553:
ultimate and antepenultimate syllables, although he recognizes that phonetically the situation is more complex as phonetic experiments have shown that the effects of stød occur across the entire syllable. Stød thus can only be found in "heavy" bimoraic rhyme syllables, but never in "light" (monomoraic) syllables. In this analysis, the notion of stød-basis is unnecessary, and the only thing that needs to be accounted for are those cases where syllables that ought to carry stød according to the model, in fact do not, e.g. words like
167:
517:. The argument is based both on the phonetic similarity between the stød, characterized by a sharp drop in the F0 formant, and the same phenomenon found in some tonal systems, and also on the historical fact that tonal accents are considered to have historically existed prior to the stød system. A 2013 study by Grønnum, Vazquez-Larruscaín and Basbøll, however, found that the tonal hypothesis was unable to successfully account for the distribution of stød. The tonal analysis has also been critiqued by
1850:
728:
615:, mentions a particular guttural cough associated with Danish. Generally it has been considered that it must have arisen sometime in the late Middle Ages, perhaps around 1300. But some scholars have suggested that it goes back to the original population groups and that the line between stød and non-stød dialects represent an ancient invasion from the south.
565:, 'friend'. Basbøll accounts for these by positing that the final sonorants in these cases are extraprosodic, meaning that they are simply not counting towards the moraic weight of the syllable to which they belong. This accounts for the resurfacing of stød when such words are followed by a syllabic consonant such as the definite suffix (e.g.
765:
In
Zealandic traditional dialects and regional language there are often more stød occurrences than in the standard language. In Zealand, the stød line divides Southern Zealand (without stød), an area that used to be directly under the Crown, from the rest of Zealand, which used to be the property of
552:
syllables. Unstressed syllables, syllables with short vowels, and non-sonorant codas are considered monomoraic, whereas stressed syllables with long vowels, or with short vowels followed by coda sonorants are considered bimoraic. In Basbøll's analysis, stød marks the beginning of the second mora in
235:
The phonology of the stød has been widely studied, and several different analyses have been elaborated to account for it. Most of the time the presence of stød in a word is predictable based on information about the syllable structure of the word. But there are minimal pairs where the presence or
718:
It has also been proposed that it originated as a phonetic consequence of the original devoicing of Old Norse syllable-final voiced consonants in some dialect areas. This phonetic laryngealization was then phonemicized as the
Scandinavian languages restructured nominal morphology introducing the
731:
A map showing the distribution of stød in Danish dialects. Dialects in the pink areas have stød, as in
Standard Danish. Dialects in the green areas have tones, as in Swedish and Norwegian. Dialects in the blue areas have neither stød nor tones, as in Icelandic, German and
593:
Also this: nor do they stoop ('worthy themselves') to speak like other people, but press the words forward as if they will cough, and appear partly to deliberately turn the words around in the throat, before they come forward...
458:" in the literature). In the stød-basis model, stød is possible only on syllables that have this basis, but secondary rules need to be formulated to account for which syllables with stød-basis actually carry the stød.
184:
508:
analyzes stød as a surface manifestation of an underlying high–low tone pattern across two syllables. Riad traces the history of stød to a tonal system similar to that found in the contemporary
Swedish dialects of
759:, 'Stød-border') that goes through central South Jutland and crosses Southern Funen and central Langeland and north of Lolland-Falster, Møn, Southern Zealand, and Bornholm, there is neither stød nor pitch accent.
438:. In Standard Danish, stød is mainly found in words that have certain phonological patterns, namely those that have a heavy stressed syllable, with a coda of a sonorant or semivowel (i.e. words ending in vowel +
863:
or "V-stød" in literature. It occurs in different environments, particularly after stressed vowels before final consonant clusters that arise by the elision of final unstressed vowels. For example, the word
589:
Der till medh: sa wferdas de icke heller att talla som annat folck, uthan tryckia ordhen fram lika som the willia hosta, och synas endeles medh flitt forwendhe ordhen i strupan, for sen de komma fram ...
