Politics and sports

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Europe have acted as both places of refuge as well as sites of terrorist attacks and political uprisings. According to Benoit, during the period of the Second World War, European Football underwent a massive transformation. With a coinciding sharp rise in popularity at a time of high political intensity, football became politicized. Therefore, Benoit argues that football began to embody three main characteristics during and after this period, becoming: 1) an agent of international relations in the sense that the foreign policies of European nations became supposedly articulated in football; 2) a source of political propaganda via using football to expose the state; 3) a tool to pacify constituents. Consequently, all of these factors have contributed to the emergence of football and its stadiums as a means of political expression, a basis of recent collective memory, and its emergence as a highly politicized game.

1925:, the largest stadium in the world holding approximately 150,000 people. Participation in this event is mandatory and the performances are extravagant and impressively choreographed. The Arirang Festival can be broken up into three different parts. The first is a floor show, where thousands of athletes, gymnasts and dancers demonstrate their athletic abilities. The second section uses thousands of North Koreans to create a human mosaic depicting vibrant images of North Korea and North Korean achievements. Finally, the third section is the music that links the performance. Together, these elements present to the international community North Korea's best athletes through a mix of athletics and art. Many of the acts in the festival focus on the theme of reunification. Children chant "how much longer do we have to be divided due to foreign forces". The 2014 and 2015 Arirang Festivals were canceled. 865: 1964:, has been solidified through the Communist Party's use of sports. The North Korea regime believed that by supporting the increases in sport, the North Korean people would overall be more fit. This would allow the people to be more useful in the revolutionary struggle. For this reason, it was important to start athletics young. Training in physical sport was mandatory during schooling. In the 2000s, major sporting events were being broadcast throughout North Korea, and these events are still being used as propaganda tools. Sports have played a vital role in maintaining the power of the ruling class, while at the same time offering opportunities to interact with the international community. 1498: 1181:" saying "For me, as a Muslim, that's what makes America the greatest country in the world – freedom of religion, freedom of speech. If the mosque is built, I think it's a huge gesture to all the Muslim community out there in the world. I would really appreciate it." Indian and Pakistani fans filled the stadium for the final as the two U.N. ambassadors again sat together in the President's Box. Pakistan's ambassador Abdullah Hussain Haroon said "They've proven that when Indians and Pakistanis get together we can raise fire. I think on a people-to-people basis, they're setting an example that the politicians should follow." 1195: 180:). The majority of Rangers and Celtic supporters do not get involved in sectarianism, but serious incidents do occur with a tendency for the actions of a minority to dominate the headlines. The Old Firm rivalry fuelled many assaults on Derby days, and some deaths in the past have been directly related to the aftermath of Old Firm matches. An activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends, violent attacks increase ninefold over normal levels. An increase in domestic abuse can also be attributed to Old Firm fixtures. 1173:

across throughout the world – if me and Rohan can get along so well there's no reason the Indians and Pakistanis can't get along with each other. If even two or three per cent of people say, 'If they can get along why can't we?' that's what we're trying to do. "They're all mixed together sitting in the crowd. You can't tell who is Pakistani and who is Indian. That's the beauty about sports. Before our pairing you would never see that in any sports, fighting for one cause. It's really good to be part of it."

5587: 431:, attended a test match between India and Pakistan in Jaipur – a visit that apparently helped cool a flare-up in tensions. Furthermore, following a fifteen-year lull in test matches, cricket tours between India and Pakistan were revived in 2004 in the wake of diplomatic initiatives to bury half a century of mutual hostility. Both sides relaxed their tough visa regulations for each other, allowing thousands of fans to travel across the border. 5597: 2214: 5575: 2273: 271:

Louis won the rematch in a first round knock out and he became the focal point of anti-Nazi sentiment leading up to World War II. Louis later recalled the pressure on him before the fight: "I knew I had to get Schmeling good. I had my own personal reasons and the whole damned country was depending me." After the war the two men would reconnect and strike up a personal friendship.

1365:, and many sports' governing bodies expelled or suspended membership of South African affiliates. It was said that the "international boycott of apartheid sport has been a powerful means for sensitising world opinion against apartheid and in mobilising millions of people for action against that despicable system." This boycott "in some cases helped change official policies." 626:, greater attention to conservative Islamic ritualism, and a perception of a global conspiracy against Muslims and admiration for militancy. A need was also seen to reorient sportsmen towards professionalism, discipline and rules and regulations. It was said that the focus of education and socialisation needed to return to a Pakistan that could not afford to be at war. 47:. Sports diplomacy may transcend cultural differences and bring people together. The use of sports and politics has had both positive and negative implications over history. Sports competitions or activities have had the intention to bring about change in certain cases. Nationalistic fervour is sometimes linked to victories or losses to some sport on sports fields. 1861:. The countries that gave the most aid were the USSR and China. For that reason, the strained relationships had a major effect on North Korea. This played a major role in the North Korean isolationist policies of the 1990s. In addition, as a result of the success of the Seoul Games, the growing gap between these two nations was further put on display. 761:, raising concerns over the event's safety. After discussions lasting several hours, an agreement was reached to hold the event. Besides the attack, there were serious questions over the years of human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia. The authoritative regime was criticised for its continued repression of dissidents, particularly in light of the 259:

tell Germany, I have to report to the Führer in particular, that the thoughts of all my countrymen were with me in this fight; that the Führer and his faithful people were thinking of me. This thought gave me the strength to succeed in this fight. It gave me the courage and the endurance to win this victory for Germany's colours."

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in 1989. Coming one year after the most successful Olympics in years, there was large pressure on the North Korean regime to hold a similarly successful event. Although this event brought in 177 countries, the greatest number in its history, it was never seen as a true alternative to the Olympics and

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believed that successful athletics increases the strength of a country, promoted its ideology, brought a country great honor and increased its international reputation. For this reason, this victory has become propaganda used by the North Korean regime to present a reputable country to not only their

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officials expected the flag bearer to show an example of an attractive, physically strong person and a distinguished athlete. He was expected to carry the flag through the Olympic ceremony in one hand unsupported by a harness. This presented a formidable physical task as the flag weighed 16 kilograms

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After their finals defeat, Qureshi spoke to the crowd to "say something on behalf of all Pakistanis, every time I come here, there's a wrong perception about the people of Pakistan. They are very friendly, very loving people. We want peace in this world as much as you guys." He then made a political

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defeated the USSR National team in the semi-final round. This win by the United States team was much more than just an Olympic game, the Soviets had been superior on the ice against everyone and had recently beaten the NHL All Star team. The US Olympic team was all amateurs with an average age of 21,

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also condemned the decision arguing that "it is part of a cynical strategy to distract from Saudi Arabia's human rights abuses". Formula One responded by saying that " made our position on human rights and other issues clear to all our partners and host countries who commit to respect human rights in

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Following the 2007 World Cup and the loss to Ireland (an unranked cricket team), the religious influence was criticised for taking a toll on the team. The Islamisation of such a Western sport in Pakistan was seen as symbolic of the growing influence of religion in every field. In Pakistan, this trend

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as "Strategic analysts say China is laying out more money than is needed to just isolate Taiwan. China, which has built large embassies in each of the islands, now has a bigger diplomatic presence in the Caribbean than the United States, the superpower next door." And that "Mainland China's long-term

