1137:, only rights to property and the right of autonomy. In this theory, the "acquisition principle" states that people are entitled to defend and retain all holdings acquired in a just way and the "rectification principle" requires that any violation of the first principle be repaired by returning holdings to their rightful owners as a "one time" redistribution. Hence, in default of self-defense in the first instance, any damage to property must be made good either in kind or by value. Similarly, theorists such as George Fletcher and Robert Schopp have adopted European concepts of autonomy in their liberal theories to justify the right-holder using all necessary force to defend his or her autonomy and rights. This right inverts the
2137:, Supreme Court of Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), The court wrote, "When a person has reasonable grounds for believing, and does in fact actually believe, that danger of his being killed, or of receiving great bodily harm, is imminent, he may act on such appearances and defend himself, even to the extent of taking human life when necessary, although it may turn out that the appearances were false, or although he may have been mistaken as to the extent of the real actual danger."
179:
2004:
457:
1224:(2017), Faria concludes: "Liberty and the right to preserve life through self-defense are natural rights of the people – namely, gifts from God or Nature to man – and governments that attempt to circumvent those rights are no longer legitimate governments but usurpations. Bad governments and usurpations are already in rebellion against God and man, so the people have a legitimate right to self-defense in the form of insurrection to overthrow those governments."
2111:(MPC) §3.04 contains an elaborate formulation for use of force, including when it is justified, and limitations on the justification. The MPC is neither static nor legally binding in any jurisdiction, however more than half of all U.S. states have enacted criminal codes that borrow heavily from the MPC. In general the MPC hold great sway in criminal courts even in states that have not directly drawn from it, as judges often use the MPC as a source of the
1055:...the enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure. This makes him willing to quit a condition, which, however free, is full of fears and continual dangers: and it is not without reason, that he seeks out, and is willing to join in society with others, who are already united, or have a mind to unite, for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and estates, which many call by the general name, property.
77:
512:
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on if the threat was imminent or not. Some questions to ask are was the threat about to happen and was the person's life really in danger? Did they provoke the person for the attack to happen? When the person attacked the person, did his or her self-defense match the threat, or was it to the point where the person ended up dead when they did not need to have been killed? Was it a '
1201:. It reads: "Legitimate defense can be not only a right but also a grave duty for one who is responsible for the lives of others. The defense of the common good requires that an unjust aggressor be rendered unable to cause harm." Furthermore, as "it happens that the need to render the aggressor incapable of causing harm sometimes involves taking his life."
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committed an assault upon him, and the defendant merely defended himself. Claiming a self-defense case will greatly depend on the threat. This includes whether it was a verbal threat that made the person feel threatened, to the extent that they felt the need to defend themselves. It will also depend
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from danger. Generally, the defendant must have a reasonable belief that the third party is in a position where they have the right of self-defense. For example, a person who unknowingly chances upon two actors practicing a fight would be able to defend their restraint of the one that appeared to be
1196:
The right of free men to bear arms for self-defense becomes a duty to protect those under their household and care. Most religions, especially in the Judeo-Christian heritage agree on the right to self-defense and home protection with arms. The
Catholic catechism derived from inception based on the
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explained that individuals have a right to protect their persons via a natural right to self-defense; that people have not only a right to self-defense but also a moral duty to defend their families and neighbors; that the right to armed self-defense extends collectively to the community to curb or
1094:
within the nation to set the limits to obedience to the state and its laws given the pervasive dangers in a world full of weapons. In modern societies, states are increasingly delegating or privatizing their coercive powers to corporate providers of security services either to supplement or replace
1059:
In earlier times before the development of national policing, an attack on the family home was effectively either an assault on the people actually inside or an indirect assault on their welfare by depriving them of shelter and/or the means of production. This linkage between a personal attack and
2115:
and principles underlying criminal liability. However this is not the case with regards to the law on self-defense; the MPC's definition has been resoundingly rejected by both courts and legislatures, with only a handful of jurisdictions applying the MPC's definition of self defense. In the U.S.,
1149:
who saw property as the driving force to enable individuals to enhance their utilities through stable investment and trade. In liberal theory, therefore, to maximise the utility, there is no need to retreat nor use only proportionate force. The attacker is said to sacrifice legal protection when
1086:
within defined territorial boundaries. Recognizing that the modern framework of nations has emerged from the use of force, Weber asserted that the exercise of power through the institutions of government remained indispensable for effective government at any level which necessarily implies that
1128:
relationship between right and duty as an aspect of human interactiveness as opposed to rights deemed implicitly more important because they attach to a person by virtue of his or her ownership of property. Further, it follows that, in this moral balancing exercise, laws must simultaneously
1040:
where there is no authority and a modern state. Hobbes argues that although some may be stronger or more intelligent than others in their natural state, none are so strong as to be beyond a fear of violent death, which justifies self-defense as the highest necessity. In the
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doctrine of self-defense; whereby an otherwise law abiding individual, while in any location they have a legal right to be, enjoys an extremely broad right to self-defense, being under no legal obligation to retreat from an agressor regardless of ease or ability to do so.
