368:
425:
320:
402:. They have established tens of thousands of standards covering almost every conceivable topic. Many of these are then adopted worldwide replacing various incompatible "homegrown" standards. Many of these standards are naturally evolved from those designed in-house within an industry, or by a particular country, while others have been built from scratch by groups of experts who sit on various technical committees (TCs). These three organizations together comprise the
1111:(SDO) is one of the thousands of industry- or sector-based standards organizations that develop and publish industry specific standards. Some economies feature only an NSB with no other SDOs. Large economies like the United States and Japan have several hundred SDOs, many of which are coordinated by the central NSBs of each country (ANSI and JISC in this case). In some cases, international industry-based SDOs such as the
468:(UPU) develop and publish standards for a variety of international uses. In many such cases, these international standards organizations are not based on the principle of one member per country. Rather, membership in such organizations is open to those interested in joining and willing to agree to the organization's by-laws – having either organizational/corporate or individual technical experts as members.
1251:
statement like the following: "Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights". If the standards organization is aware that parts of a given standard fall under patent protection, it will often require the patent holder to agree to
1247:. However, the intellectual property extends only to the standard itself and not to its use. For instance if a company sells a device that is compliant with a given standard, it is not liable for further payment to the standards organization except in the special case when the organization holds patent rights or some other ownership of the intellectual property described in the standard.
519:(according to Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012), and member states are required to notify the European Commission and each other about all the draft technical regulations concerning ICT products and services before they are adopted in national law. These rules were laid down in Directive 98/34/EC with the goal of providing transparency and control with regard to technical regulations.
1123:(AES) may have direct liaisons with international standards organizations, having input to international standards without going through a national standards body. SDOs are differentiated from standards setting organizations (SSOs) in that SDOs may be accredited to develop standards using open and transparent processes.
417:, in which governments are the primary members, although other organizations (such as non-governmental organizations and individual companies) can also hold a form of direct membership status in the ITU as well. Another example of a treaty-based international standards organization with government membership is the
550:
In general, each country or economy has a single recognized national standards body (NSB). A national standards body is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO; ISO currently has 161 members. National standards bodies usually do not prepare the technical content of standards, which instead is
1713:
Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on European standardization, amending Council Directives 89/686/EEC and 93/15/EEC and Directives 94/9/EC, 94/25/EC, 95/16/EC, 97/23/EC, 98/34/EC, 2004/22/EC, 2007/23/EC, 2009/23/EC and 2009/105/EC
1191:
of competitors' products, and they provide a technological baseline for future research and product development. Formal standard setting through standards organizations has numerous benefits for consumers including increased innovation, multiple market participants, reduced production costs, and the
97:
refers to a specification (or protocol or technology) that has achieved widespread use and acceptance – often without being approved by any standards organization (or receiving such approval only after it already has achieved widespread use). Examples of de facto standards that were not approved by
1142:
Overlapping or competing standards bodies tend to cooperate purposefully, by seeking to define boundaries between the scope of their work, and by operating in a hierarchical fashion in terms of national, regional and international scope; international organizations tend to have as members national
228:
was established in London in 1901 as the world's first national standards body. It subsequently extended its standardization work and became the
British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting the name British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving its Royal Charter in 1929. The
159:
1250:
It is, however, liable for any patent infringement by its implementation, just as with any other implementation of technology. The standards organizations give no guarantees that patents relevant to a given standard have been identified. ISO standards draw attention to this in the foreword with a
1272:
Since traditional, widely respected standards organizations tend to operate at a slower pace than technology evolves, many standards they develop are becoming less relevant because of the inability of their developers to keep abreast with the technological innovation. As a result, a new class of
1090:
to collaborate on the United States
Standards Strategy. The determinates of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that
60:
to those who employ them. Such an organization works to create uniformity across producers, consumers, government agencies, and other relevant parties regarding terminology, product specifications (e.g. size, including units of measure), protocols, and more. Its goals could include ensuring that
1186:
to establish the telecommunications standards that have been adopted worldwide. The ITU has created numerous telecommunications standards including telegraph specifications, allocation of telephone numbers, interference protection, and protocols for a variety of communications technologies. The
1139:, which established characteristics ensure that a product or process is safe for humans, animals, and the environment. The subject of their work can be narrow or broad. Another area of interest is in defining how the behavior and performance of products is measured and described in data sheets.