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He then became an icon of not only the civil rights struggle, but also the anti-Vietnam War movement. However he was convicted of draft evasion, sentenced to five years in prison, fined $ 10,000 and stripped of his championship. It was not until a lawsuit in 1970 that Ali redeemed his title. He would

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were refused entry cards. Despite being readmitted to the IOC, Sukarno decided to boycott the Olympics and responded by declaring: "The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let's frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now

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Schmeling, by contrast, was welcomed home with a jubilant reaction. Hitler sent his wife flowers with the message: "For the wonderful victory of your husband, our greatest German boxer, I must congratulate you with all my heart." Schmeling responded to the accolades saying: "At this moment I have to

148:. The competition between the two clubs had roots in more than just a simple sporting rivalry. It has as much to do with Northern Ireland as Scotland and this can be seen in the flags, cultural symbols, and emblems of both clubs. It was infused with a series of complex disputes, sometimes centred on 1754:

to encourage dialogue between children from the ages of 7–17. The programme seeks to bring together international students with their counterparts in the U.S. to establish links with American professional athletes and to expose them to American culture. Another programme encourages U.S. athletes to

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Started in 1980, the United Nations "Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa" – a record of sports exchanges with South Africa and a list of sportsmen who have participated in sports events in South Africa – prove to be an effective instrument to discourage collaboration with apartheid sport.

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movement gaining prominence in 2020. Since 2020 season some drivers are taking a knee to show solidarity. The movement focused on three aspects: sustainability, diversity and inclusion, and community. The move received mixed reaction among fans, some fans criticized the move as ironic as some races

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events. There were questions as to whether Hitler acknowledged Owens' victories. On the first day of competition, Hitler left the stadium after only shaking hands with the German victors. An Olympic committee member then insisted that Hitler either greet every medalist or none at all; he chose the

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In regards to football in Europe, it has been suggested that football has been historically able to simultaneously maintain the differences that give each European country their own sense of identity as well as strengthen the bonds that bind them together as one body. Further, football stadiums in

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was selected as the host of the 1988 Olympics. Although at first, North Korea did not consider that Seoul being selected as Olympic host was a major issue, it quickly realized that South Korea hosting the Olympics would highlight the growing economic imbalances between North and South Korea. This

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in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei

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when they wore sweat shirts with slogans reading "Stop War, Start Tennis." They refer to themselves as the "Indo-Pak Express." Such a high-profile collaboration meant this was read as a "unique" partnership. Qureshi said "It just feels like us doing well on the bigger level is getting the message

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After earning the championship, Clay converted his religion to Islam, which instigated conflict with his boxing career. He also abandoned his name that was given to his slave ancestors and adopted the new name Muhammad Ali. On 28 April 1967, he refused to serve in the Army during the Vietnam War,

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Hitler had a certain time to come to the stadium and a certain time to leave. It happened he had to leave before the victory ceremony after the 100 meters. But before he left I was on my way to a broadcast and passed near his box. He waved at me and I waved back. I think it was bad taste to

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offered his support: "Joe, we need muscles like yours to beat Germany." Schmeling's hotel was picketed by American protestors after an accompanying Nazi Party publicist declared that a black man could not defeat Schmeling and that when he won, his prize money would be used to build German tanks.

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derecognized Taiwan as an independent country. Further, "Of the remaining 24 countries that recognize Taiwan, four are in the Caribbean and two of these play cricket." Grenada previously had a stadium built by Taiwan, but saw it destroyed by a hurricane. China quickly erected another stadium.

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for Germany with his ideological belief of racial supremacy. The Olympics were used as a method of hardening the German spirit and instilling unity among German youth. It was also believed that sport was a "way to weed out the weak, Jewish, and other undesirables." As a result, many Jews and

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came to India in 2005 ostensibly for a cricket match. The trip, however, quickly took on the air of a summit as the sides were urged "to seize a historic chance to end their dispute over Kashmir." Often this rivalry has been tinged with a religious-political bent to it. A Pakistani fan in

525:'s 10-year budget of $ 70 million to promote cricket globally. It has been suggested that the motive for China's generosity is because "Most of the remaining countries that recognize Taiwan are located in the Caribbean and Latin America." The diplomacy paid off in the end as 1477:(35 lb) in the 1960s, and a sudden wind might further increase the physical load. Hence the Soviet flag bearers at the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics were selected from among heavyweight weightlifters or wrestlers, who did not have to compete the next day. 1856:

and Cuba staunchly defended North Korea, both the USSR and China agreed to participate in the games. This major decision strained relationships that were vital to the North Korean economic system. Throughout the history of North Korea, North Korea relied heavily on the

1603:. The study authors concluded that the win made voters feel better about society, boosting votes for the incumbent, while losses made voters feel worse, sending votes to the challenger. There was some speculation that the result of certain games could even decide the 1488:

respectively, were not allowed to compete because the officials did not believe they would win a gold medal. Both were top-level heavyweight weightlifters. Kutsenko placed second at the 1950 World Championships and Medvedev won the world title in 1956 and 1957.

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in Japan and on April 10, 1971, a group made up of American table tennis players and journalists became the first American delegation to set foot in the Chinese capital since 1949. Thirty-six years later, a three-day "Ping-Ping Diplomacy" event was held at the

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Some victories are considered retroactively to be belonging rather to ex-colonies rather than countries under which players fought under. Retroactive decisions are commonplace in sports, no matter it is for cheating, doping or other sanctioned behaviours.

1457:, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games." 1056:

at the Olympics in the 2010s, traditional political rivals Iran, Russia and the United States joined forces to annul the measure. The U.S. hosted a publicity event in New York City with athletes from all three countries to campaign for its reinstatement.

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Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the

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and bring about a major overhaul in the country's social structure. While ethnicity, race, social class and more can cause division, sports is also said to help blend differences. Additionally, numerous athletes have sought political office such as

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did not gain the international visibility that the North Korean government had hoped for. In addition, the cost of the event was 4 billion dollars and helped push North Korea further into the financial distress that was prevalent during the 1990s.

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came under fire for apologising "I want to thank everyone back home in Pakistan and Muslims all over the world. Thank you very much and I'm sorry that we didn't win, but we did give our 100 per cent" for the defeat, which was ironic considering

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with the organisers saying "We do not wish to politicise sport but we have to be sensitive to recent events in the whole region and not alienate or put at risk the players or the many tennis fans of different nationalities that we have in the

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on 17–19 February, had been cancelled due to security and safety concerns surrounding the protests. On 21 February, the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix, then to take place on 13 March, was again cancelled because of the same concerns. Similarly, the

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I walked down Seventh Avenue and saw grown men weeping like children, and women sitting in the curbs with their head in their hands. All across the country that night when the news came out that Joe was knocked out, people cried. – Langston

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Richard Wilson, "Inside the Divide" (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2012), p. 87: "What is being asserted is two identities: Rangers and Celtic. There are other boundaries: Protestant and Catholic / Unionist and Republican / Conservative and

416:, D'Oliveira was one of the most likely players to be selected. However, he was not selected; although the selection committee claimed this was a cricketing decision, it was viewed by the cricketing public as a capitulation towards the 1725:

was a nine term congressman who chaired the House Republican Leadership Conference and served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President George H. W. Bush. Kemp was the 1996 Republican candidate for vice president.

