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2835:(1848â1933), who received several patents for variations of the same opalescent process in November of the same year and he used the copper foil method as an alternative to lead in some windows, lamps and other decorations. Sanford Bray of Boston patented the use of copper foil in stained glass in 1886, However, a reaction against the aesthetics and technique of opalescent windows - led initially by architects such as Ralph Adams Cram - led to a rediscovery of traditional stained glass in the early 1900s. Charles J. Connick (1875â1945), who founded his Boston studio in 1913, was profoundly influenced by his study of medieval stained glass in Europe and by the Arts & Crafts philosophy of Englishman Christopher Whall. Connick created hundreds of windows throughout the US, including major glazing schemes at Princeton University Chapel (1927-9) and at Pittsburgh's Heinz Memorial Chapel (1937-8). Other American artist-makers who espoused a medieval-inspired idiom included Nicola D'Ascenzo of Philadelphia, Wilbur Burnham and Reynolds, Francis & Rohnstock of Boston and Henry Wynd Young and J. Gordon Guthrie of New York.
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2705:(1849â1924), author of the classic craft manual 'Stained Glass Work' (published London and New York, 1905), who advocated the direct involvement of designers in the making of their windows. His masterpiece is the series of windows (1898â1910) in the Lady Chapel at Gloucester Cathedral. Whall taught at London's Royal College of Art and Central School of Arts and Crafts: his many pupils and followers included Karl Parsons, Mary Lowndes, Henry Payne, Caroline Townshend, Veronica Whall (his daughter) and Paul Woodroffe. The Scottish artist Douglas Strachan (1875â1950), who was much influenced by Whall's example, developed the Arts & Crafts idiom in an expressionist manner, in which powerful imagery and meticulous technique are masterfully combined. In Ireland, a generation of young artists taught by Whall's pupil Alfred Child at Dublin's Metropolitan School of Art created a distinctive national school of stained glass: its leading representatives were Wilhelmina Geddes, Michael Healy and Harry Clarke.
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466:-red to yellow. Used on blue glass they produce greens. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colours produced by these compounds. The chemistry involved is complex and not well understood. The chemicals actually penetrate the glass they are added to a little way, and the technique therefore gives extremely stable results. By the 15th century it had become cheaper than using pot metal glass and was often used with glass paint as the only colour on transparent glass. Silver stain was applied to the opposite face of the glass to silver paint, as the two techniques did not work well one on top of the other. The stain was usually on the exterior face, where it appears to have given the glass some protection against weathering, although this can also be true for paint. They were also probably fired separately, the stain needing a lower heat than the paint.
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and craft of stained glass. From the outset, its chief objectives have been to promote and encourage high standards in stained glass painting and staining, to act as a locus for the exchange of information and ideas within the stained glass craft and to preserve the invaluable stained glass heritage of
Britain. See www.bsmgp.org.uk for a range of stained glass lectures, conferences, tours, portfolios of recent stained glass commissions by members, and information on courses and the conservation of stained glass. Back issues of The Journal of Stained Glass are listed and there is a searchable index for stained glass articles, an invaluable resource for stained glass researchers.
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3164:, and the post-war achievements of Joachim Klos, Johannes Schreiter and Ludwig Shaffrath. This group of artists, who advanced the medium through the abandonment of figurative designs and painting on glass in favour of a mix of biomorphic and rigorously geometric abstraction, and the calligraphic non-functional use of leads, are described as having produced "the first authentic school of stained glass since the Middle Ages". The works of Ludwig Schaffrath demonstrate the late 20th-century trends in the use of stained glass for architectural purposes, filling entire walls with coloured and textured glass. In the 1970s young British stained-glass artists such as
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278:, a glass maker will gather a glob of molten glass that was taken from the pot heating in the furnace. The 'gather' is formed to the correct shape and a bubble of air blown into it. Using metal tools, molds of wood that have been soaking in water, and gravity, the gather is manipulated to form a long, cylindrical shape. As it cools, it is reheated so that the manipulation can continue. During the process, the bottom of the cylinder is removed. Once brought to the desired size it is left to cool. One side of the cylinder is opened, and the cylinder is then put into another oven to quickly heat and flatten it, and then placed in an
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263:, are added to make the glass more stable. Glass is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, and gold produces wine red and violet glass. Much of modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the clay pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to
2475:. Many of France's finest ancient windows were restored at that time. From 1839 onwards much stained glass was produced that very closely imitated medieval glass, both in the artwork and in the nature of the glass itself. The pioneers were Henri GÚrente and André Lusson. Other glass was designed in a more Classical manner, and characterised by the brilliant cerulean colour of the blue backgrounds (as against the purple-blue of the glass of Chartres) and the use of pink and mauve glass.
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as defending and protecting its craft against regulations that might restrict its freedom as an architectural art form. The current president is Kathy
Bernard. Today there are academic establishments that teach the traditional skills. One of these is Florida State University's Master Craftsman Program, which recently completed a 30 ft (9.1 m) high stained-glass windows, designed by Robert Bischoff, the program's director, and Jo Ann, his wife and installed to overlook
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York's
Congregation Anshi Chesed. From the mid-20th century to the present, stained glass windows have been a ubiquitous feature of American synagogue architecture. Styles and themes for synagogue stained glass artwork are as diverse as their church counterparts. As with churches, synagogue stained glass windows are often dedicated by member families in exchange for major financial contributions to the institution.
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1089:. Painting on glass with these stains was initially used for small heraldic designs and other details. By the 17th century a style of stained glass had evolved that was no longer dependent upon the skilful cutting of coloured glass into sections. Scenes were painted onto glass panels of square format, like tiles. The colours were then annealed to the glass before the pieces were assembled.
142:, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the
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1082:. It gave a yellow effect ranging from pale lemon to deep orange. It was usually painted onto the outside of a piece of glass, then fired to make it permanent. This yellow was particularly useful for enhancing borders, canopies and haloes, and turning blue glass into green glass. By about 1450, a stain known as "Cousin's rose" was used to enhance flesh tones.
154:, they constitute the major form of medieval pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as "illuminated wall decorations".
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478:" or "Cousin's rose", after its supposed inventor, is an iron-based fired paint producing red colours, mainly used to highlight small areas, often on flesh. It was introduced around 1500. Copper stain, similar to silver stain but using copper compounds, also produced reds, and was mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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yellows than other methods in the Middle Ages. Alternatively they may be used for painting linear effects, or polychrome areas of detail. The most common method of adding the black linear painting necessary to define stained glass images is the use of what is variously called "glass paint", "vitreous paint", or "
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307:, a distinctive lump of glass left by the "pontil" rod, which holds the glass as it is spun out. This lumpy, refractive quality means the bulls-eyes are less transparent, but they have still been used for windows, both domestic and ecclesiastical. Crown glass is still made today, but not on a large scale.
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work of centuries of other artists from which to learn as they continue the tradition in new ways. In the late 19th and 20th centuries there have been many innovations in techniques and in the types of glass used. Many new types of glass have been developed for use in stained glass windows, in particular
1552:, developed in France from relatively simple windows with openings pierced through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by the west front of Chartres Cathedral, and ultimately to designs of enormous complexity, the tracery being drafted from hundreds of different points, such as those at
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In the United States, there is a 100-year-old trade organization, The
Stained Glass Association of America, whose purpose is to function as a publicly recognized organization to assure survival of the craft by offering guidelines, instruction and training to craftspersons. The SGAA also sees its role
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Traditionally, when a window was inserted into the window space, iron rods were put across it at various points to support its weight. The window was tied to these rods with lead strips or, more recently, with copper wires. Some very large early Gothic windows are divided into sections by heavy metal
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The primary method of including colour in stained glass is to use glass, originally colourless, that has been given colouring by mixing with metal oxides in its melted state (in a crucible or "pot"), producing glass sheets that are coloured all the way through; these are known as "pot metal" glass. A
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In the UK, the professional organisation for stained glass artists has been the
British Society of Master Glass Painters, founded in 1921. Since 1924 the BSMGP has published an annual journal, The Journal of Stained Glass. It continues to be Britain's only organisation devoted exclusively to the art
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might have seven lights in three tiers, with elaborate tracery. In medieval times the cartoon was drawn directly on the surface of a whitewashed table, which was then used as a pattern for cutting, painting and assembling the window. The cartoon is then divided into a patchwork, providing a template
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also describes how to create colored glass and artificial gemstones made from high-quality stained glass. The tradition of stained glass manufacture has continued, with mosques, palaces, and public spaces being decorated with stained glass throughout the
Islamic world. The stained glass of Islam is
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appears colourless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a green tint which becomes evident in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. A number of additives are used to reduce the green tint, particularly if the glass is to be used for plain window
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Each piece of glass is selected for the desired colour and cut to match a section of the template. An exact fit is ensured by "grozing" the edges with a tool which can nibble off small pieces. Details of faces, hair and hands can be painted onto the inner surface of the glass using a special glass
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A lightly coloured molten gather is dipped into a pot of molten red glass, which is then blown into a sheet of laminated glass using either the cylinder (muff) or the crown technique described above. Once this method was found for making red glass, other colours were made this way as well. A great
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causes the molten bubble to open up and flatten. It can then be cut into small sheets. Glass formed this way can be either coloured and used for stained-glass windows, or uncoloured as seen in small paned windows in 16th- and 17th-century houses. Concentric, curving waves are characteristic of the
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A traditional narrative window has panels which relate a story. A figurative window could have rows of saints or dignitaries. Scriptural texts or mottoes are sometimes included and perhaps the names of the patrons or the person to whose memory the window is dedicated. In a window of a traditional
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There are a number of glass factories, notably in
Germany, the United States, England, France, Poland and Russia, which produce high-quality glass, both hand-blown (cylinder, muff, crown) and rolled (cathedral and opalescent). Modern stained-glass artists have a number of resources to use and the
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to reveal the clear or tinted glass below. The method allows rich detailing and patterns to be achieved without needing to add more lead-lines, giving artists greater freedom in their designs. A number of artists have embraced the possibilities flashed glass gives them. For instance, 16th-century
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In addition to
Christian churches, stained glass windows have been incorporated into Jewish temple architecture for centuries. Jewish communities in the United States saw this emergence in the mid-19th century, with such notable examples as the sanctuary depiction of the Ten Commandments in New
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techniques were often used. This involved painting a colour over pot metal glass of another colour, and then before firing selectively scratching the glass paint away to make the design, or the lettering of an inscription. This was the most common method of making inscriptions in early medieval
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Another group of techniques give additional colouring, including lines and shading, by treating the surfaces of the coloured sheets, and often fixing these effects by a light firing in a furnace or kiln. These methods may be used over broad areas, especially with silver stain, which gave better
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table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or by machine. Glass can be "double rolled", which means it is passed through two cylinders at once (similar to the clothes wringers on older washing
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A revival occurred in the middle of the century because of a desire to restore thousands of church windows throughout Europe destroyed as a result of World War II bombing. German artists led the way. Much work of the period is mundane and often was not made by its designers, but industrially
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Stained glass was first imported to Latin
America during the 17thâ18th centuries by Portuguese and Spanish settlers. By the 20th century, many European artists had begun to establish their own studios within Latin America and had started up local production. With these new local studios came
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In France there was a greater continuity of stained glass production than in
England. In the early 19th century most stained glass was made of large panes that were extensively painted and fired, the designs often being copied directly from oil paintings by famous artists. In 1824 the
421:, a thin coating of coloured glass fused to colourless glass (or coloured glass, to produce a different colour). In medieval glass flashing was especially used for reds, as glass made with gold compounds was very expensive and tended to be too deep in colour to use at full thickness.