358:
By geographic designation, there are international, regional, and national standards bodies (the latter often referred to as NSBs). By technology or industry designation, there are standards developing organizations (SDOs) and also standards setting organizations (SSOs) also known as consortia.
409:
ISO is composed of the national standards bodies (NSBs), one per member economy. The IEC is similarly composed of national committees, one per member economy. In some cases, the national committee to the IEC of an economy may also be the ISO member from that country or economy. ISO and IEC are
72:
Most standards are voluntary in the sense that they are offered for adoption by people or industry without being mandated in law. Some standards become mandatory when they are adopted by regulators as legal requirements in particular domains, often for the purpose of safety or for
217:: "Architects and engineers generally specify such unnecessarily diverse types of sectional material or given work that anything like economical and continuous manufacture becomes impossible. In this country no two professional men are agreed upon the size and weight of a
410:
private international organizations that are not established by any international treaty. Their members may be non-governmental organizations or governmental agencies, as selected by ISO and IEC (which are privately established organizations).
471:
The
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) was formed in 1949 to prepare avionics system engineering standards with other aviation organizations RTCA, EUROCAE, and ICAO. The standards are widely known as the ARINC Standards.
338:
After the war, ISA was approached by the recently formed United
Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in
1212:
in K12 education – are managed by a non-profit organizations composed of public entities and private entities working in cooperation that then publish the standards under an open license at no charge and requiring no registration.
308:. He presented a paper on standardization, which was so well received that he was asked to look into the formation of a commission to oversee the process. By 1906, his work was complete and he drew up a permanent terms for the
193:
Maudslay's work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest amount of industry standardization; some companies' in-house standards also began to spread more widely within their industries.
210:
By the end of the 19th century differences in standards between companies was making trade increasingly difficult and strained. For instance, in 1895 an iron and steel dealer recorded his displeasure in
1182:
Though it can be a tedious and lengthy process, formal standard setting is essential to developing new technologies. For example, since 1865, the telecommunications industry has depended on the
1714:
of the
European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Decision 87/95/EEC and Decision No 1673/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance
1739:
Directive 98/34/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations
1039:
501:
359:
Standards organizations may be governmental, quasi-governmental or non-governmental entities. Quasi- and non-governmental standards organizations are often non-profit organizations.
497:
56:) is an organization whose primary function is developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise contributing to the usefulness of
712:
584:
229:
national standards were adopted universally throughout the country, and enabled the markets to act more rationally and efficiently, with an increased level of cooperation.
331:(ISA) was founded in 1926 with a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during
1550:
1308:
Some industry-driven standards development efforts don't even have a formal organizational structure. They are projects funded by large corporations. Among them are the
355:
Standards organizations can be classified by their role, position, and the extent of their influence on the local, national, regional, and global standardization arena.
1216:
A technical library at a university may have copies of technical standards on hand. Major libraries in large cities may also have access to many technical standards.
814:
1640:
527:
485:
531:
509:
1442:
312:. The body held its first meeting that year in London, with representatives from 14 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardization,
1869:"Institut luxembourgeois de la normalisation, de l'accréditation, de la sécurité et qualité des produits et services // Le gouvernement luxembourgeois"
493:
1162:
When an organization develops standards that may be used openly, it is common to have formal rules published regarding the process. This may include:
198:'s screw thread measurements were adopted as the first (unofficial) national standard by companies around Britain in 1841. It came to be known as the
2053:
Information technology – Individualized adaptability and accessibility in e-learning, education and training – Part 1: Framework and reference model
1074:
NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the
Standards Council of Canada is a Canadian
489:
1269:
The ever-quickening pace of technology evolution is now more than ever affecting the way new standards are proposed, developed and implemented.
1367:
1104:
1083:
383:
344:
17:
1744:é04, 21.7.1998, p. 37–48. (This page also provides references to amendments.) See also European Commission: Enterprise Directorate-General:
717:
625:
1200:
Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee published the "Six Principles" guiding members in the development of international standards.
