Stained glass - Knowledge

3887: 2835:(1848–1933), who received several patents for variations of the same opalescent process in November of the same year and he used the copper foil method as an alternative to lead in some windows, lamps and other decorations. Sanford Bray of Boston patented the use of copper foil in stained glass in 1886, However, a reaction against the aesthetics and technique of opalescent windows - led initially by architects such as Ralph Adams Cram - led to a rediscovery of traditional stained glass in the early 1900s. Charles J. Connick (1875–1945), who founded his Boston studio in 1913, was profoundly influenced by his study of medieval stained glass in Europe and by the Arts & Crafts philosophy of Englishman Christopher Whall. Connick created hundreds of windows throughout the US, including major glazing schemes at Princeton University Chapel (1927-9) and at Pittsburgh's Heinz Memorial Chapel (1937-8). Other American artist-makers who espoused a medieval-inspired idiom included Nicola D'Ascenzo of Philadelphia, Wilbur Burnham and Reynolds, Francis & Rohnstock of Boston and Henry Wynd Young and J. Gordon Guthrie of New York. 2731: 3779: 3420: 3795: 2705:(1849–1924), author of the classic craft manual 'Stained Glass Work' (published London and New York, 1905), who advocated the direct involvement of designers in the making of their windows. His masterpiece is the series of windows (1898–1910) in the Lady Chapel at Gloucester Cathedral. Whall taught at London's Royal College of Art and Central School of Arts and Crafts: his many pupils and followers included Karl Parsons, Mary Lowndes, Henry Payne, Caroline Townshend, Veronica Whall (his daughter) and Paul Woodroffe. The Scottish artist Douglas Strachan (1875–1950), who was much influenced by Whall's example, developed the Arts & Crafts idiom in an expressionist manner, in which powerful imagery and meticulous technique are masterfully combined. In Ireland, a generation of young artists taught by Whall's pupil Alfred Child at Dublin's Metropolitan School of Art created a distinctive national school of stained glass: its leading representatives were Wilhelmina Geddes, Michael Healy and Harry Clarke. 4086: 2842: 4152: 3899: 526: 556: 1741: 3644: 2015: 466:-red to yellow. Used on blue glass they produce greens. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colours produced by these compounds. The chemistry involved is complex and not well understood. The chemicals actually penetrate the glass they are added to a little way, and the technique therefore gives extremely stable results. By the 15th century it had become cheaper than using pot metal glass and was often used with glass paint as the only colour on transparent glass. Silver stain was applied to the opposite face of the glass to silver paint, as the two techniques did not work well one on top of the other. The stain was usually on the exterior face, where it appears to have given the glass some protection against weathering, although this can also be true for paint. They were also probably fired separately, the stain needing a lower heat than the paint. 1472: 2107: 574: 2066: 3388: 2862: 2746: 3738: 1175: 3993: 2934: 2035: 3216: 2482: 2245: 2211: 2161: 2377: 3941: 913: 873: 2796: 2638: 2199: 3330: 1992: 1610: 1778: 2126: 1592: 3435: 2658: 2498: 3357: 885: 2420: 1722: 510: 3656: 2435: 3172:

and craft of stained glass. From the outset, its chief objectives have been to promote and encourage high standards in stained glass painting and staining, to act as a locus for the exchange of information and ideas within the stained glass craft and to preserve the invaluable stained glass heritage of Britain. See www.bsmgp.org.uk for a range of stained glass lectures, conferences, tours, portfolios of recent stained glass commissions by members, and information on courses and the conservation of stained glass. Back issues of The Journal of Stained Glass are listed and there is a searchable index for stained glass articles, an invaluable resource for stained glass researchers.

3977: 2400: 1703: 897: 1629: 2285: 3723: 2087: 3815: 3687: 3164:, and the post-war achievements of Joachim Klos, Johannes Schreiter and Ludwig Shaffrath. This group of artists, who advanced the medium through the abandonment of figurative designs and painting on glass in favour of a mix of biomorphic and rigorously geometric abstraction, and the calligraphic non-functional use of leads, are described as having produced "the first authentic school of stained glass since the Middle Ages". The works of Ludwig Schaffrath demonstrate the late 20th-century trends in the use of stained glass for architectural purposes, filling entire walls with coloured and textured glass. In the 1970s young British stained-glass artists such as 4043: 1665: 2776: 3285: 1762: 2885: 2177: 2142: 3914: 925: 278:, a glass maker will gather a glob of molten glass that was taken from the pot heating in the furnace. The 'gather' is formed to the correct shape and a bubble of air blown into it. Using metal tools, molds of wood that have been soaking in water, and gravity, the gather is manipulated to form a long, cylindrical shape. As it cools, it is reheated so that the manipulation can continue. During the process, the bottom of the cylinder is removed. Once brought to the desired size it is left to cool. One side of the cylinder is opened, and the cylinder is then put into another oven to quickly heat and flatten it, and then placed in an 1684: 3621: 2915: 1007: 2537: 1453: 3311: 4113: 3404: 1797: 1648: 1813: 1202: 1139: 3705: 3764: 1352: 1577: 1336: 3239: 1155: 2623: 1829: 3590: 1437: 4136: 2604: 40: 4063: 2051: 3258: 3961: 3606: 4013: 2517: 1222: 3869: 3668: 263:, are added to make the glass more stable. Glass is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, and gold produces wine red and violet glass. Much of modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the clay pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to 2475:. Many of France's finest ancient windows were restored at that time. From 1839 onwards much stained glass was produced that very closely imitated medieval glass, both in the artwork and in the nature of the glass itself. The pioneers were Henri Gèrente and André Lusson. Other glass was designed in a more Classical manner, and characterised by the brilliant cerulean colour of the blue backgrounds (as against the purple-blue of the glass of Chartres) and the use of pink and mauve glass. 2305: 4028: 3179:

as defending and protecting its craft against regulations that might restrict its freedom as an architectural art form. The current president is Kathy Bernard. Today there are academic establishments that teach the traditional skills. One of these is Florida State University's Master Craftsman Program, which recently completed a 30 ft (9.1 m) high stained-glass windows, designed by Robert Bischoff, the program's director, and Jo Ann, his wife and installed to overlook

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York's Congregation Anshi Chesed. From the mid-20th century to the present, stained glass windows have been a ubiquitous feature of American synagogue architecture. Styles and themes for synagogue stained glass artwork are as diverse as their church counterparts. As with churches, synagogue stained glass windows are often dedicated by member families in exchange for major financial contributions to the institution.

7805: 555: 1089:. Painting on glass with these stains was initially used for small heraldic designs and other details. By the 17th century a style of stained glass had evolved that was no longer dependent upon the skilful cutting of coloured glass into sections. Scenes were painted onto glass panels of square format, like tiles. The colours were then annealed to the glass before the pieces were assembled. 142:, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the 525: 1082:. It gave a yellow effect ranging from pale lemon to deep orange. It was usually painted onto the outside of a piece of glass, then fired to make it permanent. This yellow was particularly useful for enhancing borders, canopies and haloes, and turning blue glass into green glass. By about 1450, a stain known as "Cousin's rose" was used to enhance flesh tones. 154:, they constitute the major form of medieval pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as "illuminated wall decorations". 3434: 3419: 478:" or "Cousin's rose", after its supposed inventor, is an iron-based fired paint producing red colours, mainly used to highlight small areas, often on flesh. It was introduced around 1500. Copper stain, similar to silver stain but using copper compounds, also produced reds, and was mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries. 3387: 2730: 2841: 438:

yellows than other methods in the Middle Ages. Alternatively they may be used for painting linear effects, or polychrome areas of detail. The most common method of adding the black linear painting necessary to define stained glass images is the use of what is variously called "glass paint", "vitreous paint", or "

2160: 307:, a distinctive lump of glass left by the "pontil" rod, which holds the glass as it is spun out. This lumpy, refractive quality means the bulls-eyes are less transparent, but they have still been used for windows, both domestic and ecclesiastical. Crown glass is still made today, but not on a large scale. 395:

work of centuries of other artists from which to learn as they continue the tradition in new ways. In the late 19th and 20th centuries there have been many innovations in techniques and in the types of glass used. Many new types of glass have been developed for use in stained glass windows, in particular

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In the United States, there is a 100-year-old trade organization, The Stained Glass Association of America, whose purpose is to function as a publicly recognized organization to assure survival of the craft by offering guidelines, instruction and training to craftspersons. The SGAA also sees its role

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Traditionally, when a window was inserted into the window space, iron rods were put across it at various points to support its weight. The window was tied to these rods with lead strips or, more recently, with copper wires. Some very large early Gothic windows are divided into sections by heavy metal

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The primary method of including colour in stained glass is to use glass, originally colourless, that has been given colouring by mixing with metal oxides in its melted state (in a crucible or "pot"), producing glass sheets that are coloured all the way through; these are known as "pot metal" glass. A

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In the UK, the professional organisation for stained glass artists has been the British Society of Master Glass Painters, founded in 1921. Since 1924 the BSMGP has published an annual journal, The Journal of Stained Glass. It continues to be Britain's only organisation devoted exclusively to the art

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might have seven lights in three tiers, with elaborate tracery. In medieval times the cartoon was drawn directly on the surface of a whitewashed table, which was then used as a pattern for cutting, painting and assembling the window. The cartoon is then divided into a patchwork, providing a template

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also describes how to create colored glass and artificial gemstones made from high-quality stained glass. The tradition of stained glass manufacture has continued, with mosques, palaces, and public spaces being decorated with stained glass throughout the Islamic world. The stained glass of Islam is

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appears colourless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a green tint which becomes evident in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. A number of additives are used to reduce the green tint, particularly if the glass is to be used for plain window

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Each piece of glass is selected for the desired colour and cut to match a section of the template. An exact fit is ensured by "grozing" the edges with a tool which can nibble off small pieces. Details of faces, hair and hands can be painted onto the inner surface of the glass using a special glass

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A lightly coloured molten gather is dipped into a pot of molten red glass, which is then blown into a sheet of laminated glass using either the cylinder (muff) or the crown technique described above. Once this method was found for making red glass, other colours were made this way as well. A great

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causes the molten bubble to open up and flatten. It can then be cut into small sheets. Glass formed this way can be either coloured and used for stained-glass windows, or uncoloured as seen in small paned windows in 16th- and 17th-century houses. Concentric, curving waves are characteristic of the

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A traditional narrative window has panels which relate a story. A figurative window could have rows of saints or dignitaries. Scriptural texts or mottoes are sometimes included and perhaps the names of the patrons or the person to whose memory the window is dedicated. In a window of a traditional

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There are a number of glass factories, notably in Germany, the United States, England, France, Poland and Russia, which produce high-quality glass, both hand-blown (cylinder, muff, crown) and rolled (cathedral and opalescent). Modern stained-glass artists have a number of resources to use and the