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of an inch (3 mm) thick to survive the push and pull of typical wind loads. However, in the creation of red glass, the colouring ingredients must be of a certain concentration, or the colour will not develop. This results in a colour so intense that at the thickness of
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stained glass design flourished in France, and Eastern Europe, where it can be identified by the use of curving, sinuous lines in the lead, and swirling motifs. In France it is seen in the work of Francis Chigot of Limoges. In Britain it appears in the refined and formal
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are often coupled together in the same window. The French Revolution brought about the neglect or destruction of many windows in France. Nonetheless, the country still holds the largest set of Renaissance stained glass in its churches, particularly in the regions of
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Other artists sought to transform an ancient art form into a contemporary one, sometimes using traditional techniques while exploiting the medium of glass in innovative ways and in combination with different materials. The use of slab glass, a technique known as
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Once the glass is cut and painted, the pieces are assembled by slotting them into H-sectioned lead cames. All the joints are then soldered together and the glass pieces are prevented from rattling and the window made weatherproof by forcing a soft oily cement or
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Stained glass windows were commonly used in churches for decorative and informative purposes. Many windows are donated to churches by members of the congregation as memorials of loved ones. For more on the use of stained glass to depict religious subjects, see
2564:. Original designs often imitate this style. Much 19th-century German glass has large sections of painted detail rather than outlines and details dependent on the lead. The Royal Bavarian Glass Painting Studio was founded by Ludwig I in 1827. A major firm was
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Many 19th-century firms failed early in the 20th century as the Gothic movement was superseded by newer styles. At the same time there were also some interesting developments where stained glass artists took studios in shared facilities. Examples include the
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produces a very dark red, opaque glass. Glass created in this manner is generally "flashed" (laminated glass). It was used extensively in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and exploited for the decorative effects that could be achieved by sanding and
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paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground glass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or (traditionally) urine. The art of painting details became increasingly elaborate and reached its height in the early 20th century.
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developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the
567:; pot metal, including white glass, black vitreous paint, yellow silver stain, and olive-green enamel. The plant patterns in the red sky are formed by scratching away black paint from the red glass before firing. Restored with new lead cames.
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Stained glass has often been used as a decorative element in public buildings, initially in places of learning, government or justice but increasingly in other public and commercial places such as banks, retailers and railway stations.
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inch (3 mm), the red glass transmits little light and appears black. The method employed to create red stained glass is to laminate a thin layer of red glass to a thicker body of glass that is clear or lightly tinted, forming
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machines) to yield glass of a specified thickness (typically about 1/8" or 3mm). The glass is then annealed. Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the mid-1830s and is widely used today. It is often called
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to cool at a controlled rate, making the material more stable. "Hand-blown" or "mouth-blown" cylinder (also called muff glass) and crown glass were the types used in the traditional fabrication of stained-glass windows.
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of Birmingham, whose nephew, John Hardman Powell, had a commercial eye and exhibited works at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, influencing stained glass in the United States of America. Other manufacturers included
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in Suffolk are among the finest. With the latter wave of destruction the traditional methods of working with stained glass died, and were not rediscovered in England until the early 19th century. See
161:, history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church â episodes from the
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which, despite what the name suggests, is pale-coloured and textured. Some large homes have splendid examples of secular pictorial glass. Many small houses of the 19th and early 20th centuries have
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Mausolea, whether for general community use or for private family use, may employ stained glass as a comforting entry for natural light, for memorialization, or for display of religious imagery.
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The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century with its renewed interest in the medieval church, brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by
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inventive techniques and less traditional imagery. Examples of these more modern works of art are the BasĂlica Nuestra Señora de Lourde and the Templo VĂłtivo de MaipĂș both located in Chile.
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In Europe, stained glass continued to be produced; the style evolved from the Gothic to the Classical, which is well represented in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, despite the rise of
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446:. This was painted on the pieces of coloured glass, and then fired to burn away the ingredients giving texture, leaving a layer of the glass and colouring, fused to the main glass piece.
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process. The centre of each piece of glass, known as the "bull's-eye", is subject to less acceleration during spinning, so it remains thicker than the rest of the sheet. It also has the
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3034:, a technique developed by the French artist Jean Crotti in 1936 and perfected in the 1950s, is a type of stained glass where adjacent pieces of glass are overlapped without using lead
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The first stage in the production of a window is to make, or acquire from the architect or owners of the building, an accurate template of the window opening that the glass is to fit.
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may also be provided. The designer must take into account the design, the structure of the window, the nature and size of the glass available and his or her own preferred technique.
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for the house of Adriaen Dircxzoon van Crimpen of Leiden (1543). The windows show scenes from the lives of the Prophet Samuel and the Apostle Paul. Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.
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paint". This was applied as a mixture of powdered glass, iron or rust filings to give a black colour, clay, and oil, vinegar or water for a brushable texture, with a binder such as
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are called Orosi windows (or transliterated as Arasi, and Orsi), and were once used for decoration, as well as controlling the incoming sunlight in the hot and semi-arid climate.
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165:; within a parliament building â shields of the constituencies; within a college hall â figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home â flora, fauna, or landscape.
2334:. Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about a great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making.
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in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead, called cames or calms, and supported by a rigid frame.
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710:, in very low concentrations (around 0.001%), produces a rich ruby-coloured glass ("ruby gold"); in even lower concentrations it produces a less intense red, often marketed as "
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1863:. The scheme includes three ocular windows for the dome and three for the facade which were designed from 1405 to 1445 by several of the most renowned artists of this period:
2824:, established in 1857 in New York City, was the first major decorative arts studio in the United States and for many years a major producer of ecclesiastical stained glass.
2560:, were completed in the medieval style. There was a great demand for stained glass. The designs for many windows were based directly on the work of famous engravers such as
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13th-century window from Chartres showing extensive use of the ubiquitous cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, details of amber and borders of flashed red glass.
247:, the essential material for glass manufacture. Silica requires a very high temperature to melt, something not all glass factories were able to achieve. Such materials as
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period, from about 950 to 1240, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at
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Evidence of stained-glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as the 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when
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against "abused images" (the object of veneration) resulted in the loss of thousands of windows. Few remain undamaged; of these the windows in the private chapel at
294:
is hand-blown glass created by blowing a bubble of air into a gather of molten glass and then spinning it, either by hand or on a table that revolves rapidly like a
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produced designs for many stained glass windows that are intensely coloured and crammed with symbolic details. Important 20th-century stained glass artists include
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5319:(1979). Johannes Schreiter, Martin Harrison, Ludwig Schaffrath, John Piper, and Patrick Reyntiens. Architectural Record Books. London: McGraw-Hill Education, 1979
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2589:, which still exists today. Carl Geyling's Erben completed numerous stained glass windows for major churches in Vienna and elsewhere, and received an imperial and
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A method used for embellishment and gilding is the decoration of one side of each of two pieces of thin glass, which are then placed back to back within the lead
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at the church of St Michael Paternoster Row, by English artist John Hayward combines traditional methods with a distinctive use of shard-like sections of glass.
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in England. There are also contemporary stained glass artists in the US who are creating stained glass windows based on grids, rather than recognizable images.
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heraldic windows relied heavily on a variety of flashed colours for their intricate crests and creatures. In the medieval period the glass was abraded; later,
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glass, giving white or light letters on a black background, with later inscriptions more often using black painted letters on a transparent glass background.
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in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window.
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was used to remove the flash in a chemical reaction (a very dangerous technique), and in the 19th century sandblasting started to be used for this purpose.
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Conrad Rudolph (2015). 'The Parabolic Discourse Window and the Canterbury Roll: Social Change and the Assertion of Elite Status at Canterbury Cathedral',
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After the First World War, stained glass window memorials were a popular choice among wealthier families, examples can be found in churches across the UK.
2574:. German stained glass found a market across Europe, in America and Australia. Stained glass studios were also founded in Italy and Belgium at this time.
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porcelain factory began producing stained glass to supply the increasing demand. In France many churches and cathedrals suffered despoliation during the
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for each small glass piece. The exact position of the lead which holds the glass in place is also noted, as it is part of the calculated visual effect.
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and many domestic examples survive. In their simplest form they typically depict birds and flowers in small panels, often surrounded with machine-made
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is an important agent to make pink and red glass. When used together with cadmium sulphide, it yields a brilliant red colour known as "Selenium Ruby".
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Research carried out by David Lawrence on behalf of the Representative Church Body of the Church of Ireland, partially funded by the Heritage Council
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to join the pieces, allowing for greater diversity and subtlety of colour. Many famous works by late 19th- and early 20th-century painters, notably
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462:) are mixed with binding substances, applied to the surface of glass, and then fired in a furnace or kiln. They can produce a range of colours from
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In early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries, there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced
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A full-sized cartoon is drawn for every "light" (opening) of the window. A small church window might typically have two lights, with some simple
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2428:. This window has the bright pastel colour, wealth of inventive ornament, and stereotypical gestures of windows by this firm. St Mary's, Chilham
454:"Silver stain", introduced soon after 1300, produced a wide range of yellow to orange colours; this is the "stain" in the term "stained glass".
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Glass painting depicting Mordnacht (murder night) on 23/24 February 1350 and heraldry of the first Meisen guild's Zunfthaus, ZĂŒrich (c. 1650).
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The subject matter of the window is determined to suit the location, a particular theme, or the wishes of the patron. A small design called a
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587:, c. 1525. Silver stain produces a range of yellows and gold, and painted on the reverse of the blue sky, gives the dark green of the cross.
4818:"Evaluating the visual comfort of Orosi windows in hot and semi-arid climates through climate-based daylight metrics: a quantitative study"
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shows the use of tiny panes contrasting with large areas of opalescent glass. Window restored by Victor Rothman Stained Glass, Yonkers NY.
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between the glass and the cames. In modern windows, copper foil is now sometimes used instead of lead. For further technical details, see
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as a material or works created from it. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained
4012:
2739:
shows the strongly linear design and use of flashed glass for which Burne-Jones' designs are famous. Trinity Church, Boston, US, (1882)
2457:
1812:
4340:
3960:
1548:
Integrated with the lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or
486:"Cold paint" is various types of paint that were applied without firing. Contrary to the optimistic claims of the 12th century writer
8389:
6516:
5728:
5271:
4504:
2585:, one of the leading stained glass artists was Carl Geyling, who founded his studio in 1841. His son would continue the tradition as
4577:
4457:
3667:
890:
A 19th-century window illustrates the range of colours common in both Medieval and Gothic Revival glass, Lucien Begule, Lyon (1896).
6879:
3868:
2758:, this window has no glass painting, but relies entirely on leadlines and skilful placement of colour and tone. Franciscan Church,
1085:
In the 16th century, a range of glass stains were introduced, most of them coloured by ground glass particles. They were a form of
1054:
type, it is usually left to the discretion of the designer to fill the surrounding areas with borders, floral motifs and canopies.
930:
A window by Tiffany illustrating the development and use of multi-coloured flashed, streaky glasses at the end of the 19th century.
714:". The colour is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of lead glass with tin added.
4565:
8097:
7333:
4424:
was only born in 1500, at the same time as the tehnique; claims that he was the first French painter in oils might be more valid.
6810:
4073:
3934:
in some countries make extensive use of stained glass and leaded lights to create a comfortable atmosphere and retain privacy.
1977:. The windows, some of which are 18 metres (59 feet) high, date from 1555 to the early 1600s; the earliest is the work of
1391:
began in ancient times. One of the region's earliest surviving formulations for the production of colored glass comes from the
5668:
5626:
4941:
4921:
4385:
1335:
806:
colour. Manganese is one of the oldest glass additives, and purple manganese glass has been used since early Egyptian history.
646:. The addition of chromium yields dark green glass, suitable for flashed glass. Together with tin oxide and arsenic it yields
7362:
7247:
7235:
5368:
5354:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5284:
4705:
2701:, which regenerated stained glass throughout the English-speaking world. Amongst its most important exponents in England was
6445:
1104:
to produce an effect visible from both sides but not exposing the decorated surface to the atmosphere or mechanical damage.
8411:
6509:
5307:
5297:
4210:
3393:
Mid-20th-century window showing a continuation of ancient and 19th-century methods applied to a modern historical subject.
4519:
8533:
7849:
7178:
5542:
4629:"Early Church Architectural Forms: a Theologically Contextual Typology for the Eastern Churches of the 4thâ6th Centuries"
4215:
3983:
3919:
A dividing screen in a household of musicians, by Jeffrey Hamilton, (2021), Sydney, Australia. (permission of JHamilton)
2978:
1500:
1317:
In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during the Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at
1329:
and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass.
745:
and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulphides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. With
8543:
8433:
7396:
7208:
6742:
5577:
5122:
3560:
3409:
Figurative design using the lead lines and minimal glass paint in the 13th-century manner combined with the texture of
3070:
1509:
when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace.
1310:. Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at
4944:
2847:
Many of the distinctive types of glass invented by Tiffany are demonstrated within this single small panel including "
2789:
Prague, has a montage of images, rather than a tightly organised visual structure, creating an Expressionistic effect.
315:
8601:
8367:
5640:, over 10,000 photos; a multi-year photographic survey of Canada's stained glass from many countries; 1856 to present
5535:
5497:
5451:
5434:
5410:
5396:
5382:
5241:
5014:
4550:
4486:
3692:
3536:
2802:
2644:
2391:
1367:
993:
918:
A late 20th-century window showing a graded range of colours. Ronald Whiting, Chapel Studios. Tattershall Castle, UK.