2279:
990: – the male head of the household, sole owner of all property belonging to the household, and endowed by law with dominion over all his descendants through the male line no matter their age. The right to self-defense is phrased as the principle of
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components within the power hierarchy. The fact that states no longer claim a monopoly to police within their borders, enhances the argument that individuals may exercise a right or privilege to use violence in their own defense. Indeed, modern
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criminalize aggression resulting in loss or injury, but decriminalize qualitatively identical violence causing loss or injury because it is used in self-defense. As a resolution of this apparent paradox and in defiance of
Hohfeld,
1115:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or
630:
1208:(1632–1704) posited that natural rights were self-evident and gave man the power "to pursue life, health, liberty and possessions," as well as the right to self-defense. This concept was taken by the
1154:
which offers a safety net for all when they are injured. Nevertheless, some limits must be recognized as where a minor initial attack simply becomes a pretext for an excessively violent response. The
1120:
The inclusion of defense of one's family and home recognizes the universal benefit claimed to stem from the family's peaceable possession of private property. This general approach implicitly attacks
941:
If a defendant uses defensive force because of a threat of deadly or grievous harm by the other person, or a reasonable perception of such harm, the defendant is said to have a "perfect self-defense"
1107:, and in all cases, with no exceptions, justifies all uses of violence stemming from this right, regardless whether in defense of the person or property. In this context, note that Article 12
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the aggressor. However, in many jurisdictions a person who causes injury in defense of another may be liable to criminal and civil charges if such defense turned out to be unnecessary.
2084:' defense? Did they intentionally break in the person's home and try to harm the person or their family to the point where they had to defend themselves or others using deadly force?
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189:
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487:
1427:
2515:
Green, Stuart P. (1999). "Castles and
Carjackers: Proportionality and the Use of Deadly Force in Defense of Dwellings and Vehicles".
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characterizes the majority of laws as intrusive to personal autonomy and, in particular, argues that the right of self-defense from
141:
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2305:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, Part Three, Life in Christ, Section Two, The Ten Commandments, Article 5, The Fifth Commandment"
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The right to armed self-preservation is derived from Graeco-Roman natural rights theory, clearly enunciated by the Roman statesman
945:. If defendant uses defensive force because of such a perception, and the perception is not reasonable, the defendant may have an "
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Justification does not make a criminal use of force lawful; if the use of force is justified, it cannot be criminal at all.
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that the plaintiff was noted for quarrelsomeness is generally admissible where an answer of son assault demesne is filed.
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When the plea is supported by evidence, it is a sufficient justification, unless the retaliation by the defendant were
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127:
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New
Thoughts About the Concept of Justification in the Criminal Law: A Critique of Fletcher's Thinking and Rethinking
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241:
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63:
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For the rationale of Self-defense, see: Boaz
Sangero, Self-Defence in Criminal Law 11 – 106 (Hart Publishing, 2006).
2606:
McCoy, Scott D. (2001). "The
Homosexual-Advance Defense and Hate Crimes Statutes: Their Interaction and Conflict".
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930:) is the right for people to use reasonable or defensive force, for the purpose of defending one's own life (
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property weakened as societies developed but the threat of violence remains a key factor. As an aspect of
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systems have a theory of "abuse of right" to explain denial of justification in such extreme cases.
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where any attack on the members of the family or the property it owned was a personal attack on the
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2280:"The moral philosophy of self-defense and resistance to tyranny in the Judeo-Christian Tradition"
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with the responsive violence being the greatest good to the individual, but accurately mirrors
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2729:"Criminal Law: Self-Defense". Michigan Law Review, vol. 2, no. 8, 1904, pp. 727–28, JSTOR,
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Getman, Julius G; Marshall, F Ray (2001). "The
Continuing Assault on the Right to Strike".
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Criminal Law Cases and
Materials, 7th ed. 2012; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder
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Vitu, Legitime defense et infraction d'imprudence, Revue de
Science Criminelle, 1987, 865.
