Stand-your-ground law

175:(a) they either believe on reasonable grounds that they are in peaceable possession of property or are acting under the authority of, or lawfully assisting, a person whom they believe on reasonable grounds is in peaceable possession of property; (b) they believe on reasonable grounds that another person (i) is about to enter, is entering or has entered the property without being entitled by law to do so, (ii) is about to take the property, is doing so or has just done so, or (iii) is about to damage or destroy the property, or make it inoperative, or is doing so; (c) the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of (i) preventing the other person from entering the property, or removing that person from the property, or (ii) preventing the other person from taking, damaging or destroying the property or from making it inoperative, or retaking the property from that person; and (d) the act committed is reasonable in the circumstances. 675:

non-stand-your-ground states, the shooting of a black person by a white is found justified approximately 9 percent of the time, while the shooting of a white person by a black is found justified approximately 1 percent of the time. According to the Urban Institute, in Stand Your Ground states, white-on-black homicides are 354 percent more likely to be ruled justified than white-on-white homicides, even though they are more common by over 72 percent. The paper's author noted that the data used do not detail the circumstances of the shooting, which could be a source of the disparity. They also noted that the total number of shootings in the FBI dataset of black victims by whites was 25. A 2015 study found that cases with white victims are two times more likely to result in convictions under Florida's stand your ground law than cases with black victims, although the study did not exclude many cases that were not legally stand your ground under the law.

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must be taken in its evaluation in regards to stand your ground law. Their report found no racial disparity in Florida cases in which defendants claiming self-defense under the law are prosecuted, with Caucasian subjects being charged and convicted at the same rate as African American subjects, and results of mixed-race cases were similar for both white victims of black attackers and black victims of white attackers. Victims of African American attackers overall were more successful at using the law than victims of Caucasian attackers, regardless of the victim's race claiming self-defense, but analysis showed that black attackers were also more likely to be armed and to be involved in committing a crime, such as burglary, when shot.

153:(a) the nature of the force or threat; (b) the extent to which the use of force was imminent and whether there were other means available to respond to the potential use of force; (c) the person’s role in the incident; (d) whether any party to the incident used or threatened to use a weapon; (e) the size, age, gender and physical capabilities of the parties to the incident; (f) the nature, duration and history of any relationship between the parties to the incident, including any prior use or threat of force and the nature of that force or threat; (f.1) any history of interaction or communication between the parties to the incident; (g) the nature and 487: 532:

Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming; Puerto Rico is also stand-your-ground. Of these, at least eleven include "may stand his or her ground" language (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and South Dakota.) Pennsylvania limits the no-duty-to-retreat principle to situations where the defender is resisting attack with a deadly weapon.

733:, including “stand your ground laws”, led to a decrease in crime overall. Self-defense law subject matter expert Andrew Branca was critical of the AMA study for not distinguishing between justifiable homicides and murder, and for relying solely on statutory laws while overlooking case law (i.e. Virginia) in determining the data set. The study's methodology was defended by Duke University professor Jeffrey Swanson for its use of other states as controls, saying "hey look at comparable trends in states that didn't pass the law and don't see the effect.". 425:, property owners or residents are entitled to defend themselves with force, up to and including lethal force. Any individual who uses force against a trespasser is not guilty of an offense if he or she honestly believes they were there to commit a criminal act and a threat to life. However, there is a further provision which requires that the reaction to the intruder is such that another reasonable person in the same circumstances would likely employ it. This provision acts as a safeguard against grossly 65:", under which people have no duty to retreat when they are attacked in their homes, or (in some places) in their vehicles or workplaces. The castle doctrine and "stand-your-ground" laws provide legal defenses to persons who have been charged with various use-of-force crimes against persons, such as murder, manslaughter, aggravated assault, and illegal discharge or brandishing of weapons, as well as attempts to commit such crimes. 725:

firearm-related homicide, but no change in rates of suicide or suicide by firearm, between 2005 and 2014. It noted that, "ircumstances unique to Florida may have contributed to our findings, including those that we could not identify," and "ur study examined the effect of the Florida law on homicide and homicide by firearm, not on crime and public safety". The study was criticized by researcher and gun rights advocate

124:(a) they believe on reasonable grounds that force is being used against them or another person or that a threat of force is being made against them or another person; (b) the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force; and (c) the act committed is reasonable in the circumstances. 111:

circumstances, the decision to stand your ground is more likely to be unreasonable. The sections of the Canadian criminal code that deal with self-defense or defense of property are sections 34 and 35, respectively. These sections were updated in 2012 to clarify the code, and to help legal professionals apply the law in accordance with the values Canadians hold to be acceptable.