226:
975:
208:
8597:
8568:
8511:
7198:
6310:
2628:
1895:. One of the cupola windows has since been lost, and that by Donatello has lost nearly all of its painted details.
634:
While very pale green is the typical colour of transparent glass, deeper greens can be achieved by the addition of
111:
during its manufacture, and usually then further decorating it in various ways. The coloured glass is crafted into
7430:
7408:
5246:
3999:
2622:
784:
enough to be dangerous, but if ground into a powder, such as by polishing with sandpaper, and inhaled, it can be
1887:, surrounded by a wide floral border, with two smaller facade windows by Ghiberti showing the martyred deacons,
7379:
7350:
7104:
5554:
5258:
5204:
4478:
4405:
4325:
1947:
1404:
971:
967:
764:
glass. Titanium is rarely used on its own and is more often employed to intensify and brighten other additives.
204:
200:
31:
3947:
1946:
in England, large numbers of medieval and Renaissance windows were smashed and replaced with plain glass. The
663:, which at a concentration of 0.025% to 0.1% in soda-lime glass achieves the brilliant blue characteristic of
8521:
8210:
7629:
7442:
7284:
7274:
5721:
4027:
17:
4162:
2831:(1835â1910), who invented opalescent glass and for which he received a U.S. patent on 24 February 1880, and
2801:
Art Nouveau by Jacques GrĂŒber, the glass harmonising with the curving architectural forms that surround it,
2291:
8538:
8372:
8174:
7541:
7296:
7166:
2590:
2556:
During the mid- to late 19th century, many of Germany's ancient buildings were restored, and some, such as
2443:. A narrative window with elegant forms and colour which is both brilliant and subtle in its combinations.
2227:
1923:
where there were vivid ateliers in many cities until the early 17th century with the stained glass painter
5586:
Conrad Rudolph (2011). 'Inventing the Exegetical Stained-Glass Window: Suger, Hugh, and a New Elite Art',
5565:
3197:
is 200 feet (61 m) long and has been compared to those in several European cathedrals, including the
8654:
8528:
8506:
8327:
7496:
7005:
6855:
4752:
2310:
Large stained glass window at the BasĂlica Nuestra Señora de Lourdes. Located in Buenos Aires, Argentina
1306:
imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at
63:, mother of the Virgin, with four righteous leaders. The window includes the arms of France and Castile.
8553:
8438:
7780:
7151:
7041:
6687:
6604:
5752:
5676:
5159:
4240:
3010:
4748:
2491:
designed in the 13th-century style by L. Steiheil and painted by Coffetier for Viollet-le-Duc, (1861).
1129:. This method of support was also favoured for large, usually painted, windows of the Baroque period.
8664:
8659:
7470:
7068:
5060:
3631:
3122:
2755:
2721:
2594:
1415:
generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text.
770:
together with sulphur results in deep yellow colour, often used in glazes. However, cadmium is toxic.
738:
This was very often achieved by "silver stain" applied externally to the sheets of glass (see above).
597:
These are the colours in which the glass itself is made, as opposed to colours applied to the glass.
563:
516:
8674:
8592:
8585:
8563:
8186:
7531:
7031:
6985:
6975:
6802:
6772:
6584:
6579:
6559:
6376:
5714:
4195:
4019:
3440:
The principal window of the Temple of MaipĂș, Chile, depicting the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, by
2970:
2698:
2359:
2252:
1161:
1145:
956:
189:
4777:"The Comparative Study of Art of Manufacturing Orosi and Stained Glass Windows in Iran and Europe"
3118:
1006:
8516:
8377:
8034:
7842:
7705:
7420:
7303:
7111:
5987:
4963:
4776:
3444:, showing the traditional use of blue as the predominant colour, emphasising an association with
3018:
2848:
2586:
2523:
2025:
1513:
960:
532:
193:
2097:
1061:
lights above. A large window might have four or five lights. The east or west window of a large
157:
The design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from the
8649:
8548:
8491:
8315:
7596:
7374:
7328:
6937:
3190:
2444:
2272:
1496:
788:. When used with lead glass with a very high proportion of lead, it produces a deep red colour.
151:
5208:
4602:
4490:
4409:
2908:. Symmetrical design, "Aesthetic Style", a limited palette and extensive use of mottled glass.
531:
Renaissance roundel using only black or brown glass paint, and silver stain. The bishop-saint
8575:
8496:
8481:
8242:
8129:
8092:
7551:
7516:
7220:
7173:
7161:
7146:
6564:
6029:
5545:
English and French medieval stained glass in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
4888:
4873:
4421:
3878:
3801:
3696:
3564:
3475:
3082:
2951:
2875:
2832:
2786:
2387:
1951:
1880:
1567:
was the greatest centre of stained glass manufacture, producing glass of unrivalled quality.
1407:
858:
475:
378:
162:
97:
8361:
4329:
3554:, England, mid-20th-century glass by various designers, the large baptistry window being by
2923:
by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1905). This 58-panel window has brilliant red, orange, and yellow
327:, but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown.
8448:
8401:
8198:
8087:
7906:
7607:
7586:
7291:
7242:
7078:
6757:
6677:
6574:
6465:
6034:
5292:, Special Issue, The Stained Glass Collection of Sir John Soane's Museum, Vol. XXVII, 2003
5221:
5081:
4235:
3677:
3612:
3481:
3394:
3146:
3042:, have been reproduced in gemmail. A major exponent of this technique is the German artist
3014:
2543:
2154:, maker Adriaen Gerritszoon de Vrije (Gouda); design Joachim Wtewael (Utrecht) (1595â1600).
1974:
1920:
1803:
1788:
1601:
1525:
1443:
487:
291:
3114:
3049:
Among the early well-known 20th-century artists who experimented with stained glass as an
2390:, 1861â67, typical of Hardman in its elegant arrangement of figures and purity of colour.
906:
showing the combination of painted glass and intense colour common in Renaissance windows.
618:, and may result in a slightly mauve tint, characteristic of the glass in older houses in
82:. Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic
8:
8501:
8465:
8443:
8322:
8237:
7876:
7680:
7501:
7308:
7259:
6942:
5882:
5800:
5233:
4690:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
4180:
4126:
3805:
3785:
3555:
3465:
3157:
3094:
2947:
2894:
2821:
2363:
1943:
1876:
1784:
1538:
1529:
1517:
1492:
1046:(from Latin "we have seen") is prepared which can be shown to the patron. A scaled model
647:
615:
5180:
Koestlé-Cate, Jonathan. "Grids: A Kraussian Perspective on New Windows for the Church."
4962:
M. CorrĂȘa Pinto, Amanda; Macedo, Maria Filomena; G. Vilarigues, MĂĄrcia (November 2018).
4867:
2664:
8623:
8406:
8232:
8082:
7835:
7591:
7566:
7536:
7386:
7357:
6825:
6614:
5339:
Caroline Swash, 'The 100 Best Stained Glass Sites in London', Malvern Arts Press, 2015
4983:
4847:
3859:
3728:
3551:
3542:
3505:
3267:
3185:
3102:
3021:
2694:
2338:
2231:
2005:
1884:
1620:
1583:
1521:
903:
675:
664:
56:
48:
5631:
4697:
3168:
were influenced by the large scale and abstraction in German twentieth-century glass.
8580:
8558:
8486:
8227:
8041:
7960:
7891:
7556:
7391:
7340:
7203:
7193:
7083:
6995:
6732:
6717:
6662:
6657:
6388:
6336:
6242:
6058:
5573:
5550:
5531:
5493:
5477:
5447:
5430:
5406:
5392:
5378:
5364:
5350:
5340:
5330:
5320:
5303:
5293:
5280:
5267:
5254:
5237:
5229:
5200:
5152:"History illuminated: The evolution of knowledge told through 60,000 pieces of glass"
5118:
5010:
4987:
4851:
4839:
4798:
4701:
4546:
4482:
4474:
4401:
4321:
4280:
4190:
4158:
3821:
3743:
Late 20th-century stained glass from Temple Ohev Sholom, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania by
3714:
3499:
3441:
3225:
3198:
3098:
3086:
3054:
2702:
2610:
2557:
2468:
2410:
2406:
2235:
2184:
2132:
2041:
1747:
1557:
1374:
838:
781:
686:
611:
383:
318:(sometimes called "table glass") is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or
299:
295:
279:
59:. It represents the Virgin Mary, surrounded by Biblical kings and prophets. Below is
5661:
3546:
2561:
1285:, which is a murky mustard color but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the
39:
8669:
8460:
8262:
8257:
8247:
8046:
7916:
7720:
7526:
7511:
7415:
7369:
7131:
6647:
6532:
6470:
6408:
6331:
6275:
5196:
4975:
4964:"The conservation of stained-glass windows in Latin America: A literature overview"
4829:
4788:
4693:
4225:
4053:
3874:
3522:
3517:
3366:
3074:
2440:
2355:
2342:
1860:
1639:
842:
803:
252:
143:
108:
7491:
6871:
4834:
4817:
3525:, The Netherlands, date from 1555 to the early 1600s; the earliest is the work of
2982:
8618:
8428:
8396:
8290:
8267:
7982:
7700:
7546:
7215:
7126:
7010:
6980:
6860:
6702:
6609:
6599:
6480:
6280:
6232:
6009:
5737:
5706:
5485:
5038:
4979:
4948:
4523:
4049:
3840:
3744:
3596:
3493:
3410:
3202:
2924:
2905:
2686:
2668:
2582:
2578:
2565:
2488:
2351:
2223:
2218:
1955:
1924:
1553:
1419:
1303:
1208:
1086:
813:
711:
606:
463:
324:
260:
244:
128:
7827:
5960:
5621:
4922:
Elisabeth Bonnefoi, "On a fini de recenser les plus anciens vitraux de France",
4688:
Boulogne, Stéphanie (2015). "Glass in the Middle East". In Helaine Selin (ed.).
3340:
8282:
8272:
8169:
8051:
7886:
7695:
7561:
7521:
7425:
7403:
7313:
7269:
7121:
7073:
6839:
6834:
6792:
6692:
6632:
6440:
6361:
6014:
5053:"Le grand dictionnaire Québec government's online dictionary entry for
4744:
4516:
4255:
4122:
4092:
4069:
4003:
3852:
3539:, Australia, early complete cycle of 19th-century glass, Hardman of Birmingham.
3530:
3271:
3110:
3078:
3043:
3025:
3002:
2927:
for the sunrise, with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water.
2690:
2648:
2472:
2425:
2367:
2347:
2331:
2056:
1982:
1388:
1278:
1118:
1079:
1011:
635:
490:, cold paint is not very durable, and very little medieval paint has survived.
459:
400:
147:
93:
88:
6501:
5457:
5329:
Peter Cormack, 'Arts & Crafts Stained Glass', Yale University Press, 2015
1410:, discusses the production of colored glass in ancient Babylon and Egypt. The
776:(0.1% to 2%) can be added to give glass a fluorescent yellow or green colour.
8643:
8421:
8310:
8300:
8222:
8061:
7955:
7735:
7690:
7345:
7254:
7188:
7099:
6767:
6707:
6697:
6594:
6589:
6554:
6460:
6371:
6237:
6121:
5770:
5680:
5509:
5439:
4843:
4802:
4793:
4471:
Painting on Light: Drawings and Stained Glass in the Age of DĂŒrer and Holbein
4318:
Investigations in Medieval Stained Glass: Materials, Methods, and Expressions
4200:
3904:
3835:
3673:
3526:
3509:
3370:
3316:
3244:
3150:
3138:
3062:
3058:
2955:
2867:
2852:
2828:
2816:
2167:
2151:
2072:
2001:
1978:
1970:
1959:
1899:
1872:
1768:
1635:
1358:
1307:
1289:
1270:
1254:
1180:
1097:
862:
777:
418:
396:
370:
264:
5702:
Stained-glass windows by Sergio de Castro in France, Germany and Switzerland
3892:
Domestic stained glass of a hunting scene by Bogtman of Haarlem, Netherlands
2059:(France), Renaissance stained glass by Arnaud de Moles (detail), 1507â1513).