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to reveal the clear or tinted glass below. The method allows rich detailing and patterns to be achieved without needing to add more lead-lines, giving artists greater freedom in their designs. A number of artists have embraced the possibilities flashed glass gives them. For instance, 16th-century

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In addition to Christian churches, stained glass windows have been incorporated into Jewish temple architecture for centuries. Jewish communities in the United States saw this emergence in the mid-19th century, with such notable examples as the sanctuary depiction of the Ten Commandments in New

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techniques were often used. This involved painting a colour over pot metal glass of another colour, and then before firing selectively scratching the glass paint away to make the design, or the lettering of an inscription. This was the most common method of making inscriptions in early medieval

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Another group of techniques give additional colouring, including lines and shading, by treating the surfaces of the coloured sheets, and often fixing these effects by a light firing in a furnace or kiln. These methods may be used over broad areas, especially with silver stain, which gave better

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table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or by machine. Glass can be "double rolled", which means it is passed through two cylinders at once (similar to the clothes wringers on older washing

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A revival occurred in the middle of the century because of a desire to restore thousands of church windows throughout Europe destroyed as a result of World War II bombing. German artists led the way. Much work of the period is mundane and often was not made by its designers, but industrially

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Stained glass was first imported to Latin America during the 17th–18th centuries by Portuguese and Spanish settlers. By the 20th century, many European artists had begun to establish their own studios within Latin America and had started up local production. With these new local studios came

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In France there was a greater continuity of stained glass production than in England. In the early 19th century most stained glass was made of large panes that were extensively painted and fired, the designs often being copied directly from oil paintings by famous artists. In 1824 the

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of an inch (3 mm) thick to survive the push and pull of typical wind loads. However, in the creation of red glass, the colouring ingredients must be of a certain concentration, or the colour will not develop. This results in a colour so intense that at the thickness of

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stained glass design flourished in France, and Eastern Europe, where it can be identified by the use of curving, sinuous lines in the lead, and swirling motifs. In France it is seen in the work of Francis Chigot of Limoges. In Britain it appears in the refined and formal

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are often coupled together in the same window. The French Revolution brought about the neglect or destruction of many windows in France. Nonetheless, the country still holds the largest set of Renaissance stained glass in its churches, particularly in the regions of

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Other artists sought to transform an ancient art form into a contemporary one, sometimes using traditional techniques while exploiting the medium of glass in innovative ways and in combination with different materials. The use of slab glass, a technique known as

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Once the glass is cut and painted, the pieces are assembled by slotting them into H-sectioned lead cames. All the joints are then soldered together and the glass pieces are prevented from rattling and the window made weatherproof by forcing a soft oily cement or

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Stained glass windows were commonly used in churches for decorative and informative purposes. Many windows are donated to churches by members of the congregation as memorials of loved ones. For more on the use of stained glass to depict religious subjects, see

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Many 19th-century firms failed early in the 20th century as the Gothic movement was superseded by newer styles. At the same time there were also some interesting developments where stained glass artists took studios in shared facilities. Examples include the

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produces a very dark red, opaque glass. Glass created in this manner is generally "flashed" (laminated glass). It was used extensively in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and exploited for the decorative effects that could be achieved by sanding and

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paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground glass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or (traditionally) urine. The art of painting details became increasingly elaborate and reached its height in the early 20th century.

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developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the

567:; pot metal, including white glass, black vitreous paint, yellow silver stain, and olive-green enamel. The plant patterns in the red sky are formed by scratching away black paint from the red glass before firing. Restored with new lead cames. 2434: 3929:

Stained glass has often been used as a decorative element in public buildings, initially in places of learning, government or justice but increasingly in other public and commercial places such as banks, retailers and railway stations.

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inch (3 mm), the red glass transmits little light and appears black. The method employed to create red stained glass is to laminate a thin layer of red glass to a thicker body of glass that is clear or lightly tinted, forming

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machines) to yield glass of a specified thickness (typically about 1/8" or 3mm). The glass is then annealed. Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the mid-1830s and is widely used today. It is often called

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to cool at a controlled rate, making the material more stable. "Hand-blown" or "mouth-blown" cylinder (also called muff glass) and crown glass were the types used in the traditional fabrication of stained-glass windows.

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of Birmingham, whose nephew, John Hardman Powell, had a commercial eye and exhibited works at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, influencing stained glass in the United States of America. Other manufacturers included

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in Suffolk are among the finest. With the latter wave of destruction the traditional methods of working with stained glass died, and were not rediscovered in England until the early 19th century. See

161:, history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church – episodes from the 3844:

which, despite what the name suggests, is pale-coloured and textured. Some large homes have splendid examples of secular pictorial glass. Many small houses of the 19th and early 20th centuries have

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Mausolea, whether for general community use or for private family use, may employ stained glass as a comforting entry for natural light, for memorialization, or for display of religious imagery.

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The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century with its renewed interest in the medieval church, brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by

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inventive techniques and less traditional imagery. Examples of these more modern works of art are the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourde and the Templo Vótivo de Maipú both located in Chile.

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In Europe, stained glass continued to be produced; the style evolved from the Gothic to the Classical, which is well represented in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, despite the rise of

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process. The centre of each piece of glass, known as the "bull's-eye", is subject to less acceleration during spinning, so it remains thicker than the rest of the sheet. It also has the

6947: 3034:, a technique developed by the French artist Jean Crotti in 1936 and perfected in the 1950s, is a type of stained glass where adjacent pieces of glass are overlapped without using lead 1039:

The first stage in the production of a window is to make, or acquire from the architect or owners of the building, an accurate template of the window opening that the glass is to fit.

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may also be provided. The designer must take into account the design, the structure of the window, the nature and size of the glass available and his or her own preferred technique.

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for the house of Adriaen Dircxzoon van Crimpen of Leiden (1543). The windows show scenes from the lives of the Prophet Samuel and the Apostle Paul. Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.

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paint". This was applied as a mixture of powdered glass, iron or rust filings to give a black colour, clay, and oil, vinegar or water for a brushable texture, with a binder such as

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are called Orosi windows (or transliterated as Arasi, and Orsi), and were once used for decoration, as well as controlling the incoming sunlight in the hot and semi-arid climate.

4042: 1221: 165:; within a parliament building – shields of the constituencies; within a college hall – figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home – flora, fauna, or landscape. 2334:. Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about a great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making. 115:

in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead, called cames or calms, and supported by a rigid frame.

3722: 3257: 1702: 710:, in very low concentrations (around 0.001%), produces a rich ruby-coloured glass ("ruby gold"); in even lower concentrations it produces a less intense red, often marketed as " 1436: 3763: 1863:. The scheme includes three ocular windows for the dome and three for the facade which were designed from 1405 to 1445 by several of the most renowned artists of this period: 2824:, established in 1857 in New York City, was the first major decorative arts studio in the United States and for many years a major producer of ecclesiastical stained glass. 2560:, were completed in the medieval style. There was a great demand for stained glass. The designs for many windows were based directly on the work of famous engravers such as 1591: 1777: 1683: 1201: 7811: 878:

13th-century window from Chartres showing extensive use of the ubiquitous cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, details of amber and borders of flashed red glass.

247:, the essential material for glass manufacture. Silica requires a very high temperature to melt, something not all glass factories were able to achieve. Such materials as 1520:

period, from about 950 to 1240, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at

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Evidence of stained-glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as the 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when

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against "abused images" (the object of veneration) resulted in the loss of thousands of windows. Few remain undamaged; of these the windows in the private chapel at

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is hand-blown glass created by blowing a bubble of air into a gather of molten glass and then spinning it, either by hand or on a table that revolves rapidly like a

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produced designs for many stained glass windows that are intensely coloured and crammed with symbolic details. Important 20th-century stained glass artists include

7449: 5319:(1979). Johannes Schreiter, Martin Harrison, Ludwig Schaffrath, John Piper, and Patrick Reyntiens. Architectural Record Books. London: McGraw-Hill Education, 1979 4135: 3238: 2589:, which still exists today. Carl Geyling's Erben completed numerous stained glass windows for major churches in Vienna and elsewhere, and received an imperial and 3655: 1092:

A method used for embellishment and gilding is the decoration of one side of each of two pieces of thin glass, which are then placed back to back within the lead

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at the church of St Michael Paternoster Row, by English artist John Hayward combines traditional methods with a distinctive use of shard-like sections of glass.

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in England. There are also contemporary stained glass artists in the US who are creating stained glass windows based on grids, rather than recognizable images.

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heraldic windows relied heavily on a variety of flashed colours for their intricate crests and creatures. In the medieval period the glass was abraded; later,

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glass, giving white or light letters on a black background, with later inscriptions more often using black painted letters on a transparent glass background.

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in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window.

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was used to remove the flash in a chemical reaction (a very dangerous technique), and in the 19th century sandblasting started to be used for this purpose.

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Conrad Rudolph (2015). 'The Parabolic Discourse Window and the Canterbury Roll: Social Change and the Assertion of Elite Status at Canterbury Cathedral',

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After the First World War, stained glass window memorials were a popular choice among wealthier families, examples can be found in churches across the UK.

2574:. German stained glass found a market across Europe, in America and Australia. Stained glass studios were also founded in Italy and Belgium at this time. 4305: 2467:

porcelain factory began producing stained glass to supply the increasing demand. In France many churches and cathedrals suffered despoliation during the

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for each small glass piece. The exact position of the lead which holds the glass in place is also noted, as it is part of the calculated visual effect.

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and many domestic examples survive. In their simplest form they typically depict birds and flowers in small panels, often surrounded with machine-made

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is an important agent to make pink and red glass. When used together with cadmium sulphide, it yields a brilliant red colour known as "Selenium Ruby".

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Research carried out by David Lawrence on behalf of the Representative Church Body of the Church of Ireland, partially funded by the Heritage Council

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to join the pieces, allowing for greater diversity and subtlety of colour. Many famous works by late 19th- and early 20th-century painters, notably

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In early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries, there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced

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A full-sized cartoon is drawn for every "light" (opening) of the window. A small church window might typically have two lights, with some simple

3704: 2428:. This window has the bright pastel colour, wealth of inventive ornament, and stereotypical gestures of windows by this firm. St Mary's, Chilham 454:"Silver stain", introduced soon after 1300, produced a wide range of yellow to orange colours; this is the "stain" in the term "stained glass". 2603: 1647: 1351: 2204:

Glass painting depicting Mordnacht (murder night) on 23/24 February 1350 and heraldry of the first Meisen guild's Zunfthaus, Zürich (c. 1650).

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The subject matter of the window is determined to suit the location, a particular theme, or the wishes of the patron. A small design called a

6927: 6886: 5096: 4185: 1576: 2516: 587:, c. 1525. Silver stain produces a range of yellows and gold, and painted on the reverse of the blue sky, gives the dark green of the cross. 4818:"Evaluating the visual comfort of Orosi windows in hot and semi-arid climates through climate-based daylight metrics: a quantitative study" 5052: 2878:

shows the use of tiny panes contrasting with large areas of opalescent glass. Window restored by Victor Rothman Stained Glass, Yonkers NY.