132:(3) Subsection (1) does not apply if the force is used or threatened by another person for the purpose of doing something that they are required or authorized by law to do in the administration or enforcement of the law, unless the person who commits the act that constitutes the offence believes on reasonable grounds that the other person is acting unlawfully. 187:(3) Subsection (1) does not apply if the other person is doing something that they are required or authorized by law to do in the administration or enforcement of the law, unless the person who commits the act that constitutes the offence believes on reasonable grounds that the other person is acting unlawfully. R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 35; 2012, c. 9, s. 2. 688:

least four additional studies meeting RAND's standards of rigor have reinforced the finding that "stand your ground" laws increase homicides. None of them found that "stand your ground" laws deter violent crime. No rigorous study has yet determined whether "stand your ground" laws promote legitimate acts of self-defense.

407:") between the defended right and the chosen method of defense. In particular, in a case in which firearms are used, a warning shot must be given when defending a solely material asset. If the self-defense was excessive, its perpetrator is not to be punished if he or she exceeded on account of confusion, fear or terror. 218:, the leading case law of which predates the 2012 ss. 34-35 amendments, courts will permit juries to consider available lines of retreat in deciding whether an accused had no other option than to defend himself. However, the option of retreat is not considered a categorical exclusion from self-defense. 237:, in response to rising rural crime, public concern with police inaction and several high-profile self-defense shootings the previous year. Especially influential was the case of Edouard Maurice, who wounded a trespasser and was served with a lawsuit after having criminal charges against him dropped. 724:

compared homicide rates in Florida following the passage of its "stand your ground" self-defense law to the rates in four control states, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Virginia, which have no similar laws. It found that the law was associated with a 24.4% increase in homicide and a 31.6% increase in

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on February 4, 1972: "The assaulted person is under no obligation either to escape or hide from the assailant in a locked room, nor to endure the assault restricting his freedom, but has the right to repel the assault with all available means that are necessary to force the assailant to refrain from

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was necessary to repel that danger, you may consider, along with any other evidence, whether the could have safely retreated ... but did not." Wisconsin also adopts a "middle ground" approach, where "while there is no statutory duty to retreat, whether the opportunity to retreat was available goes

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Thirty-eight states are stand-your-ground states, all but eight by statutes providing "that there is no duty to retreat from an attacker in any place in which one is lawfully present": Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan,

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Any force used must be reasonable in the circumstances as the person honestly perceived them to be, after making allowance for the fact that some degree of excess force might still be reasonable in the heat of the moment. The person who performs the act is presumed to have acted in self-defense: 1°

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In English common law there is no duty to retreat before a person may use reasonable force against an attacker, nor need a person wait to be attacked before using such force, but one who chooses not to retreat, when retreat would be a safe and easy option, might find it harder to justify his use of

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The alternative to stand your ground is "duty to retreat". In jurisdictions that implement a duty to retreat, even a person who is unlawfully attacked (or who is defending someone who is unlawfully attacked) may not use deadly force if it is possible to instead avoid the danger with complete safety

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compiled a report on the application of stand your ground, and also created a database of cases where defendants sought to invoke the law. The database included many cases that were not legally stand your ground, such as when the defender was in the home or had no safe opportunity to flee, so care

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under certain self-defense circumstances" (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). At least

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In Florida, a task force created by former Democratic state Sen. Chris Smith of Fort Lauderdale found the law to be "confusing". Those discussing issues with the group included Buddy Jacobs, a lawyer representing the Florida Prosecuting Attorneys Association. Jacobs recommended the law's repeal,

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In Canada, there is no duty to retreat under the law. Canada's laws regarding self-defense are similar in nature to those of England, as they centre around the acts committed, and whether or not those acts are considered reasonable in the circumstances. Generally where retreat is available in the

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review of existing research concluded that "there is moderate evidence that stand-your-ground laws may increase homicide rates and limited evidence that the laws increase firearm homicides in particular." In 2019, RAND authors published an update, writing "Since publication of RAND's report, at

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between the means of defense used and the seriousness of the attack. There is no duty to retreat before a person may use reasonable force against an attacker, nor need a person wait to be attacked before using such force, but one who chooses not to retreat, when retreat would be a safe and easy

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which analysed FBI data found that in stand-your-ground states, the use of the defense by whites in the shooting of a black person is found to be justifiable 17 percent of the time, while the defense when used by blacks in the shooting of a white person is successful 1 percent of the time. In

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In a 2007 National District Attorneys Association symposium, numerous concerns were voiced that the law could increase crime. This included criminals using the law as a defense for their crimes, more people carrying guns, and that people would not feel safe if they felt that anyone could use

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In 2014, Florida's legislature considered a bill that would allow people to show a gun or fire a warning shot during a confrontation without drawing a lengthy prison sentence. In 2017, there was a bill proposed in Florida's state legislature that would require the prosecution to prove that a

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called the law unnecessary and dangerous in that "hether it's trick-or-treaters or kids playing in the yard of someone who doesn't want them there or some drunk guy stumbling into the wrong house, you're encouraging people to possibly use deadly physical force where it shouldn't be used." A