1078:
From 1300 onwards, artists started using "silver stain" which was made with
8305:
7987:
7911:
7785:
7725:
7644:
7601:
7506:
7437:
7318:
7279:
7264:
7183:
7141:
7136:
7036:
6970:
6787:
6762:
6727:
6722:
6712:
6652:
6428:
6366:
6346:
6262:
6146:
6116:
6078:
6073:
6024:
5977:
5965:
5925:
5785:
5762:
5422:
5312:
5028:
Peter Cormack, Arts & Crafts Stained Glass, Yale University Press, 2015
4343:, Boppard Conservation Project â Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 287-288
4245:
4096:
3931:
3635:
3487:
3290:
3248:
3206:
3165:
3161:
3156:
In Germany, stained glass development continued with the inter-war work of
3106:
3090:
3066:
3050:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2782:
2712:
2093:
1911:
1819:
1537:
style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the
1423:
1282:
1258:
821:
785:
682:
642:
it gives glass of a richer green colour, typical of the glass used to make
584:
275:
5349:
Nicola Gordon Bowe, 'Wilhelmina Geddes, Life and Work', Four Courts Press
429:
8628:
8416:
8295:
8217:
8181:
8164:
8154:
8119:
7997:
7970:
7965:
7926:
7921:
7858:
7765:
7710:
7475:
7323:
7230:
7116:
7015:
6737:
6672:
6667:
6549:
6455:
6418:
6413:
6305:
6222:
6179:
6161:
6151:
6093:
6063:
6048:
6019:
5935:
5930:
5860:
5830:
5775:
4653:
Discovering stained glass â John Harries, Carola Hicks, Edition: 3 â 1996
4220:
4034:
3378:
3301:
3229:
2708:
2337:
Among the earliest 19th-century English manufacturers and designers were
2327:
2112:
1892:
1856:
1727:
1616:
1549:
1506:
1427:
1286:
1015:
834:
660:
643:
619:
304:
259:
can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as
240:
44:
5622:
SGAA Sourcebook Find a Studio â The Stained Glass Association of America
4663:
4099:, which spans the 400 foot length of the street to form a covered arcade
1771:
from York Minster (c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England.
8455:
8350:
8205:
8193:
8159:
8114:
8104:
8007:
8002:
7760:
6990:
6747:
6569:
6490:
6199:
6174:
6141:
6053:
5945:
5940:
5887:
5877:
5865:
5850:
5835:
5790:
5741:
5467:
5128:
4436:, Boppard Conservation Project â Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 288
4388:, Boppard Conservation Project â Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 290
4320:, xvii, eds., Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, Elizabeth Pastan, 2019, BRILL,
4250:
3194:
2330:
to be "the true Catholic style". The architectural movement was led by
1888:
1534:
1184:
443:
5820:
4580:
www.glassassociation.org.uk (Barrie Skelcher). Retrieved 3 August 2006
3017:. One of the most prolific glass artists using this technique was the
2568:, which commenced glass production in 1860, and is still operating as
2471:. During the 19th century a great number of churches were restored by
1418:
Stained glass creation had flourished in Persia (now Iran) during the
549: in (22 cm). Designed to be placed low, close to the viewer.
8124:
8014:
7931:
7862:
7740:
7730:
7715:
7685:
7225:
7156:
7000:
6829:
6820:
6682:
6642:
6637:
6485:
6475:
6450:
6356:
6300:
6295:
6285:
6227:
6214:
6194:
6184:
6136:
6111:
6106:
6083:
6039:
6002:
5955:
5840:
5825:
5643:
5417:
The Luminous Image: Painted Glass Roundels in the Lowlands, 1480-1560
4723:
Islamic Glass in the Making Chronological and Geographical Dimensions
4077:
3951:
3845:
3627:
3513:
2717:
2614:
2413:(1855), is a formal arrangement of small narrative scenes in roundels
1868:
1542:
1478:
1296:
1262:
1062:
854:
799:
696:, at different concentrations, produces blue, violet, or black glass.
580:
499:
439:
83:
79:
75:
4866:
4816:
Omidi, Ali; Golchin, Navid; Masoud, Seyed Ehsan (3 September 2022).
4721:
4628:
3484:, in England, 12th to 15th century plus 19th- and 20th-century glass
2759:
2506:
by Lobin in the painterly style (19th century) Church of St Medard,
2464:
1879:. Each major ocular window contains a single picture drawn from the
945:
469:
178:
8355:
8252:
7992:
7977:
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7649:
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6341:
6315:
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5997:
5892:
5845:
5805:
3397:
window at St Peters, Derby, made for the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary
3374:
3221:
3142:
3006:
2077:
1916:
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1838:
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1326:
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1047:
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639:
623:
319:
52:
5655:
5506:, Neuss : Verl. Gesellschaft fĂŒr Buchdruckerei OCLC 632380232
4961:
2569:
1677:
Cathedral, early 12th century. One of the oldest examples in situ.
610:
glass, rather than stained glass windows. These additives include
8109:
8019:
7896:
7881:
7790:
7770:
7750:
7654:
7624:
6435:
6290:
6270:
6189:
6169:
5992:
5982:
5950:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5780:
3967:
3834:
Stained glass windows in houses were particularly popular in the
3039:
3031:
2527:
2507:
2189:
1969:
In the Netherlands a rare scheme of glass has remained intact at
1903:
1846:
1396:
1392:
1342:
1274:
1232:
1058:
773:
767:
746:
671:
60:
5637:
5632:
Church Stained Glass Window Database recorded by Robert Eberhard
4775:
Mehrizi, Zahra Sadat Abooei; Marasy, Mohsen (23 December 2017).
4398:
Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass
3453:
519:
depicting the creation of a stained-glass window in Middle Ages.
243:, glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of
8077:
8029:
8024:
7943:
7755:
7664:
7639:
6752:
6423:
6247:
5872:
5855:
5302:
The Journal of Stained Glass, America Issue, Vol. XXVIII, 2004
4500:
4498:
4260:
4166:
3611:
Sunlight shining through stained glass onto coloured carpet of
3445:
3298:
3134:
2116:
1928:
1907:
1852:
1322:
1311:
1253:
Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. Both the
1212:
850:
809:
757:
742:
718:
693:
455:
248:
5701:
4306:"Facts about Glass â Creating Coloured Glass; Pot-metal glass"
1207:
Skilled glass cutting and leading in a 19th-century window at
377:
advantage is that the double-layered glass can be engraved or
7938:
7659:
7634:
5972:
5917:
5815:
3907:
Window from Rochroane Castle, now in the Corning Glass Museum
3336:
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3275:
2672:
2295:
2258:
1318:
1266:
1114:
846:
817:
761:
158:
139:
120:
116:
71:
5649:
4495:
4157:
Contemporary Free-standing Glasshenge series (2013/2014) by
1299:
set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect.
1261:
excelled at the manufacture of small colored glass objects.
6948:
Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture
6815:
6393:
6351:
6204:
5810:
5795:
3126:
3035:
1936:
1932:
1902:. In France, much glass of this period was produced at the
1693:
1463:
1459:
1093:
707:
417:
second method, sometimes used in some areas of windows, is
256:
5616:
4568:
1st.glassman.com (David M Issitt). Retrieved 3 August 2006
3348:
3153:, are some of the most notable examples of symbolic work.
3009:
or epoxy resin, was a 20th-century innovation credited to
1265:
was important in glass manufacture with its chief centres
411:
5155:
4400:, section 7.3.3.5, 2013, ed. Koen H. A. Janssens, Wiley,
2551:
2131:
Window of the Conversion of St Paol, Chapel od St James,
1505:
Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the
389:
270:
135:
5695:
4542:
The Illustrated Bead Bible: Terms, Tips & Techniques
3731:
England, has a series of windows by different designers.
3661:
Stained glass windows in the Mosque of Srinagar, Kashmir
5563:
2315:
1935:. There are 1042 preserved 16th-century windows in the
5634:, covering â 2800 churches in the southeast of England
4822:
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
4635:. Monograph no. 7. Australian Institute of Archaeology
4590:"Facts about glass: Assembling a stained-glass panel"
3545:, Switzerland, complete cycle of glass 1896â1936, by
2685:
Among the most innovative English designers were the
2405:
One of England's largest windows, the east window of
1292:
which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay.
638:
which results in a bluish-green glass. Together with
4231:
List of stained glass windows in the Janskerk, Gouda
2680:
812:, depending on the concentration, produces blue, or
535:
stands in an extensive landscape, 1510â20. Diameter
6901:
5361:
Strangest Genius: The Stained Glass of Harry Clarke
2810:
1069:
5736:
5193:Practical Building Conservation: Glass and glazing
4815:
3924:
3784:Commemoration of War Dead, Community Mausoleum of
1690:Crucifixion with Ss Catherine, George and Margaret
1653:The south transept windows from Chartres Cathedral
1446:in Shiraz, Iran and the light passing through them
27:Coloured glass and the works that are made from it
7857:
4545:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 108.
3771:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)
935:
659:In medieval times, blue glass was made by adding
8641:
5516:, George Wittenborn Inc., New York, OCLC 1269795
4592:, Boppard Conservation Project â Glasgow Museums
4460:, Boppard Conservation Project â Glasgow Museums
4308:, Boppard Conservation Project â Glasgow Museums
3626:The stained glass windows and dome flanking the
2697:(1833â1898), whose work heralds the influential
1195:, modern steel rods and copper wire attachments.
1096:. This allows for the use of techniques such as
1018:, 1564, with typical painted details, extensive
592:
8335:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America
6531:
5696:Gloine â Stained glass in the Church of Ireland
5523:, Universe Books, Inc., New York, OCLC 21650951
4566:Substances Used in the Making of Coloured Glass
3820:Stained-glass window in the Benedum mausoleum,
2115:window in the church of SS Giovanni and Paolo,
1235:, showing detailed polychrome painting of face.
123:are often used to enhance the design. The term
5425:, George Seddon, and Francis Stephens (1976).
5109:
5107:
3373:). Combines a traditional representation in a
1851:Probably the earliest scheme of stained glass
1847:Renaissance, Reformation and Classical windows
78:also include three-dimensional structures and
7843:
6928:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
6887:
6517:
5722:
5266:, Burne-Jones Special Issue, Vol. XXXV, 2011
5024:
5022:
4774:
4664:"The development of stained glass in England"
4186:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
3454:Buildings incorporating stained glass windows
3343:, ZĂŒrich, Switzerland, by Sigmar Polke (2009)
2188:: the Capture and Crucifixion, Saint-Pierre,
1985:. Many of the original cartoons still exist.
1563:While stained glass was widely manufactured,
1227:Detail from a 19th or 20th-century window in
824:with added nickel acquires a purplish colour.
5549:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5490:20th Century Stained Glass: A New Definition
5143:
4507:www.glassonline.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006
4285:Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters
3769:Stained glass in the crypt Mausoleum of the
1859:was that for Florence Cathedral, devised by
1481:, this window contains highly detailed text.
6912:British and Irish stained glass (1811â1918)
5104:
4935:
4933:
4781:Journal of History Culture and Art Research
4626:
4434:"Facts about Glass: Sanguine and Carnation"
4206:British and Irish stained glass (1811â1918)
3448:and creating an ambience in the interior.
3181:Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium
2322:British and Irish stained glass (1811â1918)
1486:
974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7850:
7836:
6894:
6880:
6524:
6510:
5729:
5715:
5149:
5019:
4891:. Sacred-destinations.com. 20 October 2007
4864:
4760:History of Science and Technology in Islam
4091:The abstract stained glass ceiling of the
3808:Community Mausoleum, Des Plaines, Illinois
3595:The dazzling display of medieval glass at
3251:, at All Saints' Church, Tudeley, Kent, UK
2963:
2458:List of French stained glass manufacturers
2004:(1443â45), one of a series in the dome of
1426:(1751â1794 A.D.). In Persia stained glass
1281:holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the
107:is glass that has been coloured by adding
5617:BSMGP | The home of British Stained Glass
5359:Lucy Costigan and Michael Cullen (2010).
5115:The Crafts in Britain in the 20th Century
5007:The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts
4833:
4792:
4352:
4341:"Facts about Glass: Early Glass Painting"
2008:designed by renowned Renaissance artists.
994:Learn how and when to remove this message
515:Detail from a 13th-century window in the
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
4930:
4687:
4526:www.speclab.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006
4359:. Industrial Publications, Incorporated.
3508:, Italy, 15th-century glass designed by
3490:, in England, 11th to 15th-century glass
2370:, opened firms in Australia and the US.
2080:, France, Engrand Le Prince (1522â1524).