183:
631:
The historical origin of stød is a matter of debate, but it is systematically related to the word accents of
Swedish and Norwegian: It has been proposed that original Old Norse
185:
736:
Standard Danish follows the rule for stød laid out above, but there is dialectal variation. There are four main regional variants for the realization of stød:
232:
have generally considered stød to be a suprasegmental phenomenon related to phonation and accent. Basbøll defines it as a "laryngeal syllable rhyme prosody".
113:
it is regularly realized as reminiscent of a glottal stop. A probably unrelated glottal stop, with quite different distribution rules, occurs in
Western
45:
1370:
Grønnum, N.; Basbøll, H. (2007). "Danish stød: phonological and cognitive issues". In Maria-Josep Sole; Patrice
Speeter Beddor; Manjari Ohala (eds.).
473:'yellow (plural)'. Grønnum considers stød to be non-phonemic in monosyllables with long vowels (she analyzes the phonemic structure of the word
1480:
1972:
1388:
Gooskens, C.; Kürschner, S. (2010). "Hvilken indflydelse har danske stød og svenske ordaccenter på den dansk-svenske ordforståelse?".
139:, but acoustic analyses have shown that there is seldom a full stop of the airflow involved in its production. Rather it is a form of
1760:
834:); some monosyllabic words with a short vowel and a coda consonant cluster take a stød if they are followed by the definite suffix:
854:
In
Western Jutland, a second stød, more like a preconsonantal glottal stop, is employed in addition to the Standard Danish stød.
1338:
622:, where he described it as stop of the breath caused by the closing of the pharynx. He was also the one to propose the term
151:
of a syllable by dividing it into two phases. The first phase has a relatively high intensity and a high pitch (measured as
978:
1637:. De Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser. Vol. XXIX. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
27:
176:
434:
Two-syllable words with accent on the first syllable do not take stød, nor do closed monosyllables ending in a
1544:
Basbøll, H. (2014). "Danish stød as evidence for grammaticalisation of suffixal positions in word structure".
1780:
1753:
493:
484:
480:
449:
439:
417:
405:
389:
377:
361:
349:
333:
321:
301:
289:
273:
261:
78:
41:
37:
607:
Danish must have had stød already in the 16th century as a speech against the Danes by a
Swedish bishop,
619:
1903:
1998:
1746:
1680:
1642:
221:
23:
870:'to pull', which is in Standard Danish, in Western Jutlandic is , and the present tense form
780:, a low-level tone and a high-level tone correspond to stød and non-stød in Standard Danish:
533:
152:
70:
577:, 'friends'). Another set of exceptions are assumed to be lexically coded as lacking stød.
483:), whereas Basbøll considers it phonemic also in this environment (analyzing it instead as
98:
1924:
8:
1832:
1359:
918:
461:
Some words alternate morphologically with stød-carrying and stød-less forms, for example
2003:
1822:
1708:
1668:
1598:
1570:
1511:
943:
914:
910:
741:
537:
102:
94:
1977:
1210:
876:, in Standard Danish , in Western Jutlandic is . Some scholars have proposed that the
1866:
1817:
1812:
1700:
1672:
1574:
1503:
1334:
926:
636:
1515:
1891:
1827:
1712:
1692:
1658:
1594:
1562:
1532:
1495:
1467:
1431:
1414:
1410:
938:
922:
906:
903:
140:
106:
74:
571:, 'the friend' ), but not when they are followed by a syllable with a vowel (e.g.