767:, an author of the law, said that the violent crime rate has dropped since the enactment of the law, though he said there may be many reasons for the change. Others have argued that the law may lead to an increase in crime. Violent crime data for 1995 – 2015 has been published by the 181:(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the person who believes on reasonable grounds that they are, or who is believed on reasonable grounds to be, in peaceable possession of the property does not have a claim of right to it and the other person is entitled to its possession by law. 615:. In Florida, self-defense claims tripled in the years following enactment. Opponents argue that Florida's law makes it potentially more difficult to prosecute cases against individuals who commit a crime and claim self-defense. Before passage of the law, Miami police chief 550:

Eleven states impose a duty to retreat when one can do so with absolute safety: Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island. New York, however, does not require retreat when one is threatened with

760:, over a 20-month period. A 2015 study found that the adoption of Oklahoma's stand-your-ground law was associated with a decrease in residential burglaries, but also that the law had "the unintended consequence of increasing the number of non-residential burglaries." 570:

Washington, D.C. adopts a "middle ground" approach, under which "The law does not require a person to retreat," but "in deciding whether reasonably at the time of the incident believed that s/he was in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm and that

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Under article 122-5 of French Criminal Code, a person who, faced with an unjustified attack on himself or another, at the same time performs an act required by the need for self-defense of himself or another, is not criminally responsible, unless there is a

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For the purposes of subsection (3), an occupier is deemed not to be convicted of an offence until the period limited by law for the commencement of an appeal from the conviction has elapsed or the appeal taken from the conviction has concluded or been

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Whether a jurisdiction follows stand-your-ground or duty-to-retreat is just one element of its self-defense laws. Different jurisdictions allow deadly force against different crimes. All American states allow it against prior deadly force, great

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In Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, and Nebraska, the duty to retreat also does not apply when the defender is in the defender's place of work; the same is true in Wisconsin and Guam, but only if the defender is the owner or operator of the

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In all duty to retreat states, the duty to retreat does not apply when the defender is in the defender's home (except, in some jurisdictions, when the defender is defending against a fellow occupant of that home). This is known as the

150:(2) In determining whether the act committed is reasonable in the circumstances, the court shall consider the relevant circumstances of the person, the other parties and the act, including, but not limited to, the following factors: 402:

German law permits self-defense against an unlawful attack. If there is no other possibility for defense, it is generally allowed to use even deadly force without a duty to retreat. However, there must not be an extreme imbalance

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For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3), a trespasser is a criminal trespasser if the occupier has reasonable grounds to believe that the trespasser is committing or is about to commit an offence under the Criminal Code

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found that Stand Your Ground laws led to an increase in homicides and hospitalizations related to firearm-inflicted injuries. The study estimated that at least 30 people died per month due to the laws. A 2013 study in the

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review of existing research concluded: "There is supportive evidence that stand-your-ground laws are associated with increases in firearm homicides and moderate evidence that they increase the total number of homicides."

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Where a trespasser is not a criminal trespasser, an occupier is not liable to the trespasser for damages for death of or injury to the trespasser unless the death or injury results from the occupier’s wilful or reckless

1375: 1684: 230:

is unique among Canadian jurisdictions in affording civil immunity to occupiers who employ force, including lethal force, in defense of homes and other premises. In 2019, the Alberta legislature passed the

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Where a trespasser is a criminal trespasser, no action lies against the occupier for damages for death of or injury to the trespasser unless the death or injury is caused by conduct of the occupier that

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In the home, the householder is protected by an additional piece of legislation in which it is specified that force used against an intruder is not to be regarded as reasonable if it is 'grossly

2694: 214:"...to consider whether an accused could have retreated from his or her own home in the face of an attack (or threatened attack) by an assailant in assessing the elements of self-defense.” In 454:

Stand-your-ground law applies to any kind of threat by an attacker that endangers the victim's safety, health, or life. The victim has no obligation to retreat, as said in a statement by the

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the court should use the "no duty to retreat" instruction of WPIC 17.05 which explains in more detail the relationship of the "necessary force" limitation and the "no duty to retreat" rule.

729:, for studying only one state and focusing on a narrow definition of effectiveness. Studies conducted by Lott's Crime Prevention Research Center found that the loosening of restrictions on 670:

study found that when whites use the stand-your-ground defense against black attackers they are more successful than when blacks use the defense against white attackers. A paper from

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so providing: California, Colorado, Illinois, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington; the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands also falls within this category.

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six states have laws stating that "civil remedies are unaffected by criminal provisions of self-defense law" (Hawaii, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, and Tennessee).

752:, in 2007, which brought public attention to Texas' stand-your-ground law impacted crime. The study found that subsequent to the shooting, burglaries decreased significantly in 1469: 1692: 473:

If the self-defense was excessive, its perpetrator is not to be punished if he or she exceeded on account of fear or rage justified by the circumstances of the attack.

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Ren, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, J. S. (December 27, 2012). "The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas: A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas".

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of the person’s response to the use or threat of force; and (h) whether the act committed was in response to a use or threat of force that the person knew was lawful.

2431: 1968: 2483: 2303:

Hoekstra, Mark; Cheng, Cheng (July 1, 2013). "Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence? Evidence from Expansions to Castle Doctrine".