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reached the men's doubles finals, eliciting responses from political leaders in both countries. Supporters from both countries, including the respective United Nations ambassadors, sat in the stands together. Rashid Malik, Pakistan's

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a more visible trend of religion was seen in the Pakistan team with many players having become more devout to the point of either leading prayers or growing beards as a symbol of being a "good Muslim" (with the notable exception of

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was attributed to dating back to the tenure of the military government of General Zia-ul Haq where the focus of the youth was shifted from Pakistan as a nation-state and cultural-religious pluralism to Islam as a transnational

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disinformation network transitioned to primarily push Olympic messaging in December 2021. In the run up to the Olympics, the Chinese government deployed dozens of fake Twitter accounts to push the Government's position in the

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In 2021, Formula One announced that one of its event will be held in Saudi Arabia. The move has been criticized by many human rights group as example of Saudi Arabia "sportswashing". The Grand Prix has received criticism from

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the way their events are hosted and delivered" and that " worked hard to be a positive force everywhere it races, including economic, social and cultural benefits". In February 2021, 45 human rights organizations called on

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Radchenko, Sergey. "It's Not Enough to Win: The Seoul Olympics and the Roots of North Korea's Isolation." The International Journal of the History of Sport 29.9 (2012): 1243–262. Taylor & Francis Group. Web. 12 April

1217:, in 1970 China's national teams began competing again. The first major international event a Chinese team participated in since 1966 was the World Table Tennis Championship in Nagoya, Japan, which ultimately led to the 1416:

and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs. Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the

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In the early 1970s, the State Physical Culture and Sports Commission was tasked with facilitating sports diplomacy. In 1974, it exchanged 172 groups of 3,200 athletes with eighty other countries, most of them in the

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Consequently, Taiwan took Grenada to a New York City court to force the latter to return the original loan. However, in 2007, St. Lucia severed its diplomatic ties with China and restored its ties with Taiwan.

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have also got both a cricket and a football stadium courtesy of China. Over the past few years, China spent a remarkable $ 132 million on cricket facilities in the West Indies, a massive amount compared to the

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football games from 1946 to 2008. In addition, the study found that colleges with higher attendance rates had a larger effect on the results, up to 3%. The effects are increased even further if the game is an

2552: 1841:. During these discussions, the IOC considered some concessions, only to be rejected by the North Korean regime. This can be seen as a great missed opportunity for North Korea to gain from the Olympic Games. 1529:

base as an "almost exclusively white, conservative racing crowd", the "white, middle-aged, working-class Southern men" who were coveted in the first decades of the 21st century during electoral campaigns.

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oil depot (approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the circuit), causing an explosion, during the first of two practice sessions. The incident highlighted risks for the race, with drivers, such as

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showed that when the home team wins the game before the election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5 percent, while a loss had the opposite effect. The study looked at

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axed US$ 650 million contract to broadcast games through Chinese streaming service PPTV over alleged failed payments. Some pundits believe that the deal was axed due to British government granting the

447:, and fans threw stones at the Indian players during the match in Karachi. In 2000 right-wing Hindus dug up the cricket pitch in New Delhi to protest against the Pakistani team's visit. Following the 412:

born in South Africa and refused permission to play for the South African team by the government, instead he played for England. Following his performance against Australia in the previous year's

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Soviet officials also expected the flag bearer to win a gold medal at the given Olympics. This resulted in absurd situations at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics, when the selected flag bearers,

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Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.

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to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order." As a response, Sukarno held a parallel Olympics,

3819: 1333:. Several countries has decided to do a diplomatic boycott. During the opening ceremony, parade representing the 56 ethnic groups of China, one of the performers, reportedly representing 3234: 4754:

Merkel, Udo. "The Politics of Sport and Identity in North Korea." The International Journal of the History of Sport 31.3 (2014): 376–90. Taylor & Francis Group. Web. 12 April 2015.

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responded two days later by removing the match between Arsenal and Manchester City from their schedules, while his likeness was removed from Chinese internet providers and version of

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voiced his solidarity with the protesters. The situation has caused backlash Chinese government and some Chinese nationalists. After the statement from Morey, Chinese state media

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Kim, Jung Il. On Popularizing Physical Training and Sport and Developing Sporting Skills Rapidly: Talk to the Officials in the Field of Physical Training and Sport, 19 May 1986.

466:" could adjudge a person's loyalty to England by determining whether or not they supported the England and Wales cricket team ahead of those from their own countries of origin. 4526: 991:

flag whilst the anthem played during the medal ceremony. She returned home as a heroine of the Czechoslovak people, but was made an outcast by the Soviet dominated government.

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folded, Saudi Arabian government invited Hamilton for a talks in Saudi Arabia to sit down over human rights concerns after Hamilton criticized the host country numerous times.

2224: 1079:'s 1972 visit to China. Ping pong diplomacy began when the Chinese table tennis team invited their U.S. counterparts to their country on an all-expense-paid trip during the 1949:

fell through when principles regarding selection of athletes could not be agreed upon. After the 2008 Beijing Olympics tensions have increased between these two nations.

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in 1957, team members were immediately refused passports by the government. It ruled that no black could compete internationally except through the white sports body.

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coach, said "The success of their team so far has been a big encouragement for both countries, it will only have a peaceful and positive impact on their people."

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was bombed killing 115 passengers on board. This event did not fulfill its intended purpose and instead further weakened North Korea's international reputation.

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with China, the 1970s saw exchanges between table tennis players from the United States and the People's Republic of China that eventually led to U.S. President

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joined the BJP. It was said that "celebrities...are a time-tested tool for the political parties to tide over their bankruptcy." Additionally, former cricketer

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citizens, but also to the international community as a whole. Although North Korea has not had much success since this victory, North Korea participated in the

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The North Korean leaders understood the importance of sports not only in the international community, but also internally. The major ideology in North Korea,

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was said to have played a crucial role in forcing South Africa to open up their society and to end a global isolation. South Africa was excluded from the

4602: 4470: 1128:, respectively, despite bans on Israeli passport holders from entering both countries. Pe'er was refused a visa to Dubai the following year following the 4444: 630: 3420: 2722: 4232: 1973: 79:, some of them unsuccessfully, on either the national level or the sub-national current. Some matches have also had national diplomatic incidents. 3382: 3401: 1582: 1014: 1399:

in South Africa also drew similar parallels and questions as to whether race could be overcome, this was especially true following the death of

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A beleaguered Taiwan also used the World Cup to shore up its position among its shrinking West Indian support base. It donated $ 21 million to

212: 1558:'s car for an election campaign in 2010. Labonte was reported to have been paid $ 225,000 to carry the "rickperry.org" logo. Two years later, 1165:, India's sports minister, asked "I have one question for everyone. If Bopanna and Qureshi can play together, why cannot India and Pakistan?" 1141:

later reacted saying some "sanctions" would be issued on Dubai. She also faced protests following the war during a tournament in New Zealand.

3613: 1868:. In 1987, in an attempt to destabilize the Olympic Games and instill fear in the international community, a South Korean commercial flight, 1567: 1085: 1006:

that started at the Olympic village and eventually resulted in the deaths of 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team who were targeted in the

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regime. After a withdrawal from the squad, D'Oliveira was selected, enraging the Apartheid regime and resulting in the tour's cancellation.

