633:
1939:
644:
and globular clusters. This is primarily true for old globular clusters. In the case of young (age < 1Gyr) and intermediate-age (1 < age < 5 Gyr), factors such as age, mass, chemical compositions may also play vital roles. Based on their ages, star clusters can reveal a lot of information about their host galaxies. For example, star clusters residing in the
Magellanic Clouds can provide essential information about the formation of the Magellanic Clouds dwarf galaxies. This, in turn, can help us understand many astrophysical processes happening in our own Milky Way Galaxy. These clusters, especially the young ones can explain the star formation process that might have happened in our Milky Way Galaxy.
255:
31:
343:
489:
239:
1913:
692:
572:
1975:
117:
1999:
1951:
1987:
1963:
321:. In general less than 30% of cloud mass is converted to stars before the cloud is dispersed, but this fraction may be higher in particularly dense parts of the cloud. With the loss of mass in the cloud, the energy of the system is altered, often leading to the disruption of a star cluster. Most young embedded clusters disperse shortly after the end of star formation.
643:
Star clusters are important in many areas of astronomy. The reason behind this is that almost all the stars in old clusters were born at roughly the same time. Various properties of all the stars in a cluster are a function only of mass, and so stellar evolution theories rely on observations of open
538:
How these clusters are formed is not yet known, but their formation might well be related to that of globular clusters. Why M31 has such clusters, while the Milky Way has not, is not yet known. It is also unknown if any other galaxy contains this kind of clusters, but it would be very unlikely that
530:
the stellar populations and metallicity. What distinguishes them from the globular clusters is that they are much larger â several hundred light-years across â and hundreds of times less dense. The distances between the stars are thus much greater. The clusters have properties intermediate between
944:
Majaess, D.; Carraro, G.; Moni Bidin, C.; Bonatto, C.; Berdnikov, L.; Balam, D.; Moyano, M.; Gallo, L.; Turner, D.; Lane, D.; Gieren, W.; Borissova, J.; Kovtyukh, V.; Beletsky, Y. (2013). "Anchors for the cosmic distance scale: The
Cepheids U Sagittarii, CF Cassiopeiae, and CEab Cassiopeiae".
678:
Nearly all stars in the
Galactic field, including the Sun, were initially born in regions with embedded clusters that disintegrated. This means that properties of stars and planetary systems may have been affected by early clustered environments. This appears to be the case for our own
194:
can also be prominent under dark skies. Open clusters are often dominated by hot young blue stars, because although such stars are short-lived in stellar terms, only lasting a few tens of millions of years, open clusters tend to have dispersed before these stars die.
162:
Open clusters typically have a few hundred members and are located in an area up to 30 light-years across. Being much less densely populated than globular clusters, they are much less tightly gravitationally bound, and over time, are disrupted by the gravity of
770:, respectively, with leading zeros. The designation, once assigned, is not to change, even if subsequent measurements improve on the location of the cluster centre. The first of such designations were assigned by
503:
In 2005, astronomers discovered a new type of star cluster in the
Andromeda Galaxy, which is, in several ways, very similar to globular clusters although less dense. No such clusters (which also known as
746:'s 17th general assembly recommended that newly discovered star clusters, open or globular, within the Galaxy have designations following the convention "Chhmm±ddd", always beginning with the prefix
414:
gave ages for the oldest members of globular clusters that were greater than the estimated age of the universe. However, greatly improved distance measurements to globular clusters using the
558:. They are characterized by their large size compared to globular clusters and a ringlike distribution around the centres of their host galaxies. As the latter they seem to be old objects.
425:
Our Galaxy has about 150 globular clusters, some of which may have been captured cores of small galaxies stripped of stars previously in their outer margins by the tides of the
710:, spread over very many light-years of space. Often they contain star clusters within them. The stars appear closely packed, but are not usually part of any structure. Within the
526:
These new-found star clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars, a similar number to globular clusters. The clusters also share other characteristics with globular clusters,
324:
The open clusters found in the Galaxy are former embedded clusters that were able to survive early cluster evolution. However, nearly all freely floating stars, including the
718:, allowing deeper views along our particular line of sight. Star clouds have also been identified in other nearby galaxies. Examples of star clouds include the
998:
Greene, Thomas P; Meyer, Michael R (1995). "An
Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of the rho Ophiuchi Young Stellar Cluster: Masses and Ages from the H-R Diagram".