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when there was, in fact, no danger. The report specifically notes that racial and ethnic minorities could be at greater risk because of negative stereotypes.

2619: 1815: 1273: 2673: 912: 470:, by excluding punishment if the defendant used excessive force while protecting one's home unless "exceeding the limits of necessary defense was gross". 2456: 1768: 1999: 422: 416: 241: 961: 386:

when repelling, by night, the entry by break-in, violence or trickery in an inhabited place; 2° when defending himself against the authors of

1916: 2509: 2058: 2457:"Misleading Journal of the American Medical Association research about Florida's Stand Your Ground Law – Crime Prevention Research Center" 314: 2757: 323:; however, there is also no duty to retreat from an attack. In order for a defense to be judged as legitimate, it may not be "manifestly 1934: 1773: 714:. In contrast, they lead to a statistically significant 8 percent net increase in the number of reported murders." A 2016 study in the 636:

criticized stand-your-ground laws as "senselessly expand the concept of self-defense and sow dangerous conflict in our neighborhoods."

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Chamlin, Mitchell B.; Krajewski, Andrea E. (December 29, 2015). "Use of Force and Home Safety: An Impact Assessment of Oklahoma's".

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In 2019, the Italian senate passed a "legitimate defense" bill, protecting the right to self-defense for private citizens of Italy.

1870: 1479: 1406: 913:"'A split-second of fear': How Edouard Maurice became a symbol of the fight over rural crime and self-defence | National Post" 1444: 2747: 1547: 858: 1527: 2140: 1714: 768: 625: 576:

to whether the defendant reasonably believed the force used was necessary to prevent an interference with his or her person."

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Like England and Wales, France has a stand-your-ground law rooted in the defense of using reasonable force in self-defense.

2432:"A study by the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests stand-your-ground laws result in more fatal shootings" 812:

The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States

20: 2714: 2204:. Morral, Andrew R., Ramchand, Rajeev, Smart, Rosanna, Gresenz, Carole Roan, Cherney, Samantha, Nicosia, Nancy. 2018. 1123: 1098: 1073: 624:

stating that modifying the law would not fix its problems. In a July 16, 2013 speech in the wake of the jury verdict

339: 1899: 620:

counterargument is that implementing a duty-to-retreat places the safety of the criminal above a victim's own life.

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Gius, Mark (September 2016). "The relationship between stand-your-ground laws and crime: A state-level analysis".

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In Wisconsin and Guam, the duty to retreat also does not apply when the defender is in the defender's vehicle.

749: 2383:"Evaluating the Impact of Florida's "Stand Your Ground" Self-defense Law on Homicide and Suicide by Firearm" 2113: 2088:"Race, Justifiable Homicide, and Stand Your Ground Laws: Analysis of FBI Supplementary Homicide Report Data" 1623: 1598: 1573: 1139: 1038: 1195: 1164:. www.irishtimes.com/news/law-lets-householders-use-reasonable-force-1.443683. Retrieved January 31, 2021. 1013: 54:, so long as they are in a place where they are lawfully present. The exact details vary by jurisdiction. 1419: 2644: 2229: 693: 281:(b) results in the occupier being convicted of an offence under the Criminal Code (Canada) that is 1221: 653: 611:

Stand-your-ground laws are frequently labeled "shoot first" laws by opposition groups, including the

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Are Stand Your Ground Laws Racist and Sexist? A Statistical Analysis of Cases in Florida, 2005-2013.

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in a conflict. The report also noted that the misinterpretation of clues could result in the use of

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Florida's stand-your-ground law went into effect on October 1, 2005. Florida state representative

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found that stand-your-ground laws were not associated with lower crime rates. A 2016 study in the

1846:"Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the NAACP Annual Convention" 455: 197: 2164:"Race, law, and health: Examination of 'Stand Your Ground' and defendant convictions in Florida" 2087: 1738: 1656: 2674:"Do Other Countries Have 'Stand Your Ground' Laws? Or do they require you to slowly back away?" 1969:"Florida 'stand your ground' law yields some shocking outcomes depending on how law is applied" 1160:

Cullen, Paul (13 January 2012), "Law lets householders use reasonable force"(13 January 2012).

884:"Trespass Statutes (Protecting Law-Abiding Property Owners) Amendment Act, 2019, SA 2019, c 23" 202: 2721: 2695:"'Stand Your Ground' Nation: America used to value the concept of retreat. Now we just shoot" 2260:

McClellan, Chandler; Tekin, Erdal (2017). "Stand Your Ground Laws, Homicides, and Injuries".

2209: 426: 378: 362: 358: 324: 270: 154: 43: 1942: 1544: 1325:"Gun rights groups happy as Gov. Mike DeWine signs 'stand your ground' legislation into law" 1274:"For Black Iowans, Concerns and Questions Remain After 'Stand Your Ground' Law Takes Effect" 825: 810: 486: 1797: 1524: 1376:"Wyoming Supreme Court suggests new 'stand your ground' law could have broad implications" 42:

when they reasonably believe it to be necessary to defend against certain violent crimes (

8: 2201: 671: 1500: 2601: 2570: 2510:"Florida Homicide Rate Increased After Passage of 'Stand Your Ground' Law, Study Finds" 2413: 2363: 2328: 2285: 2030: 1845: 1744: 1350:"Lawriter - ORC - 2901.09 [Effective 4/6/2021] No duty to retreat in residence" 711: 434: 382:

option, might find it harder to justify his use of force by the need for self-defense.