1964:Stained glass â British glass, 1811â1918
1107:
1005:
493:
428:
38:
5540:
4926:, 21 October 2019, accessed 20 May 2024
4908:
4906:
4469:Barbara Butts, Lee Hendrix and others,
4444:
4442:
3695:has a cycle of 19th-century windows by
3632:Holocaust Memorial Synagogue, Darmstadt
3496:, in Paris, 13th and 14th-century glass
3478:, in France, 11th to 13th-century glass
3349:Combining ancient and modern traditions
3323:at Christinae church, AlingsÄs, Sweden.
3137:(Switzerland), and the Loire Studio of
2827:Notable American practitioners include
1458:Stained glass in Dowlat Abad Garden at
1361:, a rare example of Roman flashed glass
863:opalescent, mottled and streaky glasses
741:The addition of sulphur, together with
14:
8642:
5530:, Timber Press, Forest Grove, Oregon,
5476:Stained Glass Association of America.
5117:, Yale University Press (4 Feb 1999),
4458:"Examples of Writing in Stained Glass"
4129:Sculpture Park in Melbourne. Australia
4074:Jewish National and University Library
3649:Interior of the Blue Mosque, Istanbul.
2552:Revival in Germany, Austria and beyond
2487:Detail of a "Tree of Jesse" window in
857:. White glass was used extensively by
433:Grisaille stained glass (15th century)
390:Modern production of traditional glass
271:Cylinder or mouth-blown ('muff') glass
7831:
6875:
6505:
5710:
5638:Institute for Stained Glass in Canada
5389:Stained Glass- an Illustrated History
5001:
4999:
4997:
4912:Lee, Seddon and Stephens, pp. 118â121
4770:
4768:
4538:
4534:
4532:
3563:, extensive collection of windows by
3502:in France, 13th to 16th-century glass
1659:Medieval glass in Germany and Austria
1582:Detail of a 13th-century window from
1148:, 19th-century English manufacturers.
335:Architectural glass must be at least
7804:
4903:
4877:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4439:
4211:English Gothic stained glass windows
3581:
2451:
2316:Revival in Great Britain and Ireland
2257:, Church of SS Ăgidius and Koloman,
2148:The Triumph of Freedom of Conscience
1399:, dating to the 7th-century BC. The
1382:
1191:and painted glass, lead H-sectioned
972:adding citations to reliable sources
939:
626:has been used for the same purpose.
600:
205:adding citations to reliable sources
172:
5572:. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
5521:Stained Glass: An Architectural Art
5403:A Guide to Stained Glass in Britain
5150:O'Hear, Natasha (8 December 2016).
4353:Steinhoff, Frederick Louis (1973).
4216:French Gothic stained glass windows
3984:Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading
3369:, late 1910s. (Ăglise Saint-AndrĂ©,
2946:, EugĂšne Stanislas Oudinot, design
2897:, designer Frederick Stymetz Lamb,
2643:A window in the Late Gothic style,
2266:
1501:French Gothic stained glass windows
168:
96:exemplified in the famous lamps of
24:
8434:Index of painting-related articles
6565:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)
5214:
5199:, 2011, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
4994:
4952:Issue 20 (accessed 26 August 2012)
4765:
4529:
4281:"Stained Glass in Medieval Europe"
3561:Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church
2096:from the Cathedral of St-Etienne,
1910:, where stained glass and faceted
1556:, Paris and the "Bishop's Eye" at
1168:, showing a modern steel armature.
25:
8686:
6560:Blowing and pressing (containers)
5610:
5279:, Scotland Issue, Vol. XXX, 2006
4865:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
4749:The Manufacture of Coloured Glass
4698:10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_10184-1
4473:, 183, 2001, Getty Publications,
4386:"Facts about Glass: Silver Stain"
4287:. The Metropolitain Museum of Art
3800:Chapel stained glass showing the
3711:Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
2681:Innovations in Britain and Europe
2522:A brilliantly coloured window at
1387:The creation of stained glass in
561:Detail of German panel (1444) of
7803:
6311:Bronze and brass ornamental work
5564:Virginia Chieffo Raguin (2013).
5504:100 Jahre Rheinische Glasmalerei
5492:, Kyoto Shoin Co., Ltd., Kyoto,
5444:England's Thousand Best Churches
4150:
4145:Glass Sculpture in Paris. France
4141:Fused glass sculpture (2012) by
4134:
4111:
4084:
4061:
4041:
4026:
4011:
3991:
3975:
3966:Stained glass in the Town Hall,
3959:
3939:
3912:
3897:
3885:
3867:
3813:
3793:
3777:
3762:
3736:
3721:
3703:
3685:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3619:
3604:
3588:
3433:
3418:
3402:
3386:
3355:
3328:
3309:
3283:
3256:
3237:
3214:
3145:. The west windows of England's
2932:
2913:
2883:
2860:
2840:
2811:Innovations in the United States
2794:
2774:
2744:
2729:
2656:
2636:
2621:
2602:
2535:
2515:
2496:
2480:
2433:
2418:
2398:
2375:
2303:
2283:
2243:
2209:
2197:
2175:
2159:
2140:
2124:
2105:
2085:
2064:
2049:
2033:
2013:
1990:
1827:
1811:
1795:
1776:
1760:
1739:
1720:
1701:
1682:
1663:
1646:
1627:
1608:
1590:
1575:
1470:
1451:
1435:
1403:, attributed to the 8th century
1366:
1350:
1334:
1220:
1200:
1173:
1153:
1137:
1070:Selecting and painting the glass
944:
923:
911:
895:
883:
871:
572:
554:
524:
508:
481:
474:"Sanguine", "carnation", "Rouge
330:
177:
6902:British and Irish stained glass
5174:
5139:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
5135:"Stained glass: 20th century".
5090:
5075:
5045:
5031:
4955:
4915:
4881:
4858:
4809:
4738:
4726:. Leuven University Press. 2022
4714:
4681:
4656:
4647:
4620:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4510:
4463:
4451:
4427:
4018:Windows of the Hungarian Room,
4000:Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil
3925:Public and commercial buildings
2609:One of five windows donated to
792:
749:it yields a deep yellow colour.
732:
498:As well as painting, scratched
449:
310:
5059:. 8 April 2003. Archived from
4539:Geary, Theresa Flores (2008).
4517:Chemical Fact Sheet â Chromium
4414:
4391:
4379:
4363:
4346:
4334:
4311:
4299:
4273:
3693:St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney
3537:St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney
3293:, Sergio de Castro, detail of
2504:St Louis administering Justice
2392:St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney
2076:window, Church of St-Ătienne,
1948:Dissolution of the Monasteries
936:Creating stained-glass windows
828:
629:
424:
286:
127:is also applied to windows in
32:Stained glass (disambiguation)
13:
1:
7450:British stained-glass artists
5627:Preservation of Stained Glass
5528:The Language of Stained Glass
5470:Buckinghamshire Stained Glass
5363:, The History Press, Dublin,
5253:, Barrie & Jenkins, 1980
4835:10.1080/13467581.2021.1971534
4734:– via www.academia.edu.
4643:– via www.academia.edu.
4267:
3572:
3297:window for the Collegiate of
3061:. In the 1960s and 1970s the
2989:and included artists such as
2940:
2898:
2763:
2135:, Spain, Visente Mentdo, 1560
2022:The Angel of the Annunciation
1841:, (1500â17) by Barnard Flower
1442:Extensive stained glasses of
1010:Swiss armourial glass of the
653:
470:"Sanguine" or "Cousin's rose"
412:"Pot metal" and flashed glass
406:
8373:Museum collection management
8296:Art history (academic study)
8175:alternative exhibition space
7542:Lavers, Barraud and Westlake
6932:
6743:Machine drawn cylinder sheet
5466:Cliff and Monica Robinson.
5460:Church Stained Glass Windows
5419:, Metropolitan Museum of Art
5375:Stained and Decorative Glass
5290:The Journal of Stained Glass
5277:The Journal of Stained Glass
5264:The Journal of Stained Glass
4980:10.1016/j.culher.2018.04.019
4968:Journal of Cultural Heritage
4505:Illustrated Glass Dictionary
4104:
3998:Stained glass window in the
3005:, where the glass is set in
2985:in Dublin, which was run by
2591:royal warrant of appointment
2228:Baldwin II of Constantinople
1855:that was created during the
1746:The windows of the choir of
1600:from a Romanesque window in
700:
7:
8534:Colossal sculptures in situ
8238:Artist-in-residence program
7497:Barton, Kinder and Alderson
7455:Irish stained-glass artists
6856:Glossary of glass art terms
5317:Architectural Stained Glass
5228:, translated from Latin by
5009:, Oxford University Press,
4692:. Springer. pp. 1â11.
4627:Balderstone, Susan (2007).
4173:
3948:Palau de la mĂșsica catalana
3752:
3458:
3381:style celestial background.
2571:Franz Mayer of Munich, Inc.
2290:Largest rose window in the
1715:, Cologne Cathedral, (1340)
1713:Virgin and Child in Majesty
1345:flask from 100 BC to 200 AD
10:
8691:
8544:Contemporary art galleries
8439:Outline of the visual arts
7781:Stained glass conservation
7152:Charles Edmund Clutterbuck
7042:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
5677:Victoria and Albert Museum
5652:(Romont (FR), Switzerland)
5568:Stained Glass: Radiant Art
5184:18, no. 5 (2014): 672-699.
4241:Stained glass conservation
3982:Stained glass dome in the
3946:Stained glass skylight at
3824:, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2814:
2455:
2319:
2292:BasĂlica del Voto Nacional
2270:
1524:and at the eastern end of
1490:
1248:
1243:
29:
8614:
8474:
8343:
8281:
8145:
8070:
7869:
7799:
7673:
7617:
7579:
7484:
7463:
7092:
7069:John Loughborough Pearson
7061:
7054:
7024:
6963:
6956:
6920:
6907:
6848:
6801:
6623:
6540:
6324:
6261:
6213:
6160:
6092:
5916:
5761:
5748:
5373:Elizabeth Morris (1993).
4755:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna
3986:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3829:
3339:set into lead and glass,
3125:at Couvrechef- La Folie (
3013:and brought to the UK by
2803:MusĂ©e de l'Ăcole de Nancy
2737:David's charge to Solomon
2722:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
2595:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2192:, Essonne, France (1520).
1906:factory, and in Italy at
1802:South transept window at
1756:Medieval glass in England
1412:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna
1401:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna
1034:
1030:with abraded white motif.
1026:on the face, and flashed
902:A 16th-century window by
845:oxides produce an opaque
517:Basilica of Saint-Quentin
8598:Most expensive paintings
8385:Conservation-restoration
8187:Contemporary art gallery
7532:Heaton, Butler and Bayne
6986:Cambridge Camden Society
6976:Arts and Crafts Movement
6933:History of stained glass
6773:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass
6585:Overflow downdraw method
6580:Precision glass moulding
6575:Drawing (optical fibers)
5644:The Stained Glass Museum
5479:History of Stained Glass
4794:10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1231
4372:Chambers's encyclopaedia
4196:Autonomous stained glass
4020:University of Pittsburgh
3426:St Michael and the Devil
2699:Arts and Crafts Movement
2360:Heaton, Butler and Bayne
1571:Medieval glass in France
1487:Medieval glass in Europe
1160:Exterior of a window at
1146:Heaton, Butler and Bayne
853:to produce an imitation
8606:works by living artists
8368:Classificatory disputes
7706:Curvilinear coordinates
7304:Lilian Josephine Pocock
7112:Edward Liddall Armitage
6826:Shock metamorphic glass
6446:Painting in HĂ€lsingland
5656:Stained glass workshops
5519:Robert Sowers (1965).
5251:Victorian Stained Glass
5137:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5086:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5039:"Joining glass mosaics"
4607:Encyclopedia Britannica
4375:. Pergamon Press. 1967.
4093:Victoria Quarter, Leeds
3877:(stained glass) at the
3788:, Des Plaines, Illinois
3317:Postmodernist symbolism
3264:Christ of the Eucharist
2964:20th and 21st centuries
2849:fracture-streamer glass
2366:. A Scottish designer,
2044:, Enrique AlemĂĄn, 1479
2026:National Gallery of Art
1954:and the injunctions of
1885:Life of the Virgin Mary
1373:An alabaster window in
533:Lambrecht of Maastricht
152:illuminated manuscripts
7597:Fairford stained glass
7527:John Hardman & Co.
7329:Arnold Wathen Robinson
6938:Medieval stained glass
5541:Hayward, Jane (2003).
5526:Robert Sowers (1981).