1669:
422:
resolved the paradox, giving an age for the universe of about 13 billion years and an age for the oldest stars of a few hundred million years less.
71:
are more loosely clustered groups of stars, generally containing fewer than a few hundred members, that are often very young. As they move through the
1245:
79:. Even though they are no longer gravitationally bound, they will continue to move in broadly the same direction through space and are then known as
1353:
788:
147:. They are generally young objects, up to a few tens of millions of years old, with a few rare exceptions as old as a few billion years, such as
384:. Yet a few rare blue stars exist in globulars, thought to be formed by stellar mergers in their dense inner regions; these stars are known as
305:
The embedded cluster phase may last for several million years, after which gas in the cloud is depleted by star formation or dispersed through
451:, was observed in antiquity and catalogued as a star, before the telescopic age. The brightest globular cluster in the northern hemisphere is
360:
Globular clusters are roughly spherical groupings of from 10 thousand to several million stars packed into regions of from 10 to 30
771:
520:
516:
513:
167:
and other clusters. Close encounters between cluster members can also result in the ejection of stars, a process known as "evaporation".
368:
stars â just a few hundred million years younger than the universe itself â which are mostly yellow and red, with masses less than two
259:
1564:
1375:
1190:
407:
made the first respectable estimate of the Sun's distance from the
Galactic Center, based on the distribution of globular clusters.
1738:
216:. Cepheids are luminous and can be used to establish both the distances to remote galaxies and the expansion rate of the Universe (
632:
1527:
139:
Open clusters are very different from globular clusters. Unlike the spherically distributed globulars, they are confined to the
1455:
1416:
1170:
1097:
Gounelle, M.; Meynet, G. (2012-08-27). "Solar system genealogy revealed by extinct short-lived radionuclides in meteorites".
819:
476:
are very large regions of recent star formation, and are thought to be the precursors of globular clusters. Examples include
683:, in which chemical abundances point to the effects of a supernova from a nearby star early in our Solar System's history.
1624:
667:
can be compared to that of the first cluster and the distance estimated. This process is known as main-sequence fitting.
1799:
205:
Establishing precise distances to open clusters enables the calibration of the period-luminosity relationship shown by
1654:
1485:
619:
601:
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743:
1938:
1666:
656:
278:. There is often ongoing star formation in these clusters, so embedded clusters may be home to various types of
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17:
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axis. Then, when similar diagram is plotted for a cluster whose distance is not known, the position of the
254:
1811:
1779:
783:
1211:
1929:
1705:
HST/NICMOS Observations of the
Embedded Cluster in NGC 2024: Constraints on the IMF and Binary Fraction
299:
410:
Until the mid-1990s, globular clusters were the cause of a great mystery in astronomy, as theories of
1300:
A. Burkert; J. Brodie; S. Larsen 3 (2005). "Faint
Fuzzies and the Formation of Lenticular Galaxies".
1502:
874:
Majaess, D.; et al. (August 2024), "A Rare
Cepheid-hosting Open Cluster Triad in Sagittarius",
582:
456:
1687:
1724:
586:
532:
372:. Such stars predominate within clusters because hotter and more massive stars have exploded as
2019:
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42:
30:
342:
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76:
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1187:"Young and Exotic Stellar Zoo: ESO's Telescopes Uncover Super Star Cluster in the Milky Way"
1120:
1059:
968:
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A subset of open clusters constitute a binary or aggregate cluster. New research indicates
1893:
1598:
1319:
1264:
1116:
1067:
1055:
1007:
964:
916:
279:
651:. A few of the nearest clusters are close enough for their distances to be measured using
8:
2003:
1847:
1367:
1186:
365:
318:
80:
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1323:
1268:
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920:
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Embedded clusters are groups of very young stars that are partially or fully encased in
1991:
1979:
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980:
954:
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672:
473:
468:
306:
221:
1036:
Lada, Charles J.; Lada, Elizabeth A. (2003). "Embedded
Clusters in Molecular Clouds".