1896:
1872:
1858:
1769:
828:
On
Zealand, some traditional dialects have a phenomenon called short vowel stød (
752:
711:
700:
689:
672:
661:
650:
612:
306:
90:
61:
1381:
Analogy, Levelling, Markedness: Principles of Change in Phonology and Morphology
1347:
1326:
229:
225:
1939:
1879:
1807:
1800:
1663:
1646:
1536:
1471:
970:
1566:
1992:
1089:
510:
1507:
948:
777:
745:
632:
608:
144:
136:
86:
82:
1704:
744:, Southernmost Funen, Southern Langeland, and Ærø, there is no stød but a
1934:
1885:
1849:
1582:
899:
618:
Stød was first mentioned in the 1743 second treatise on orthography of
514:
212:
1944:
1696:
1624:
Kroman, E (1980). "Debat: Stød-og accentområder og deres oprindelse".
1499:
1436:
1422:
Panieri, L. (2010). "En mulig fonetisk foklaring på stødets opståen".
1213:. University of Copenhagen, Center for Dialect Studies. 22 April 2015.
1731:
Concordia res parvæ crescunt, eller Anden Prøve af Dansk Orthographie
1401:
Ejskjær, I. (1990). "Stød and pitch accents in the Danish dialects".
1379:
Riad, T. (2003). "The origin of Danish stod". In Aditi Lahiri (ed.).
443:
435:
148:
1951:
1956:
882:
is ancient, but others consider it to be a more recent innovation.
33:
1738:
89:, especially in emphatic pronunciation. Some dialects of Southern
446:
114:
110:
1478:
1095:
770:
In the dialects with pitch accent, such as the South Jutlandic (
727:
155:), whereas the second phase sees a drop in intensity and pitch.
1236:
1234:
1232:
1149:
1929:
1683:(1989). "Phonetic analysis of the stød in standard Danish".
1229:
1005:
639:, which was still a separate word) received the stød, while
1458:
Perridon, H. (2006). "On the origin of the vestjysk stød".
640:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1720:
Riad, T. (2009). "Eskilstuna as the tonal key to Danish".
1445:
Gress-Wright, J. (2008). "A simpler view of Danish stød".
1101:
643:
of two or more syllables did not. This would explain why
452:. This phonological structure is called "stød-basis" (or "
1479:
Grønnum, N.; Vazquez-Larruscaín, M.; Basbøll, H. (2013).
1447:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
1293:
1291:
1178:
1176:
1278:
1276:
1263:
1261:
890:
A similar phenomenon, known as "broken tone" (Latvian:
885:
682:
in one syllable) have the stød in modern Danish, while
540:. He analyzes Danish as having two kinds of syllables,
1553:
Perridon, H. (2009). "How old is the vestjysk stød?".
898:) exists in several other languages spoken around the
81:⟩), which in its most common form is a kind of
1288:
1173:
1161:
1125:
85:(laryngealization), but it may also be realized as a
1303:
1273:
1258:
1246:
1065:
993:
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1217:
1188:
504:Following an earlier suggestion by Ito and Mester,
1137:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
93:realize stød in a way that is more similar to the
1679:
1647:"A phonetic study of the stød in Standard Danish"
1641:
1387:
1155:
1011:
762:In most of Jutland and on Zealand, there is stød.
1990:
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1077:
677:
601:Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus
1617:Lyd og prosodi i de klassiske danske dialekter
1369:
1107:
1096:Grønnum, Vazquez-Larruscaín & Basbøll 2013
599:Hemming Gadh quoted by Johannes Magnus, 1554,
429:
16:Phonological phenomenon of most Danish accents
1754:
1523:Kortlandt, F. (2010). "Vestjysk stød again".
1352:Fonetik og Fonologi - Almen og Dansk, 2. udg.
1555:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
1525:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
1460:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
1444:
1374:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–206.
877:
871:
865:
858:
841:
835:
829:
812:
797:
771:
705:
694:
683:
666:
655:
644:
628:, "thrust-tone", later abbreviated to stød.
623:
587:
572:
566:
560:
554:
547:
541:
521:, who prefers a model similar to Basbøll's.