1392:
1252:
865:
137:
is not used to refer to the individual parties participating within the standards developing organization in the capacity of founders,
2156:
1147:) can be adopted at regional levels (BS 5750 was adopted as EN 29000) and at international levels (BS 5750 was adopted as ISO 9000).
638:
387:
309:
281:
2066:
1676:
1231:
or to organizations that issue their standard under an open license. Any standards produced by non-governmental entities remain the
1382:
505:
1745:
913:
841:
762:
61:
Company A's external hard drive works on
Company B's computer, an individual's blood pressure measures the same with Company C's
1377:
481:
1044:
2094:
2010:
1183:
989:
571:
391:
382:
There are many international standards organizations. The three largest and most well-established such organizations are the
277:
245:
394:(ITU), which have each existed for more than 50 years (founded in 1947, 1906, and 1865, respectively) and are all based in
2125:
1402:
1209:
1255:
before including it in the standard. Such an agreement is regarded as a legally binding contract, as in the 2012 case
91:
refers to a standard mandated by legal requirements or refers generally to any formal standard. In contrast, the term
2194:
1689:
1651:
1623:
1417:
900:
530:(CROSQ), and the ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality (ACCSQ), EAC East Africa Standards Committee
313:
305:
2084:
1462:
1285:. Despite having limited financial resources, some of them enjoy truly international acceptance. One example is the
801:
Institut Luxembourgeois de la normalisation, de l’Accréditation, de la Sécurité et qualité des produits et services,
735:
239:
2354:
1876:
1748:(this document contains a consolidated version of Directive 98/34/EC, dated 15 November 2003). Accessed 2009-05-05.
1510:
535:
1302:
539:
449:
1800:
1738:
367:
2149:
1832:
1329:
1078:, Dirección General de Normas is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI is a
1002:
788:
651:
424:
293:
2026:
84:
refers specifically to a specification that has been approved by a standards setting organization. The term
612:
107:
2117:
1920:
1087:
976:
926:
403:
261:
1324:, and two commercial groups competing fiercely with each other to develop an industry-wide standard for
1154:
laws, and ambiguities can be reduced if a company offers a product that is "compliant" with a standard.
1372:
1313:
803:
Luxembourg Institute for Standardization, Accreditation, Security, and Quality of Products and Services
688:
432:
In addition to these, a large variety of independent international standards organizations such as the
199:
166:
The implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with the onset of the
1986:
1814:
1362:
1337:
1286:
1187:
standards that are created through standards organizations lead to improved product quality, ensured
1120:
461:
273:
1778:
1235:
of their developers (unless specifically designed otherwise) and are protected, just like any other
2359:
2271:
2142:
1854:
1612:
Chris K. Dyer; Patrick T. Moseley; Zempachi Ogumi; David A. J. Rand; Bruno Scrosati Newnes (2010).
1305:(IETF), a worldwide network of volunteers who collaborate to set standards for internet protocols.
119:
1942:
1935:"Organismul Național de Standardizare din România – Portalul tău către standarde și standardizare"
1150:
Unless adopted by a government, standards carry no force in law. However, most jurisdictions have
319:
1964:
1898:
376:
265:
1103:(NSB) generally refers to one standardization organization that is that country's member of the
65:
as it does with Company D's, or that all shirts that should not be ironed have the same icon (a
2327:
2230:
2225:
1294:
1192:
efficiency effects of product interchangeability. To support the standard development process,
465:
145:, members or contributors, who themselves may function as or lead the standards organizations.
2184:
1611:
1257:
1232:
939:
175:
167:
2112:
1463:"International Terminology Standardization; reasons, institutions, results, implementation"
1448:
1333:
732:
379:(this does not necessarily restrict the use of other published standards internationally).