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between the glass and the cames. In modern windows, copper foil is now sometimes used instead of lead. For further technical details, see

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as a material or works created from it. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained

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shows the strongly linear design and use of flashed glass for which Burne-Jones' designs are famous. Trinity Church, Boston, US, (1882)

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Integrated with the lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or

486:"Cold paint" is various types of paint that were applied without firing. Contrary to the optimistic claims of the 12th century writer 8389: 6516: 5728: 5271: 4504: 2585:, one of the leading stained glass artists was Carl Geyling, who founded his studio in 1841. His son would continue the tradition as 4577: 4457: 3667: 890:

A 19th-century window illustrates the range of colours common in both Medieval and Gothic Revival glass, Lucien Begule, Lyon (1896).

6879: 3868: 2758:, this window has no glass painting, but relies entirely on leadlines and skilful placement of colour and tone. Franciscan Church, 1085:

In the 16th century, a range of glass stains were introduced, most of them coloured by ground glass particles. They were a form of

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type, it is usually left to the discretion of the designer to fill the surrounding areas with borders, floral motifs and canopies.

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A window by Tiffany illustrating the development and use of multi-coloured flashed, streaky glasses at the end of the 19th century.

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was only born in 1500, at the same time as the tehnique; claims that he was the first French painter in oils might be more valid.

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in some countries make extensive use of stained glass and leaded lights to create a comfortable atmosphere and retain privacy.

1977:. The windows, some of which are 18 metres (59 feet) high, date from 1555 to the early 1600s; the earliest is the work of 1391:

began in ancient times. One of the region's earliest surviving formulations for the production of colored glass comes from the

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colour. Manganese is one of the oldest glass additives, and purple manganese glass has been used since early Egyptian history.

646:. The addition of chromium yields dark green glass, suitable for flashed glass. Together with tin oxide and arsenic it yields 7362: 7247: 7235: 5368: 5354: 5344: 5334: 5324: 5284: 4705: 2701:, which regenerated stained glass throughout the English-speaking world. Amongst its most important exponents in England was 6445: 1104:

to produce an effect visible from both sides but not exposing the decorated surface to the atmosphere or mechanical damage.

8411: 6509: 5307: 5297: 4210: 3393:

Mid-20th-century window showing a continuation of ancient and 19th-century methods applied to a modern historical subject.

17: 4519: 8533: 7849: 7178: 5542: 4629:"Early Church Architectural Forms: a Theologically Contextual Typology for the Eastern Churches of the 4th–6th Centuries" 4215: 3983: 3919:

A dividing screen in a household of musicians, by Jeffrey Hamilton, (2021), Sydney, Australia. (permission of JHamilton)

2978: 1500: 1317:

In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during the Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at

1329:

and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass.

745:

and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulphides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. With

8543: 8433: 7396: 7208: 6742: 5577: 5122: 3560: 3409:

Figurative design using the lead lines and minimal glass paint in the 13th-century manner combined with the texture of

3070: 1509:

when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace.

1310:. Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at 4944: 2847:

Many of the distinctive types of glass invented by Tiffany are demonstrated within this single small panel including "

2789:

Prague, has a montage of images, rather than a tightly organised visual structure, creating an Expressionistic effect.

315: 8601: 8367: 5640:, over 10,000 photos; a multi-year photographic survey of Canada's stained glass from many countries; 1856 to present 5535: 5497: 5451: 5434: 5410: 5396: 5382: 5241: 5014: 4550: 4486: 3692: 3536: 2802: 2644: 2391: 1367: 993: 918:

A late 20th-century window showing a graded range of colours. Ronald Whiting, Chapel Studios. Tattershall Castle, UK.

226: 975: 208: 8597: 8568: 8511: 7198: 6310: 2628: 1895:. One of the cupola windows has since been lost, and that by Donatello has lost nearly all of its painted details. 634:

While very pale green is the typical colour of transparent glass, deeper greens can be achieved by the addition of

111:

during its manufacture, and usually then further decorating it in various ways. The coloured glass is crafted into

7430: 7408: 5246: 3999: 2622: 784:

enough to be dangerous, but if ground into a powder, such as by polishing with sandpaper, and inhaled, it can be

1887:, surrounded by a wide floral border, with two smaller facade windows by Ghiberti showing the martyred deacons, 7379: 7350: 7104: 5554: 5258: 5204: 4478: 4405: 4325: 1947: 1404: 971: 967: 764:

glass. Titanium is rarely used on its own and is more often employed to intensify and brighten other additives.

204: 200: 31: 3947: 1946:

in England, large numbers of medieval and Renaissance windows were smashed and replaced with plain glass. The

663:, which at a concentration of 0.025% to 0.1% in soda-lime glass achieves the brilliant blue characteristic of 8521: 8210: 7629: 7442: 7284: 7274: 5721: 4027: 4162: 2831:(1835–1910), who invented opalescent glass and for which he received a U.S. patent on 24 February 1880, and 2801:

Art Nouveau by Jacques Grüber, the glass harmonising with the curving architectural forms that surround it,

2291: 8538: 8372: 8174: 7541: 7296: 7166: 2590: 2556:

During the mid- to late 19th century, many of Germany's ancient buildings were restored, and some, such as

2443:. A narrative window with elegant forms and colour which is both brilliant and subtle in its combinations. 2227: 1923:

where there were vivid ateliers in many cities until the early 17th century with the stained glass painter

5586:

Conrad Rudolph (2011). 'Inventing the Exegetical Stained-Glass Window: Suger, Hugh, and a New Elite Art',

5565: 3197:

is 200 feet (61 m) long and has been compared to those in several European cathedrals, including the

8654: 8528: 8506: 8327: 7496: 7005: 6855: 4752: 2310:

Large stained glass window at the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourdes. Located in Buenos Aires, Argentina

1306:

imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at

63:, mother of the Virgin, with four righteous leaders. The window includes the arms of France and Castile. 8553: 8438: 7780: 7151: 7041: 6687: 6604: 5752: 5676: 5159: 4240: 3010: 4748: 2491:

designed in the 13th-century style by L. Steiheil and painted by Coffetier for Viollet-le-Duc, (1861).

1129:. This method of support was also favoured for large, usually painted, windows of the Baroque period. 8664: 8659: 7470: 7068: 5060: 3631: 3122: 2755: 2721: 2594: 1415:

generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text.

770:

together with sulphur results in deep yellow colour, often used in glazes. However, cadmium is toxic.

738:

This was very often achieved by "silver stain" applied externally to the sheets of glass (see above).

597:

These are the colours in which the glass itself is made, as opposed to colours applied to the glass.

563: 516: 8674: 8592: 8585: 8563: 8186: 7531: 7031: 6985: 6975: 6802: 6772: 6584: 6579: 6559: 6376: 5714: 4195: 4019: 3440:

The principal window of the Temple of Maipú, Chile, depicting the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, by

2970: 2698: 2359: 2252: 1161: 1145: 956: 189: 4777:"The Comparative Study of Art of Manufacturing Orosi and Stained Glass Windows in Iran and Europe" 3118: 1006: 8516: 8377: 8034: 7842: 7705: 7420: 7303: 7111: 5987: 4963: 4776: 3444:, showing the traditional use of blue as the predominant colour, emphasising an association with 3018: 2848: 2586: 2523: 2025: 1513: 960: 532: 193: 2097: 1061:

lights above. A large window might have four or five lights. The east or west window of a large

157:

The design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from the

8649: 8548: 8491: 8315: 7596: 7374: 7328: 6937: 3190: 2444: 2272: 1496: 788:. When used with lead glass with a very high proportion of lead, it produces a deep red colour. 151: 5208: 4602: 4490: 4409: 2908:. Symmetrical design, "Aesthetic Style", a limited palette and extensive use of mottled glass. 531:

Renaissance roundel using only black or brown glass paint, and silver stain. The bishop-saint

8575: 8496: 8481: 8242: 8129: 8092: 7551: 7516: 7220: 7173: 7161: 7146: 6564: 6029: 5545:

English and French medieval stained glass in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

4888: 4873: 4421: 3878: 3801: 3696: 3564: 3475: 3082: 2951: 2875: 2832: 2786: 2387: 1951: 1880: 1567:

was the greatest centre of stained glass manufacture, producing glass of unrivalled quality.

1407: 858: 475: 378: 162: 97: 8361: 4329: 3554:, England, mid-20th-century glass by various designers, the large baptistry window being by 2923:

by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1905). This 58-panel window has brilliant red, orange, and yellow

327:, but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown. 8448: 8401: 8198: 8087: 7906: 7607: 7586: 7291: 7242: 7078: 6757: 6677: 6574: 6465: 6034: 5292:, Special Issue, The Stained Glass Collection of Sir John Soane's Museum, Vol. XXVII, 2003 5221: 5081: 4235: 3677: 3612: 3481: 3394: 3146: 3042:, have been reproduced in gemmail. A major exponent of this technique is the German artist 3014: 2543: 2154:, maker Adriaen Gerritszoon de Vrije (Gouda); design Joachim Wtewael (Utrecht) (1595–1600). 1974: 1920: 1803: 1788: 1601: 1525: 1443: 487: 291: 3114: 3049:

Among the early well-known 20th-century artists who experimented with stained glass as an

2390:, 1861–67, typical of Hardman in its elegant arrangement of figures and purity of colour. 906:

showing the combination of painted glass and intense colour common in Renaissance windows.

618:, and may result in a slightly mauve tint, characteristic of the glass in older houses in 82:. Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic 8: 8501: 8465: 8443: 8322: 8237: 7876: 7680: 7501: 7308: 7259: 6942: 5882: 5800: 5233: 4690:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

4180: 4126: 3805: 3785: 3555: 3465: 3157: 3094: 2947: 2894: 2821: 2363: 1943: 1876: 1784: 1538: 1529: 1517: 1492: 1046:(from Latin "we have seen") is prepared which can be shown to the patron. A scaled model 647: 615: 5180:

Koestlé-Cate, Jonathan. "Grids: A Kraussian Perspective on New Windows for the Church."

4962:

M. Corrêa Pinto, Amanda; Macedo, Maria Filomena; G. Vilarigues, Márcia (November 2018).

4867: 2664: 8623: 8406: 8232: 8082: 7835: 7591: 7566: 7536: 7386: 7357: 6825: 6614: 5339:

Caroline Swash, 'The 100 Best Stained Glass Sites in London', Malvern Arts Press, 2015

4983: 4847: 3859: 3728: 3551: 3542: 3505: 3267: 3185: 3102: 3021: 2694: 2338: 2231: 2005: 1884: 1620: 1583: 1521: 903: 675: 664: 56: 48: 5631: 4697: 3168:

were influenced by the large scale and abstraction in German twentieth-century glass.