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Dennis J. Baker, Glanville
Williams Textbook of Criminal Law (London: 2012) at Chapter 21.
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for the first time) proposed the foundation political theory that distinguishes between a
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2621:"Battered Women and Self-Defense: Myths and Misconceptions in Current Reform Proposals"
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The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, or, A Commentary on Littleton
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of the person and defense of property. Whether consciously or not, this builds on the
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The morality of self-defense and military action: The Judeo-Christian Tradition
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initiating the attack. In this respect, the criminal law is not the tool of a
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934:) or the lives of others, including, in certain circumstances, the use of
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Kadish, Sanford H.; Schulhofer, Stephen J.; Barkow, Rachel E. (2017).
2461:(London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave and C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832)
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1986:
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2003:
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2746:, an independent, in-depth breakdown of US self-defense legalities.
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2700:
Segev, Re'em (2005). "Fairness, Responsibility and Self-Defense".
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asserts the reason why an owner would give up their autonomy:
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For modern theorists, the question of self-defense is one of
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2443:"Of the Enemy Within, The Castle Doctrine, and Self-Defense"
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27:
Right for people to use reasonable force or defensive force
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Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial
918:(also called, when it applies to the defense of another,
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The rules are the same when force is used to protect
1001:(6th century). Another early application of this was
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106–43) and other stoic philosophers, influenced by
2538:
Criminal Law and its Processes: Cases and Materials
2140:
994:("it is permitted to repel force by force") in the
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
956:
2722:Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa
2063:("his own first assault") is a form of a plea to
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1084:monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force
972:The early theories make no distinction between
2501:
2408:Evidence: Character Evidence in a Civil Trial
2379:Lyman, Robert W. (October 1925 – June 1926),
2028:
1009:ruler, which was used in the doctrine of the
1005:'s concept of justified resistance against a
895:
481:
186:The examples and perspective in this article
1288:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
1065:
2686:Justification Defenses and Just Convictions
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2749:
2540:(10th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer.
2385:, vol. 30, Dick. L. Rev., p. 191
2330:"Imminent Danger Law and Legal Definition"
2035:
2021:
1428:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
902:
888:
488:
474:
2688:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2618:
2475:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
14:
2769:
2651:
2425:Kadish, Schulhofer & Barkow (2017)
2284:Surgical Neurology International (SNI)
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1103:(including violence) is a fundamental
1087:self-help is limited if not excluded.
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2625:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2605:
2514:
2411:, vol. 36, Ky. L.J., p. 307
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1109:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2762:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2658:The University of Chicago Law Review
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2353:
2236:
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2056:Legal defense for self-defense claim
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1133:asserted that there are no positive
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99:adding citations to reliable sources
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29:
2490:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2395:1 East, P. C. 406; 1 Chit. Pr. 595.
2126:
2102:
24:
2556:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
2268:
2095:, or to the provocation received.
25:
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2750:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2737:
2517:University of Illinois Law Review
2360:LII / Legal Information Institute
2277:
2265:, Oxford University Press (2004).
2227:
1220:. In his review of David Kopel's
963:Self-defence in international law
45:This article has multiple issues.
2441:Carpenter, Catherine L. (2003).
2405:McCarthy, Giles J. (1947–1948),
2141:Definition in specific countries
2091:, and bore no proportion to the
2002:
1189:Surgical Neurology International
510:
455:
177:
75:
34:
2731:https://doi.org/10.2307/1272411
2654:"Self-Defense and Subjectivity"
2434:
2398:
2389:
2354:Ryan, Ms. Meghan (2009-11-16).
1754:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
1193:prevent tyrannical government.
1161:
957:General concepts – legal theory
537:Natural rights and legal rights
527:Claim rights and liberty rights
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
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2347:
2322:
2297:
2263:A Casebook on Roman Family Law
2252:
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2218:
2184:Overview of gun laws by nation
2116:most states apply instead the
13:
1:
2211:
1864:(term used for torts in some
1210:Founders of the United States
1082:as an authority claiming the
565:Economic, social and cultural
2468:, (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61.