518:
488:
474:
468:
462:
453:
412:
400:
384:
372:
356:
344:
328:
316:
296:
284:
268:
256:
198:
192:
118:
77:(represented in non-standard IPA as ⟨
1973:Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish
135:The stød has sometimes been described as a
1761:
1747:
1205:
1203:
1728:
1662:
1605:
1522:
1435:
1297:
1240:
1167:
849:
536:and syllable weight measured in terms of
1614:
1587:Transactions of the Philological Society
1552:
1457:
1357:
1309:
1282:
1267:
1252:
726:
1543:
1481:"Danish Stød: Laryngealization or Tone"
1421:
1400:
1325:
1223:
1200:
1194:
1182:
1131:
1119:
1071:
1023:
999:
529:
1991:
1632:
1623:
1143:
722:
1742:
1581:
981:from the original on 20 November 2018
965:
963:
857:The Western Jutlandic stød is called
710:
699:
688:
671:
660:
649:
524:
60:
1719:
1378:
1372:Experimental approaches to phonology
1083:
1059:
1047:
1035:
886:Similar phenomena in other languages
505:
487:, contrasting with the structure of
236:absence of stød determines meaning:
36:. For the distinction between ,
1768:
1585:(1874). "On Danish Pronunciation".
1383:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 261–.
532:gives an analysis of stød based on
13:
1599:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1874.tb00867.x
960:
165:
14:
2015:
499:
1848:
1733:(. ed.). Copenhagen: Groth.
211:Problems playing this file? See
181:
123:('West Jutland stød'). The word
1113:
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
1415:10.1080/03740463.1990.10411522
1:
954:
127:itself does not have a stød.
158:
130:
65:, also occasionally spelled
7:
1921:Standard Danish (rigsdansk)
1546:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
1403:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
1333:. Oxford University Press.
932:
430:Stød-basis and alternations
10:
2020:
1664:10.7146/aripuc.v21i.131884
1537:10.1163/18756719-066001004
1472:10.1163/18756719-062001004
1318:
1108:Grønnum & Basbøll 2007
580:
1965:
1912:
1904:Southern Schleswig Danish
1857:
1846:
1776:
1729:Høysgaard, J. P. (1743).
1619:. Peter Skautrup Centret.
1567:10.1163/9789042032118_003
791:
788:
785:
220:Danish linguists such as
1722:Proceedings Fonetik 2009
467:'yellow (singular)' and
1358:Kiparsky, Paul (2006).
1331:The Phonology of Danish
895:
678:
620:Jens Pedersen Høysgaard
513:, particularly that of
24:phonetic transcriptions
1681:Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli
1643:Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli
1606:Jespersen, O. (1906).
1156:Fischer-Jørgensen 1989
1012:Fischer-Jørgensen 1989
891:
878:
872:
866:
859:
850:Western Jutlandic stød
842:
836:
830:
813:
798:
772:
766:various noble estates.
756:
733:
706:
695:
684:
667:
656:
645:
624:
596:
588:
573:
567:
561:
555:
548:
542:
489:
475:
469:
463:
454:
413:
401:
385:
373:
357:
345:
329:
317:
297:
285:
269:
257:
199:
193:
170:
119:
21:This article contains
1615:Sørensen, V. (2011).
1390:Svenskans Beskrivning
730:
676:('finger'; Old Norse
585:
421:'thrust' (imperative)
222:Eli Fischer-Jørgensen
197:('she', no stød) and
169:
58:Danish pronunciation:
1633:Hansen, Aa. (1943).
1608:Modersmålets fonetik
715:('fingers') do not.
117:and is known as the
1833:Dania transcription
1243:, pp. 127–128.
792:Southern Jutlandic
723:Dialectal variation
719:definite suffixes.
519:Gress-Wright (2008)
147:, that affects the
1626:Fortid og Nutid, 1
944:Vocal fry register
896:lauztuo intonaceja
742:Southern Jutlandic
734:
635:(not counting the
525:Basbøll's analysis
203:('dog', with stød)
171:
1986:
1985:
1915:derivatives, etc.