4897: 4768: 4721: 2418: 1775: 4113: 2805: 2642: 1983: 745: 4641: 4251:"Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go up" 2602: 1013:

The 1980 Winter Olympics were used in a much less overtly political way, but in a much more culturally politically significant way. The

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Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the

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in April 1995 in order to promote peace between North Korea, the United States and Japan. The Festival culminated in two nights of

1604: 1326: 1203: 4071:"India joins diplomatic boycott of Beijing Olympics after Chinese soldier from deadly Himalayan skirmish made part of torch relay" 4491: 2526: 1372:

Board (SATTB), a body founded in contravention to the white South African table tennis board, was replaced for the latter by the

4070: 477:'s 2009 tour of England and suspended all bilateral relations between the two states in response to the situation regarding the 245:

was preceded nationalistic symbolism and imagery. Schmeling defeated Louis, for the latter's first professional defeat in 1936.

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Benoit, Macon (1 October 2008). "The politicization of football: the European game and the approach to the Second World War".

4330: 3876: 3717: 3540: 2705: 2586: 2003: 1373: 1080: 591: 478: 4579: 3445: 789:, etc. In 2022, Formula One decided to scrap the "We Race As One" gesture, however the move was criticized by some drivers. 3330: 3274: 1306: 662: 223: 5399: 2980: 1581:

A study of elections has shown that the result of sports events can affect the overall results. A study published in the

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brought about renewed nationalism and belief among the citizens of the United States and shock and shame to the Soviets.

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of India. Following the game, permission was granted for the two countries to play regular series against each other.

4764: 3859: 3421:"Ignoring human rights abuses and racing on through terror attacks: Saudi Arabian GP a new low in F1's hall of shame" 1506: 1388:

even adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on 21 June 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport.

1234: 93: 4969: 2553:"Everton vs Sunderland match report: Danny Graham and Jermain Defoe fire Black Cats closer to Premier League safety" 427:, and Soviet pressure on India to deflect the tension they faced, in 1987 Pakistan's president at the time, General 4977: 3032: 2916: 2177: 2173: 1987: 1526: 1352: 1249: 956: 762: 354:

of the Soviet Union, when Fischer defeated Spassky and temporarily halted Soviet chess dominance; and again in the

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While many clubs do not have a fixed political identity, some clubs are known to have clear leanings. According to

17: 4299: 3352: 2862: 5497: 5018: 1834: 1485: 1446: 1426: 1425:. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the 1385: 1343:. The move has drawn criticism from several South Korean citizens and politicians citing cultural appropriation. 1018:

while the Soviets were quasi-professional. The shocking victory in Lake Placid, during one of the heights of the

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Many inter-Korean sporting events were held in the 2000s. These events were referred to as unification matches.

1730:, who played basketball for the New York Knicks, served three terms in the U.S. Senate representing New Jersey. 4850: 1575: 1551: 1269: 1026: 542: 451:, and at various other times, there have also been calls to suspend cricketing ties between the two countries. 424: 4986: 4448: 1542:. Almost 90 percent of political contributions from those affiliated with NASCAR go to Republican candidates. 5278: 4199: 2247: 1268:

has suspended the broadcast of NBA games in the country until Morey retract his statement. At the same time,

1117: 927: 825: 741: 734: 686: 522: 513: 490: 355: 343: 208: 197: 189: 5621: 3254: 2153:, a windsurfer and Olympic medalist, also entered politics and is, as of 2013, mayor of his native city in 2090: 2054: 1611: 1046: 1030: 1003: 707: 193: 161: 3685: 669:

called for sports boycotts, comparing the situation in Bahrain with that of apartheid South Africa. Other

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qualifying. Fan violence in Pyongyang after a match with Iran led to North Korea playing a home game in

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Cornell, Stephen and Douglas Hartmann. "Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World." p.3

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Some Formula One drivers has been involved in politics after their retirement. Former Japanese driver

1909:. Several of the bouts were broadcast on pay-per-view in the US under the title 'Collision in Korea'. 1395:

was a powerful boost to post-apartheid South Africa's return to the international sporting scene. The

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travel to and learn about foreign cultures and the challenges young people face in other countries.

5421: 5348: 5071: 4495: 3851: 3820:"Aisam-Ul-Haq Qureshi delivers message of peace at U.S. Open after Indo-Pak Express suffers defeat" 3050: 2744: 2239: 2162: 2157:. Former Pakistani cricketer and the captain of the Pakistan cricket team which won the world cup, 2146: 2086: 1905:, which featured bouts between Japanese and American wrestlers that were watched by guest of honor 1265: 972: 944:

Once again, in 1968, the global stage of the Olympics was used to show the world the plight of the

798: 1880:

North Korea, following its unsuccessful effort to sabotage the Seoul Olympics decided to hold the

62:, as well as other sports in the global arena, have also been used in this regard. In the case of 5548: 5168: 3556: 1325:

scandal and the IOC's involvement. During the torch relay, a Chinese soldier who was involved in

1248:

In 2019, the politicization of sports in China has been expanded internationally. In the wake of

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articlesbase.com/politics-articles/the-myth-of-nascar-redneck-politics-312654.html#ixzz0mrKPwFjI

4348:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System" 3848:

People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

3761: 3733: 2422: 5558: 4121: 2050: 1902: 1623: 1358: 1302: 1129: 773:

are still being held in countries with poor human rights record such as Bahrain, Saudi Arabia,

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became vice-president of Argentina between 2003 and 2007 and is currently the Governor of the

1709:

has served as a member of the House of Representatives, as well as Seattle Seahawks receiver

820:

were banned from participating in sporting events. While Germany did top the medal table, the

302:

I ain't got no quarrel with those Vietcong...no Vietcong ever called me nigger. – Muhammad Ali

5223: 3491:"F1 has a duty to raise awareness of human rights failings in countries it visits – Hamilton" 3078: 2823: 2613: 2294: 2235: 1946: 1869: 1666:

sought a Republican nomination for Senate in Washington state. Only Runyan won his election.

1145: 1037:

by numerous Western states and their allies in protest of the host country's actions. In the

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which some of the members from the 1971 U.S. and Chinese teams were able to participate in.

645:

and a general souring of relations. The event was spontaneously attended by Prime Ministers

5374: 5369: 5298: 5197: 5109: 3402:"Lewis Hamilton offered by Saudi Arabian government to sit down over human rights concerns" 3125: 2185: 2121: 2042: 1995: 1938: 1934: 1461: 1454: 1418: 1392: 1362: 1153: 1134: 1034: 902: 869: 804: 623: 583: 397: 308: 59: 2678: 1194: 934:

of whom had friendly relations at the time. GANEFO would later collapse after the rise of

8: 5512: 5416: 5313: 5141: 5114: 5099: 5066: 5011: 4679:"North Korea Football Violence Erupts." BBC News. BBC, 30 March 2005. Web. 13 April 2015. 4143: 3259: 3239: 2837: 2360: 2154: 2106: 2058: 2027: 1942: 1825: 1763: 1745: 1698: 1659: 1627: 1400: 1396: 1218: 1214: 1066: 725: 646: 538: 393: 371: 169: 4658:

Carter, Jon. "Chollima Upset Italy." ESPNFC.com. ESPN, 19 July 2012. Web. 13 April 2015.

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colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the

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In the 1980s South Africa was also expelled from most international sports bodies. The

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that there was no trouble, faced weekly protests and violence leading up to the event.