8580: 8558: 8486: 8227: 8041: 7960: 7891: 7556: 7391: 7340: 7203: 7193: 7083: 6995: 6732: 6717: 6662: 6657: 6388: 6336: 6242: 6058: 5573: 5550: 5531: 5493: 5477: 5447: 5430: 5406: 5392: 5378: 5364: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5320: 5303: 5293: 5280: 5267: 5254: 5237: 5229: 5200: 5152:"History illuminated: The evolution of knowledge told through 60,000 pieces of glass" 5118: 5010: 4987: 4851: 4839: 4798: 4701: 4546: 4482: 4474: 4401: 4321: 4280: 4190: 4158: 3821: 3743:

Late 20th-century stained glass from Temple Ohev Sholom, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania by

3714: 3499: 3441: 3225: 3198: 3098: 3086: 3054: 2702: 2610: 2557: 2468: 2410: 2406: 2235: 2184: 2132: 2041: 1747: 1557: 1374: 838: 781: 686: 611: 383: 318:(sometimes called "table glass") is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or 299: 295: 279: 59:. It represents the Virgin Mary, surrounded by Biblical kings and prophets. Below is 5661: 3546: 2561: 1285:, which is a murky mustard color but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the 39: 8669: 8460: 8262: 8257: 8247: 8046: 7916: 7720: 7526: 7511: 7415: 7369: 7131: 6647: 6532: 6470: 6408: 6331: 6275: 5196: 4975: 4964:"The conservation of stained-glass windows in Latin America: A literature overview" 4829: 4788: 4693: 4225: 4053: 3874: 3522: 3517: 3366: 3074: 2440: 2355: 2342: 1860: 1639: 842: 803: 252: 143: 108: 7491: 6871: 4834: 4817: 3525:, The Netherlands, date from 1555 to the early 1600s; the earliest is the work of 2982: 8618: 8428: 8396: 8290: 8267: 7982: 7700: 7546: 7215: 7126: 7010: 6980: 6860: 6702: 6609: 6599: 6480: 6280: 6232: 6009: 5737: 5706: 5485: 5038: 4979: 4948: 4523: 4049: 3840: 3744: 3596: 3493: 3410: 3202: 2924: 2905: 2686: 2668: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2488: 2351: 2223: 2218: 1955: 1924: 1553: 1419: 1303: 1208: 1086: 813: 711: 606: 463: 324: 260: 244: 128: 7827: 5960: 5621: 4922:

Elisabeth Bonnefoi, "On a fini de recenser les plus anciens vitraux de France",

4688:

Boulogne, Stéphanie (2015). "Glass in the Middle East". In Helaine Selin (ed.).

3340: 8282: 8272: 8169: 8051: 7886: 7695: 7561: 7521: 7425: 7403: 7313: 7269: 7121: 7073: 6839: 6834: 6792: 6692: 6632: 6440: 6361: 6014: 5053:"Le grand dictionnaire Qu&#233bec government's online dictionary entry for 4744: 4516: 4255: 4122: 4092: 4069: 4003: 3852: 3539:, Australia, early complete cycle of 19th-century glass, Hardman of Birmingham. 3530: 3271: 3110: 3078: 3043: 3025: 3002: 2927:

for the sunrise, with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water.

2690: 2648: 2472: 2425: 2367: 2347: 2331: 2056: 1982: 1388: 1278: 1118: 1079: 1011: 635: 490:, cold paint is not very durable, and very little medieval paint has survived. 459: 400: 147: 93: 88: 6501: 5457: 5329:

Peter Cormack, 'Arts & Crafts Stained Glass', Yale University Press, 2015

1410:, discusses the production of colored glass in ancient Babylon and Egypt. The 776:(0.1% to 2%) can be added to give glass a fluorescent yellow or green colour. 8643: 8421: 8310: 8300: 8222: 8061: 7955: 7735: 7690: 7345: 7254: 7188: 7099: 6767: 6707: 6697: 6594: 6589: 6554: 6460: 6371: 6237: 6121: 5770: 5680: 5509: 5439: 4843: 4802: 4793: 4471:

Painting on Light: Drawings and Stained Glass in the Age of Dürer and Holbein

4318:

Investigations in Medieval Stained Glass: Materials, Methods, and Expressions

4200: 3904: 3835: 3673: 3526: 3509: 3370: 3316: 3244: 3150: 3138: 3062: 3058: 2955: 2867: 2852: 2828: 2816: 2167: 2151: 2072: 2001: 1978: 1970: 1959: 1899: 1872: 1768: 1635: 1358: 1307: 1289: 1270: 1254: 1180: 1097: 862: 777: 418: 396: 370: 264: 5702:

Stained-glass windows by Sergio de Castro in France, Germany and Switzerland

3892:

Domestic stained glass of a hunting scene by Bogtman of Haarlem, Netherlands

2059:(France), Renaissance stained glass by Arnaud de Moles (detail), 1507–1513). 1078:

From 1300 onwards, artists started using "silver stain" which was made with

8305: 7987: 7911: 7785: 7725: 7644: 7601: 7506: 7437: 7318: 7279: 7264: 7183: 7141: 7136: 7036: 6970: 6787: 6762: 6727: 6722: 6712: 6652: 6428: 6366: 6346: 6262: 6146: 6116: 6078: 6073: 6024: 5977: 5965: 5925: 5785: 5762: 5422: 5312: 5028:

Peter Cormack, Arts & Crafts Stained Glass, Yale University Press, 2015

4343:, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 287-288 4245: 4096: 3931: 3635: 3487: 3290: 3248: 3206: 3165: 3161: 3156:

In Germany, stained glass development continued with the inter-war work of

3106: 3090: 3066: 3050: 2990: 2986: 2974: 2782: 2712: 2093: 1911: 1819: 1537:

style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the

1423: 1282: 1258: 821: 785: 682: 642:

it gives glass of a richer green colour, typical of the glass used to make

584: 275: 5349:

Nicola Gordon Bowe, 'Wilhelmina Geddes, Life and Work', Four Courts Press

429: 8628: 8416: 8295: 8217: 8181: 8164: 8154: 8119: 7997: 7970: 7965: 7926: 7921: 7858: 7765: 7710: 7475: 7323: 7230: 7116: 7015: 6737: 6672: 6667: 6549: 6455: 6418: 6413: 6305: 6222: 6179: 6161: 6151: 6093: 6063: 6048: 6019: 5935: 5930: 5860: 5830: 5775: 4653:

Discovering stained glass – John Harries, Carola Hicks, Edition: 3 – 1996

4220: 4034: 3378: 3301: 3229: 2708: 2337:

Among the earliest 19th-century English manufacturers and designers were

2327: 2112: 1892: 1856: 1727: 1616: 1549: 1506: 1427: 1286: 1015: 834: 660: 643: 619: 304: 259:

can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as

240: 44: 5622:

SGAA Sourcebook Find a Studio – The Stained Glass Association of America

4663: 4099:, which spans the 400 foot length of the street to form a covered arcade 1771:

from York Minster (c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England.

8455: 8350: 8205: 8193: 8159: 8114: 8104: 8007: 8002: 7760: 6990: 6747: 6569: 6490: 6199: 6174: 6141: 6053: 5945: 5940: 5887: 5877: 5865: 5850: 5835: 5790: 5741: 5467: 5128: 4436:, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 288 4388:, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 290 4320:, xvii, eds., Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, Elizabeth Pastan, 2019, BRILL, 4250: 3194: 2330:

to be "the true Catholic style". The architectural movement was led by

1888: 1534: 1184: 443: 5820: 4580:

www.glassassociation.org.uk (Barrie Skelcher). Retrieved 3 August 2006

3017:. One of the most prolific glass artists using this technique was the 2568:, which commenced glass production in 1860, and is still operating as 2471:. During the 19th century a great number of churches were restored by 1418:

Stained glass creation had flourished in Persia (now Iran) during the

549: in (22 cm). Designed to be placed low, close to the viewer. 8124: 8014: 7931: 7862: 7740: 7730: 7715: 7685: 7225: 7156: 7000: 6829: 6820: 6682: 6642: 6637: 6485: 6475: 6450: 6356: 6300: 6295: 6285: 6227: 6214: 6194: 6184: 6136: 6111: 6106: 6083: 6039: 6002: 5955: 5840: 5825: 5643: 5417:

The Luminous Image: Painted Glass Roundels in the Lowlands, 1480-1560

4723:

Islamic Glass in the Making Chronological and Geographical Dimensions

4077: 3951: 3845: 3627: 3513: 2717: 2614: 2413:(1855), is a formal arrangement of small narrative scenes in roundels 1868: 1542: 1478: 1296: 1262: 1062: 854: 799: 696:, at different concentrations, produces blue, violet, or black glass. 580: 499: 439: 83: 79: 75: 4866: 4816:

Omidi, Ali; Golchin, Navid; Masoud, Seyed Ehsan (3 September 2022).

4721: 4628: 3484:, in England, 12th to 15th century plus 19th- and 20th-century glass 2759: 2506:

by Lobin in the painterly style (19th century) Church of St Medard,

2464: 1879:. Each major ocular window contains a single picture drawn from the 945: 469: 178: 8355: 8252: 7992: 7977: 7948: 7901: 7745: 7649: 6777: 6403: 6398: 6381: 6341: 6315: 6131: 6126: 6101: 6068: 5997: 5892: 5845: 5805: 3397:

window at St Peters, Derby, made for the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary

3374: 3221: 3142: 3006: 2077: 1916: 1864: 1838: 1674: 1564: 1326: 1228: 1165: 1101: 1047: 753: 725: 639: 623: 319: 52: 5655: 5506:, Neuss : Verl. Gesellschaft für Buchdruckerei OCLC 632380232 4961: 2569: 1677:

Cathedral, early 12th century. One of the oldest examples in situ.

610:

glass, rather than stained glass windows. These additives include

8109: 8019: 7896: 7881: 7790: 7770: 7750: 7654: 7624: 6435: 6290: 6270: 6189: 6169: 5992: 5982: 5950: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5780: 3967: 3834:

Stained glass windows in houses were particularly popular in the

3039: 3031: 2527: 2507: 2189: 1969:

In the Netherlands a rare scheme of glass has remained intact at

1903: 1846: 1396: 1392: 1342: 1274: 1232: 1058: 773: 767: 746: 671: 60: 5637: 5632:

Church Stained Glass Window Database recorded by Robert Eberhard

4775:

Mehrizi, Zahra Sadat Abooei; Marasy, Mohsen (23 December 2017).

4398:

Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass

3453: 519:

depicting the creation of a stained-glass window in Middle Ages.

243:, glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of 8077: 8029: 8024: 7943: 7755: 7664: 7639: 6752: 6423: 6247: 5872: 5855: 5302:

The Journal of Stained Glass, America Issue, Vol. XXVIII, 2004

4500: 4498: 4260: 4166: 3611:

Sunlight shining through stained glass onto coloured carpet of

3445: 3298: 3134: 2116: 1928: 1907: 1852: 1322: 1311: 1253:

Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. Both the

1212: 850: 809: 757: 742: 718: 693: 455: 248: 5701: 4306:"Facts about Glass – Creating Coloured Glass; Pot-metal glass" 1207:

Skilled glass cutting and leading in a 19th-century window at

377:

advantage is that the double-layered glass can be engraved or

7938: 7659: 7634: 5972: 5917: 5815: 3907:

Window from Rochroane Castle, now in the Corning Glass Museum

3336: 3294: 3275: 2672: 2295: 2258: 1318: 1266: 1114: 846: 817: 761: 158: 139: 120: 116: 71: 5649: 4495: 4157:

Contemporary Free-standing Glasshenge series (2013/2014) by

1299:

set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect.

1261:

excelled at the manufacture of small colored glass objects.

6948:

Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture

6815: 6393: 6351: 6204: 5810: 5795: 3126: 3035: 1936: 1932: 1902:. In France, much glass of this period was produced at the 1693: 1463: 1459: 1093: 707: 417:

second method, sometimes used in some areas of windows, is

256: 5616: 4568:

1st.glassman.com (David M Issitt). Retrieved 3 August 2006

3348: 3153:, are some of the most notable examples of symbolic work. 3009:

or epoxy resin, was a 20th-century innovation credited to

1265:

was important in glass manufacture with its chief centres

411: 5155: 4400:, section 7.3.3.5, 2013, ed. Koen H. A. Janssens, Wiley, 2551: 2131:

Window of the Conversion of St Paol, Chapel od St James,

1505:

Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the

389: 270: 135: 5695: 4542:

The Illustrated Bead Bible: Terms, Tips & Techniques

3731:

England, has a series of windows by different designers.

3661:

Stained glass windows in the Mosque of Srinagar, Kashmir

5563: 2315: 1935:. There are 1042 preserved 16th-century windows in the 5634:, covering ≈ 2800 churches in the southeast of England 4822:

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

4635:. Monograph no. 7. Australian Institute of Archaeology 4590:"Facts about glass: Assembling a stained-glass panel" 3545:, Switzerland, complete cycle of glass 1896–1936, by 2685:

Among the most innovative English designers were the

2405:

One of England's largest windows, the east window of

1292:

which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay.

638:

which results in a bluish-green glass. Together with

4231:

List of stained glass windows in the Janskerk, Gouda

2680: 812:, depending on the concentration, produces blue, or 535:

stands in an extensive landscape, 1510–20. Diameter

6901: 5361:

Strangest Genius: The Stained Glass of Harry Clarke

2810: 1069: 5736: 5193:Practical Building Conservation: Glass and glazing 4815: 3924: 3784:Commemoration of War Dead, Community Mausoleum of 1690:Crucifixion with Ss Catherine, George and Margaret 1653:The south transept windows from Chartres Cathedral 1446:in Shiraz, Iran and the light passing through them 27:Coloured glass and the works that are made from it 7857: 4545:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 108. 3771:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles) 935: 659:In medieval times, blue glass was made by adding 8641: 5516:, George Wittenborn Inc., New York, OCLC 1269795 4592:, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums 4460:, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums 4308:, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums 3626:The stained glass windows and dome flanking the 2697:(1833–1898), whose work heralds the influential 1195:, modern steel rods and copper wire attachments. 1096:. This allows for the use of techniques such as 1018:, 1564, with typical painted details, extensive 592: 8335:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America 6531: 5696:Gloine – Stained glass in the Church of Ireland 5523:, Universe Books, Inc., New York, OCLC 21650951 4566:Substances Used in the Making of Coloured Glass 3820:Stained-glass window in the Benedum mausoleum, 2115:window in the church of SS Giovanni and Paolo, 1235:, showing detailed polychrome painting of face. 123:are often used to enhance the design. The term 5425:, George Seddon, and Francis Stephens (1976). 5109: 5107: 3373:). Combines a traditional representation in a 1851:Probably the earliest scheme of stained glass 1847:Renaissance, Reformation and Classical windows 78:also include three-dimensional structures and 7843: 6928:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 6887: 6517: 5722: 5266:, Burne-Jones Special Issue, Vol. XXXV, 2011 5024: 5022: 4774: 4664:"The development of stained glass in England" 4186:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 3454:Buildings incorporating stained glass windows 3343:, Zürich, Switzerland, by Sigmar Polke (2009) 2188:: the Capture and Crucifixion, Saint-Pierre, 1985:. Many of the original cartoons still exist. 1563:While stained glass was widely manufactured, 1227:Detail from a 19th or 20th-century window in 824:with added nickel acquires a purplish colour. 5549:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5490:20th Century Stained Glass: A New Definition 5143: 4507:www.glassonline.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006 4285:Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters 3769:Stained glass in the crypt Mausoleum of the 1859:was that for Florence Cathedral, devised by 1481:, this window contains highly detailed text. 6912:British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918) 5104: 4935: 4933: 4781:Journal of History Culture and Art Research 4626: 4434:"Facts about Glass: Sanguine and Carnation" 4206:British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918) 3448:and creating an ambience in the interior. 3181:Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium 2322:British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918) 1486: 974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7850: 7836: 6894: 6880: 6524: 6510: 5729: 5715: 5149: 5019: 4891:. Sacred-destinations.com. 20 October 2007 4864: 4760:History of Science and Technology in Islam 4091:The abstract stained glass ceiling of the 3808:Community Mausoleum, Des Plaines, Illinois 3595:The dazzling display of medieval glass at 3251:, at All Saints' Church, Tudeley, Kent, UK 2963: 2458:List of French stained glass manufacturers 2004:(1443–45), one of a series in the dome of 1426:(1751–1794 A.D.). In Persia stained glass 1281:holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the 107:is glass that has been coloured by adding 5617:BSMGP | The home of British Stained Glass 5359:Lucy Costigan and Michael Cullen (2010). 5115:The Crafts in Britain in the 20th Century 5007:The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts 4833: 4792: 4352: 4341:"Facts about Glass: Early Glass Painting" 2008:designed by renowned Renaissance artists. 994:Learn how and when to remove this message 515:Detail from a 13th-century window in the 227:Learn how and when to remove this message 4930: 4687: 4526:www.speclab.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006 4359:. Industrial Publications, Incorporated. 3508:, Italy, 15th-century glass designed by 3490:, in England, 11th to 15th-century glass 2370:, opened firms in Australia and the US. 2080:, France, Engrand Le Prince (1522–1524). 1964:Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918 1107: 1005: 493: 428: 38: 5540: 4926:, 21 October 2019, accessed 20 May 2024 4908: 4906: 4469:Barbara Butts, Lee Hendrix and others, 4444: 4442: 3695:has a cycle of 19th-century windows by 3632:Holocaust Memorial Synagogue, Darmstadt 3496:, in Paris, 13th and 14th-century glass 3478:, in France, 11th to 13th-century glass 3349:Combining ancient and modern traditions 3323:at Christinae church, Alingsås, Sweden. 3137:(Switzerland), and the Loire Studio of 2827:Notable American practitioners include 1458:Stained glass in Dowlat Abad Garden at 1361:, a rare example of Roman flashed glass 863:opalescent, mottled and streaky glasses 741:The addition of sulphur, together with 14: 8642: 5530:, Timber Press, Forest Grove, Oregon, 5476:Stained Glass Association of America. 5117:, Yale University Press (4 Feb 1999), 4458:"Examples of Writing in Stained Glass" 4129:Sculpture Park in Melbourne. Australia 4074:Jewish National and University Library 3649:Interior of the Blue Mosque, Istanbul. 2552:Revival in Germany, Austria and beyond 2487:Detail of a "Tree of Jesse" window in 857:. White glass was used extensively by 433:Grisaille stained glass (15th century) 390:Modern production of traditional glass 271:Cylinder or mouth-blown ('muff') glass 7831: 6875: 6505: 5710: 5638:Institute for Stained Glass in Canada 5389:Stained Glass- an Illustrated History 5001: 4999: 4997: 4912:Lee, Seddon and Stephens, pp. 118–121 4770: 4768: 4538: 4534: 4532: 3563:, extensive collection of windows by 3502:in France, 13th to 16th-century glass 1659:Medieval glass in Germany and Austria 1582:Detail of a 13th-century window from 1148:, 19th-century English manufacturers. 335:Architectural glass must be at least 7804: 4903: 4877:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4439: 4211:English Gothic stained glass windows 3581: 2451: 2316:Revival in Great Britain and Ireland 2257:, Church of SS Ägidius and Koloman, 2148:The Triumph of Freedom of Conscience 1399:, dating to the 7th-century BC. The 1382: 1191:and painted glass, lead H-sectioned 972:adding citations to reliable sources 939: 626:has been used for the same purpose. 600: 205:adding citations to reliable sources 172: 5572:. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. 5521:Stained Glass: An Architectural Art 5403:A Guide to Stained Glass in Britain 5150:O'Hear, Natasha (8 December 2016). 4353:Steinhoff, Frederick Louis (1973). 4216:French Gothic stained glass windows 3984:Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading 3369:, late 1910s. (Église Saint-André, 2946:, Eugène Stanislas Oudinot, design 2897:, designer Frederick Stymetz Lamb, 2643:A window in the Late Gothic style, 2266: 1501:French Gothic stained glass windows 168: 96:exemplified in the famous lamps of 24: 8434:Index of painting-related articles 6565:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers) 5214: 5199:, 2011, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 4994: 4952:Issue 20 (accessed 26 August 2012) 4765: 4529: 4281:"Stained Glass in Medieval Europe" 3561:Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church 2096:from the Cathedral of St-Etienne, 1910:, where stained glass and faceted 1556:, Paris and the "Bishop's Eye" at 1168:, showing a modern steel armature. 25: 8686: 6560:Blowing and pressing (containers) 5610: 5279:, Scotland Issue, Vol. XXX, 2006 4865:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 4749:The Manufacture of Coloured Glass 4698:10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_10184-1 4473:, 183, 2001, Getty Publications, 4386:"Facts about Glass: Silver Stain" 4287:. The Metropolitain Museum of Art 3800:Chapel stained glass showing the 3711:Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 2681:Innovations in Britain and Europe 2522:A brilliantly coloured window at 1387:The creation of stained glass in 561:Detail of German panel (1444) of 7803: 6311:Bronze and brass ornamental work 5564:Virginia Chieffo Raguin (2013). 5504:100 Jahre Rheinische Glasmalerei 5492:, Kyoto Shoin Co., Ltd., Kyoto, 5444:England's Thousand Best Churches 4150: 4145:Glass Sculpture in Paris. France 4141:Fused glass sculpture (2012) by 4134: 4111: 4084: 4061: 4041: 4026: 4011: 3991: 3975: 3966:Stained glass in the Town Hall, 3959: 3939: 3912: 3897: 3885: 3867: 3813: 3793: 3777: 3762: 3736: 3721: 3703: 3685: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3619: 3604: 3588: 3433: 3418: 3402: 3386: 3355: 3328: 3309: 3283: 3256: 3237: 3214: 3145:. The west windows of England's 2932: 2913: 2883: 2860: 2840: 2811:Innovations in the United States 2794: 2774: 2744: 2729: 2656: 2636: 2621: 2602: 2535: 2515: 2496: 2480: 2433: 2418: 2398: 2375: 2303: 2283: 2243: 2209: 2197: 2175: 2159: 2140: 2124: 2105: 2085: 2064: 2049: 2033: 2013: 1990: 1827: 1811: 1795: 1776: 1760: 1739: 1720: 1701: 1682: 1663: 1646: 1627: 1608: 1590: 1575: 1470: 1451: 1435: 1403:, attributed to the 8th century 1366: 1350: 1334: 1220: 1200: 1173: 1153: 1137: 1070:Selecting and painting the glass 944: 923: 911: 895: 883: 871: 572: 554: 524: 508: 481: 474:"Sanguine", "carnation", "Rouge 330: 177: 6902:British and Irish stained glass 5174: 5139:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5135:"Stained glass: 20th century". 5090: 5075: 5045: 5031: 4955: 4915: 4881: 4858: 4809: 4738: 4726:. Leuven University Press. 2022 4714: 4681: 4656: 4647: 4620: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4510: 4463: 4451: 4427: 4018:Windows of the Hungarian Room, 4000:Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil 3925:Public and commercial buildings 2609:One of five windows donated to 792: 749:it yields a deep yellow colour. 732: 498:As well as painting, scratched 449: 310: 5059:. 8 April 2003. Archived from 4539:Geary, Theresa Flores (2008). 4517:Chemical Fact Sheet – Chromium 4414: 4391: 4379: 4363: 4346: 4334: 4311: 4299: 4273: 3693:St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney 3537:St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney 3293:, Sergio de Castro, detail of 2504:St Louis administering Justice 2392:St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney 2076:window, Church of St-Étienne, 1948:Dissolution of the Monasteries 936:Creating stained-glass windows 828: 629: 424: 286: 127:is also applied to windows in 32:Stained glass (disambiguation) 13: 1: 7450:British stained-glass artists 5627:Preservation of Stained Glass 5528:The Language of Stained Glass 5470:Buckinghamshire Stained Glass 5363:, The History Press, Dublin, 5253:, Barrie & Jenkins, 1980 4835:10.1080/13467581.2021.1971534 4734:– via www.academia.edu. 4643:– via www.academia.edu. 4267: 3572: 3297:window for the Collegiate of 3061:. In the 1960s and 1970s the 2989:and included artists such as 2940: 2898: 2763: 2135:, Spain, Visente Mentdo, 1560 2022:The Angel of the Annunciation 1841:, (1500–17) by Barnard Flower 1442:Extensive stained glasses of 1010:Swiss armourial glass of the 653: 470:"Sanguine" or "Cousin's rose" 412:"Pot metal" and flashed glass 406: 8373:Museum collection management 8296:Art history (academic study) 8175:alternative exhibition space 7542:Lavers, Barraud and Westlake 6932: 6743:Machine drawn cylinder sheet 5466:Cliff and Monica Robinson. 5460:Church Stained Glass Windows 5419:, Metropolitan Museum of Art 5375:Stained and Decorative Glass 5290:The Journal of Stained Glass 5277:The Journal of Stained Glass 5264:The Journal of Stained Glass 4980:10.1016/j.culher.2018.04.019 4968:Journal of Cultural Heritage 4505:Illustrated Glass Dictionary 4104: 3998:Stained glass window in the 3005:, where the glass is set in 2985:in Dublin, which was run by 2591:royal warrant of appointment 2228:Baldwin II of Constantinople 1855:that was created during the 1746:The windows of the choir of 1600:from a Romanesque window in 700: 7: 8534:Colossal sculptures in situ 8238:Artist-in-residence program 7497:Barton, Kinder and Alderson 7455:Irish stained-glass artists 6856:Glossary of glass art terms 5317:Architectural Stained Glass 5228:, translated from Latin by 5009:, Oxford University Press, 4692:. Springer. pp. 1–11. 4627:Balderstone, Susan (2007). 4173: 3948:Palau de la música catalana 3752: 3458: 3381:style celestial background. 2571:Franz Mayer of Munich, Inc. 2290:Largest rose window in the 1715:, Cologne Cathedral, (1340) 1713:Virgin and Child in Majesty 1345:flask from 100 BC to 200 AD 10: 8691: 8544:Contemporary art galleries 8439:Outline of the visual arts 7781:Stained glass conservation 7152:Charles Edmund Clutterbuck 7042:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 5677:Victoria and Albert Museum 5652:(Romont (FR), Switzerland) 5568:Stained Glass: Radiant Art 5184:18, no. 5 (2014): 672-699. 4241:Stained glass conservation 3982:Stained glass dome in the 3946:Stained glass skylight at 3824:, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2814: 2455: 2319: 2292:Basílica del Voto Nacional 2270: 1524:and at the eastern end of 1490: 1248: 1243: 29: 8614: 8474: 8343: 8281: 8145: 8070: 7869: 7799: 7673: 7617: 7579: 7484: 7463: 7092: 7069:John Loughborough Pearson 7061: 7054: 7024: 6963: 6956: 6920: 6907: 6848: 6801: 6623: 6540: 6324: 6261: 6213: 6160: 6092: 5916: 5761: 5748: 5373:Elizabeth Morris (1993). 4755:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna 3986:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3829: 3339:set into lead and glass, 3125:at Couvrechef- La Folie ( 3013:and brought to the UK by 2803:Musée de l'École de Nancy 2737:David's charge to Solomon 2722:Charles Rennie Mackintosh 2595:Franz Joseph I of Austria 2192:, Essonne, France (1520). 1906:factory, and in Italy at 1802:South transept window at 1756:Medieval glass in England 1412:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna 1401:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna 1034: 1030:with abraded white motif. 