861:Self-determination of people
542:Negative and positive rights
7:
2486:Fletcher, George P. (2000)
2471:Fletcher, George P. (1990)
2194:Right to keep and bear arms
2172:
1760:Joint and several liability
1218:Declaration of Independence
1044:Two Treatises of Government
532:Individual and group rights
200:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2798:
2573:10.4135/9781412965811.n269
1534:Comparative responsibility
1212:and clearly formulated by
1184:America, Guns, and Freedom
960:
289:Mental disorder (Insanity)
2684:Schopp, Robert F. (1998)
1849:Non-economic damages caps
928:defense of a third person
294:Diminished responsibility
1882:Private attorney general
1836:Other topics in tort law
1464:Principles of negligence
1393:Alienation of affections
1204:The English philosopher
1032:(using the English term
519:Theoretical distinctions
2733:. Accessed 18 May 2023.
2488:Rethinking Criminal Law
2334:definitions.uslegal.com
1747:Volenti non fit injuria
1572:Ultrahazardous activity
1539:Contributory negligence
1013:propounded in the 1550
110:"Right of self-defense"
2702:Santa Clara Law Review
2652:Nourse, V. F. (2001).
2261:, Frier & McGinn,
2206:Use of force continuum
1765:Market share liability
1698:Shopkeeper's privilege
1676:Statute of limitations
1519:Restitutio ad integrum
1368:Intrusion on seclusion
1263:Trespass to the person
1139:felicitation principle
1118:
1072:Politics as a Vocation
1066:
1057:
992:vim vi repellere licet
970:
947:imperfect self-defense
758:Other groups of rights
2759:Catholic Encyclopedia
2619:Maguigan, H. (1991).
2559:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
2545:Lund, Nelson (2008).
1877:Conflict of tort laws
1643:Tortious interference
1398:Criminal conversation
1385:Malicious prosecution
1182:, author of the book
1113:
1064:, in his 1918 speech
1053:
966:
916:right of self-defense
578:Rights by beneficiary
2753:"Self-Defense"
2567:. pp. 438–440.
2547:"Right to Bear Arms"
2447:Marquette Law Review
2179:Justifiable homicide
1375:Breach of confidence
1197:theological work of
1016:Magdeburg Confession
876:Water and sanitation
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
95:improve this article
2200:Son assault demesne
2061:Son assault demesne
1870:mixed legal systems
1740:Respondeat superior
1734:Vicarious liability
1693:Defence of property
1630:Insurance bad faith
1544:Attractive nuisance
1363:Invasion of privacy
1186:(2019), writing in
560:Civil and political
2608:Cardozo Law Review
2464:Dressler, Joshua,
2097:Character evidence
1770:Transferred intent
1661:Assumption of risk
1625:Restraint of trade
1601:Rylands v Fletcher
1433:Employment-related
1282:False imprisonment
2720:Semeraro, (2006)
2457:Sir Edward Coke,
2382:Exemplary Damages
2356:"Castle Doctrine"
2278:Faria, Miguel A.
2162:England and Wales
2134:People v. La Voie
2119:stand your ground
2075:asserts that the
2045:
2044:
1918:England and Wales
1873:
1724:Last clear chance
1719:Intentional torts
1703:Neutral reportage
1686:Defense of others
1634:
1567:Product liability
1513:Res ipsa loquitur
1500:Reasonable person
1408:Breach of promise
1257:
1228:Defense of others
1067:Politik als Beruf
1011:lesser magistrate
924:defense of others
920:alter ego defense
912:
911:
570:Three generations
498:
497:
260:Criminal defenses
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208:, as appropriate.
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16:(Redirected from
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2664:(4): 1235–1308.
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2504:Texas Law Review
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2127:Common law cases
2109:Model Penal Code
2103:Model Penal Code
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2007:
2006:
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1632:
1495:Standard of care
1380:Abuse of process
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1214:Thomas Jefferson
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897:
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851:Rest and leisure
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354:False confession
279:Actual innocence
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106:Find sources:
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84:This article
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2782:Self-defense
2777:Human rights
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2435:Bibliography
2407:
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2391:
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2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
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2338:. Retrieved
2333:
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2312:. Retrieved
2308:
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2287:. Retrieved
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2048:
2046:
1968:Criminal law
1887:Class action
1752:
1745:
1738:
1681:Self-defense
1680:
1599:
1577:Deep pockets
1511:
1473:Duty of care
1235:Part of the
1221:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1180:Miguel Faria
1165:
1162:Moral theory
1138:
1135:civil rights
1119:
1114:
1089:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1034:self-defense
1033:
1023:
1021:
1014:
999:of Justitian
996:
991:
985:
981:
971:
967:
940:
936:deadly force
932:self-defense
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
856:Self defense
855:
846:Reproductive
551:Human rights
378:Criminal law
371:
349:Self-defense
348:
299:Intoxication
266:Part of the
253:
238:
220:
214:January 2010
211:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2107:In the US,
1844:Tort reform
1478:Trespassers
1443:Malpractice
1438:Entrustment
1358:False light
1126:correlative
1105:human right
1062:sovereignty
831:Development
771:Association
666:Transgender
344:Provocation
2771:Categories
2694:0521622115
2591:2008009151
2496:0195136950
2481:0226253341
2365:2018-11-29
2340:2018-11-29
2212:References
1953:common law
1856:Quasi-tort
1808:Injunction
1801:Incidental
1620:Conspiracy
1345:Defamation
1322:Conversion
1237:common law
1206:John Locke
1078:defined a
1049:John Locke
961:See also:
821:Linguistic
796:Fair trial
678:Minorities
646:Indigenous
392:common law
359:Entrapment
309:Automatism
268:common law
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2614:(2): 629.