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on the team)). Even post-match interviews were preceded by Islamic salutations such as

331: 3103: 3006: 1453:

and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with tremendous efforts". On the topic of the

733:. Hamilton himself stated that he felt uncomfortable racing in the country. After the 5600: 5326: 5190: 5136: 5119: 5061: 4384: 4326: 4255: 3962: 3855: 3779: 3713: 3536: 3235:"Damon Hill calls on Bernie Ecclestone and Formula One to abandon Bahrain Grand Prix" 2701: 2582: 2508: 2496: 2332: 1833:

realization led to a large devotion of time and effort in an attempt to convince the

1221:

with the United States. Ping-pong diplomacy resulted of an encounter between players

695: 546: 444: 383: 312: 291: 561:

and started growing a beard. He was then said to have been the turning point in the

5553: 5464: 5446: 5384: 5293: 5283: 5265: 5163: 5156: 5041: 4918: 4828: 3988:"Mesut Ozil: Arsenal-Manchester City game removed from schedules by China state TV" 3874: 2488: 2181: 2094: 2070: 1991: 1918: 1767: 1694: 1655: 1647: 1535: 1334: 945: 906: 611: 435: 335: 3592: 3146: 1376:. While the SATTB team was able to participate in the world championships held in 905:

as a response for Indonesian suspension from the IOC. The trouble began after the

266:

was scheduled later in New York City. In the build-up to the event U.S. President

5590: 5543: 5528: 5454: 5406: 5331: 5321: 5233: 5131: 5126: 5051: 4981: 4419: 4320: 3917:"In China, sports and politics are inseparable, played on an international stage" 3880: 3529: 2938: 2390: 2385: 2325: 2124: 2077:

on 4 June 2012, while he was active in the sports field. Olympic silver-medalist

2017: 1771: 1690: 1634:

to run for New Jersey's 3rd congressional district against a first-term Democrat

1502: 1438: 1257: 1097: 1007: 812: 730: 682: 448: 363: 246: 165: 122: 4157: 3987: 3322: 1888: 1614:, at least five former athletes ran on Republican tickets for political office. 215:

the year before, since Ukraine still considers Crimea as part of its territory.

27:

Use of sport as a means to influence diplomatic, social, and political relations

5538: 5507: 5364: 5336: 5303: 5288: 5180: 5151: 5086: 5076: 5004: 4346:

Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).

3510:"Sebastian Vettel 'Surprised' F1 Dropped Ceremony When Drivers Could Take Knee" 2824:"Hitler's Favorite Boxer Fought Joe Louis Twice—and Became His Lifelong Friend" 2367: 2169: 2135: 2009: 1979: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1674: 1631: 1592: 1543: 1510: 1481: 976: 914: 768:

In 2020, Formula One Group launched "We Race As One" initiative in the wake of

758: 716: 650: 615: 607: 579: 566: 359: 118:" during games. While Sunderland fans are generally regarded as left wing, the 107: 3383:"Lewis Hamilton still not comfortable racing at F1's Saudi Arabian Grand Prix" 2984: 2492: 1864:

As a result of the failed negotiations North Korea engaged in several acts of

1329:

was selected to join the torch relay, the move later angered the neighbouring

1237:. Before the events, both United States and China have a frosty relationship. 298:

stating religious reasons, namely that it goes against the Qur'an's teaching.

5615: 5579: 5431: 5394: 5245: 5228: 5146: 4388: 4179:"Hitting Apartheid for Six? The Politics of the South African Sports Boycott" 3966: 2500: 2380: 2142: 2082: 1894: 1718: 1710: 1639: 1571: 1559: 1555: 1413: 1273: 1226: 1149: 1101: 1076: 1072: 817: 575: 459: 351: 347: 226: 157: 119: 54:

is often the biggest political example of using sports for diplomatic means,

4722:"Collision in Korea: Pyongyang's historic socialism and spandex spectacular" 1284: 1168:

The two were also involved in another campaign promoted by the Monaco-based

5379: 5341: 5273: 5173: 4603:"Olympian Carl Lewis Sues After New Jersey Official Halts State Senate Bid" 4377:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics" 3353:"Saudi F1 race: Activists urge Lewis Hamilton to speak out on human rights" 3301: 2298: 2165:

which is currently the main form of opposition in the Pakistan government.

2117: 2102: 1906: 1853: 1750: 1727: 1706: 1682: 1663: 1651: 1615: 1473: 1422: 1369: 980: 960: 873: 808: 753: 670: 603: 598: 562: 486: 463: 279: 275: 141: 115: 67: 4856: 4322:

Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping

3936:"Nets owner Joe Tsai reportedly tried to get Daryl Morey fired over tweet" 5250: 5218: 4805: 4213: 4044:"Investigation reveals details of Chinese propaganda effort in Peng case" 2074: 2038: 1858: 1800: 1792: 1791:

North Korea's relationships with the international community, especially

1702: 1697:

contributed $ 1.4 million to the Republican party and $ 1 million to the

1686: 1563: 1450: 1317: 1277: 1261: 1242: 1222: 1109: 1042: 968: 964: 953: 931: 887: 854: 829: 554: 283: 153: 137: 76: 4974: 3955:"Soccer Broadcast Pulled After Arsenal Star Mesut Özil Criticized China" 2917:"Basil D'Oliveira the England cricketer who helped bring down apartheid" 2527:"Are you an average fan? Find out with YouGov's Premier League profiles" 5479: 5056: 5046: 2353: 2158: 2062: 1738: 1734: 1714: 1635: 1600: 1547: 1322: 845: 841: 837: 833: 821: 786: 482: 428: 230: 72: 4620: 2723:"CAMPAIGNS: Public Awareness - Nil by Mouth fights bigots in Scotland" 2149:, considered one of the most influential political jobs in Argentina. 1235:

relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China

1198:

Protests against Chinese Winter Olympics held in Lausanne, Switzerland

454:

In reference to immigrants from the Caribbean and South Asia, British

4531: 3472:"F1 launches We Race As One initiative to impact long-lasting change" 3279: 2287: 2066: 2046: 2023: 1865: 1838: 1722: 1531: 1377: 1210:

conducted sports exchanges with the Soviet Union and eastern Europe.

1158: 939: 898: 894: 849: 666: 545:

for cricket grounds. China's aggressive ambitions have benefited the

517: 434:

In an attempt to replicate the cricket diplomacy of the past General

417: 413: 405: 242: 177: 111: 63: 423:

Cricket has also played a role in sporting diplomacy. Following the

330:, has a history of being linked to political issues. World Champion 172:), national identity (British or Irish Scots), and social ideology ( 5411: 5238: 5094: 4773: 4475: 3309: 2283: 1813: 1741:, though his attempt was blocked and he awaited an appeal hearing. 1670: 1596: 1105: 1049:

of the games in response to the American-led Moscow games boycott.

1019: 877: 530: 409: 367: 339: 149: 133: 129: 51: 4829:"Serzh Sargsyan re-elected President of Armenian Chess Federation" 4527:"Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House?" 4017:"Why the US Must Take China's Disinformation Operations Seriously" 2698:

How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalization

5474: 4942:"How does retrospective refereeing work? When do the FA step in?" 4726: 1899:

the Pyongyang International Sports and Culture Festival for Peace

1678: 1288: 1207: 935: 910: 526: 505: 440: 315:

in 1975, defeating George Foreman and Joe Frazier, respectively.

204:

that year, handing over the hosting of the 1969 event to Sweden.