5401:Painton Cowen (1985).
4668:stainedglassmuseum.com
4522:15 August 2017 at the
4052:at a Metro station in
3278:, England, slab glass.
3191:Utah Valley University
2939:A trompe l'oeil glass
2445:Peterborough Cathedral
2384:Apostles John and Paul
2273:Stained glass in Chile
2020:Giovanni di Domenico,
1750:, (early 14th century)
1497:Medieval stained glass
1422:(1501â1736 A.D.), and
1031:
678:imparts a blue colour.
434:
64:
55:, France), donated by
8243:Artist-run initiative
8130:Visual arts education
7552:James Powell and Sons
7517:Walter Francis Clokey
7221:James Humphries Hogan
7174:Rachel de Montmorency
7147:Walter Francis Clokey
5191:"Historic England" =
5182:Religion and the Arts
4942:Dirck Peterz. Crabeth
4874:Catholic Encyclopedia
4868:"Stained Glass"
4448:Historic England, 290
4422:Jean Cousin the Elder
3879:Palace of Shaki Khans
3802:Resurrection of Jesus
3697:Hardman of Birmingham
3634:, designed by artist
3565:Louis Comfort Tiffany
3476:Cathedral of Chartres
2952:Henry Gurdon Marquand
2833:Louis Comfort Tiffany
2787:Saint Vitus Cathedral
2667:(1568) with 2 pages,
2651:, early 20th century
2456:Further information:
2388:Hardman of Birmingham
2216:The story of how the
1108:Assembly and mounting
1009:
861:to create a range of
859:Louis Comfort Tiffany
849:glass, first used in
583:, after a drawing by
494:Scratching techniques
432:
134:Stained glass, as an
113:stained glass windows
98:Louis Comfort Tiffany
42:
8539:Contemporary artists
8402:Destination painting
8199:Single-artist museum
8088:Conservator-restorer
7608:My Four Green Fields
7587:Canterbury Cathedral
7243:Edward Holmes Jewitt
7079:George Gilbert Scott
6688:Cylinder blown sheet
6466:Pressed flower craft
5502:Kisky, Hans (1959).
5429:, Mitchell Beazley,
5415:Husband, TB (2000).
5387:Sarah Brown (1994).
4947:30 July 2014 at the
4236:Sagrada (board game)
4033:The Federal Palace,
3678:Gouda, South Holland
3613:Nasir ol Molk Mosque
3482:Canterbury Cathedral
3395:Florence Nightingale
3147:Manchester Cathedral
3015:Pierre Fourmaintraux
2973:in London set up by
2895:J&R Lamb Studios
2822:J&R Lamb Studios
2756:StanisĆaw WyspiaĆski
2587:Carl Geyling's Erben
2544:Saint-Urbain, Troyes
2332:Augustus Welby Pugin
2253:Death and Assumption
2098:ChĂąlons-en-Champagne
1837:, St Mary's Church,
1804:Canterbury Cathedral
1789:Canterbury Cathedral
1734:by Hans Acker (1430)
1602:Strasbourg Cathedral
1526:Canterbury Cathedral
1444:Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque
968:improve this section
676:borosilicate glasses
488:Theophilus Presbyter
201:improve this section
30:For other uses, see
8529:Art reference books
8323:History of painting
7907:Fine-art photograph
7681:Architectural glass
7502:Burlison and Grylls
7260:Charles Eamer Kempe
6811:Radiative processes
6626:historic techniques
6550:Float glass process
5883:Spinning (textiles)
5801:Friendship bracelet
5683:on 23 December 2012
5662:Stained glass guide
5234:Cyril Stanley Smith
4181:Architectural glass
4127:La Trobe University
4048:Abstract design by
3806:All Saints Cemetery
3786:All Saints Cemetery
3472:Important examples
3158:Johan Thorn Prikker
2948:Richard Morris Hunt
2665:Catherine of Sweden
2645:St Maurice's Church
2364:Charles Eamer Kempe
2166:Domestic window by
2040:Stained glass from
1877:Andrea del Castagno
1818:The west window of
1539:Perpendicular style
1530:Gothic architecture
1162:SĂ© Velha de Coimbra
685:at 2â3% produces a
616:sodium permanganate
593:"Pot glass" colours
458:compounds (notably
119:details and yellow
8655:Glass architecture
8624:Visual arts portal
8554:National galleries
8407:Eclecticism in art
8362:Catalogue raisonné
8233:Artist cooperative
7592:Coventry Cathedral
7567:William Warrington
7537:Hincks and Burnell
7387:Nathaniel Westlake
7358:Caroline Townshend
6971:Aesthetic Movement
6964:Artistic movements
6605:Chemical polishing
5599:Oxford Art Journal
5405:, Michael Joseph,
3860:Frank Lloyd Wright
3729:Coventry Cathedral
3680:, The Netherlands
3552:Coventry Cathedral
3543:Fribourg Cathedral
3506:Florence Cathedral
3413:, Ins, Switzerland
3268:Dom Charles Norris
3186:Roots of Knowledge
3103:Johannes Schreiter
3022:Dom Charles Norris
2891:Religion Enthroned
2695:Edward Burne-Jones
2524:Cassagnes-BĂ©gonhĂšs
2339:William Warrington
2255:of the Virgin Mary
2232:Louis IX of France
2006:Florence Cathedral
1966:for more details.
1939:department alone.
1835:The Last Judgement
1732:The Last Judgement
1621:Poitiers Cathedral
1584:Chartres Cathedral
1522:Chartres Cathedral
1032:
904:Arnold of Nijmegen
665:Chartres Cathedral
435:
65:
57:Blanche of Castile
49:Chartres Cathedral
8637:
8636:
8228:Artist collective
8042:Site-specific art
7892:Cultural artifact
7825:
7824:
7575:
7574:
7557:Shrigley and Hunt
7392:Christopher Whall
7341:Arild Rosenkrantz
7275:Catherine OâBrien
7204:Reginald Hallward
7194:Wilhelmina Geddes
7084:Alexander Thomson
7050:
7049:
6996:Early Renaissance
6869:
6868:
6803:Natural processes
6718:Fourcault process
6499:
6498:
6389:Hardstone carving
6337:Balloon modelling
5851:Ribbon embroidery
5650:Vitromusée Romont
5456:Robert Eberhard.
5391:, Bracken Books,
5369:978-1-84588-971-5
5355:978-1-84682-532-3
5345:978-0-9541055-2-5
5335:978-0-300-20970-9
5325:978-0-7195-3657-1
5285:978-0-9540457-6-0
5272:978 0 9568762 1 8
5230:John G. Hawthorne
5207:, 9780754645573,
5005:Gordon Campbell,
4889:"Fairford Church"
4707:978-94-007-3934-5
4408:, 9781118314203,
4328:, 9789004395718,
4191:Art Nouveau glass
4159:Tomasz Urbanowicz
3970:, Czech Republic
3822:Homewood Cemetery
3715:Savannah, Georgia
3582:Places of worship
3500:Bourges Cathedral
3442:Adolfo Winternitz
3363:Madonna and Child
3226:Theo van Doesburg
3199:Cologne Cathedral
3115:Jean René Bazaine
3099:Patrick Reyntiens
3087:Wilhelmina Geddes
3055:Theo van Doesburg
2872:The Angel of Help
2703:Christopher Whall
2611:Cologne Cathedral
2558:Cologne Cathedral
2542:West window from
2469:French Revolution
2452:Revival in France
2407:Lincoln Cathedral
2236:Moulins Cathedral
2185:Passion of Christ
2133:Seville Cathedral
2042:Seville Cathedral
1748:Cologne Cathedral
1558:Lincoln Cathedral
1545:style in France.
1477:From a mosque in
1383:In Southwest Asia
1375:Orvieto Cathedral
1133:Technical details
1004:
1003:
996:
780:is typically not
612:manganese dioxide
601:Transparent glass
384:hydrofluoric acid
300:centrifugal force
276:Using a blow-pipe
237:
236:
229:
16:(Redirected from
8682:
8665:History of glass
8660:Glass production
8593:Stolen paintings
8461:Sociology of art
8412:Economics of art
8263:Sculpture garden
8248:Artist-run space
8047:Social sculpture
7917:Installation art
7852:
7845:
7838:
7829:
7828:
7807:
7806:
7721:Glass beadmaking
7547:Morris & Co.
7512:Clayton and Bell
7416:Thomas Willement
7370:Christopher Webb
7132:Margaret Chilton
7059:
7058:
6961:
6960:
6943:Poor Man's Bible
6896:
6889:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6533:Glass production
6526:
6519:
6512:
6503:
6502:
6471:Qing handicrafts
6276:Chemical milling
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5679:. Archived from
5583:
5560:
5197:Historic England
5185:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5162:on 20 April 2017
5158:. Archived from
5147:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5126:
5111:
5102:
5094:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5017:
5003:
4992:
4991:
4959:
4953:
4937:
4928:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4837:
4828:(5): 2114â2130.
4813:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4772:
4763:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4536:
4527:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4493:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4356:Ceramic Industry
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4226:Glass beadmaking
4154:
4138:
4119:The Four Seasons
4115:
4088:
4065:
4054:Montreal, Quebec
4045:
4030:
4015:
3995:
3979:
3963:
3943:
3916:
3901:
3889:
3871:
3817:
3797:
3781:
3766:
3740:
3725:
3707:
3689:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3623:
3608:
3592:
3529:and his brother
3523:Janskerk (Gouda)
3466:Poor Man's Bible
3437:
3422:
3406:
3390:
3367:Joseph Ehrismann
3359:
3332:
3313:
3287:
3260:
3241:
3218:
3189:installation at
3131:Hamburg-Dulsberg
3123:Sergio de Castro
3075:Douglas Strachan
3019:Benedictine monk
2945:
2942:
2936:
2917:
2903:
2900:
2887:
2876:North Easton, MA
2864:
2844:
2798:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2748:
2733:
2693:(1834â1898) and
2660:
2640:
2625:
2606:
2539:
2519:
2500:
2484:
2441:Clayton and Bell
2437:
2422:
2402:
2379:
2356:Clayton and Bell
2307:
2287:
2267:In Latin America
2247:
2213:
2201:
2179:
2163:
2144:
2128:
2109:
2089:
2068:
2053:
2037:
2017:
1998:The Resurrection
1994:
1981:and his brother
1927:being active in
1861:Lorenzo Ghiberti
1831:
1815:
1799:
1785:Poor Man's Bible
1780:
1764:
1743:
1724:
1705:
1686:
1667:
1650:
1640:Evreux Cathedral
1631:
1612:
1594:
1579:
1493:Poor Man's Bible
1474:
1455:
1439:
1408:JÄbir ibn HayyÄn
1370:
1354:
1338:
1224:
1204:
1177:
1157:
1141:
999:
992:
988:
985:
979:
948:
940:
927:
915:
899:
887:
875:
798:The addition of
692:The addition of
681:The addition of
670:The addition of
576:
558:
548:
547:
543:
540:
528:
512:
367:
365:
364:
361:
358:
350:
348:
347:
344:
341:
239:During the late
232:
225:
221:
218:
212:
181:
173:
169:Glass production
150:, together with
144:Late Middle Ages
21:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8675:Decorative arts
8640:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8619:Painting portal
8610:
8517:sculpture parks
8470:
8429:Elements of art
8397:Cultural policy
8339:
8291:Timeline of art
8277:
8268:Sculpture trail
8147:
8141:
8066:
7983:Performance art
7865:
7856:
7826:
7821:
7795:
7701:Cathedral glass
7669:
7613:
7571:
7480:
7471:Martin Harrison
7459:
7216:Herbert Hendrie
7127:Alfred E. Child
7088:
7046:
7032:The Glass House
7020:
7011:Oxford Movement
6981:Biblia pauperum
6952:
6916:
6903:
6900:
6870:
6865:
6861:Glass recycling
6844:
6797:
6703:Enamelled glass
6625:
6619:
6610:Diamond turning
6600:Flame polishing
6542:
6536:
6530:
6500:
6495:
6481:Straw marquetry
6320:
6257:
6233:Enamelled glass
6209:
6156:
6088:
5912:
5757:
5744:
5738:Decorative arts
5735:
5686:
5684:
5669:"Stained Glass"
5667:
5613:
5608:
5580:
5557:
5486:Robert Kehlmann
5377:, Tiger Books,
5247:Martin Harrison
5217:
5215:Further reading
5188:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5113:Harrod, Tanya,
5112:
5105:
5095:
5091:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5063:on 2 April 2003
5051:
5050:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5004:
4995:
4960:
4956:
4949:Wayback Machine
4938:
4931:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4863:
4859:
4814:
4810:
4773:
4766:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4603:"Stained Glass"
4601:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4537:
4530:
4524:Wayback Machine
4515:
4511:
4503:
4496:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4419:
4415:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4176:
4169:
4163:WrocĆaw Airport
4155:
4146:
4139:
4130:
4116:
4107:
4100:
4089:
4080:
4066:
4057:
4050:Marcelle Ferron
4046:
4037:
4031:
4022:
4016:
4007:
3996:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3944:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3841:cathedral glass
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3798:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3755:
3748:
3745:Ascalon Studios
3741:
3732:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3671:
3662:
3659:
3650:
3647:
3638:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3600:
3597:Sainte-Chapelle
3593:
3584:
3575:
3494:Sainte-Chapelle
3461:
3456:
3449:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3414:
3411:Cathedral glass
3407:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3360:
3351:
3344:
3335:Thin slices of
3333:
3324:
3314:
3305:
3288:
3279:
3261:
3252:
3242:
3233:
3224:abstraction by
3219:
3205:in France, and
3203:Sainte-Chapelle
2979:Alfred J. Drury
2966:
2959:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2918:
2909:
2906:Brooklyn Museum
2901:
2888:
2879:
2865:
2856:
2845:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2752:God the Creator
2749:
2740:
2734:
2687:Pre-Raphaelites
2683:
2676:
2669:Turku Cathedral
2661:
2652:
2641:
2632:
2629:Ghent Cathedral
2626:
2617:
2607:
2583:Austria-Hungary
2579:Austrian Empire
2566:Mayer of Munich
2554:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2520:
2511:
2501:
2492:
2489:Reims Cathedral
2485:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2403:
2394:
2380:
2352:Ward and Hughes
2324:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2299:
2288:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2248:
2239:
2238:(16th century).