319:

There is no explicit stand-your-ground or castle doctrine provision in the laws of the

282: 931:"Alberta Plans Law to Shield People Using Force for Home Defence | TheGunBlog.ca" 644:

led some civil rights activists and politicians to call for abolition of the statute.

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There is no settled rule on the subject in American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

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use of force, while still allowing a person to use force in nearly all circumstances.

2742: 2605: 2574: 2405: 2367: 2332: 2320: 2277: 2183: 1174: 1119: 1094: 1069: 1065: 955: 730: 544: 463: 211: 2528: 2401: 2289: 2179: 2163: 1685:"Florida 'Stand Your Ground' law could complicate Trayvon Martin teen shooting case" 2620:"Crime rates in Florida have dropped since 'stand your ground,' says Dennis Baxley" 2593: 2562: 2417: 2397: 2355: 2312: 2269: 2175: 684: 343: 215: 93: 2597: 797: 200:

regarding the interpretation of the elements of self-defense per ss. 34-35 of the

2359: 2273: 658: 616: 584: 467: 62: 47: 1816:"Trayvon Martin case: Florida task force told 'stand your ground' law confusing" 2159: 720: 629: 612: 598: 564: 320: 2715:

Stand Your Ground: A History of America's Love Affair with Lethal Self-Defense

234:

Trespass Statutes (Protecting Law-Abiding Property Owners) Amendment Act, 2019

2731: 2566: 2324: 2281: 2162:; Gilbert, Keon; Arroyo-Johnson, Cassandra; Pagano, Marcello (October 2015). 2118: 1551: 1531: 764: 70: 2409: 2187: 742: 738: 667: 572: 51: 39: 1769:"NRA's Behind-the-Scenes Campaign Encouraged 'Stand Your Ground' Adoption" 1014:"Self-Defence and the Prevention of Crime | The Crown Prosecution Service" 702:

found that Stand Your Ground laws in states across the U.S. "do not deter

2529:"Expansions to the Castle Doctrine: Implications for Policy and Practice" 2316: 1841: 633: 1475: 991: 560: 336: 74: 1349: 748:

A 2012 study examined whether a prominent Stand Your Ground shooting,

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has a stand-your-ground law rooted in the common law defense of using

2157: 1998:

Martin, Susan Taylor; Hundley, Kris; Humburg, Connie (June 2, 2012).

1967:

Hundley, Kris; Martin, Susan Taylor; Humburg, Connie (June 1, 2012).

540: 2484:"What to Make of the New Study of Florida's 'Stand Your Ground' Law" 2381:

Humphreys, David K.; Gasparrini, Antonio; Wiebe, Douglas J. (2017).

160:

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 34; 1992, c. 1, s. 60(F); 2012, c. 9, s. 2.

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R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 34; 1992, c. 1, s. 60(F); 2012, c. 9, s. 2.

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Fatal shooting reignites 'Stand Your Ground' law debate in Florida

2026:"New 'Scientific' Stand-Your-Ground Study Is Ignorant of the Law" 1222:"Ustawa z dnia 8 grudnia 2017 r. o zmianie ustawy - Kodeks karny" 753: 707: 552: 391: 387: 227: 207: 82: 519: Duty to retreat except in one's home, vehicle or workplace 501: Stand-your-ground by judicial decision or jury instruction 315:

Gun laws in the Czech Republic § Self defense with firearms

1445:""Stand Your Ground" Laws | Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence" 757: 61:

Even areas that impose a duty to retreat generally follow the "

2059:"Racial bias and 'stand your ground' laws: what the data show" 2000:"Race plays complex role in Florida's 'stand your ground' law" 859:"Self-Defence and Defence of Another - Criminal Law Notebook" 1409:, National Conference of State Legislatures (July 27, 2018). 640:

defendant's use of self-defense was not valid. In 2018, the

2244:'Stand Your Ground' Laws May Be Causing More Harm Than Good 1739:"Florida Expands Right to Use deadly force in Self-Defense" 1599:"WPIC 17.02 Lawful Force—Defense of Self, Others, Property" 78: 2114:"5 Disturbing Facts About The State Of Stand Your Ground" 2380: 1715:"Deaths Nearly Triple Since 'Stand Your Ground' Enacted" 1175:"Italy Passes Gun Rights similar to USA's 2nd Amendment" 944:

Supreme Court of the Czech Republic (October 24, 2001),

19:"Stand your ground" redirects here. For other uses, see 2645:"Florida Department of Law Enforcement - Violent Crime" 795: 513: Duty to retreat except in one's home or workplace 1679: 1677: 1246: 1798:"Can Women Stand Their Ground? Depends On the Target" 1997: 1966: 2141:"Is There Racial Bias in "Stand Your Ground" Laws?" 2081: 2079: 1674: 1737: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 906: 904: 796:Randall, Mark; DeBoer, Hendrick (April 24, 2012). 2526: 1640: 1557: 1118:(in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. p. 126. 2729: 2587: 2076: 597:Twenty-two states have laws that "provide civil 423:Criminal Law (Defence and the Dwelling) Act 2011 417:Criminal Law (Defence and the Dwelling) Act 2011 1393: 901: 798:"The Castle Doctrine and Stand-Your-Ground Law" 172:35 (1) A person is not guilty of an offence if 121:34 (1) A person is not guilty of an offence if 2259: 1503:. CaliforniaJuryInstructions.Net. January 2006 1420:"Section 505 - Title 18 - CRIMES AND OFFENSES" 2449: 2302: 1871:"Dare Defend: Standing for Stand Your Ground" 1574:"Virginia Concealed Carry Permit Information" 2552: 2527:Jansen, Steven; Nugent-Borakove, M. Elaine. 1624:"WPIC 17.05 Lawful Force—No Duty to Retreat" 1493: 1247:"Internetowa baza tekstów prawnych OpenLEX" 721:Journal of the American Medical Association 2236: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1774:Florida Center for Investigative Reporting 960:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 507: Duty to retreat except in one's home 2534:. National District Attorneys Association 1993: 1991: 1989: 1735: 1373: 490:Stand your ground law by US jurisdiction 365:' force, which can still be reasonable). 2692: 1476:Legislative Counsel, State of California 1299:"Senate Bill 175 | The Ohio Legislature" 1271: 1113: 1088: 1059: 989: 804: 485: 16:Justification defense in a criminal case 2056: 1962: 1960: 1922: 1537: 1501:"CALCRIM No. 505. Justifiable Homicide" 974: 826:"Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)" 786:Florida Statutes Title XLVI Chapter 776 780: 81:; some also allow it against threat of 2730: 2693:Lithwick, Dahlia (February 25, 2014). 2671: 2507: 2085: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2023: 1986: 1795: 1646:1 Crim. Jury Inst. for DC Instr. 9.503 1272:Sostaric, Katarina (August 15, 2017). 1093:. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. p. 123. 910: 853: 851: 626:acquitting George Zimmerman of charges 613:Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence 466:introduced in 2017 codifies a limited 432:The law was introduced in response to 196:has emerged from different provincial 2508:Mohney, Gillian (November 14, 2016). 2017: 1900:"'Stand Your Ground' Could Get Worse" 1515: 1374:Sanderson, Shane (October 17, 2019). 990:Casciani, Dominic (October 9, 2012). 769:Florida Department of Law Enforcement 2345: 2242:Andrew R. Morral and Rosanna Smart. 1957: 1868: 1808: 1407:Self Defense and "Stand Your Ground" 992:"Q and A: Self defence and burglars" 628:stemming from the shooting death of 330: 46:). Under such a law, people have no 2045: 2024:Branca, Andrew (October 19, 2015). 1941:. December 23, 2013. Archived from 1766: 968: 848: 678: 647: 13: 2758:Controversies in the United States 2665: 2481: 2194: 2111: 2057:Jonsson, Patrik (August 6, 2013). 1840: 1736:Goodnough, Abby (April 27, 2005). 911:Dawson, Tyler (October 30, 2018). 495: Stand-your-ground by statute 244:and added the following sections: 21:Stand Your Ground (disambiguation) 14: 2769: 2720:Murphy, Justin (March 30, 2017) " 1935:"Florida's stand your ground law" 1322: 340:jurisdiction of England and Wales 308: 2713:Light, Caroline (February 2017) 2461:Crime Prevention Research Center 1691:. March 20, 2012. Archived from 476: 117:Defence — use of threat or force 100: 2672:Palmer, Brian (July 16, 2013). 2637: 2612: 2581: 2546: 2520: 2501: 2475: 2424: 2402:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6811 2374: 2339: 2296: 2253: 2180:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.012 2151: 2133: 2105: 1910: 1892: 1862: 1834: 1796:Carmon, Irin (March 20, 2014). 1789: 1760: 1729: 1707: 1657:"Wisconsin Legislature: 939.48" 1649: 1616: 1591: 1566: 1462: 1437: 1412: 1367: 1342: 1316: 1291: 1265: 1239: 1214: 1188: 1167: 1154: 1132: 1116:Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I 1107: 1091:Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I 1082: 1062:Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I 1053: 1031: 1006: 983: 38:, provides that people may use 2748:Legal doctrines and principles 937: 923: 876: 834:Department of Justice (Canada) 818: 789: 642:shooting of Markeis McGlockton 606: 327:to the manner of the attack". 