2599:750831024
2510:(3): 703.
2314:10 August
2289:10 August
2147:Australia
2113:doctrines
2093:necessity
2089:excessive
2077:plaintiff
2073:defendant
1963:Contracts
1903:Australia
1711:Liability
1671:Necessity
1559:liability
1483:Licensees
1403:Seduction
1176:Aristotle
1156:civil law
1122:Hohfeld's
1076:Max Weber
1025:Leviathan
978:Roman Law
866:Sexuality
791:Education
715:Prisoners
606:Creditors
601:Consumers
382:procedure
339:Necessity
202:talk page
56:talk page
2173:See also
1978:Property
1973:Evidence
1823:Replevin
1791:Punitive
1778:Remedies
1652:Defences
1586:Nuisance
1557:absolute
1488:Invitees
1315:chattels
1305:Trespass
1245:Tort law
1116:attacks.
1111:states:
1101:coercion
1028:(1651),
1007:Beerwolf
982:dominium
949:" as an
836:Property
826:Movement
766:Assembly
730:Students
705:Peasants
700:Patients
651:Intersex
616:Disabled
596:Children
438:Evidence
418:Property
408:Contract
403:Criminal
372:See also
284:Immunity
196:You may
2678:1600480
2645:3312349
2553:(ed.).
2069:battery
2065:justify
2049:another
1991:estates
1818:Detinue
1813:Tracing
1796:Special
1786:Damages
1666:Consent
1453:medical
1349:Slander
1277:Battery
1272:Assault
1254:Outline
1216:in the
974:defense
816:Housing
786:Digital
745:Workers
735:Victims
693:Mothers
688:Fathers
683:Parents
636:Fetuses
631:Farmers
591:Animals
586:Accused
447:Portals
433:Estates
324:Mistake
319:Consent
304:Infancy
135:scholar
2714:756947
2712:
2692:
2676:
2643:
2597:
2589:
2579:
2529:123890
2527:
2494:
2479:
2157:Sweden
1989:, and
1987:trusts
1951:Other
1938:Taiwan
1908:Canada
1861:Delict
1828:Trover
1553:Strict
1239:series
1168:Cicero
1030:Hobbes
997:Digest
951:excuse
871:Speech
841:Repair
811:Health
776:Asylum
725:States
720:Robots
710:Plants
641:Humans
626:Family
621:Elders
504:Rights
428:Trusts
390:Other
329:Duress
270:series
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2674:JSTOR
2641:JSTOR
2549:. In
2523:(1).
1983:Wills
1955:areas
1933:Japan
1928:India
1913:China
1866:civil
1638:Fraud
1448:legal
1352:Libel
1080:state
750:Youth
740:Women
656:Kings
423:wills
394:areas
314:Alibi
204:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
2710:SSRN
2690:ISBN
2595:OCLC
2587:LCCN
2577:ISBN
2561:Sage
2525:SSRN
2521:1999
2492:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2316:2020
2291:2020
1868:and
1555:and
1310:land
914:The
801:Food
661:LGBT
611:Deaf
413:Tort
380:and
114:news
2666:doi
2633:doi
2629:140
2569:doi
2131:In
1172:BCE
1141:of
1074:),
1022:In
673:Men
334:Age
97:by
2773::
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2706:45
2704:.
2672:.
2662:68
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2639:.
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2612:22
2610:.
2593:.
2585:.
2575:.
2563:;
2519:.
2508:79
2506:.
2451:86
2449:.
2445:.
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2358:.
2332:.
2307:.
2282:.
2270:^
2229:^
1985:,
1178:.
1047:,
1019:.
953:.
938:.
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2647:.
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