515:
In the European Union, only standards created by CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI are recognized as
98:
any standards organizations (or at least not approved until after they were in widespread
8:
2220:
2210:
1015:
297:
183:
142:
74:
1082:
non-profit U.S. organization with members from both the private and public sectors. The
2189:
2027:"Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations"
1530:"A Brief History of Standards and Standardization Organizations: A Chinese Perspective"
1412:
1341:
1282:
1224:
1132:
437:
418:
269:
57:
2255:
2090:
2006:
1826:
1685:
1619:
1529:
1444:
A Brief History of Standards and Standardization Organizations: A Chinese Perspective
1397:
1357:
1151:
1075:
1060:
453:
284:
and being publicly funded, are freely available for consideration and use worldwide.
103:
93:
2296:
2240:
1321:
1188:
1136:
952:
195:
138:
127:
62:
1587:
2291:
2245:
2165:
2129:
2000:
1711:
1613:
1515:
1407:
1387:
1274:
233:
123:
751:
Eesti Standardimis- ja Akrediteerimiskeskus, Estonian Centre for Standardisation
413:
The ITU is a treaty-based organization established as a permanent agency of the
2301:
2286:
2276:
1757:
1489:
1309:
1301:
are used universally. There are also community-driven associations such as the
414:
179:
111:
2348:
2322:
2235:
2215:
1317:
1220:
1086:(NIST), the U.S. government's standards agency, cooperates with ANSI under a
2122:
162:
Graphic representation of formulae for the pitches of threads of screw bolts
2333:
2306:
332:
187:
171:
66:
347:; the new organization officially began operations in February 1947.
244:
was set up in Germany in 1917, followed by its counterparts, the American
2250:
1345:
1281:
or standards setting organizations (SSOs), which are also referred to as
1236:
399:
1684:, International Organization for Standardization, 1997, pp. 15–18,
1219:
Some users of standards mistakenly assume that all standards are in the
2281:
2118:
CEN: standards consortia for information and communication technologies
1505:
1792:
1240:
1228:
1079:
225:
213:
1678:
Friendship among equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years
1166:
Who is allowed to vote and provide input on new or revised standards
889:
Organismul Național de Standardizare, Romanian Standards Association
158:
1244:
1144:
776:
Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
670:
523:
329:
International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations
301:
236:, similar national bodies were established in other countries. The
115:
2134:
1588:"WHO | WHO guidelines approved by the Guidelines Review Committee"
428:
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas building, as seen in 2014
1575:
BSI: The First Hundred Years. 1901–2001. A Century of Achievement
1488:
Gilbert, K. R., & Galloway, D. F., 1978, "Machine Tools". In
1143:
organizations; and standards emerging at national level (such as
827:
371:
The British Standards Institution building as it appeared in 1997
86:
1868:
1223:. This assumption is correct only for standards produced by the
1316:-sponsored international community of volunteers working on an
1131:
Developers of technical standards are generally concerned with
395:
340:
218:
1912:
1135:, which detail how products interconnect with each other, and
830:, Colombian Institute of Technical Standards and Certification
1770:
1551:"BSI Group Annual Report and Financial Statements 2010, p. 2"
878:
Magyar Szabványügyi Testület, Hungarian Standards Institution
598:
457:
249:
1094:
522:
Sub-regional standards organizations also exist such as the
1290:
1116:
775:
587:, Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification
445:
433:
375:
Broadly, an international standards organization develops
1978:
1325:
1298:
1197:
1193:
328:
2089:. International Organization for Standardization. 2010.
1846:
362:
1203:
1196:
published Good Standardization Practices (GSP) and the
828:
Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación
528:
CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality
486:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
287:
1934:
1567:
2113:
ANSI: directory of standards developing organizations
1956:
1890:
510:
Arabic industrial development and mining organization
1112:
815:
Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación
585:
Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación
441:
475:
494:Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
480:Regional standards bodies also exist, such as the
186:in 1800, which allowed for the standardization of
2346:
2064:
1157:
677:Bureau voor Normalisatie/Bureau de Normalisation
205:
1821:. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023.
490:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
1368:International Organization for Standardization
1084:National Institute of Standards and Technology
442:International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
384:International Organization for Standardization
345:International Organization for Standardization
255:
2150:
2086:International standards and private standards
2005:(1 ed.). Geneva Switzerland: ISO. 2019.