1: 2598:10.1080/01639625.2015.1012027 2246:. Reprinted by RAND from the 2168:Social Science & Medicine 1563:Vt. Crim. Jury Inst. CR07-111 774: 750:Joe Horn shooting controversy 269:(a) is wilful and grossly 242:Occupiers Liability Act, 2000 50:before using deadly force in 2360:10.1016/j.soscij.2016.01.001 2274:10.3368/jhr.52.3.0613-5723R2 652:In 2012, in response to the 535:The other eight states have 525: Middle-ground approach 361:' (as distinct from merely ' 7: 2724:" Social Science Quarterly. 2202:"The Science of Gun Policy" 1717:. CBS Miami. March 20, 2011 10: 2774: 2348:The Social Science Journal 2305:Journal of Human Resources 2262:Journal of Human Resources 1380:Casper Star-Tribune Online 1196:"Zakres obrony koniecznej" 1148:www.gesetze-im-internet.de 1047:www.gesetze-im-internet.de 947:Decision No. 5 Tz 189/2001 700:Journal of Human Resources 694:Journal of Human Resources 414: 410: 397: 312: 221: 18: 2063:Christian Science Monitor 1875:Law and Psychology Review 459:continuing his assault." 449: 368: 273:in the circumstances, and 105: 2567:10.1177/0011128712466886 1661:docs.legis.wisconsin.gov 1471:Penal Code §§ 197, 198.5 1303:www.legislature.ohio.gov 1114:Heinrich, Bernd (2005). 1089:Heinrich, Bernd (2005). 1064:(in German). Stuttgart: 1060:Heinrich, Bernd (2005). 441: 394:executed with violence. 283:prosecuted by indictment 240:The new Act amended the 36:"no duty to retreat" law 2753:U.S. state criminal law 2717:. Boston, Beacon Press. 2555:Crime & Delinquency 1278:www.iowapublicradio.org 1140:"German Criminal Code ( 1039:"German Criminal Code ( 481: 456:Supreme Court of Poland 421:Under the terms of the 405:extremes Missverhältnis 350:force as 'reasonable'. 2390:JAMA Internal Medicine 2250:of September 11, 2019. 2217:Cite journal requires 1919:, FOX, August 21, 2018 1869:Fair, Madison (2014). 716:Social Science Journal 527: 306: 189: 162: 137: 30:, sometimes called a " 2738:Stand-your-ground law 2093:. The Urban Institute 1424:www.legis.state.pa.us 1329:The Columbus Dispatch 975:Novotný, Oto (2004). 489: 246: 165: 140: 114: 44:right of self-defense 28:stand-your-ground law 2649:www.fdle.state.fl.us 2317:10.3368/jhr.48.3.821 977:Trestní právo hmotné 830:Justice Laws Website 691:A 2017 study in the 435:DPP v. Padraig Nally 2463:. November 28, 2016 2228:CS1 maint: others ( 2158:Ackermann, Nicole; 1543:Cassels v. People, 933:. November 7, 2019. 863:criminalnotebook.ca 672:The Urban Institute 654:Trayvon Martin case 632:, Attorney General 2160:Goodman, Melody S. 2031:Legal Insurrection 1904:The New York Times 1745:The New York Times 712:aggravated assault 528: 462:Section 2a of the 168:Defence — property 2701:. The Slate Group 2680:. The Slate Group 1767:Goodman, Howard. 1695:on March 22, 2012 1550:May 14, 2014, at 1530:May 14, 2014, at 1066:Kohlhammer Verlag 731:defensive gun use 545:jury instructions 464:Polish Penal Code 346:in self-defense. 331:England and Wales 212:are not permitted 2765: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2590:Deviant Behavior 2585: 2579: 2578: 2561:(8): 1127–1151. 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2482:Branca, Andrew. 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2257: 2251: 2248:Orlando Sentinel 2240: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2112:Flatow, Nicole. 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2054: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1995: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1931: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1906:. March 9, 2017. 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1681: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1541: 1535: 1522:People v. Toler, 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1478:, archived from 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1449:smartgunlaws.org 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1226:isap.sejm.gov.pl 1218: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1200:www.militaria.pl 1192: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1171: 1165: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1010: 1004: 1003: 1001: 999: 987: 981: 980: 972: 966: 965: 959: 951: 950:(in Czech), Brno 941: 935: 934: 927: 921: 920: 908: 899: 898: 896: 894: 880: 874: 873: 871: 869: 855: 846: 845: 843: 841: 822: 816: 815:, second edition 808: 802: 801: 793: 787: 784: 685:RAND Corporation 679:Effects on crime 648:Racial disparity 524: 518: 512: 506: 500: 494: 427:disproportionate 363:disproportionate 359:disproportionate 344:reasonable force 325:disproportionate 279: 271:disproportionate 267: 226:The province of 216:British Columbia 192:A great deal of 94:RAND Corporation 32:line in the sand 2773: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2728: 2727: 2704: 2702: 2683: 2681: 2668: 2666:Further reading 2663: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2586: 2582: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2488:National Review 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2344: 2340: 2301: 2297: 2258: 2254: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2156: 2152: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086:Roman, John K. 2084: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2055: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2004:Tampa Bay Times 1996: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1973:Tampa Bay Times 1965: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1945:on June 6, 2012 1939:Tampa Bay Times 1933: 1932: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1822:. April 6, 2012 1814: 1813: 1809: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1542: 1538: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1482:on May 12, 2009 1468: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1162:The Irish Times 1159: 1155: 1142:Strafgesetzbuch 1138: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1068:. p. 110. 