391:
In the Milky Way galaxy, globular clusters are distributed roughly spherically in the
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1451:
1447:
1412:
1408:
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1240:
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whose constituent stars span a volume of space more than a hundred light-years across
434:
411:
314:
291:
1339:
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984:
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represent the approximate coordinates of the cluster centre in hours and minutes of
1955:
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1286:
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Technically not star clusters, star clouds are large groups of many stars within a
509:
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377:
347:
337:
271:
243:
233:
60:
56:
1128:
976:
859:
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Probing the Birth of Super Star Clusters: Implications for Massive Star Formation
1673:
809:
763:
648:
419:
396:
247:
217:
213:
202:
may constitute a ternary star cluster together with NGC 6716 and Collinder 394.
1943:
1842:
1616:
1589:
Lynga, G. (October 1982). "IAU numbers for some recently discovered clusters".
888:
835:
Piecka, M.; et al. (May 2021), "Aggregates of clusters in the Gaia data",
448:
404:
385:
275:
209:
183:
140:
238:
75:, over time, open clusters become disrupted by the gravitational influence of
2013:
1898:
1883:
1136:
1075:
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392:
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which is often impervious to optical observations. Embedded clusters form in
38:
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1967:
1857:
1794:
1769:
1649:
696:
680:
477:
433:. Some galaxies are much richer in globulars than the Milky Way: The giant
310:
295:
156:
125:
111:
68:
1241:"A new population of extended, luminous, star clusters in the halo of M31"
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1821:
1816:
1750:
1710:
1704:
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1314:
1259:
1238:
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can be plotted for these clusters which has absolute values known on the
381:
267:
152:
64:
1711:
The Discovery of an Embedded Cluster of High-Mass Stars Near SGR 1900+14
151:(the closest and most observed old open cluster) for example. They form
1888:
1699:
A new population of extended, luminous star clusters in the halo of M31
1660:
699:
660:
637:
492:
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437:
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369:
361:
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199:
148:
144:
99:
34:
1161:
Dinwiddie, Robert; Gater, Will; Sparrow, Giles; Stott, Carole (2012).
1528:"Resolving Andromeda - How to See Stars 2.5 Million Light-Years Away"
711:
444:
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415:
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283:
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63:
are tight groups of ten thousand to millions of old stars which are
1331:
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Artist's impression of an exoplanet orbiting a star in the cluster
555:
551:
206:
171:
121:
91:
1716:
1623:. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. 1 December 2014.
1111:
959:
328:, were originally born into embedded clusters that disintegrated.
727:
191:
187:
129:
116:
807:
1764:
943:
707:
72:
1299:
726:, Scutum Star Cloud, Cygnus Star Cloud, Norma Star Cloud, and
400:
443:
A few of the brightest globular clusters are visible to the
1747:
1031:
1029:
714:, star clouds show through gaps between dust clouds of the
52:
1962:
1160:
325:
1239:
A. P. Huxor; N. R. Tanvir; M.J. Irwin; R. Ibata (2005).
1026:
789:
Robust associations of massive baryonic objects (RAMBOs)
418:
satellite and increasingly accurate measurements of the
59:. Two main types of star clusters can be distinguished.
905:"Cepheids in Galactic Clusters. I. CF Cass in NGC 7790"
1591:
Bulletin d'Information du Centre de Données Stellaires
1442:, Harvard University Press, 2013-10-01, pp. 6â7,
1368:"First Planet Found Around Solar Twin in Star Cluster"
508:) are known in the Milky Way. The three discovered in
1927:
1403:, Harvard University Press, 2013-10-01, p. 34,
647:
Clusters are also a crucial step in determining the
1090:
873:
429:, as seems to be the case for the globular cluster
90:Star clusters visible to the naked eye include the
1688:Super Star Cluster Discovered in Our Own Milky Way
302:(L1688) core region there is an embedded cluster.