1026:on the face, and flashed 902:A 16th-century window by 845:oxides produce an opaque 517:Basilica of Saint-Quentin 8598:Most expensive paintings 8385:Conservation-restoration 8187:Contemporary art gallery 7532:Heaton, Butler and Bayne 6986:Cambridge Camden Society 6976:Arts and Crafts Movement 6933:History of stained glass 6773:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass 6585:Overflow downdraw method 6580:Precision glass moulding 6575:Drawing (optical fibers) 5644:The Stained Glass Museum 5479:History of Stained Glass 4794:10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1231 4372:Chambers's encyclopaedia 4196:Autonomous stained glass 4020:University of Pittsburgh 3426:St Michael and the Devil 2699:Arts and Crafts Movement 2360:Heaton, Butler and Bayne 1571:Medieval glass in France 1487:Medieval glass in Europe 1160:Exterior of a window at 1146:Heaton, Butler and Bayne 853:to produce an imitation 8606:works by living artists 8368:Classificatory disputes 7706:Curvilinear coordinates 7304:Lilian Josephine Pocock 7112:Edward Liddall Armitage 6826:Shock metamorphic glass 6446:Painting in Hälsingland 5656:Stained glass workshops 5519:Robert Sowers (1965). 5251:Victorian Stained Glass 5137:Encyclopædia Britannica 5086:Encyclopædia Britannica 5039:"Joining glass mosaics" 4607:Encyclopedia Britannica 4375:. Pergamon Press. 1967. 4093:Victoria Quarter, Leeds 3877:(stained glass) at the 3788:, Des Plaines, Illinois 3317:Postmodernist symbolism 3264:Christ of the Eucharist 2964:20th and 21st centuries 2849:fracture-streamer glass 2366:. A Scottish designer, 2044:, Enrique Alemán, 1479 2026:National Gallery of Art 1954:and the injunctions of 1885:Life of the Virgin Mary 1373:An alabaster window in 533:Lambrecht of Maastricht 152:illuminated manuscripts 7597:Fairford stained glass 7527:John Hardman & Co. 7329:Arnold Wathen Robinson 6938:Medieval stained glass 5541:Hayward, Jane (2003). 5526:Robert Sowers (1981). 5401:Painton Cowen (1985). 4668:stainedglassmuseum.com 4522:15 August 2017 at the 4052:at a Metro station in 3278:, England, slab glass. 3191:Utah Valley University 2939:A trompe l'oeil glass 2445:Peterborough Cathedral 2384:Apostles John and Paul 2273:Stained glass in Chile 2020:Giovanni di Domenico, 1750:, (early 14th century) 1497:Medieval stained glass 1422:(1501–1736 A.D.), and 1031: 678:imparts a blue colour. 434: 64: 55:, France), donated by 8243:Artist-run initiative 8130:Visual arts education 7552:James Powell and Sons 7517:Walter Francis Clokey 7221:James Humphries Hogan 7174:Rachel de Montmorency 7147:Walter Francis Clokey 5191:"Historic England" = 5182:Religion and the Arts 4942:Dirck Peterz. Crabeth 4874:Catholic Encyclopedia 4868:"Stained Glass" 4448:Historic England, 290 4422:Jean Cousin the Elder 3879:Palace of Shaki Khans 3802:Resurrection of Jesus 3697:Hardman of Birmingham 3634:, designed by artist 3565:Louis Comfort Tiffany 3476:Cathedral of Chartres 2952:Henry Gurdon Marquand 2833:Louis Comfort Tiffany 2787:Saint Vitus Cathedral 2667:(1568) with 2 pages, 2651:, early 20th century 2456:Further information: 2388:Hardman of Birmingham 2216:The story of how the 1108:Assembly and mounting 1009: 861:to create a range of 859:Louis Comfort Tiffany 849:glass, first used in 583:, after a drawing by 494:Scratching techniques 432: 134:Stained glass, as an 113:stained glass windows 98:Louis Comfort Tiffany 42: 8539:Contemporary artists 8402:Destination painting 8199:Single-artist museum 8088:Conservator-restorer 7608:My Four Green Fields 7587:Canterbury Cathedral 7243:Edward Holmes Jewitt 7079:George Gilbert Scott 6688:Cylinder blown sheet 6466:Pressed flower craft 5502:Kisky, Hans (1959). 5429:, Mitchell Beazley, 5415:Husband, TB (2000). 5387:Sarah Brown (1994). 4947:30 July 2014 at the 4236:Sagrada (board game) 4033:The Federal Palace, 3678:Gouda, South Holland 3613:Nasir ol Molk Mosque 3482:Canterbury Cathedral 3395:Florence Nightingale 3147:Manchester Cathedral 3015:Pierre Fourmaintraux 2973:in London set up by 2895:J&R Lamb Studios 2822:J&R Lamb Studios 2756:Stanisław Wyspiański 2587:Carl Geyling's Erben 2544:Saint-Urbain, Troyes 2332:Augustus Welby Pugin 2253:Death and Assumption 2098:Châlons-en-Champagne 1837:, St Mary's Church, 1804:Canterbury Cathedral 1789:Canterbury Cathedral 1734:by Hans Acker (1430) 1602:Strasbourg Cathedral 1526:Canterbury Cathedral 1444:Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque 968:improve this section 676:borosilicate glasses 488:Theophilus Presbyter 201:improve this section 30:For other uses, see 18:Stained glass window 8529:Art reference books 8323:History of painting 7907:Fine-art photograph 7681:Architectural glass 7502:Burlison and Grylls 7260:Charles Eamer Kempe 6811:Radiative processes 6626:historic techniques 6550:Float glass process 5883:Spinning (textiles) 5801:Friendship bracelet 5683:on 23 December 2012 5662:Stained glass guide 5234:Cyril Stanley Smith 4181:Architectural glass 4127:La Trobe University 4048:Abstract design by 3806:All Saints Cemetery 3786:All Saints Cemetery 3472:Important examples 3158:Johan Thorn Prikker 2948:Richard Morris Hunt 2665:Catherine of Sweden 2645:St Maurice's Church 2364:Charles Eamer Kempe 2166:Domestic window by 2040:Stained glass from 1877:Andrea del Castagno 1818:The west window of 1539:Perpendicular style 1530:Gothic architecture 1162:Sé Velha de Coimbra 685:at 2–3% produces a 616:sodium permanganate 593:"Pot glass" colours 458:compounds (notably 119:details and yellow 8655:Glass architecture 8624:Visual arts portal 8554:National galleries 8407:Eclecticism in art 8362:Catalogue raisonné 8233:Artist cooperative 7592:Coventry Cathedral 7567:William Warrington 7537:Hincks and Burnell 7387:Nathaniel Westlake 7358:Caroline Townshend 6971:Aesthetic Movement 6964:Artistic movements 6605:Chemical polishing 5599:Oxford Art Journal 5405:, Michael Joseph, 3860:Frank Lloyd Wright 3729:Coventry Cathedral 3680:, The Netherlands 3552:Coventry Cathedral 3543:Fribourg Cathedral 3506:Florence Cathedral 3413:, Ins, Switzerland 3268:Dom Charles Norris 3186:Roots of Knowledge 3103:Johannes Schreiter 3022:Dom Charles Norris 2891:Religion Enthroned 2695:Edward Burne-Jones 2524:Cassagnes-Bégonhès 2339:William Warrington 2255:of the Virgin Mary 2232:Louis IX of France 2006:Florence Cathedral 1966:for more details. 1939:department alone. 1835:The Last Judgement 1732:The Last Judgement 1621:Poitiers Cathedral 1584:Chartres Cathedral 1522:Chartres Cathedral 1032: 904:Arnold of Nijmegen 665:Chartres Cathedral 435: 65: 57:Blanche of Castile 49:Chartres Cathedral 8637: 8636: 8228:Artist collective 8042:Site-specific art 7892:Cultural artifact 7825: 7824: 7575: 7574: 7557:Shrigley and Hunt 7392:Christopher Whall 7341:Arild Rosenkrantz 7275:Catherine O’Brien 7204:Reginald Hallward 7194:Wilhelmina Geddes 7084:Alexander Thomson 7050: 7049: 6996:Early Renaissance 6869: 6868: 6803:Natural processes 6718:Fourcault process 6499: 6498: 6389:Hardstone carving 6337:Balloon modelling 5851:Ribbon embroidery 5650:Vitromusée Romont 5456:Robert Eberhard. 5391:, Bracken Books, 5369:978-1-84588-971-5 5355:978-1-84682-532-3 5345:978-0-9541055-2-5 5335:978-0-300-20970-9 5325:978-0-7195-3657-1 5285:978-0-9540457-6-0 5272:978 0 9568762 1 8 5230:John G. Hawthorne 5207:, 9780754645573, 5005:Gordon Campbell, 4889:"Fairford Church" 4707:978-94-007-3934-5 4408:, 9781118314203, 4328:, 9789004395718, 4191:Art Nouveau glass 4159:Tomasz Urbanowicz 3970:, Czech Republic 3822:Homewood Cemetery 3715:Savannah, Georgia 3582:Places of worship 3500:Bourges Cathedral 3442:Adolfo Winternitz 3363:Madonna and Child 3226:Theo van Doesburg 3199:Cologne Cathedral 3115:Jean René Bazaine 3099:Patrick Reyntiens 3087:Wilhelmina Geddes 3055:Theo van Doesburg 2872:The Angel of Help 2703:Christopher Whall 2611:Cologne Cathedral 2558:Cologne Cathedral 2542:West window from 2469:French Revolution 2452:Revival in France 2407:Lincoln Cathedral 2236:Moulins Cathedral 2185:Passion of Christ 2133:Seville Cathedral 2042:Seville Cathedral 1748:Cologne Cathedral 1558:Lincoln Cathedral 1545:style in France. 1477:From a mosque in 1383:In Southwest Asia 1375:Orvieto Cathedral 1133:Technical details 1004: 1003: 996: 780:is typically not 612:manganese dioxide 601:Transparent glass 384:hydrofluoric acid 300:centrifugal force 276:Using a blow-pipe 237: 236: 229: 16:(Redirected from 8682: 8665:History of glass 8660:Glass production 8593:Stolen paintings 8461:Sociology of art 8412:Economics of art 8263:Sculpture garden 8248:Artist-run space 8047:Social sculpture 7917:Installation art 7852: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7807: 7806: 7721:Glass beadmaking 7547:Morris & Co. 7512:Clayton and Bell 7416:Thomas Willement 7370:Christopher Webb 7132:Margaret Chilton 7059: 7058: 6961: 6960: 6943:Poor Man's Bible 6896: 6889: 6882: 6873: 6872: 6533:Glass production 6526: 6519: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6471:Qing handicrafts 6276:Chemical milling 5731: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5679:. Archived from 5583: 5560: 5197:Historic England 5185: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5162:on 20 April 2017 5158:. Archived from 5147: 5141: 5140: 5132: 5126: 5111: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5017: 5003: 4992: 4991: 4959: 4953: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4837: 4828:(5): 2114–2130. 4813: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4772: 4763: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4536: 4527: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4418: 4412: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4356:Ceramic Industry 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4226:Glass beadmaking 4154: 4138: 4119:The Four Seasons 4115: 4088: 4065: 4054:Montreal, Quebec 4045: 4030: 4015: 3995: 3979: 3963: 3943: 3916: 3901: 3889: 3871: 3817: 3797: 3781: 3766: 3740: 3725: 3707: 3689: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3623: 3608: 3592: 3529:and his brother 3523:Janskerk (Gouda) 3466:Poor Man's Bible 3437: 3422: 3406: 3390: 3367:Joseph Ehrismann 3359: 3332: 3313: 3287: 3260: 3241: 3218: 3189:installation at 3131:Hamburg-Dulsberg 3123:Sergio de Castro 3075:Douglas Strachan 3019:Benedictine monk 2945: 2942: 2936: 2917: 2903: 2900: 2887: 2876:North Easton, MA 2864: 2844: 2798: 2778: 2768: 2765: 2748: 2733: 2693:(1834–1898) and 2660: 2640: 2625: 2606: 2539: 2519: 2500: 2484: 2441:Clayton and Bell 2437: 2422: 2402: 2379: 2356:Clayton and Bell 2307: 2287: 2267:In Latin America 2247: 2213: 2201: 2179: 2163: 2144: 2128: 2109: 2089: 2068: 2053: 2037: 2017: 1998:The Resurrection 1994: 1981:and his brother 1927:being active in 1861:Lorenzo Ghiberti 1831: 1815: 1799: 1785:Poor Man's Bible 1780: 1764: 1743: 1724: 1705: 1686: 1667: 1650: 1640:Evreux Cathedral 1631: 1612: 1594: 1579: 1493:Poor Man's Bible 1474: 1455: 1439: 1408:Jābir ibn Hayyān 1370: 1354: 1338: 1224: 1204: 1177: 1157: 1141: 999: 992: 988: 985: 979: 948: 940: 927: 915: 899: 887: 875: 798:The addition of 692:The addition of 681:The addition of 670:The addition of 576: 558: 548: 547: 543: 540: 528: 512: 367: 365: 364: 361: 358: 350: 348: 347: 344: 341: 239:During the late 232: 225: 221: 218: 212: 181: 173: 169:Glass production 150:, together with 144:Late Middle Ages 21: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8675:Decorative arts 8640: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8619:Painting portal 8610: 8517:sculpture parks 8470: 8429:Elements of art 8397:Cultural policy 8339: 8291:Timeline of art 8277: 8268:Sculpture trail 8147: 8141: 8066: 7983:Performance art 7865: 7856: 7826: 7821: 7795: 7701:Cathedral glass 7669: 7613: 7571: 7480: 7471:Martin Harrison 7459: 7216:Herbert Hendrie 7127:Alfred E. Child 7088: 7046: 7032:The Glass House 7020: 7011:Oxford Movement 6981:Biblia pauperum 6952: 6916: 6903: 6900: 6870: 6865: 6861:Glass recycling 6844: 6797: 6703:Enamelled glass 6625: 6619: 6610:Diamond turning 6600:Flame polishing 6542: 6536: 6530: 6500: 6495: 6481:Straw marquetry 6320: 6257: 6233:Enamelled glass 6209: 6156: 6088: 5912: 5757: 5744: 5738:Decorative arts 5735: 5686: 5684: 5669:"Stained Glass" 5667: 5613: 5608: 5580: 5557: 5486:Robert Kehlmann 5377:, Tiger Books, 5247:Martin Harrison 5217: 5215:Further reading 5188: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5113:Harrod, Tanya, 5112: 5105: 5095: 5091: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5063:on 2 April 2003 5051: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5004: 4995: 4960: 4956: 4949:Wayback Machine 4938: 4931: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4863: 4859: 4814: 4810: 4773: 4766: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4603:"Stained Glass" 4601: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4530: 4524:Wayback Machine 4515: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4176: 4169: 4163:Wrocław Airport 4155: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4116: 4107: 4100: 4089: 4080: 4066: 4057: 4050:Marcelle Ferron 4046: 4037: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4007: 3996: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3944: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3893: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3841:cathedral glass 3832: 3825: 3818: 3809: 3798: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3755: 3748: 3745:Ascalon Studios 3741: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3671: 3662: 3659: 3650: 3647: 3638: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3600: 3597:Sainte-Chapelle 3593: 3584: 3575: 3494:Sainte-Chapelle 3461: 3456: 3449: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3411:Cathedral glass 3407: 3398: 3391: 3382: 3360: 3351: 3344: 3335:Thin slices of 3333: 3324: 3314: 3305: 3288: 3279: 3261: 3252: 3242: 3233: 3224:abstraction by 3219: 3205:in France, and 3203:Sainte-Chapelle 2979:Alfred J. Drury 2966: 2959: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2918: 2909: 2906:Brooklyn Museum 2901: 2888: 2879: 2865: 2856: 2845: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2790: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2752:God the Creator 2749: 2740: 2734: 2687:Pre-Raphaelites 2683: 2676: 2669:Turku Cathedral 2661: 2652: 2641: 2632: 2629:Ghent Cathedral 2626: 2617: 2607: 2583:Austria-Hungary 2579:Austrian Empire 2566:Mayer of Munich 2554: 2547: 2540: 2531: 2520: 2511: 2501: 2492: 2489:Reims Cathedral 2485: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2414: 2403: 2394: 2380: 2352:Ward and Hughes 2324: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2299: 2288: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2248: 2239: 2238:(16th century). 