2224:John of Brienne
2219:Crown of Thorns
2214:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2110:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2018:
2009:
1995:
1956:Thomas Cromwell
1925:Linard Gonthier
1849:
1842:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1709:The Crucifixion
1706:
1697:
1692:, Leechkirche,
1687:
1678:
1668:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1554:Sainte-Chapelle
1541:in England and
1503:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1456:
1447:
1440:
1420:Safavid dynasty
1385:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1304:Benedict Biscop
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1216:
1209:Meaux Cathedral
1205:
1196:
1178:
1169:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1110:
1087:enamelled glass
1072:
1037:
1000:
989:
983:
980:
965:
949:
938:
931:
928:
919:
916:
907:
900:
891:
888:
879:
876:
831:
795:
735:
712:cranberry glass
703:
656:
632:
614:which produces
607:soda-lime glass
603:
595:
588:
577:
568:
559:
550:
545:
541:
538:
536:
529:
520:
513:
496:
484:
472:
452:
427:
414:
409:
392:
362:
359:
356:
355:
353:
345:
342:
339:
338:
336:
333:
325:cathedral glass
313:
289:
273:
241:medieval period
233:
222:
216:
213:
198:
182:
171:
129:enamelled glass
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8688:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8595:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8569:by nationality
8566:
8556:
8551:
8549:Modern artists
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8499:
8494:
8492:Art techniques
8489:
8484:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8378:deaccessioning
8370:
8365:
8358:
8353:
8347:
8345:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8283:History of art
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8273:Virtual museum
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8170:Art exhibition
8167:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8095:
8085:
8080:
8074:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8052:Soft sculpture
8049:
8044:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7887:Conceptual art
7884:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7812:United Kingdom
7809:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7696:Came glasswork
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7562:William Wailes
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7522:Daniel Cottier
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7426:Paul Woodroffe
7423:
7421:William Wilson
7418:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7404:Veronica Whall
7401:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7343:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7314:Patrick Pollen
7311:
7306:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7277:
7272:
7270:William Morris
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7122:William Burges
7119:
7114:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Augustus Pugin
7071:
7065:
7063:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7006:Gothic Revival
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6951:
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6884:
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6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6840:Volcanic glass
6837:
6835:Vitrified sand
6832:
6823:
6818:
6816:Opal formation
6813:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6793:Tempered glass
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6758:Polished plate
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
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6710:
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6695:
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6458:
6453:
6448:
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6433:
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6431:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6409:Leatherworking
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6362:Egg decorating
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5646:(Ely, England)
5641:
5635:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5612:
5611:External links
5609:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5584:
5579:978-1606061534
5578:
5561:
5555:
5538:
5524:
5517:
5507:
5500:
5483:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5437:
5420:
5413:
5399:
5385:
5371:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5310:
5300:
5287:
5274:
5261:
5244:
5226:On Divers Arts
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5187:
5186:
5173:
5142:
5127:
5123:978-0300077803
5103:
5089:
5074:
5044:
5030:
5018:
4993:
4954:
4929:
4914:
4902:
4880:
4857:
4808:
4764:
4753:Assessment of
4745:Ahmad Y Hassan
4737:
4713:
4706:
4680:
4655:
4646:
4633:Buried History
4619:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4551:
4528:
4509:
4494:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
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4390:
4378:
4362:
4345:
4333:
4310:
4298:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:Venetian glass
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4143:Carlo Roccella
4140:
4133:
4131:
4123:Leonard French
4117:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4070:Mordecai Ardon
4067:
4060:
4058:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4004:Belo Horizonte
3997:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3945:
3938:
3926:
3923:
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3918:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:The houses of
3856:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3792:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3547:JĂłzef Mehoffer
3540:
3534:
3520:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3432:
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3424:
3417:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3272:Buckfast Abbey
3262:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3220:
3213:
3111:Paul Woodroffe
3079:Ervin Bossanyi
3044:Walter Womacka
3026:Buckfast Abbey
3003:dalle de verre
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2950:, for home of
2938:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2839:
2815:Main article:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2691:William Morris
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:Turku, Finland
2662:
2655:
2653:
2649:Czech Republic
2642:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2601:
2562:Albrecht DĂŒrer
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2473:Viollet-le-Duc
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2426:William Wailes
2424:
2417:
2415:
2411:Ward and Nixon
2404:
2397:
2395:
2381:
2374:
2368:Daniel Cottier
2348:William Wailes
2320:Main article:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2271:Main article:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:16th century.
2111:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:Auch Cathedral
2055:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2012:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1971:Grote Sint-Jan
1881:Life of Christ
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:, 13th century
1801:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1688:
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1679:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1389:Southwest Asia
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1279:British Museum
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1125:frames called
1119:Came glasswork
1109:
1106:
1080:silver nitrate
1071:
1068:
1036:
1033:
1002:
1001:
984:September 2022
952:
950:
943:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
922:
920:
917:
910:
908:
901:
894:
892:
889:
882:
880:
877:
870:
867:
866:
830:
827:
826:
825:
807:
794:
791:
790:
789:
771:
765:
750:
739:
734:
731:
730:
729:
723:
717:Pure metallic
715:
702:
699:
698:
697:
690:
679:
674:to boron-rich
668:
655:
652:
636:Iron(II) oxide
631:
628:
602:
599:
594:
591:
590:
589:
579:German glass,
578:
571:
569:
560:
553:
551:
530:
523:
521:
514:
507:
495:
492:
483:
480:
471:
468:
460:silver nitrate
451:
448:
426:
423:
413:
410:
408:
405:
401:dalle de verre
391:
388:
332:
329:
312:
309:
296:potter's wheel
288:
285:
272:
269:
235:
234:
185:
183:
176:
170:
167:
163:life of Christ
148:Western Europe
109:metallic salts
103:As a material
94:foil glasswork
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8687:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8650:Stained glass
8648:
8647:
8645:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8576:Photographers
8574:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8522:single artist
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8497:Art movements
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8482:Art magazines
8480:
8479:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8422:art valuation
8420:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8306:Art movements
8304:
8302:
8301:Art manifesto
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8223:Arts festival
8221:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8144:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8063:
8062:Artwork title
8060:
8058:
8057:Stained glass
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7956:New media art
7954:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7877:Appropriation
7875:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7848:
7846:
7841:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7776:Stained glass
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7736:Lancet window
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7691:Beveled glass
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:An TĂșr Gloine
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:Manufacturers
7483:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7375:Geoffrey Webb
7373:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7346:Francis Skeat
7344:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7255:Marjorie Kemp
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7189:Moira Forsyth
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7100:Carl Almquist
7098:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:Architectural
7060:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:Organisations
7023:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6885:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:Stained glass
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6768:Rippled glass
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6708:Flashed glass
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Fritted glass
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6520:
6515:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Private press
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Faux painting
6370:
6368:
6367:Engraved gems
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6253:Stained glass
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6238:Glass etching
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Banner-making
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5536:0-917304-61-6
5533:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5510:Robert Sowers
5508:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:4-7636-2075-4
5495:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5452:0-7139-9281-6
5449:
5445:
5441:
5440:Simon Jenkins
5438:
5436:
5435:0-600-56281-6
5432:
5428:
5427:Stained Glass
5424:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5411:0-7181-2567-3
5408:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:1-85891-157-5
5394:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:0-86824-324-8
5380:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:0 9540457 4 2
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:0 9540457 3 4
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:0-486-23784-2
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5034:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5015:0-19-518948-5
5012:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4927:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4907:
4890:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4650:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4578:Uranium Glass
4574:
4567:
4562:
4554:
4552:9781402723537
4548:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4487:9780892365791
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Beveled glass
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:Public houses
3915:
3910:
3906:
3905:Tiffany glass
3900:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:Prairie style
3851:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3836:Victorian era
3823:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:Sint Janskerk
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:Dirck Crabeth
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:Meistratzheim
3368:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:Expressionist
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3151:Tony Hollaway
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:Gabriel Loire
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:Saint SĂ©verin
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:Expressionist
3060:
3059:Piet Mondrian
3056:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:An TĂșr Gloine
2980:
2976:
2972:
2957:
2956:New York City
2953:
2949:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:The Holy City
2916:
2911:
2907:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:John La Farge
2863:
2858:
2854:
2853:drapery glass
2850:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:John La Farge
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:Tiffany glass
2804:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2593:from emperor
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2546:(about 1900).