1697:10.1159/000261828
1500:10.1159/000354640
1340:978-0-19-824268-0
975:Den Danske Ordbog
921:, as well as the
892:lauztā intonācija
826:
825:
751:South of a line (
712:[ˈfe̝ŋʁɐ]
704:('the dogs') and
701:[ˈhunn̩ə]
673:[ˈfe̝ŋˀɐ]
662:[ˈhunˀn̩]
427:
426:
191:Pronunciation of
186:
69:in English) is a
2011:
1852:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1676:
1666:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1578:
1549:
1540:
1519:
1485:
1475:
1454:
1441:
1439:
1418:
1397:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1344:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
967:
939:Danish phonology
904:Baltic languages
881:
875:
869:
862:
845:
839:
833:
816:
801:
789:Standard Danish
783:
782:
775:
714:
709:
703:
698:
692:
687:
681:
675:
670:
665:('the dog') and
664:
659:
653:
648:
637:definite article
627:
603:
591:
576:
570:
564:
558:
551:
545:
495:
492:
486:
482:
478:
472:
466:
457:
451:
442:) or one of the
441:
419:
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407:
404:
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388:
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363:
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348:
335:
332:
323:
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300:
291:
288:
275:
272:
263:
260:
239:
238:
202:
196:
188:
187:
168:
141:laryngealization
122:
80:
75:Danish phonology
64:
59:
43:
39:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1999:Danish language
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:Dansk Sprognævn
1961:
1914:
1908:
1873:South Jutlandic
1853:
1844:
1772:
1770:Danish language
1767:
1737:
1483:
1362:
1360:"Livonian stød"
1341:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1274:
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1259:
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1247:
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1230:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
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1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
984:
982:
969:
968:
961:
957:
935:
888:
852:
817:
802:
725:
690:[ˈhunə]
651:[ˈhunˀ]
613:Johannes Magnus
605:
598:
592:
583:
527:
502:
432:
420:
409:'thrust' (noun)
408:
392:
380:
364:
352:
336:
324:
304:
292:
276:
264:
218:
217:
209:
207:
206:
205:
204:
189:
182:
179:
172:
166:
161:
133:
62:[ˈstøð]
57:
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2017:
2007:
2006:
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1984:
1983:
1981:
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1966:Related topics
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1962:
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1940:Dano-Norwegian
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1922:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
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1894:
1883:
1880:Insular Danish
1877:
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1875:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
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1804:
1803:
1801:Danish Braille
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1793:
1788:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1766:
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1758:
1751:
1743:
1736:
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1726:
1717:
1677:
1639:
1635:Stødet i dansk
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1579:
1550:
1541:
1520:
1494:(1–2): 66–92.
1476:
1455:
1442:
1424:Danske Studier
1419:
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1298:Kortlandt 2010
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1272:
1257:
1245:
1241:Jespersen 1906
1228:
1216:
1199:
1187:
1172:
1168:Høysgaard 1743
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1062:, p. 265.
1052:
1050:, p. 264.
1040:
1038:, p. 263.
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
934:
931:
887:
884:
851:
848:
846:'the priest'.
840:'priest', but
824:
823:
821:
819:
809:
808:
806:
804:
794:
793:
790:
787:
768:
767:
763:
760:
749:
724:
721:
584:
582:
579:
559:, 'beer', and
530:Basbøll (2005)
526:
523:
501:
500:Tonal analysis
498:
431:
428:
425:
424:
422:
410:
397:
396:
394:
382:
369:
368:
366:
354:
341:
340:
338:
326:
313:
312:
310:
305:'turn around (
294:
281:
280:
278:
266:
253:
252:
250:
245:
208:
190:
180:
175:
174:
173:
164:
163:
162:
160:
157:
132:
129:
71:suprasegmental
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2016:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:(1–3): 1–59.