1957:"Standards Organisation of Nigeria – Nigeria"
1733:
1731:
1615:Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources
1172:How are bias and commercial interests handled
292:In 1904, Crompton represented Britain at the
202:, and was widely adopted in other countries.
1641:"1906 Preliminary Meeting Report, pp. 46–48"
854:Koninklijk Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut
733:
626:Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
545:
343:and agreed to join forces to create the new
237:
1393:Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing
1253:Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing
551:developed by national technical societies.
316:was elected as the body's first President.
182:developed the first industrially practical
2157:
2143:
1728:
1460:
866:Korean Agency for Technology and Standards
2067:"The Meaning of FRAND, Part I: Royalties"
1979:"Department of Standards Malaysia - Home"
1771:"Bulgarian Institute for Standardization"
1440:
1175:How negative votes or ballots are handled
1095:Standards developing organizations (SDOs)
639:Brazilian National Standards Organization
388:International Electrotechnical Commission
323:Memorial plaque of founding ISA in Prague
310:International Electrotechnical Commission
1383:List of technical standard organizations
601:, French Association for Standardization
506:African Organisation for Standardisation
423:
366:
318:
250:Commission Permanente de Standardisation
157:
1781:from the original on 27 September 2023.
1227:whose publications are not amenable to
1169:What is the formal step-by-step process
914:Standardization Administration of China
842:Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
763:Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
664:Bulgarian Institute for Standardization
526:Standardization Association (AMN), the
14:
2347:
1803:from the original on 27 November 2022.
1436:
1434:
1432:
1378:List of international common standards
599:Association Française de Normalisation
536:GCC Standardization Organization (GSO)
482:European Committee for Standardization
2138:
1989:from the original on 18 January 2024.
1967:from the original on 3 February 2024.
1945:from the original on 26 January 2024.
1901:from the original on 17 January 2024.
1758:ISO "Members", retrieved Feb 21, 2012
1746:Vademecum on European Standardisation
1336:define benchmarking requirements for
990:Swiss Association for Standardization
572:American National Standards Institute
392:International Telecommunication Union
363:International standards organizations
69:crossed out with an X) on the label.
2002:Good Standardization Practices (GSP)
1879:from the original on 8 January 2024.
1527:
1204:Standards distribution and copyright
288:International standards associations
29:Organization that develops standards
2164:
1857:from the original on 28 March 2023.
1429:
1320:software that aims to compete with
24:
2123:NIST: global standards information
2051:Quoted from ISO/IEC 24751-1:2008:
1648:The minutes from our first meeting
1403:Specification (technical standard)
1340:and recognize scheme owners using
1273:standards setters appeared on the
1178:What type of consensus is required
1049:, Portuguese Institute for Quality
555:Example national standards bodies
153:
25:
2371:
2106:
1923:from the original on 3 July 2022.
1418:Transport standards organisations
1109:standards developing organization
965:Standards Organisation of Nigeria
901:South African Bureau of Standards
502:Pan American Standards Commission
306:Institute of Electrical Engineers
304:, as part of a delegation by the
42:standards developing organization
1511:Dictionary of National Biography
1126:
1040:Instituto Português da Qualidade
476:Regional standards organizations
170:and the need for high-precision
2077:
2058:
2045:
2019:
1993:
1971:
1949:
1927:
1905:
1883:
1861:
1839:
1807:
1785:
1763:
1751:
1704:
1669:
1638:
1632:
1537:East-West Center Working Papers
1303:Internet Engineering Task Force
540:Arab States of the Persian Gulf
498:Pacific Area Standards Congress
450:Internet Engineering Task Force
226:Engineering Standards Committee
1605:
1580:
1543:
1521:
1499:
1482:
1454:
736:Deutsches Institut für Normung
240:Deutsches Institut für Normung
50:standards setting organization
18:Standards Setting Organization
13:
1:
1815:"Bureau of Standards Jamaica"
1461:Anja Drame (6 January 2006),
1423:
1330:Global Food Safety Initiative
1208:Some standards – such as the
1158:Standards development process
1061:Vietnamese National Standards
1003:Turkish Standards Institution
789:Finnish Standards Association
652:British Standards Institution
419:Codex Alimentarius Commission
294:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
206:Early standards organizations
1577:. 2001. Thanet Press. London
1326:high-density optical storage
613:Badan Standardisasi Nasional
7:
1351:
1289:(W3C), whose standards for
1088:memorandum of understanding
977:Swedish Standards Institute
927:Standards Council of Canada
713:Dirección General de Normas
701:Bureau of Standards Jamaica
404:World Standards Cooperation
350:
262:international organizations
256:International organizations
246:National Standard Institute
221:to employ for given work".
