1061:
22:
1730:
1742:
292:
moisture, methane, and pressure balances. There are also many materials that prevent spontaneous combustion. For example, spontaneous coal combustion can be prevented by physical based materials such as chlorine salts, ammonium salts, alkalis, inert gases, colloids, polymers, aerosols, and LDHs, as well as chemical-based materials like antioxidants, ionic liquids, and composite materials.
56:, in which a compound needs no self-heat to ignite. The correct storage of spontaneously combustible materials is extremely important considering improper storage is the main cause of spontaneous combustion. Materials such as coal, cotton, hay, and oils should be stored at proper temperatures and moisture levels to prevent spontaneous combustion. Allegations of
237:
fungi is a likely candidate for generating heat. This was established for flax and sunflower seeds, and soy beans. Many of the oil seeds generate oils that are self-heating. Palm kernels, rapeseed, and cotton seed have also been studied. Rags soaked in linseed oil can spontaneously ignite if improperly stored or discarded.
177:
Charcoal, when freshly prepared, can self-heat and catch fire. This is separate from hot spots which may have developed from the preparation of charcoal. Charcoal that has been exposed to air for a period of eight days is not considered to be hazardous. There are many factors involved, among them the
206:
coals. Freshly mined coal consumes oxygen more rapidly than weathered coal, and freshly mined coal self-heats to a greater extent than weathered coal. The presence of water vapor may also be important, as the rate of heat generation accompanying the absorption of water in dry coal from saturated air
236:
and residue from oil extraction will self-heat if too moist. Typically, storage at 9–14% moisture is satisfactory, but limits are established for each individual variety of oil seed. In the presence of excess moisture that is just below the level required for germinating seed, the activity of mold
160:
Hay is one of the most widely studied materials in spontaneous combustion. It is very difficult to establish a unified theory of what occurs in hay self-heating because of the variation in the types of grass used in hay preparation, and the different locations where it is grown. It is anticipated
86:
can occur when the amount of heat produced is greater than the rate at which the heat is lost. Materials that produce a lot of heat may combust in relatively small volumes, while materials that produce very little heat may only become dangerous when well insulated or stored in large volumes. Most
143:
piles can spontaneously combust during conditions of extreme heat. Cotton and linen can ignite when they come into contact with polyunsaturated vegetable oils (linseed, massage oils); bacteria will slowly decompose the materials, producing heat. If these materials are stored in a way so the heat
215:
Cotton too can be at great risk of spontaneous combustion. In an experimental study on the spontaneous combustion of cotton, three different types of cotton were tested at different heating rates and pressures. Different cotton varieties can have different self-heating oxidation temperature and
168:
Microbiological activity reduces the amount of oxygen available in the hay. At 100 °C, wet hay absorbed twice the amount of oxygen of dry hay. There has been conjecture that the complex carbohydrates present in hay break down to simpler sugars, which are more readily fermented to ethanol.
291:
There are many factors that can help predict spontaneous combustion and prevent it. The longer a material sits, the higher the risk of spontaneous combustion. Preventing spontaneous combustion can be as simple as not leaving materials stored for extended periods of time, controlling air flow,
164:
The process may begin with microbiological activity (bacteria or mold) which ferments the hay, creating ethanol. Ethanol has a flash point of 14 °C (57 °F). So with an ignition source such as static electricity, e.g. from a mouse running through the hay, combustion may occur. The
186:
Extensive studies have been completed on the self-heating of coal. Improper storage of coal is a main cause of spontaneous combustion, as there can be a continuous oxygen supply and the oxidization of coal produces heat that doesn't dissipate. Over time, these conditions can cause
76:, which generates heat. These materials are thermal insulators that prevent the escape of heat causing the temperatures of the material to rise above its ignition point. Combustion will begin when a sufficient
278:
There have been unconfirmed anecdotal reports of people spontaneously combusting. This alleged phenomenon is not considered true spontaneous combustion, as supposed cases have been largely attributed to the
161:
that dangerous heating will occur in hay that contains more than 25% moisture. The largest number of fires occur within two to six weeks of storage, with the majority occurring in the fourth or fifth week.
144:
cannot escape, the heat buildup increases the rate of decomposition and thus the rate of heat buildup increases. Once ignition temperature is reached, combustion occurs with oxidizers present (oxygen).
756:
Li, Qing-Wei; Xiao, Yang; Zhong, Kai-Qi; Shu, Chi-Min; Lu, Hui-Fei; Deng, Jun; Wu, Shiliang (1 September 2020). "Overview of commonly used materials for coal spontaneous combustion prevention".