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:(1): 94–112.
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:Grønnum, Nina
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Basbøll, Hans
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:Kiparsky 2006
1306:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:Perridon 2009
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:Perridon 2006
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:Sørensen 2011
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1185:, p. 85.
1184:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1134:, p. 82.
1133:
1128:
1121:
1120:Basbøll (2005
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1074:, p. 86.
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1002:, p. 83.
1001:
996:
980:
977:(in Danish).
976:
972:
966:
964:
959:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
894:, Latgalian:
893:
883:
880:
879:Vestjysk stød
874:
868:
861:
860:Vestjysk stød
855:
847:
844:
838:
832:
831:kortvokalstød
822:
820:
815:
811:
810:
807:
805:
800:
796:
795:
784:
781:
779:
774:
764:
761:
758:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
738:
737:
729:
720:
716:
713:
708:
702:
697:
691:
686:
680:
674:
669:
663:
658:
652:
647:
642:
638:
634:
633:monosyllables
629:
626:
621:
616:
614:
610:
604:
602:
595:
590:
578:
575:
569:
563:
557:
550:
544:
539:
535:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
497:
491:
477:
471:
465:
459:
456:
448:
445:
437:
423:
415:
411:
403:
399:
398:
395:
387:
383:
375:
371:
370:
367:
359:
355:
347:
343:
342:
339:
331:
327:
319:
315:
314:
311:
308:
299:
295:
287:
283:
282:
279:
271:
267:
259:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
216:
214:
201:
195:
178:
177:Spoken sample
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
121:
120:vestjysk stød
116:
112:
109:. In much of
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
72:
68:
63:
55:
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
1837:
1730:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1531:(1): 29–32.
1528:
1524:
1491:
1487:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1427:
1423:
1409:(1): 49–75.
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1354:(in Danish).
1351:
1330:
1305:
1248:
1224:Ejskjær 1990
1219:
1195:Panieri 2010
1190:
1183:Basbøll 2005
1163:
1158:, p. 6.
1151:
1139:
1132:Basbøll 2005
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1072:Basbøll 2005
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1024:Basbøll 2014
1019:
1007:
1000:Basbøll 2005
995:
983:. Retrieved
974:
949:Creaky voice
889:
856:
853:
827:
769:
746:pitch accent
735:
717:
630:
617:
611:, quoted by
609:Hemming Gadh
606:
600:
597:
586:
528:
503:
460:
436:non-sonorant
433:
247:
242:
234:
230:Hans Basbøll
226:Nina Grønnum
219:
210:
145:creaky voice
137:glottal stop
134:
124:
87:glottal stop
83:creaky voice
66:
53:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
1935:Perkerdansk
1888:(østdansk)
1886:East Danish
1823:Orthography
1610:. Schuboth.
1144:Kroman 1980
917:dialect of
757:Stødgrænsen
506:Riad (2003)
450:/m,n,ŋ,l,ð/
1993:Categories
1925:Gøtudanskt
1892:Bornholmsk
1818:Literature
1657:: 55–265.
1437:10808/2744
985:5 February
955:References
919:Lithuanian
915:Samogitian
913:, and the
900:Baltic Sea
693:('dogs'),
543:monomoraic
515:Eskilstuna
511:Mälardalen
479:'glue' as
307:imperative
213:media help
2004:Phonetics
1913:Variants,
1867:Jutlandic
1828:Phonology
1685:Phonetica
1673:252861468
1583:Sweet, H.
1575:162213417
1488:Phonetica
1466:: 41–50.
1084:Riad 2009
1060:Riad 2003
1048:Riad 2003
1036:Riad 2003
925:language
911:Latgalian
773:Synnejysk
654:('dog'),
625:stødetone
496:'team').