1058: 1054: 1041:Strafgesetzbuch 1037: 1036: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1012: 1011: 1007: 997: 995: 988: 984: 973: 969: 953: 952: 942: 938: 929: 928: 924: 909: 902: 892: 890: 882: 881: 877: 867: 865: 857: 856: 849: 839: 837: 824: 823: 819: 809: 805: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 681: 659:Tampa Bay Times 650: 617:John F. Timoney 609: 585:castle doctrine 526: 522: 520: 516: 514: 510: 508: 504: 502: 498: 496: 492: 484: 479: 468:castle doctrine 452: 444: 419: 413: 400: 371: 333: 317: 311: 277: 265: 224: 198:superior courts 190: 163: 155:proportionality 138: 108: 103: 63:castle doctrine 58:by retreating. 48:duty to retreat 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2690: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2636: 2611: 2580: 2545: 2519: 2500: 2474: 2448: 2423: 2373: 2354:(3): 329–338. 2338: 2311:(3): 821–854. 2295: 2268:(3): 621–653. 2252: 2235: 2219:|journal= 2193: 2150: 2132: 2104: 2075: 2044: 2016: 1985: 1956: 1921: 1909: 1891: 1861: 1833: 1807: 1788: 1759: 1728: 1706: 1673: 1648: 1639: 1615: 1590: 1565: 1556: 1536: 1514: 1492: 1461: 1436: 1411: 1392: 1366: 1354:codes.ohio.gov 1341: 1315: 1290: 1264: 1238: 1213: 1187: 1166: 1153: 1131: 1124: 1106: 1099: 1081: 1074: 1052: 1030: 1018:www.cps.gov.uk 1005: 982: 979:. Praha: ASPI. 967: 936: 922: 900: 875: 847: 836:. July 1, 2019 817: 803: 788: 778: 776: 773: 680: 677: 649: 646: 630:Trayvon Martin 608: 605: 604: 603: 595: 592: 588: 580: 577: 568: 565:sexual assault 548: 533: 521: 515: 509: 503: 497: 491: 483: 480: 478: 475: 451: 448: 443: 440: 415:Main article: 412: 409: 399: 396: 370: 367: 332: 329: 321:Czech Republic 313:Main article: 310: 309:Czech Republic 307: 223: 220: 164: 139: 113: 107: 104: 102: 99: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2770: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2437: 2436:The Economist 2433: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2231: 2224: 2211: 2203: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2121: 2120: 2119:ThinkProgress 2115: 2108: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1961: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1748: 1747:. nytimes.com 1746: 1740: 1732: 1716: 1710: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1636: 1630:September 13, 1625: 1619: 1612: 1605:September 13, 1600: 1594: 1583:September 10, 1579: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1553: 1552:archive.today 1549: 1546: 1540: 1533: 1532:archive.today 1529: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1502: 1496: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1330: 1326: 1323:Kovac, Marc. 1319: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1176: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1125:3-17-018395-8 1121: 1117: 1110: 1102: 1100:3-17-018395-8 1096: 1092: 1085: 1077: 1075:3-17-018395-8 1071: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1034: 1019: 1015: 1009: 993: 986: 978: 971: 963: 957: 949: 948: 940: 932: 926: 918: 917:National Post 914: 907: 905: 889: 885: 879: 864: 860: 854: 852: 835: 831: 827: 821: 814: 813: 807: 799: 792: 783: 779: 772: 770: 766: 765:Dennis Baxley 761: 759: 756:, but not in 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 734: 732: 728: 723: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 695: 689: 686: 676: 673: 669: 668:Texas A&M 664: 661: 660: 655: 645: 643: 637: 635: 631: 627: 621: 618: 614: 600: 596: 593: 589: 586: 581: 578: 574: 569: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529: 488: 477:United States 474: 471: 469: 465: 460: 457: 447: 439: 437: 436: 430: 428: 424: 418: 408: 406: 395: 393: 389: 383: 380: 379:disproportion 374: 366: 364: 360: 355: 351: 347: 345: 341: 338: 328: 326: 322: 316: 305: 304: 301: 296: 295: 292: 287: 286: 284: 275: 274: 272: 263: 262: 260: 255: 254: 251: 245: 243: 238: 236: 235: 229: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204: 203:Criminal Code 199: 195: 188: 186: 182: 180: 176: 173: 170: 169: 161: 158: 156: 151: 149: 145: 143: 136: 133: 130: 129: 125: 122: 119: 118: 112: 101:Jurisdictions 98: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73:, and likely 72: 71:bodily injury 66: 64: 59: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 2703:. 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