68:
Spontaneous combustion can occur when a substance with a relatively low ignition temperature such as hay, straw, peat, etc., begins to release heat. This may occur in several ways, either by
87:
oxidation reactions accelerate at higher temperatures, so a pile of material that would have been safe at a low ambient temperature may spontaneously combust during hotter weather.
614:
Zhao, Xuejuan; Xiao, Huahua; Wang, Qingsong; Ping, Ping; Sun, Jinhua (October 2013). "Study on spontaneous combustion risk of cotton using a micro-calorimeter technique".
1577:
346:
421:
493:
592:
1372:
382:
455:
1565:
127:
can ignite spontaneously when exposed to oxygen, which causes it to react and heat up when there is insufficient ventilation for cooling.
1180:
728:
123:
can oxidize rapidly due to the large surface area, and even a small pile can produce enough heat to ignite under the right conditions.
870:
898:
1544:
815:
796:
1589:
1583:
139:
nuts are highly flammable when stored in large quantities, and are prone to self-heating and spontaneous combustion. Large
834:
843:
216:
larger reactions. Understanding what type of cotton is being stored will help reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion.
1085:
413:
357:
1460:
1745:
485:
1221:
909:
261:
584:
1571:
1528:
1200:
863:
1689:
1642:
1480:
705:
273:
57:
1513:
1445:
1262:
1095:
108:
73:
283:, whereby an external source of fire ignites nearby flammable materials and human fat or other sources.
1080:
1020:
390:
540:
322:
1595:
1430:
1090:
463:
220:
1733:
1539:
1455:
1435:
1412:
1175:
940:
856:
541:"Prediction and prevention of spontaneous combustion of coal from goafs in workface: A case study"
1382:
1347:
1195:
1145:
148:, when improperly stored, can deteriorate into an extremely flammable condition and combust. The
1523:
1402:
1377:
1367:
1075:
653:
Dlugogorski, B.; Kennedy, E.; Mackie, J. (2011). "Linseed Oil and its
Tendency to Self-Heat".
1710:
1684:
1637:
1252:
1140:
1120:
1407:
1267:
975:
742:
8:
1768:
1450:
1357:
333:
Yet all these explanations are pseudoscientific, and there is no evidence for any of them
149:
41:
21:
1237:
1165:
1130:
1125:
980:
733:
80:, such as oxygen, and fuel are present to maintain the reaction into thermal runaway.
1663:
1658:
1653:
1549:
1440:
1422:
1312:
1150:
1060:
1045:
811:
792:
1647:
985:
765:
670:
662:
623:
552:
627:
16:
Type of combustion caused by a self-perpetuating increase in internal temperatures
1342:
1277:
1216:
1185:
1160:
1110:
1105:
919:
879:
838:
257:
199:
112:
83:
45:
557:
1508:
1485:
1470:
1332:
1272:
1242:
1211:
1155:
1115:
1050:
1040:
935:
769:
1762:
1715:
1705:
1503:
1475:
1392:
1010:
1000:
970:
914:
666:
456:"The Fire Below: Spontaneous Combustion In Coal (DOE/EH-0320 Issue No. 93-4)"
233:
132:
831:
1632:
1518:
1397:
1387:
1322:
1287:
1247:
1206:
1170:
960:
955:
925:
675:
327:
145:
49:
48:(self heating which rapidly accelerates to high temperatures) and finally,
810:. London: Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment.
219:
A striking example of a cargo igniting spontaneously occurred on the ship
1352:
1307:
1297:
1190:
1135:
1100:
995:
280:
253:
1612:
1465:
965:
950:
930:
203:
116:
53:
37:
25:
A large compost pile can spontaneously combust if not properly managed.
207:
can be an order of magnitude or more than the same amount of dry air.
1534:
1362:
1327:
1317:
1302:
1282:
1257:
1030:
1025:
990:
945:
893:
589:
Transport
Information Service: General Association of German Insurers
191:
178:
type of wood and the temperature at which the charcoal was prepared.
136:
69:
1627:
1337:
1292:
1015:
1005:
904:
131:
oxidation is often the cause of coal's spontaneous ignition in old
77:
848:
260:
due to its spontaneously combustive nature. It is identified as a
249:
195:
120:
104:
115:
reactions that reach autoignition temperature. Rags soaked with
140:
128:
539:
Wei, Dingyi; Du, Cuifeng; Lei, Ba; Lin, Yifan (October 2020).