145: 55: 4554:"NFL, NBA Provide Recruiting Ground for Republicans in November" 2794:

Dettloff, William. "The Louis-Schmeling Fights: Prelude to War."

1828:

played a major role in the development of North Korea. In 1981,

1808:. In addition, North Korea was surrounded by controversy during 5426: 4621:"Sports Diplomacy – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs" 2346: 2061:

also won a seat in parliament from outside his home territory.

1518: 1339: 988: 923: 918: 858: 778: 723:, its detention of women's rights activists, and the murder of 642: 238: 103: 4432:

NASCAR.COM – Politics once again puts NASCAR fans center stage

500:

have been the impetus for doing so. During the buildup to the

5027: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4642:"Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem" 4089:"S. Korea politicians criticize China over traditional dress" 3582:

Hyde Flippo, The 1936 Berlin Olympics: Hitler and Jesse Owens

2339: 2012:, the previous President of Armenia, is also Chairman of the 1961: 1889:

Pyongyang International Sports and Culture Festival for Peace

1844:

During this time, North Korea's major allies were China, the

1829: 1330: 1125: 868:

Jesse Owens on the podium after winning the long jump at the

782: 774: 749: 638: 323: 234: 40: 4345: 1875: 1759:

has partaken in 15 different sports in nearly 70 countries.

719:

to boycott the Grand Prix citing Saudi Arabia's role in the

681:. On 17 February, it was announced that the second round of 196:

the year before. The country made a similar protest for the

5459: 3446:"Formula 1 in Saudi Arabia: Grand Prix of double standards" 3255:"Bahrain's Crash Course; Formula One drivers for democracy" 2806:"Knocked Down by Life, Joe Louis Could Rely on His Friends" 1849: 1845: 1587: 1292: 1121: 565:

of the Pakistani cricket team, which was also a reason for

4705: 4703: 4682: 1287:

went online to publish a poem denouncing the treatment of

43:

as a means to influence diplomatic, social, and political

4695:

Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992

4271:"The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union – Guided History" 3992: 3738: 2863:"Alexander Aljechin | Jüdisches und arisches Schach" 2745:"Drop in domestic abuse incidents on Old Firm match days" 2579:

Hooligans 2: The M-Z of Britain's Football Hooligan Gangs

2138:

also became an opposition activist in his native Russia.

1799:, North Korea defeated the heavily favored Italian team. 1795:, have sometimes been shaped by sports diplomacy. In the 1442: 1253: 1213:

After stopping competing during the earlier parts of the

4996: 3712:. New York, NY: Random House Digital, Inc. p. 179. 493:

asking then to ban Zimbabwe from international cricket.

334:

collaborated with National-Socialist Germany during the

128:

One of the biggest and oldest football rivalries is the

4700: 3762:"Time is right for Israel to return to its Asian roots" 938:

which the 2nd Asian GANEFO was scheduled to be held in

370:

from the Soviet Union. Several countries boycotted the

4769:"Manny Pacquiao's Latest Win — in Philippine Election" 4524: 4114:"United Nations, India and Boycott of Apartheid Sport" 3489:

Rencken, Dieter; Southwell, Hazel (18 November 2021).

2700:(Reprint ed.). Harper Perennial. pp. 36–37. 1776:

widespread controversy surrounding the national anthem

4200:"Freshly ground South Africa | Al Jazeera Blogs" 2771:

Autobiography: The Collected Works of Langston Hughes

1933:

North Korea and South Korea marched together for the

1291:

in China. As a response, state broadcasters CCTV and

4987:

Sports Dictionary. Some words about Sports Diplomacy

4975:

International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports

4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 1928: 1897:

worked with the North Korean government to organize

1233:

in 1972 and has been seen as a key turning point in

979:

and the controversial decision by the judges on the

752:'s Houthi rebels carried out a missile attack on an 4879:"Cricketer SachinTendulkar takes seat as Indian MP" 3614:"The Pittsburgh Press – Google News Archive Search" 307:continue in historical boxing matches now known as 4601:Voreacos, David; Deprez, Esme E. (27 April 2011). 4572:"NASCAR is a conservative crowd – and proud of it" 4492:"Rick Santorum's Come-From-Behind NASCAR Strategy" 3528: 2881:"How Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky became pawns" 2643:"Old Firm rivalry? It's a lot to do with football" 1955: 4741: 3910: 3908: 2975: 2973: 1921:, starting in the early 2000s takes place in the 1272:suspended its relationship with Houston Rockets. 249:recalled the national reaction to Louis' defeat. 192:because the Soviet Union was invited, due to the 5613: 3895:"Hong Kong Protests Put N.B.A. on Edge in China" 3488: 2773:, Vol. 14. University of Missouri Press. p. 307. 2041:resulting from his own resignation) to become a 1974:Category:Sportsperson-politicians by nationality 1658:, sought a House seat from Virginia; and former 975:, in protest to the 1968 Soviet-led invasion of 512:, while Jamaica received $ 30 million for a new 278:, took up political causes in his refusal to be 4445:"Rick Perry and NASCAR Shoot Up Texas Politics" 3686:"Global rivals unite to save Olympic wrestling" 2960:"Musharraf visits India amid cricket diplomacy" 1824:The years leading up to, during, and after the 1748:initiated a sports exchange programme entitled 1583:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1309:to Hong Kongers fleeing political persecution. 4600: 4489: 3914: 3905: 3709:Nixon and Mao: The Week That Changed the World 3399: 3306:"Bahrain Grand Prix Called Off After Protests" 2970: 2576: 1673:contributed to the presidential primaries for 496:China have participated in cricket diplomacy. 274:Decades later, Cassius Clay, better known as 5012: 2781: 2779: 2769:Hughes, Langston (2002). Joseph McLaren. ed. 2671: 1837:to split the Olympic Games between Seoul and 1096:In 2008, Israeli professional tennis players 1086:Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum 550:strategy coincides with its foreign policy." 125:was known for having far-right associations. 4895: 4855:(in Armenian). www.ethics.am. Archived from 4666: 4664: 4525:Tyler Cowen; Kevin Grier (24 October 2012). 4370: 4368: 3051:"China Outplays Taiwan in Cricket Diplomacy" 2419:"Can sports and politics ever be separated?" 2037:ran three successful campaigns (including a 1774:in protest of police violence, which led to 1204:State Physical Culture and Sports Commission 673:protesters also called for a boycott of the 4490:Stephanopoulos, George (12 February 2012). 3915:Blennerhassett, Patrick (8 November 2020). 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3073: 3071: 2026:became a Canadian MP while playing for the 1984:House of Representatives of the Philippines 1468: 508:received a $ 55 million grant to build the 106:statistics, supporters of the English club 5019: 5005: 4801:"Ukrainian Boxing Champ Enters Parliament" 4136:"International Boycott of Apartheid Sport" 3323:"Saudi Arabian GP on provisional schedule" 2776: 2636: 2634: 1705:was also a senator once. NFL quarterback 1618:took part in his first political race for 1231:President Richard Nixon's visit to Beijing 1229:(of the PRC). The event paved the way for 4661: 4365: 4325:. University of Texas Press. p. 66. 4314: 4312: 3705: 3267: 3126:"PakPassion.net – Pakistan Cricket Forum" 2803: 2413: 2411: 2194: 2085:ran as an unsuccessful candidate for the 1882:13th World Festival of Youth and Students 1876:13th World Festival of Youth and Students 1421:, after another Eastern bloc nation, the 1391:The country's hosting and winning of the 987:, turned her head down and away from the 233:as a heroic symbol of German destiny and 4763: 4230: 3830: 3759: 3526: 3520: 3469: 3068: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2550: 2524: 2452: 2000:Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform 1605:2012 United States presidential election 1496: 1193: 863: 614:for his performance in India's win, and 443:ran onto the pitch to attack the Indian 4939: 4407: 4405: 4281: 3507: 2640: 2631: 2544: 1357:Most famously, the sporting boycott of 853:latter. At the games he was visited by 87: 14: 5614: 4919:"Kenya election: Behind the headlines" 4309: 4041: 4014: 3952: 3933: 3892: 3845: 3753: 3508:Coleman, Madeline (20 February 2022). 3196: 3147:"Indian Media Exploited Shoaib Remark" 2804:Beschloss, Michael (17 October 2014). 2720: 2520: 2518: 2478: 2408: 2161:later created his own political party 2101:as a MLA in Goa. Former hockey player 1819: 1650:ran for a seat in Utah's legislature; 1004:Black September terrorist organization 677:with more explicit comparisons to the 202:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5000: 4411:Kochetkov, Aleksandr (8 August 2008) 3817: 3418: 3400:Chillingsworth, Luke (1 April 2022). 2914: 2899: 2577:Lowles, Nick; Nicholls, Andy (2007). 2203: 1786: 1374:International Table Tennis Federation 1081:1971 World Table Tennis Championships 913:which Indonesia hosted and for which 541:and $ 12 million to the even smaller 479:2008 Zimbabwean presidential election 326:, which is a recognized sport of the 207:Ukraine declined to take part in the 4898:"Celebrities add colour to politics" 4719: 4402: 4374: 4318: 4233:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro" 4158:"SPORTS AND THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE" 4068: 3760:Montague, James (27 February 2008). 3333:from the original on 6 November 2020 3232: 3226: 2695: 2266: 2207: 1893:Japanese wrestler-turned-politician 1307:British National (Overseas) passport 1280:has also lobbied NBA to fire Morey. 618:was in the stands supporting India. 188:Norway declined to take part in the 110:predominantly lean to the political 4375:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). 4214:"South African Terreblanche killed" 3818:Bondy, Stefan (10 September 2010). 3798:"Indo-Pak pair in tennis diplomacy" 3780:"Dubai faces censure over Peer ban" 3571:Jesse Owens: Track and Field Legend 3033:"Zimbabwe is facing new ban threat" 3007:"England cut Zimbabwe cricket ties" 2595: 2525:Campbell, Paul (18 November 2014). 2515: 2065:also won a seat in parliament from 1912: 1540:2008 Republican National Convention 1015:United States men's Ice Hockey team 24: 4940:Vickers, Anthony (12 April 2016). 4471:"When Politics and NASCAR Collide" 2721:France, Stephanie (9 March 2001). 2641:Forsyth, Roddy (26 October 2007). 2238:by removing the content or adding 2105:was also elected as a MLA for the 1120:tournaments in the Arab cities of 952:in their home country. 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(21 July 1974). 4042:Morgan, Liam (9 December 2021). 3470:Galloway, James (22 June 2020). 3171:Islamisation of Pakistan cricket 2785:David Margolick, "Beyond Glory." 2453:Mohammed, Farah (15 June 2018). 2271: 2212: 2141:Former offshore powerboat racer 1521:are generally considered by the 1492: 1437:According to British journalist 1353:Sporting boycott of South Africa 1327:2020–2022 China–India skirmishes 861:and offered new shoes to Owens. 811:used this as a stage to promote 679:sporting boycott of South Africa 211:hosted by Russia because of the 5596: 4831:. 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Little, Brown, and Company. 3531:The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936 2570: 2472: 2455:"Soccer and European Identity" 2446: 2437: 2286:format but may read better as 1781: 1576:Daytona International Speedway 1552:2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series 1270:Chinese Basketball Association 1027:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 656: 557:'s daughter he took to a more 543:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 425:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 13: 1: 3569:Josephson, Judith Pinkerton. 2401: 2073:was sworn in as an MP in the 1359:South Africa during Apartheid 1177:appeal to the controversial " 967:during the medal ceremony in 828:as inferior was dispelled by 742:2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix 687:Bahrain International Circuit 523:International Cricket Council 491:International Cricket Council 356:1978 World Championship match 344:1972 World Championship match 209:2015 Bandy World Championship 198:1969 Bandy World Championship 190:1957 Bandy World Championship 4970:Sports as cultural diplomacy 4720:Hall, Nick (29 April 2020). 4015:Yang, Jianli; Monaco, Nick. 3706:MacMillan, Margaret (1985). 2603:"FIFA Player of the Century" 1669:Baseball players union boss 1612:2010 United States elections 1250:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 1184: 1112:were supposed to feature in 998:were killed in an attack by 708:human rights in Saudi Arabia 629:In 2011, India and Pakistan 213:Russian annexation of Crimea 66:, sport was used to isolate 7: 3527:Bachrach, Susan D. (2000). 