10:
2376:
2033:. World Trade Organization
1847:"EVS standard evs.ee | en"
1373:List of computer standards
1314:Apache Software Foundation
689:Bureau of Indian Standards
200:British Standard Whitworth
190:sizes for the first time.
148:
77:from deceitful practices.
2315:
2264:
2203:
2172:
2065:J. Gregory Sidak (2013).
1831:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1496:. Oxford, Clarendon Press
1363:Harmonization (standards)
1328:. Another example is the
1287:World Wide Web Consortium
1264:
1121:Audio Engineering Society
1028:Jabatan Standard Malaysia
546:National standards bodies
462:World Wide Web Consortium
276:Guidelines in health, or
274:World Health Organization
2195:Food safety organization
2071:Criterion Economics, Inc
1441:Wang Ping (April 2011),
2355:Standards organizations
1494:A History of Technology
1243:laws and international
1101:national standards body
377:international standards
266:international standards
2231:Nondestructive testing
2226:Discrimination testing
2180:Standards organization
2128:29 August 2012 at the
783:Russia (Soviet Union)
734:
496:(IRMM) in Europe, the
466:Universal Postal Union
429:
372:
324:
238:
163:
135:standards organization
34:standards organization
2185:Consumer organization
2173:Testing organizations
1873:ilnas.gouvernement.lu
1573:Robert C. McWilliam.
1518:. Smith Elder, London
1332:where members of the
1258:Microsoft v. Motorola
1233:intellectual property
940:Standards New Zealand
512:(AIDMO), and others.
427:
370:
322:
176:interchangeable parts
168:Industrial Revolution
161:
1334:Consumer Goods Forum
1152:truth in advertising
118:font design and the
2221:Destructive testing
2211:Conformance testing
1528:Ping, Wang (2011).
1225:central governments
1133:interface standards
1016:Standards Australia
556:
532:www.eac-quality.net
280:Recommendations in
184:screw-cutting lathe
133:Normally, the term
75:consumer protection
58:technical standards
2190:Trade organization
1742:Official Journal L
1717:, 14 November 2012
1492:, et al., (Eds.),
1413:Technical standard
1279:industry consortia
554:
517:European standards
438:ASTM International
430:
373:
325:
270:Codex Alimentarius
164:
2342:
2341:
2256:Usability testing
2096:978-92-67-10518-5
2012:978-92-67-10986-2
1398:Software standard
1358:Coordination game
1342:private standards
1283:private standards
1210:SIF Specification
1076:Crown Corporation
1072:
1071:
454:SAE International
333:World War II
128:computer printers
122:protocol used by
104:Hayes command set
102:use) include the
94:de facto standard
16:(Redirected from
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2328:Just-About-Right
2297:Software testing
2272:Cannabis testing
2241:Sensory analysis
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1137:safety standards
1048:
953:Standards Norway
740:
739:
721:
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492:(ETSI), and the
406:(WSC) alliance.
252:, both in 1918.
