615:
1608:
1590:
1583:
1565:
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1408:
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1383:
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1333:
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1273:
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1220:
1191:
1165:
1139:
1113:
1099:
1076:
1050:
1024:
998:
983:
955:
941:
921:
892:
878:
853:
846:
828:
821:
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797:
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795:
790:
785:
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768:
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764:
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751:
748:
741:
739:
734:
727:
725:
720:
713:
711:
705:
698:
696:
690:
683:
679:
676:
660:Ford Sierra RS
655:
654:Other vehicles
652:
605:
602:
557:
554:
503:
502:Other vehicles
500:
473:Bugatti Veyron
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
449:
440:
437:
436:
435:
429:
423:
409:
356:
355:Material types
353:
246:
243:
234:
233:In racing cars
231:
206:
203:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2500:
2489:
2486:
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2479:
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2247:
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2240:
2237:
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2229:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
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2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Hood ornament
2174:
2172:
2171:Front-end bra
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Quarter glass
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
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2092:
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2033:
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2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Quarter panel
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
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1943:
1942:
1941:
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1929:
1926:
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1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Body-on-frame
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1789:on 2008-10-03
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1759:on 2008-09-07
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1659:0-7603-1049-1
1655:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1634:0-8021-3701-6
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1609:0-87349-720-1
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1584:0-7603-1364-4
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1559:0-87349-720-1
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1534:0-7603-0227-8
1530:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1485:0-8018-6664-2
1481:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1452:0-7603-0853-5
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1427:0-7603-0033-X
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1402:0-7603-1960-X
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1377:0-87349-720-1
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1352:0-7603-1960-X
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1327:0-671-22485-9
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1302:1-901432-16-5
1298:
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1287:
1285:
1276:
1274:0-7603-0033-X
1270:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1246:0-7603-0853-5
1242:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:on 2010-10-17
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1180:
1176:
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1123:
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1100:9780080523040
1096:
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962:
960:
944:
942:9780760387016
938:
934:
933:
925:
911:on 2011-10-30
910:
906:
902:
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879:9780768039924
875:
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513:
508:
499:
497:
496:ground effect
493:
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85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2388:vanity plate
2327:trafficators
2138:washer fluid
2118:Power window
2113:Opera window
2025:Compartments
1995:
1913:Crumple zone
1898:Cabrio coach
1842:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1782:
1777:Perry, Bob.
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1752:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1729:easycart.net
1728:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1649:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1549:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1469:
1461:
1442:
1436:
1417:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1264:
1235:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1132:15 September
1130:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1106:15 September
1104:. Retrieved
1089:
1069:15 September
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1043:15 September
1041:. Retrieved
1038:hemmings.com
1037:
1027:
1017:15 September
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1001:
992:
986:
976:15 September
974:. Retrieved
968:
948:15 September
946:. Retrieved
931:
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
904:
895:
885:15 September
883:. Retrieved
868:
837:
831:
812:
806:
657:
631:
623:
621:
612:
581:oversteering
574:
565:
535:
524:
517:
492:Chaparral 2J
489:
477:
469:
452:Pickup truck
432:Carbon fiber
384:
368:Carbon fiber
349:
341:Roger Penske
337:Mark Donohue
331:
317:
300:
282:
277:Mark Donohue
240:
236:
227:laminar flow
223:
219:
196:
185:
180:
164:
162:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2322:sealed beam
2254:Roll center
2249:Ride height
2186:Japan black
2181:Instruments
2166:Curb feeler
2032:Hood/bonnet
1705:.saabce.com
1501:The Autocar
1184:26 December
1158:21 February
1064:Motor Trend
905:cardata.com
788:Gurney flap
778:Car tailfin
640:Porsche 935
636:Porsche 930
590:aerodynamic
586:Porsche 911
531:Fastech 360
481:Porsche 911
398:ABS plastic
390:ABS plastic
324:AMC Javelin
266:AMC Javelin
192:sports cars
2457:Categories
2108:Greenhouse
1793:2008-07-26
1763:2008-07-26
1734:2008-07-26
1710:2008-07-26
1683:2008-07-26
1214:2013-08-03
1204:Jayski.com
915:2011-09-28
847:0837601428
822:0837601428
799:References
648:Porsche AG
615:on a 1973
566:whale tail
556:Whale tail
544:following
416:fiberglass
412:Fiberglass
379:BMW M8 GTE
298:and lift.
254:Toyota MR2
177:turbulence
80:newspapers
2362:Tow hitch
2280:equipment
2206:Tire/tyre
2065:Gull-wing
2055:Butterfly
2016:Trunk lid
1959:Monocoque
1863:Framework
1783:boats.com
672:tricycles
644:H-program
632:Rennsport
628:E-program
613:Duck tail
594:downforce
575:When the
564:Original
550:Talladega
548:crash at
538:roof flap
456:truck bed
310:from the
289:Passenger
205:Operation
199:downforce
2422:Category
2307:Headlamp
2289:Lighting
2278:Exterior
2244:Overhang
2227:Geometry
2211:run-flat
2191:Nerf bar
2006:Subframe
1974:Platform
1964:Overhang
1876:Beltline
993:Car Life
783:Diffuser
773:Aerofoil
767:See also
668:Saab 900
426:Silicone
347:models.
332:Car Life
292:vehicles
181:air dams
110:May 2010
2432:Commons
2128:Sunroof
2080:Suicide
2075:Sliding
2070:Scissor
2011:Tonneau
1996:Spoiler
1903:Chassis
1753:url.biz
709:spoiler
678:Gallery
604:History
598:airfoil
485:Audi TT
406:phenols
402:plastic
392:: Most
165:spoiler
94:scholar
2442:Portal
2312:hidden
2060:Canopy
1969:Pillar
1950:shaker
1935:Grille
1928:skirts
1923:ponton
1918:Fender
1891:Dagmar
1886:Bumper
1656:
1631:
1606:
1581:
1556:
1531:
1482:
1449:
1424:
1399:
1374:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1271:
1243:
1097:
939:
876:
844:
819:
666:, and
624:Bürzel
542:NASCAR
529:, the
512:Scania
446:bumper
167:is an
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2395:Theft
2376:Legal
2355:power
2216:spare
2201:Parts
2143:wiper
2095:Glass
2047:Doors
1945:scoop
1701:(PDF)
420:epoxy
308:slope
148:1987
101:JSTOR
87:books
2345:Horn
2085:Swan
1989:rack
1984:Roof
1940:Hood
1854:Body
1845:cars
1654:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1186:2019
1160:2022
1134:2024
1108:2024
1095:ISBN
1071:2024
1045:2024
1019:2024
978:2024
950:2024
937:ISBN
887:2024
874:ISBN
842:ISBN
817:ISBN
638:and
339:and
312:roof
188:race
173:lift
136:The
73:news
1476:229
483:or
328:AMC
183:.
56:by
2459::
1781:.
1751:.
1727:.
1703:.
1676:.
1478:.
1283:^
1255:^
1223:^
1202:.
1177:.
1150:.
1124:.
1079:^
1062:.
1036:.
1010:.
958:^
903:.
856:^
662:,
552:.
510:A
287:.
175:,
163:A
1826:e
1819:t
1812:v
1796:.
1766:.
1737:.
1713:.
1686:.
1662:.
1637:.
1612:.
1587:.
1562:.
1537:.
1488:.
1455:.
1430:.
1405:.
1380:.
1355:.
1330:.
1305:.
1277:.
1249:.
1217:.
1188:.
1162:.
1136:.
1073:.
1047:.
1021:.
918:.
850:.
825:.
408:.
275:"
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