455:stødbasis
444:consonant
381:'happens'
362:/ˈmaːˀlɐ/
353:'painter'
334:/ˈlɛːˀsɐ/
159:Phonology
149:phonation
131:Phonetics
103:Norwegian
1957:Danglish
1859:Dialects
1781:Alphabet
1645:(1987).
1561:: 5–10.
1516:34328001
1508:24157435
1453:(1): 15.
1430:: 5–30.
1396:: 82–91.
1350:(2001).
1329:(2005).
979:Archived
933:See also
927:Livonian
732:English.
549:bimoraic
485:/ˈliːˀm/
447:phonemes
418:/ˈstøðˀ/
390:/ˈhɛnˀɐ/
365:'paints'
350:/ˈmaːlɐ/
325:'reader'
322:/ˈlɛːsɐ/
293:'friend'
73:unit of
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
1945:Riksmål
1897:Scanian
1869:(jysk)
1813:History
1808:Grammar
1713:3227109
1705:2608724
1548:: 1–22.
1319:Sources
907:Latvian
873:trækker
843:præsten
818:'days'
696:hundene
581:History
534:prosody
494:/ˈtiːm/
481:/ˈliːm/
440:/r,j,v/
406:/ˈstøð/
393:'hands'
378:/ˈhɛnɐ/
337:'reads'
302:/ˈvɛnˀ/
274:/ˈhunˀ/
243:No stød
115:Jutland
111:Zealand
107:Swedish
99:accents
26:in the
1952:Bokmål
1882:(ømål)
1711:
1703:
1671:
1651:ARIPUC
1573:
1514:
1506:
1337:
1211:"Stød"
971:"stød"
923:Finnic
902:: the
867:trække
803:'day'
753:Danish
707:fingre
668:finger
657:hunden
574:venner
568:vennen
386:hænder
374:hænder
290:/ˈvɛn/
262:/ˈhun/
91:Danish
42:
1930:Petuh
1709:S2CID
1669:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1512:S2CID
1484:(PDF)
1365:. Ms.
1363:(PDF)
837:præst
786:Word
776:) of
685:hunde
679:fingr
641:words
538:morae
358:maler
346:maler
330:læser
318:læser
298:vend!
277:'dog'
265:'she'
97:word
95:tonal
30:(IPA)
1838:Stød
1701:PMID
1504:PMID
1335:ISBN
1122::83)
987:2020
814:dage
646:hund
546:and
490:team
470:gule
414:stød
402:stød
270:hund
248:Stød
228:and
200:hund
125:stød
105:and
67:stod
54:Stød
1693:doi
1659:doi
1595:doi
1563:doi
1533:doi
1496:doi
1468:doi
1432:hdl
1428:105
1411:doi
799:dag
778:Als
740:In
562:ven
476:lim
464:gul
286:ven
258:hun
194:hun
143:or
101:of
1995::
1707:.
1699:.
1689:46
1687:.
1667:.
1655:21
1653:.
1649:.
1591:15
1589:.
1569:.
1559:65
1557:.
1529:66
1527:.
1510:.
1502:.
1492:70
1490:.
1486:.
1464:62
1462:.
1451:14
1449:.
1426:.
1407:22
1405:.
1394:30
1392:.
1290:^
1275:^
1260:^
1231:^
1202:^
1175:^
973:.
962:^
929:.
909:,
755::
556:øl
309:)'
224:,
153:F0
79:◌ˀ
1796:Å
1791:Ø
1786:Æ
1762:e
1755:t
1748:v
1724:.
1715:.
1695::
1675:.
1661::
1628:.
1601:.
1597::
1577:.
1565::
1539:.
1535::
1518:.
1498::
1474:.
1470::
1440:.
1434::
1417:.
1413::
1343:.
1312:.
1300:.
1285:.
1270:.
1255:.
1226:.
1197:.
1170:.
1146:.
1110:.
1098:.
1086:.
1026:.
1014:.
989:.
748:.
215:.
56:(
48:.
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