2374: 2020:is an advisor to Sargsyan. 1923:Rungrado 1st of May Stadium 1314:Ministry of Public Security 1148:tennis tournament, India's 1137:." The WTA chief executive 792: 765:two weeks before the race. 763:mass execution of 81 people 582:(the latter being the only 510:Sir Vivian Richards Stadium 10: 5643: 4921:. BBC Africa. 7 March 2013 3312:. Retrieved 19 April 2011. 2180:. Former Argentine driver 2079:Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore 1971: 1574:made an appearance at the 1523:media of the United States 1350: 1064: 928:People's Republic of China 796: 685:, which was to be held at 404:for fear of upsetting the 381: 377: 194:Soviet invasion of Hungary 91: 5567: 5521: 5488: 5445: 5357: 5312: 5264: 5211: 5085: 5034: 5026: 4697:. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. 3233:Cary, Tom (2 June 2011). 2493:10.1080/14660970802257606 2396:List of sporting scandals 2234:Please help Knowledge to 2188:and senator representing 2093:. Former football player 2014:Armenian Chess Federation 1967: 1432: 1091: 1054:cancellation of wrestling 1039:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 803:Going as far back as the 637:for the first time since 588:Bismillah ur Rehman rahim 408:regime. D'Oliveira was a 342:politics featured in the 290:during the presidency of 218: 82: 5169:Bodybuilding supplements 4852:Յուրիկ Նորայրի Վարդանյան 4851: 4319:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). 3921:South China Morning Post 3852:Cornell University Press 3846:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 3104:"Youhana embraces Islam" 2838:"Muhammad Ali Biography" 2178:Liberal Democratic Party 2147:Province of Buenos Aires 2129:Kenyan National Assembly 1469:Flag bearers controversy 1189: 857:, who would later found 799:Politics in the Olympics 318: 183: 4418:6 November 2016 at the 3557:"Nazification of Sport" 2696:Foer, Franklin (2010). 2551:Tim Rich (9 May 2015). 2295:converting this section 1256:athletes and managers. 692:2012 Bahrain Grand Prix 553:Following the death of 390:Marylebone Cricket Club 229:had been lauded by the 4693:Armstrong, Charles K. 2195:Colonial won victories 2069:, Bihar from the BJP. 2051:Bharatiya Janata Party 1903:professional wrestling 1733:Olympic gold medalist 1624:Portland Trail Blazers 1622:after playing for the 1514: 1303:English Premier League 1199: 891: 881: 746:Saudi-led war on Yemen 635:2011 Cricket World Cup 498:Cross-Strait relations 304: 256: 3734:"American Experience" 3304:(21 February 2011). 3151:www.outlookindia.com/ 2964:www.chinadaily.com.cn 2867:velesova-sloboda.info 2127:, was elected to the 2055:2009 general election 1972:Further information: 1947:2008 Beijing Olympics 1870:Korean Air Flight 858 1701:. Former MLB pitcher 1654:, who played for the 1566:' car. In 2000, then 1500: 1301:. In September 2020, 1197: 950:civil rights movement 883: 867: 704:Amnesty International 382:Further information: 346:between the American 300: 288:Civil Rights Movement 268:Franklin D. Roosevelt 251: 39:describes the use of 4980:29 June 2008 at the 2481:Soccer & Society 2236:improve this section 2186:Governor of Santa Fe 2134:Former chess player 2043:member of parliament 1996:Ukrainian Parliament 1939:2004 Athens Olympics 1935:2000 Sydney Olympics 1513:(right) shake hands. 1462:1984 Summer Olympics 1455:1980 Summer Olympics 1393:1995 Rugby World Cup 1363:1964 Summer Olympics 1154:Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi 1135:United Arab Emirates 1035:1980 Moscow Olympics 996:Israeli Olympic team 948:struggle during the 903:1964 Summer Olympics 870:1936 Summer Olympics 744:was impacted by the 590:. After the loss to 309:Rumble in the Jungle 224:Heavyweight champion 160:), Northern Ireland- 132:rivalry between the 88:Association football 60:association football 5622:Politics and sports 4305:on 23 January 2017. 4075:The Washington Post 3879:3 June 2019 at the 3786:. 17 February 2009. 3260:Wall Street Journal 3240:The Daily Telegraph 3106:. 17 September 2005 2915:Marks, Vic (2011). 2425:on 29 December 2015 2361:Miracle (2004 film) 2248:independent sources 2155:Corrientes Province 2107:Shiromani Akali Dal 2059:Mohammed Azharuddin 2028:Toronto Maple Leafs 2016:. Olympic Champion 1994:was elected to the 1982:was elected to the 1943:2006 Turin Olympics 1826:1988 Seoul Olympics 1820:1988 Seoul Olympics 1764:San Francisco 49ers 1746:US State Department 1699:US Democratic party 1660:Washington Redskins 1628:Philadelphia Eagles 1525:to fall within the 1507:Washington Senators 1449:(IOC) to undermine 1401:Eugene Terreblanche 1397:2010 FIFA World Cup 1219:ping-pong diplomacy 1215:Cultural Revolution 1067:Ping Pong Diplomacy 1047:retaliatory boycott 907:Asian Games in 1962 726:The Washington Post 647:Yousaf Raza Gillani 539:St. Kitts and Nevis 372:1976 Chess Olympiad 366:, who had recently 33:Politics and sports 5186:Physical education 4896:Shahnawaz Akhtar. 4859:on 14 January 2013 4381:The New York Times 4237:The New York Times 4050:. Inside the Games 4048:insidethegames.biz 3996:. 15 December 2019 3959:The New York Times 3899:The New York Times 3514:Sports Illustrated 3283:. 17 February 2011 3214:on 16 October 2012 2887:. 22 November 2007 2810:The New York Times 2297:, if appropriate. 2204:In popular culture 2190:Justicialist Party 2053:candidate. In the 2035:Navjot Singh Sidhu 1816:without any fans. 1787:Football World Cup 1644:Philadelphia 76ers 1620:Governor of Oregon 1568:Republican primary 1515: 1368:The South African 1298:eFootball PES 2020 1283:In December 2019, 1202:In the 1950s, the 1200: 1179:Ground Zero mosque 1163:Manohar Singh Gill 882: 872:. L-R, on podium, 770:Black Lives Matter 712:Human Rights Watch 706:on the grounds of 675:Bahrain Grand Prix 633:each other in the 596:ICC World Twenty20 462:once said that a " 456:Conservative party 362:narrowly defeated 358:, when the Soviet 332:Alexander Alekhine 114:, and often sing " 5609: 5608: 5580:Sports portal 5191:Physical activity 5137:Athletic training 5120:Strength training 5072:Semi-professional 4809:. 29 October 2012 4648:. 27 August 2016. 4582:on 20 August 2001 4560:. 17 August 2010. 4434:26 September 2008 4332:978-0-292-73957-4 4256:Los Angeles Times 4124:on 2 August 2008. 3719:978-0-8129-7057-9 3542:978-0-316-07087-4 3039:. 21 August 2005. 2987:on 21 August 2008 2707:978-0-06-197805-0 2685:. 26 August 2006. 2588:978-1-903854-64-8 2333:Escape to Victory 2316: 2315: 2265: 2264: 2087:National Congress 2057:, former captain 2033:Former cricketer 1998:as leader of the 1419:1984 Winter games 1010:in West Germany. 959:was performed by 813:Aryan nationalism 696:Bernie Ecclestone 663:Bahraini uprising 559:fundamental Islam 547:Caribbean Islands 392:refused to allow 384:Cricket Diplomacy 313:Thrilla in Manila 292:Lyndon B. Johnson 16:(Redirected from 5634: 5599: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5322:General managers 5224:Governing bodies 5021: 5014: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4777:. Archived from 4765:Marshall, Andrew 4761: 4755: 4752: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4691: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4578:. Archived from 4568: 4562: 4561: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4479:. 16 April 2010. 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447:. Archived from 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4413:Флагманы сборной 4409: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4298:. 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The Diplomat 4007: 3979: 3945: 3926: 3904: 3885: 3867: 3860: 3850:. Ithaca, NY: 3829: 3810: 3789: 3771: 3752: 3725: 3718: 3698: 3677: 3652: 3626: 3605: 3584: 3575: 3562: 3548: 3541: 3519: 3500: 3481: 3462: 3450:Deutsche Welle 3437: 3411: 3392: 3374: 3344: 3314: 3294: 3266: 3263:. 9 June 2011. 3246: 3225: 3195: 3174: 3163: 3138: 3117: 3095: 3067: 3042: 3024: 3013:. 25 June 2008 2998: 2969: 2951: 2930: 2919:. The Guardian 2898: 2872: 2854: 2829: 2815: 2796: 2787: 2775: 2762: 2751:. 9 March 2010 2736: 2713: 2706: 2688: 2670: 2668:Socialist...." 2660: 2630: 2594: 2587: 2581:. Milo Books. 2569: 2543: 2514: 2487:(4): 532–550. 2471: 2445: 2436: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368:Going Vertical 2364: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2307:September 2021 2279: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2256:September 2021 2227:references to 2220: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2170:Sakon Yamamoto 2136:Garry Kasparov 2091:2014 elections 2010:Serzh Sargsyan 1980:Manny Pacquiao 1978:More recently 1969: 1966: 1957: 1954: 1930: 1927: 1914: 1911: 1890: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1821: 1818: 1810:2006 World Cup 1806:2010 World Cup 1797:1966 World Cup 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1675:George W. 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