52:. It is distinct from (but has similar practical effects to)
1668:
1622:
245:
111:, which then can cause pyrolysis and oxidation that leads to
40:
which occurs by self-heating (increase in temperature due to
107:
piles may self-ignite because of heat produced by bacterial
1617:
1578:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
486:"Pistachio Nuts – RF Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion"
124:
100:
652:
190:
The tendency to self-heat decreases with the increasing
832:
Article on the spontaneous combustion of coal, May 1993
462:. U.S. Department of Energy. May 1993. Archived from
165:
temperature then increases, igniting the hay itself.
152:
was caused by spontaneously combusting nitrate film.
808:
Self-heating: evaluating and controlling the hazards
585:"Cotton: RF Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion"
323:"Spontaneous Human Combustion: Facts & Theory"
228:
72:in the presence of moisture and air, or bacterial
1373:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1760:
791:. Boston: Society of Fire Protection Engineers.
613:
755:
286:
864:
356:. Washington State University. Archived from
538:
1181:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
871:
857:
786:
442:
308:
1566:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
674:
556:
899:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
344:
20:
1545:Listing and approval use and compliance
726:
689:
389:. Government of Alberta. Archived from
345:Woodward, William T. W. (1 June 2004).
320:
225:in the Indian Ocean on 24 August 1834.
1761:
347:"Spontaneous Combustion in Hay Stacks"
321:Radford, Benjamin (19 December 2013).
314:
1590:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
852:
805:
640:
571:
526:
514:
424:from the original on 25 February 2020
411:
90:
63:
1741:
1584:National Fire Protection Association
844:Spontaneous combustion demonstration
492:. The German Insurance Association.
256:is extracted, has been classed with
878:
545:Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
383:"Fire – Compost and Organic Matter"
13:
1086:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
14:
1780:
1461:Fire alarm notification appliance
825:
595:from the original on 4 March 2009
1740:
1729:
1728:
1059:
496:from the original on 4 July 2020
248:, the dried, white flesh of the
1222:Vehicle fire suppression system
910:Combustibility and flammability
780:
749:
720:
698:
683:
646:
634:
607:
577:
565:
532:
520:
229:Oil seeds and oil-seed products
727:Nickell, Joe (December 1996).
508:
478:
448:
436:
405:
375:
338:
302:
60:are considered pseudoscience.
1:
1572:Institution of Fire Engineers
1529:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1201:Personal protective equipment
690:Ehrilch, Eugene, ed. (1982).
628:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.064
616:Industrial Crops and Products
295:
202:, which are more active than
42:exothermic internal reactions
1643:GHS precautionary statements
1481:Manual fire alarm activation
787:Babrauskas, Vytenis (2003).
729:"Spontaneous Human Nonsense"
274:Spontaneous human combustion
95:
58:spontaneous human combustion
7:
1514:Fire protection engineering
1446:Explosive gas leak detector
1263:Electromagnetic door holder
1096:External water spray system
558:10.1016/j.csite.2020.100668
287:Predictions and preventions
198:coals are more active than
172:
10:
1785:
1690:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1081:Automatic fire suppression
1021:K-factor (fire protection)
770:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117981
692:Oxford American Dictionary
271:
1724:
1698:
1677:
1605:
1596:Underwriters Laboratories
1558:
1494:
1431:Aspirating smoke detector
1421:
1230:
1091:Detonation flame arrester
1068:
1057:
886:
210:
1540:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1456:Fire alarm control panel
1436:Carbon monoxide detector
1413:Standpipe (firefighting)
1176:Gaseous fire suppression
941:Enthalpy of vaporization
667:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.10-389
414:"Spontaneous Combustion"
267:
240:
1383:Pressurisation ductwork
1348:Firewall (construction)
1196:Passive fire protection
1146:Fire suppression system
181:
1559:Industry organizations
1524:Fire-resistance rating
1403:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1378:Penetration (firestop)
1368:Packing (firestopping)
1076:Active fire protection
1036:Spontaneous combustion
155:
30:Spontaneous combustion
26:
1711:Template:Firefighting
1685:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1638:GHS hazard statements
1141:Fire sprinkler system
1121:Fire-retardant fabric
806:Bowes, P. C. (1984).