2224:John of Brienne 2219:Crown of Thorns 2214: 2205: 2202: 2193: 2180: 2171: 2164: 2155: 2145: 2136: 2129: 2120: 2110: 2101: 2090: 2081: 2069: 2060: 2054: 2045: 2038: 2029: 2018: 2009: 1995: 1956:Thomas Cromwell 1925:Linard Gonthier 1849: 1842: 1832: 1823: 1816: 1807: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1772: 1765: 1751: 1744: 1735: 1725: 1716: 1709:The Crucifixion 1706: 1697: 1692:, Leechkirche, 1687: 1678: 1668: 1654: 1651: 1642: 1632: 1623: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1554:Sainte-Chapelle 1541:in England and 1503: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1466: 1456: 1447: 1440: 1420:Safavid dynasty 1385: 1378: 1371: 1362: 1355: 1346: 1339: 1304:Benedict Biscop 1251: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1225: 1216: 1209:Meaux Cathedral 1205: 1196: 1178: 1169: 1158: 1149: 1142: 1110: 1087:enamelled glass 1072: 1037: 1000: 989: 983: 980: 965: 949: 938: 931: 928: 919: 916: 907: 900: 891: 888: 879: 876: 831: 795: 735: 712:cranberry glass 703: 656: 632: 614:which produces 607:soda-lime glass 603: 595: 588: 577: 568: 559: 550: 545: 541: 538: 536: 529: 520: 513: 496: 484: 472: 452: 427: 414: 409: 392: 362: 359: 356: 355: 353: 345: 342: 339: 338: 336: 333: 325:cathedral glass 313: 289: 273: 241:medieval period 233: 222: 216: 213: 198: 182: 171: 129:enamelled glass 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8688: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8569:by nationality 8566: 8556: 8551: 8549:Modern artists 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8499: 8494: 8492:Art techniques 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8378:deaccessioning 8370: 8365: 8358: 8353: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8283:History of art 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8273:Virtual museum 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8170:Art exhibition 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8052:Soft sculpture 8049: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7887:Conceptual art 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7855: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7812:United Kingdom 7809: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Came glasswork 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7562:William Wailes 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7522:Daniel Cottier 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7426:Paul Woodroffe 7423: 7421:William Wilson 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7404:Veronica Whall 7401: 7400: 7399: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7314:Patrick Pollen 7311: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7272: 7270:William Morris 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7122:William Burges 7119: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7074:Augustus Pugin 7071: 7065: 7063: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7006:Gothic Revival 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6840:Volcanic glass 6837: 6835:Vitrified sand 6832: 6823: 6818: 6816:Opal formation 6813: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6793:Tempered glass 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758:Polished plate 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6409:Leatherworking 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6362:Egg decorating 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5646:(Ely, England) 5641: 5635: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5611:External links 5609: 5607: 5606: 5595: 5584: 5579:978-1606061534 5578: 5561: 5555: 5538: 5524: 5517: 5507: 5500: 5483: 5474: 5464: 5454: 5437: 5420: 5413: 5399: 5385: 5371: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5310: 5300: 5287: 5274: 5261: 5244: 5226:On Divers Arts 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5187: 5186: 5173: 5142: 5127: 5123:978-0300077803 5103: 5089: 5074: 5044: 5030: 5018: 4993: 4954: 4929: 4914: 4902: 4880: 4857: 4808: 4764: 4753:Assessment of 4745:Ahmad Y Hassan 4737: 4713: 4706: 4680: 4655: 4646: 4633:Buried History 4619: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4551: 4528: 4509: 4494: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4413: 4390: 4378: 4362: 4345: 4333: 4310: 4298: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4256:Venetian glass 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4143:Carlo Roccella 4140: 4133: 4131: 4123:Leonard French 4117: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4070:Mordecai Ardon 4067: 4060: 4058: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4004:Belo Horizonte 3997: 3990: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3945: 3938: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858:The houses of 3856: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3547:Józef Mehoffer 3540: 3534: 3520: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3361: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3272:Buckfast Abbey 3262: 3255: 3253: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3220: 3213: 3111:Paul Woodroffe 3079:Ervin Bossanyi 3044:Walter Womacka 3026:Buckfast Abbey 3003:dalle de verre 2965: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2950:, for home of 2938: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2839: 2815:Main article: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2691:William Morris 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2673:Turku, Finland 2662: 2655: 2653: 2649:Czech Republic 2642: 2635: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2601: 2562:Albrecht Dürer 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2473:Viollet-le-Duc 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2426:William Wailes 2424: 2417: 2415: 2411:Ward and Nixon 2404: 2397: 2395: 2381: 2374: 2368:Daniel Cottier 2348:William Wailes 2320:Main article: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2289: 2282: 2271:Main article: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119:16th century. 2111: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2057:Auch Cathedral 2055: 2048: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2019: 2012: 2010: 1996: 1989: 1971:Grote Sint-Jan 1881:Life of Christ 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1808: 1806:, 13th century 1801: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1669: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1389:Southwest Asia 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1279:British Museum 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1125:frames called 1119:Came glasswork 1109: 1106: 1080:silver nitrate 1071: 1068: 1036: 1033: 1002: 1001: 984:September 2022 952: 950: 943: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 922: 920: 917: 910: 908: 901: 894: 892: 889: 882: 880: 877: 870: 867: 866: 830: 827: 826: 825: 807: 794: 791: 790: 789: 771: 765: 750: 739: 734: 731: 730: 729: 723: 717:Pure metallic 715: 702: 699: 698: 697: 690: 679: 674:to boron-rich 668: 655: 652: 636:Iron(II) oxide 631: 628: 602: 599: 594: 591: 590: 589: 579:German glass, 578: 571: 569: 560: 553: 551: 530: 523: 521: 514: 507: 495: 492: 483: 480: 471: 468: 460:silver nitrate 451: 448: 426: 423: 413: 410: 408: 405: 401:dalle de verre 391: 388: 332: 329: 312: 309: 296:potter's wheel 288: 285: 272: 269: 235: 234: 185: 183: 176: 170: 167: 163:life of Christ 148:Western Europe 109:metallic salts 103:As a material 94:foil glasswork 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8687: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Stained glass 8648: 8647: 8645: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:Photographers 8574: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8522:single artist 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8497:Art movements 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482:Art magazines 8480: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8422:art valuation 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:Art movements 8304: 8302: 8301:Art manifesto 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:Arts festival 8221: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8062:Artwork title 8060: 8058: 8057:Stained glass 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7956:New media art 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7877:Appropriation 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7839: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7776:Stained glass 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7736:Lancet window 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691:Beveled glass 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7492:An Túr Gloine 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485:Manufacturers 7483: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7375:Geoffrey Webb 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7346:Francis Skeat 7344: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7255:Marjorie Kemp 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7189:Moira Forsyth 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7100:Carl Almquist 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062:Architectural 7060: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025:Organisations 7023: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6885: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6783:Stained glass 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Rippled glass 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6708:Flashed glass 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Fritted glass 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Private press 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372:Faux painting 6370: 6368: 6367:Engraved gems 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6253:Stained glass 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6238:Glass etching 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771:Banner-making 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5536:0-917304-61-6 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5510:Robert Sowers 5508: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5498:4-7636-2075-4 5495: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5452:0-7139-9281-6 5449: 5445: 5441: 5440:Simon Jenkins 5438: 5436: 5435:0-600-56281-6 5432: 5428: 5427:Stained Glass 5424: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5411:0-7181-2567-3 5408: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5397:1-85891-157-5 5394: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5383:0-86824-324-8 5380: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308:0 9540457 4 2 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298:0 9540457 3 4 5295: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:0-486-23784-2 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5016: 5015:0-19-518948-5 5012: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4578:Uranium Glass 4574: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4552:9781402723537 4548: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4487:9780892365791 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201:Beveled glass 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932:Public houses 3915: 3910: 3906: 3905:Tiffany glass 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853:Prairie style 3851: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3836:Victorian era 3823: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:Sint Janskerk 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3527:Dirck Crabeth 3524: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Meistratzheim 3368: 3364: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3245:Expressionist 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3151:Tony Hollaway 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Gabriel Loire 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Saint Séverin 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:Expressionist 3060: 3059:Piet Mondrian 3056: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:An Túr Gloine 2980: 2976: 2972: 2957: 2956:New York City 2953: 2949: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:The Holy City 2916: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:John La Farge 2863: 2858: 2854: 2853:drapery glass 2850: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829:John La Farge 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817:Tiffany glass 2804: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2593:from emperor 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2546:(about 1900). 2545: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2168:Dirck Crabeth 2162: 2157: 2153: 2152:Sint Janskerk 2149: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2073:Tree of Jesse 2067: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2024:, 1498–1503, 2023: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002:Paolo Uccello 1999: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979:Dirck Crabeth 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1960:Hengrave Hall 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:Protestantism 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1769:Tree of Jesse 1763: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636:Tree of Jesse 1630: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1359:Portland Vase 1353: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1308:Monkwearmouth 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1290:Portland vase 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Thomas Becket 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1098:Angel gilding 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1029: 1025: 1024:Cousin's rose 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 998: 995: 987: 977: 973: 969: 963: 962: 958: 953:This section 951: 947: 942: 941: 926: 921: 914: 909: 905: 898: 893: 886: 881: 874: 869: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 832: 823: 819: 815: 811: 808: 805: 801: 797: 796: 787: 783: 779: 778:Uranium glass 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 759: 755: 751: 748: 744: 740: 737: 736: 727: 724: 720: 716: 713: 709: 705: 704: 695: 691: 688: 684: 680: 677: 673: 669: 666: 662: 658: 657: 651: 649: 648:emerald green 645: 641: 637: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 598: 586: 582: 575: 570: 566: 565: 557: 552: 534: 527: 522: 518: 511: 506: 505: 504: 501: 491: 489: 482:Cold painting 479: 477: 467: 465: 461: 457: 447: 445: 441: 431: 422: 420: 419:flashed glass 404: 402: 398: 397:Tiffany glass 387: 385: 380: 374: 372: 371:flashed glass 331:Flashed glass 328: 326: 321: 317: 308: 306: 301: 297: 293: 284: 281: 277: 268: 266: 265:flashed glass 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 231: 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