2545:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2168:Dirck Crabeth
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:Sint Janskerk
2149:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:Tree of Jesse
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2024:, 1498â1503,
2023:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:Paolo Uccello
1999:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:Dirck Crabeth
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:Hengrave Hall
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:Protestantism
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1769:Tree of Jesse
1763:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:Tree of Jesse
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1359:Portland Vase
1353:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:Monkwearmouth
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1290:Portland vase
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Thomas Becket
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:Angel gilding
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1024:Cousin's rose
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
998:
995:
987:
977:
973:
969:
963:
962:
958:
953:This section
951:
947:
942:
941:
926:
921:
914:
909:
905:
898:
893:
886:
881:
874:
869:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
832:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
797:
796:
787:
783:
779:
778:Uranium glass
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
737:
736:
727:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
704:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
657:
651:
649:
648:emerald green
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
598:
586:
582:
575:
570:
566:
565:
557:
552:
534:
527:
522:
518:
511:
506:
505:
504:
501:
491:
489:
482:Cold painting
479:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
447:
445:
441:
431:
422:
420:
419:flashed glass
404:
402:
398:
397:Tiffany glass
387:
385:
380:
374:
372:
371:flashed glass
331:Flashed glass
328:
326:
321:
317:
308:
306:
301:
297:
293:
284:
281:
277:
268:
266:
265:flashed glass
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
231:
228:
220:
210:
206:
202:
196:
195:
191:
186:This section
184:
180:
175:
174:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:stained glass
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:stained glass
101:
99:
95:
92:created from
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
76:glass artists
73:
69:
68:Stained glass
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Stained Glass
8512:most visited
8360:
8056:
7988:Plastic arts
7912:Found object
7786:Studio glass
7775:
7726:Glassblowing
7645:Fleur-de-lis
7606:
7602:York Minster
7507:Harry Clarke
7438:Edward Woore
7319:Sarah Purser
7280:Karl Parsons
7265:Mary Lowndes
7184:Mabel Esplin
7179:Alfred Drury
7142:Harry Clarke
7137:Brian Clarke
7037:Hogarth Club
6788:Studio glass
6782:
6763:Porous glass
6728:Glass mosaic
6713:Forest glass
6624:Artistic and
6429:Glass mosaic
6347:Bone carving
6252:
6147:Wood carving
6142:Wood burning
6117:Chip carving
6074:Scrapbooking
6059:Papier-mùché
6025:Papercutting
5978:Iris folding
5966:Photomontage
5961:Papier collé
5926:Altered book
5786:Cross-stitch
5685:. Retrieved
5681:the original
5672:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5588:Art Bulletin
5587:
5569:
5566:
5546:
5543:
5527:
5520:
5514:The Lost Art
5513:
5503:
5489:
5478:
5469:
5459:
5443:
5426:
5423:Lawrence Lee
5416:
5402:
5388:
5374:
5360:
5316:
5313:Brian Clarke
5289:
5276:
5263:
5250:
5225:
5209:google books
5192:
5181:
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5160:the original
5145:
5136:
5130:
5114:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5061:the original
5057:(in French)"
5054:
5047:
5033:
5006:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4940:
4923:
4917:
4893:. Retrieved
4883:
4872:
4860:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4784:
4780:
4759:
4754:
4740:
4728:. Retrieved
4722:
4716:
4689:
4683:
4671:. Retrieved
4667:
4658:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4632:
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4606:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4541:
4512:
4491:google books
4470:
4465:
4453:
4429:
4416:
4410:google books
4397:
4393:
4381:
4371:
4365:
4355:
4348:
4336:
4330:google books
4317:
4313:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4246:Studio glass
4118:
4097:Brian Clarke
3928:
3839:
3833:
3756:
3636:Brian Clarke
3576:
3488:York Minster
3462:
3425:
3362:
3341:GrossmĂŒnster
3321:Tree of Life
3320:
3266:designed by
3263:
3249:Marc Chagall
3207:York Minster
3201:in Germany,
3184:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3166:Brian Clarke
3162:Josef Albers
3155:
3107:Brian Clarke
3091:Karl Parsons
3071:John Hayward
3067:Marc Chagall
3051:Abstract art
3048:
3030:
2999:
2995:
2991:Harry Clarke
2987:Sarah Purser
2975:Mary Lowndes
2967:
2925:etched glass
2920:
2890:
2871:
2826:
2820:
2783:Alfons Mucha
2751:
2736:
2713:Belle Epoque
2707:
2684:
2576:
2570:
2555:
2503:
2461:
2383:
2343:John Hardman
2336:
2325:
2276:
2251:
2222:passed from
2217:
2182:
2147:
2094:Adam and Eve
2071:
2021:
1997:
1968:
1941:
1912:lead crystal
1897:
1850:
1834:
1820:York Minster
1787:Window from
1767:Detail of a
1731:
1712:
1708:
1689:
1670:
1638:window from
1634:Late Gothic
1597:
1562:
1547:
1511:
1504:
1428:sash windows
1424:Zand dynasty
1417:
1411:
1400:
1386:
1316:
1301:
1294:
1283:Lycurgus Cup
1252:
1239:
1192:
1188:
1187:showing the
1183:window from
1144:Maquette by
1126:
1123:
1111:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1020:silver stain
1019:
990:
981:
966:Please help
954:
822:Lead crystal
793:Purple glass
786:carcinogenic
733:Yellow glass
683:copper oxide
644:wine bottles
633:
604:
596:
585:Sebald Beham
562:
497:
485:
473:
453:
450:Silver stain
436:
415:
393:
375:
334:
316:Rolled glass
314:
311:Rolled glass
290:
274:
238:
223:
214:
199:Please help
187:
156:
133:
124:
112:
104:
102:
89:objets d'art
87:
70:is coloured
67:
66:
36:
8629:Arts portal
8502:Art museums
8417:art finance
8218:Arts centre
8182:Art gallery
8165:Art commune
8155:Art auction
7998:Printmaking
7927:Mixed media
7922:Kinetic art
7859:Visual arts
7766:Rose window
7711:Float glass
7674:Terminology
7476:John Ruskin
7324:Ethel Rhind
7292:Henry Payne
7231:Joan Howson
7162:Louis Davis
7117:Hugh Arnold
7016:Romanticism
6738:Lampworking
6678:Crown glass
6673:Cased glass
6668:Caneworking
6663:Broad sheet
6658:Blown plate
6456:Pietra dura
6419:Micromosaic
6352:Doll making
6306:Silversmith
6223:Cameo glass
6180:Earthenware
6152:Woodturning
6064:Pop-up book
6049:Papermaking
5936:Calligraphy
5931:Bookbinding
5861:Rug hooking
5831:Needlepoint
5811:Lace-making
5776:Canvas work
5446:, Penguin,
5224:(ca 1100).
4974:: 172â181.
4730:29 November
4673:29 November
4639:29 November
4612:29 November
4221:Float glass
4068:Windows by
4035:Switzerland
3379:Art Nouveau
3302:Switzerland
3230:Netherlands
3083:Louis Davis
3011:Jean Gaudin
2971:Glass House
2944: 1884
2902: 1900
2767: 1900
2720:designs of
2709:Art Nouveau
2647:, Olomouc,
2328:John Ruskin
2294:located in
2113:Renaissance
1944:Reformation
1893:St Lawrence
1857:Renaissance
1728:Ulm Munster
1617:Crucifixion
1598:Charlemagne
1550:rose window
1507:Middle Ages
1287:cameo glass
1016:Unterwalden
835:Tin dioxide
829:White glass
782:radioactive
661:cobalt blue
630:Green glass
620:New England
476:Jean Cousin
425:Glass paint
305:pontil mark
292:Crown glass
287:Crown glass
45:rose window
8644:Categories
8602:sculptures
8456:Provenance
8351:Art market
8258:Commission
8206:Art school
8194:Art museum
8160:Art colony
8148:and events
8008:street art
8003:Public art
7761:Quatrefoil
7309:John Piper
6991:Classicism
6957:Influences
6748:Millefiori
6648:Beadmaking
6570:Glass wool
6543:techniques
6541:Commercial
6535:techniques
6491:Wall decal
6414:Miniatures
6332:Assemblage
6200:Terracotta
6175:Bone china
6054:Paper toys
6020:Papercraft
5946:Cast paper
5941:Cardmaking
5888:String art
5878:Shoemaking
5866:Rug making
5836:Needlework
5791:Embroidery
5781:Crocheting
5742:handicraft
5556:1872501370
5468:Database:
5458:Database:
5259:0214206890
5222:Theophilus
5205:0754645576
5098:, Gemmail
4787:(6): 233.
4479:089236579X
4406:1118314204
4326:9004395717
4268:References
4251:Suncatcher
4121:(1978) by
4095:(1990) by
3573:Synagogues
3556:John Piper
3247:window by
3195:Orem, Utah
3095:John Piper
3053:form were
2997:produced.
2781:Window by
2581:and later
2261:, Austria.
2092:Detail of
1952:Henry VIII
1889:St Stephen
1671:King David
1619:window of
1535:Flamboyant
1516:and Early
1514:Romanesque
1491:See also:
1185:Canterbury
1127:ferramenta
1028:ruby glass
816:, or even
722:engraving.
654:Blue glass
564:Visitation
444:gum arabic
407:Techniques
217:April 2017
84:lead light
43:The north
8581:Sculptors
8487:Art media
8449:sculpture
8390:paintings
8311:Criticism
8093:paintings
8083:Collector
8015:Sculpture
7932:bricolage
7863:art world
7741:Leadlight
7731:Grisaille
7716:Glass art
7686:Art glass
7226:Evie Hone
7199:Jane Gray
7157:Trena Cox
7001:Exoticism
6830:Impactite
6821:Sea glass
6733:Glassware
6693:Engraving
6683:Cut glass
6643:Glass art
6638:Art glass
6633:Äina-kÄri
6486:Taxidermy
6476:Scrimshaw
6451:Pargeting
6377:Grotesque
6357:Dollhouse
6301:Goldsmith
6296:Jewellery
6286:Engraving
6243:Glassware
6228:Chip work
6195:Stoneware
6185:Porcelain
6137:Marquetry
6112:Carpentry
6107:Cabinetry
6084:Wallpaper
6010:Embossing
6003:Moneygami
5956:Decoupage
5841:Patchwork
5826:Millinery
5594:, 399â422
5315:(editor)
5236:, Dover,
4988:139197801
4939:Vidimus,
4852:244263358
4844:1346-7581
4803:2147-0626
4420:In fact
4105:Sculpture
4078:Jerusalem
3952:Barcelona
3848:windows.
3846:leadlight
3628:Torah ark
3514:Donatello
2718:leadlight
2631:, Belgium
2615:Ludwig II
2298:, Ecuador
2230:to Saint
2100:, France.
1921:Champagne
1869:Donatello
1822:(1338â39)
1696:, Austria
1543:Rayonnant
1479:Jerusalem
1405:alchemist
1297:alabaster
1263:Phoenicia
1255:Egyptians
1189:pot metal
1063:cathedral
955:does not
855:porcelain
802:gives an
800:manganese
758:yellowish
756:produces
706:Metallic
701:Red glass
687:turquoise
605:Ordinary
581:Nuremberg
500:sgraffito
440:grisaille
188:does not
80:sculpture
8559:Painters
8444:painting
8356:The arts
8316:feminist
8253:Biennale
7993:Portrait
7978:Painting
7949:graffiti
7902:Fine art
7861:and the
7808:Commons:
7746:Mandorla
7650:Heraldry
7635:Biblical
7630:Apostles
7580:Examples
6778:Slumping
6590:Pressing
6441:Ornament
6404:Lapidary
6399:Lath art
6382:Gargoyle
6342:Beadwork
6316:Ironwork
6132:Intarsia
6127:Fretwork
6122:ĂbĂ©niste
6102:Bentwood
6079:Stamping
6069:Quilling
6015:Marbling
5998:Kirigami
5988:Kamikiri
5893:Tapestry
5846:Quilting
5806:Knitting
5512:(1954).
5488:(1992).
5442:(2000).
5166:19 April
5125:, p. 452
5067:24 March
4945:Archived
4895:24 March
4520:Archived
4174:See also
4056:, Canada
4006:, Brazil
3753:Mausolea
3518:Ghiberti
3459:Churches
3377:with an
3375:mandorla
3291:Abstract
3222:De Stijl
3143:Chartres
3065:painter
3007:concrete
2675:. c.1875
2382:Detail,
2078:Beauvais
1973:Church,
1917:Normandy
1865:Ghiberti
1839:Fairford
1675:Augsburg
1565:Chartres
1395:city of
1393:Assyrian
1327:Damascus
1257:and the
1229:Eyneburg
1166:Portugal
1102:Eglomise
1048:maquette
839:antimony
804:amethyst
754:titanium
726:Selenium
640:chromium
624:Selenium
320:graphite
280:annealer
53:Chartres
8670:Windows
8564:by name
8507:largest
8344:Related
8328:outline
8110:Curator
8098:frescos
8035:tallest
8020:carving
7971:virtual
7966:digital
7961:history
7897:Drawing
7882:Collage
7870:Artwork
7817:Ireland
7791:Tracery
7771:Roundel
7751:Mullion
7665:Virtues
7655:Prophet
7625:Admiral
7464:Critics
7093:Artists
6921:History
6849:Related
6698:Etching
6653:Blowing
6615:Rolling
6595:Casting
6436:Netsuke
6291:Etching
6271:Andiron
6190:Pottery
6170:Azulejo
6162:Ceramic
6030:Chinese
5993:Origami
5983:Jianzhi
5951:Collage
5908:Weaving
5903:Tie-dye
5898:Tatting
5821:Macrame
5796:Felting
5763:Textile
5753:History
5687:16 June
5156:CNN.com
5082:Gemmail
5055:gemmail
4924:Aleteia
4291:13 June
4072:at the
3968:Liberec
3954:, Spain
3875:Shabaka
3630:of the
3599:, Paris
3510:Uccello
3040:Picasso
3032:Gemmail
3024:OSB of
2851:" and "
2805:(1904).
2577:In the
2528:Aveyron
2508:Thouars
2190:Limours
1942:At the
1904:Limoges
1883:or the
1873:Uccello
1853:windows
1512:In the
1397:Nineveh
1377:, Italy
1343:perfume
1275:Antioch
1249:Origins
1244:History
1233:Belgium
1059:tracery
1044:Vidimus
976:removed
961:sources
843:arsenic
820:glass.
774:Uranium
768:Cadmium
752:Adding
747:calcium
689:colour.
672:sulphur
650:glass.
544:⁄
379:abraded
366:
354:
349:
337:
209:removed
194:sources
117:Painted
61:St Anne
47:of the
8586:female
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