24:
1495:Professions, trades,
1408:Smokeproof enclosure
1268:Electromagnetic lock
976:Flammability diagram
887:Fundamental concepts
418:WildwoodSurvival.com
34:spontaneous ignition
1451:Fire alarm call box
1358:Heat and smoke vent
837:1 July 2012 at the
741:(4). Archived from
655:Fire Safety Science
393:on 11 December 2008
150:1937 Fox vault fire
1423:Fire alarm systems
1238:Annulus (firestop)
1166:Flashback arrestor
1131:Fire-safe polymers
1126:Fire retardant gel
981:Flammability limit
734:Skeptical Inquirer
643:, pp. 396–406
574:, pp. 330–333
529:, pp. 315–330
517:, pp. 376–390
445:, pp. 886–890
91:Affected materials
64:Cause and ignition
27:
1756:
1755:
1664:Safety data sheet
1659:List of S-phrases
1654:List of R-phrases
1550:Sprinkler fitting
1441:Circuit integrity
1313:Fire extinguisher
1151:Firefighting foam
1046:Thermal radiation
817:978-0-11-671364-3
798:978-0-9728111-3-2
789:Ignition Handbook
1776:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1731:
1648:Life Safety Code
1253:Compartmentation
1063:
986:Flammable liquid
873:
866:
859:
850:
849:
821:
802:
774:
773:
753:
747:
746:
745:on 9 March 2010.
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
702:
696:
695:
687:
681:
680:
678:
650:
644:
638:
632:
631:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
581:
575:
569:
563:
562:
560:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
482:
476:
475:
473:
471:
452:
446:
440:
434:
433:
431:
429:
412:Bicevskis, Rob.
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
379:
373:
372:
370:
368:
362:
351:
342:
336:
335:
318:
312:
306:
200:bituminous coals
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1720:
1694:
1673:
1601:
1554:
1496:
1490:
1417:
1343:Firestop pillow
1278:Emergency light
1231:Building design
1226:
1217:Tank blanketing
1186:Inerting system
1161:Flame retardant
1111:Fire protection
1106:Fire prevention
1064:
1055:
920:Dangerous goods
882:
880:Fire protection
877:
839:Wayback Machine
828:
818:
799:
783:
778:
777:
754:
750:
725:
721:
711:
709:
704:
703:
699:
688:
684:
676:1959.13/1035982
651:
647:
639:
635:
612:
608:
598:
596:
583:
582:
578:
570:
566:
537:
533:
525:
521:
513:
509:
499:
497:
484:
483:
479:
469:
467:
454:
453:
449:
443:Babrauskas 2003
441:
437:
427:
425:
410:
406:
396:
394:
387:agric.gov.ab.ca
381:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
349:
343:
339:
319:
315:
309:Babrauskas 2003
307:
303:
298:
289:
276:
270:
258:dangerous goods
243:
231:
213:
184:
175:
158:
113:thermal runaway
98:
93:
84:Thermal runaway
66:
46:thermal runaway
44:), followed by
17:
12:
11:
5:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Fire insurance
1506:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1486:Smoke detector
1483:
1478:
1473:
1471:Flame detector
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:Fire sprinkler
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:Emergency exit
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Area of refuge
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Spark arrestor
1209:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:Flame arrester
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Fire retardant
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1051:Water pressure
1048:
1043:
1041:Structure fire
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
936:Dust explosion
933:
928:
923:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
890:
888:
884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
847:
846:
841:
827:
826:External links
824:
823:
822:
816:
803:
797:
782:
779:
776:
775:
748:
719:
697:
682:
645:
633:
606:
576:
564:
531:
519:
507:
477:
466:on 27 May 2010
460:hss.energy.gov
447:
435:
404:
374:
337:
313:
300:
299:
297:
294:
288:
285:
272:Main article:
269:
266:
242:
239:
230:
227:
212:
209:
183:
180:
174:
171:
157:
154:
97:
94:
92:
89:
65:
62:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1781:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1716:Template:HVAC
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Template:Fire
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Duct cleaning
1502:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Heat detector
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Smoke control
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Heat transfer
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Friction loss
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Fire triangle
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
921:
918:
916:
915:Conflagration
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
885:
881:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
851:
845:
842:
840:
836:
833:
830:
829:
819:
813:
809:
804:
800:
794:
790:
785:
784:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
723:
707:
701:
693:
686:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
642:
637:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
594:
590:
586:
580:
573:
568:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
528:
523:
516:
511:
495:
491:
487:
481:
465:
461:
457:
451:
444:
439:
423:
419:
415:
408:
392:
388:
384:
378:
363:on 9 May 2008
359:
355:
348:
341:
334:
330:
329:
324:
317:
311:, p. 369
310:
305:
301:
293:
284:
282:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
235:
226:
224:
223:
222:Earl of Eldon
218:
208:
205:
201:
197:
194:of the coal.