243:
196:Joseph Whitworth
63:sphygmomanometer
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659:United Kingdom
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488:(CENELEC), the
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234:First World War
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1657:on 2 May 2019
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106:developed by
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55:
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35:
27:
19:
2307:Wine tasting
2179:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2037:20 September
2035:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1960:
1951:
1938:
1929:
1916:
1907:
1894:
1891:"Home - NEN"
1885:
1872:
1863:
1850:
1841:
1818:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1774:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1719:, retrieved
1712:
1706:
1695:, retrieved
1677:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1647:
1634:
1614:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1523:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1484:
1473:, retrieved
1469:
1456:
1443:
1307:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1256:
1249:
1237:publications
1218:
1215:
1207:
1181:
1161:
1149:
1141:
1130:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1073:
997:Switzerland
947:New Zealand
873:South Korea
860:Netherlands
560:Organization
549:
521:
516:
514:
508:(ARSO), the
500:(PASC), the
479:
470:
431:
412:
408:
381:
374:
357:
354:
337:
326:
291:
259:
231:
223:
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192:
188:screw thread
165:
143:stakeholders
134:
132:
99:
92:
85:
81:
79:
71:
67:clothes iron
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
31:
26:
2251:Test method
1697:26 December
1506:Lee, Sidney
1475:19 December
1346:food safety
1277:arena: the
1043: [
809:Luxembourg
716: [
633:Bangladesh
484:(CEN), the
400:Switzerland
386:(ISO), the
314:Lord Kelvin
139:benefactors
2349:Categories
2282:Crash test
1983:jsm.gov.my
1961:son.gov.ng
1913:"Nyitólap"
1819:bsj.org.jm
1775:bds-bg.org
1721:10 January
1661:21 October
1424:References
1023:Australia
822:Argentina
620:Indonesia
534:, and the
268:, such as
232:After the
1597:21 August
1241:copyright
1229:copyright
1091:economy.
1080:501(c)(3)
1055:Portugal
1034:Malaysia
836:Colombia
214:The Times
80:The term
2126:Archived
1987:Archived
1965:Archived
1943:Archived
1921:Archived
1899:Archived
1877:Archived
1855:Archived
1827:cite web
1801:Archived
1779:Archived
1352:See also
1245:treaties
1119:and the
1068:Vietnam
971:Nigeria
895:Romania
884:Hungary
796:Finland
757:Estonia
746:Germany
707:Jamaica
683:Belgium
671:Bulgaria
566:Country
563:Initials
524:MERCOSUR
452:(IETF),
351:Overview
302:Missouri
260:Several
116:TrueType
100:de facto
89:standard
2323:Hedonic
2055:, p. v.
2031:wto.org
1939:asro.ro
1917:mszt.hu
1559:3 April
1516:Vol LXI
1470:TermNet
1145:BS 5750
1010:Turkey
984:Sweden
960:Norway
934:Canada
833:ICONTEC
727:Mexico
646:Brazil
607:France
264:create
149:History
126:in the
87:de jure
2334:Likert
2316:Scales
2093:
2009:
1895:nen.nl
1851:evs.ee
1688:
1622:
1539:(117).
1297:, and
1265:Trends
1115:, the
921:China
849:Japan
770:Italy
696:India
593:Spain
460:, the
448:, the
444:, the
440:, the
436:, the
396:Geneva
341:London
219:girder
48:), or
2330:(JAR)
1793:"NBN"
1682:(PDF)
1655:(PDF)
1644:(PDF)
1639:IEC.
1554:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1312:, an
1239:, by
1065:TCVN
1047:]
806:ILNAS
720:]
604:AFNOR
590:AENOR
458:TAPPI
112:Apple
108:Hayes
2091:ISBN
2039:2021
2007:ISBN
1833:link
1723:2019
1699:2013
1686:ISBN
1663:2012
1620:ISBN
1599:2019
1561:2012
1477:2020
1344:for
1291:HTML
1117:IEEE
1107:. A
905:SABS
892:ASRO
881:MSZT
870:KATS
846:JISC
819:IRAM
780:GOST
643:ABNT
630:BSTI
576:ANSI
538:for
446:IEEE
434:ASME
327:The
224:The
174:and
1797:NBN
1592:WHO
1299:XML
1295:CSS
1198:WTO
1194:ISO
1184:ITU
1113:CIE
1105:ISO
1052:IPQ
1031:DSM
1020:SAI
1007:TSE
994:SNV
981:SIS
968:SON
944:SNZ
931:SCC
918:SAC
857:NEN
793:SFS
767:UNI
754:EVS
743:DIN
724:DGN
704:BSJ
693:BIS
680:NBN
667:BDS
656:BSI
617:BSN
296:in
282:ICT
278:ITU
120:PCL
114:'s
54:SSO
46:SDO
2351::
2069:.
2029:.
1985:.
1981:.
1963:.
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