193:
189:
187:self-heating.
179:
170:
166:
162:
153:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
133:mine tailings
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
88:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
61:
59:
55:
54:pyrophoricity
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:is a type of
35:
31:
23:
19:
1746:
1734:
1633:Flame spread
1519:Fireproofing
1497:and services
1398:Smoke damper
1388:Safety glass
1323:Fire hydrant
1288:Fire curtain
1248:Booster pump
1207:Relief valve
1171:Fusible link
1035:
961:Fire loading
956:Fire control
926:Deflagration
807:
788:
781:Bibliography
761:
757:
751:
743:the original
738:
732:
722:
710:. Retrieved
708:. Tis-gdv.de
700:
691:
685:
658:
654:
648:
636:
619:
615:
609:
597:. Retrieved
588:
579:
567:
548:
544:
534:
522:
510:
498:. Retrieved
489:
480:
468:. Retrieved
464:the original
459:
450:
438:
426:. Retrieved
417:
407:
395:. Retrieved
391:the original
386:
377:
365:. Retrieved
358:the original
353:
340:
332:
328:Live Science
326:
316:
304:
290:
277:
262:Division 4.2
244:
232:
221:
217:
214:
188:
185:
176:
167:
163:
159:
146:Nitrate film
109:fermentation
99:
82:
74:fermentation
67:
50:autoignition
33:
29:
28:
18:
1353:Grease duct
1308:Fire escape
1298:Fire damper
1191:Intumescent
1136:Fire safety
1101:Fire bucket
996:Flash point
712:28 November
661:: 389–400.
622:: 383–390.
281:wick effect
264:substance.
254:coconut oil
252:from which
117:drying oils
1769:Combustion
1650:(NFPA 101)
1613:CE marking
1466:Fire drill
1069:Technology
966:Fire point
951:Fire class
931:Detonation
641:Bowes 1984
599:5 February
572:Bowes 1984
527:Bowes 1984
515:Bowes 1984
500:5 November
490:tis-gdv.de
397:12 January
354:wa-hay.org
296:References
204:anthracite
38:combustion
1606:Standards
1535:Fire test
1363:Occupancy
1328:Fire pump
1318:Fire hose
1303:Fire door
1283:Exit sign
1258:Crash bar
1031:Pyrolysis
1026:Pool fire
991:Flashover
946:Explosive
894:Backdraft
234:Oil seeds
137:Pistachio
96:Confirmed
70:oxidation
1763:Category
1735:Category
1699:See also
1628:EN 16034
1338:Firestop
1293:Fire cut
1016:Jet fire
1006:Gas leak
922:(HAZMAT)
905:Boilover
835:Archived
593:Archived
494:Archived
428:16 March
422:Archived
173:Charcoal
78:oxidizer
1747:Commons
1580:(NCEES)
901:(BLEVE)
706:"Copra"
250:coconut
196:Lignite
121:varnish
105:compost
1678:Awards
1592:(SFPE)
1586:(NFPA)
1568:(FEMA)
1531:(FSES)
814:
795:
470:22 May
211:Cotton
141:manure
129:Pyrite
1669:UL 94
1623:EN 54
1574:(IFE)
1203:(PPE)
367:9 May
361:(PDF)
350:(PDF)
268:Human
246:Copra
241:Copra
1618:EN 3
1598:(UL)
812:ISBN
793:ISBN
758:Fuel
714:2012
601:2021
502:2007
472:2012
430:2010
399:2009
369:2008
192:rank
182:Coal
125:Coal
103:and
766:doi
762:275
671:hdl
663:doi
624:doi
553:doi
156:Hay
119:or
101:Hay
32:or
1765::
764:.
760:.
737:.
731:.
669:.
659:10
657:.
620:50
618:.
591:.
587:.
551:.
549:21
547:.
543:.
488:.
458:.
420:.
416:.
385:.
352:.
331:.
325:.
135:.
872:e
865:t
858:v
820:.
801:.
772:.
768::
739:6
716:.
694:.
679:.
673::
665::
630:.
626::
603:.
561:.
555::
504:.
474:.
432:.
401:.
371:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