1617:"Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects"
1246:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
220:). Indeed, the open cluster NGC 7790 hosts three
2011:
828:
801:
1478:The Observer's Year: 366 Nights in the Universe
539:M31 is the sole galaxy with extended clusters.
1096:
675:must be accounted for when using this method.
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1544:
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834:
1293:
561:
1352:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1234:
1232:
1038:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
997:
808:Brent A. Archinal; Steven J. Hynes (2003).
600:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
399:, orbiting the center in highly elliptical
290:. An example of an embedded cluster is the
1739:
1725:
1165:. Nature Guide. DK. pp. 14, 134â137.
867:
364:across. They commonly consist of very old
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1276:
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620:Learn how and when to remove this message
170:The most prominent open clusters are the
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631:
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341:
274:, when the clouds begin to collapse and
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237:
115:
29:
1559:(14â23 August 1979). Montreal, Canada:
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14:
2012:
1609:
1068:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844
250:which penetrate the surrounding clouds
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1588:
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1154:
937:
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546:which so far have only been found in
483:
462:
224:which are critical for such efforts.
143:, and are almost always found within
1570:from the original on 18 January 2015
598:adding citations to reliable sources
565:
1746:
1627:from the original on 8 October 2014
1503:"Paddle the Milky Way's Dark River"
331:
227:
24:
1800:List of most massive star clusters
1439:All the World's a StageâThe Galaxy
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25:
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1643:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1912:
1911:
1713:, Frederick J. Vrba et al., 2000
1657:-Globular Cluster on SKY-MAP.ORG
1561:International Astronomical Union
1448:10.4159/harvard.9780674423770.c1
1409:10.4159/harvard.9780674423770.c3
1278:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09086.x
744:International Astronomical Union
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1378:from the original on 2017-12-01
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1193:from the original on 2017-12-01
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1667:RG Research: Embedded Clusters
991:
649:distance scale of the universe
13:
1:
1805:List of largest star clusters
794:
686:
1707:, Wilson M. Liu et al., 2003
1099:Astronomy & Astrophysics
947:Astronomy & Astrophysics
837:Astronomy & Astrophysics
724:Small Sagittarius Star Cloud
720:Large Sagittarius Star Cloud
542:Another type of cluster are
7:
1812:Hypercompact stellar system
1780:Hypercompact stellar system
1679:Star cluster - full article
1650:WEBDA open cluster database
1563:. Summer 1979. p. 13.
1129:10.1051/0004-6361/201219031
977:10.1051/0004-6361/201322670
860:10.1051/0004-6361/202040139
784:Hypercompact stellar system
777:
657:HertzsprungâRussell diagram
83:, sometimes referred to as
10:
2036:
506:extended globular clusters
466:
440:contains over a thousand.
403:. In 1917, the astronomer
335:
246:Trapezium cluster seen in
231:
109:
1907:
1871:
1835:
1757:
1701:, A.P. Huxor et al., 2004
1695:, Kelsey E. Johnson, 2005
1480:. Springer. p. 199.
1302:The Astrophysical Journal
909:The Astrophysical Journal
876:Research Notes of the AAS
562:Astronomical significance
533:dwarf spheroidal galaxies
212:, which are then used as
889:10.3847/2515-5172/ad7139
455:in the constellation of
268:interstellar dust or gas
1682:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1553:XVIIth General Assembly
1526:Bob King (2016-10-05).
1501:Bob King (2016-07-13).
1397:"The Food of the Stars"
1121:2012A&A...545A...4G
1060:2003ARA&A..41...57L
969:2013A&A...560A..22M
903:Sandage, Allan (1958).
695:Scutum Star Cloud with
288:pre-main-sequence stars
1476:Patrick Moore (2005).
703:
640:
531:globular clusters and
500:
357:
263:
251:
165:giant molecular clouds
136:
77:giant molecular clouds
45:
1917:Category:Star systems
1790:Dark globular cluster
1000:Astrophysical Journal
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635:
491:
376:, or evolved through
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280:young stellar objects
257:
241:
134:reflection nebulosity
119:
33:
1663:, SEDS Messier pages
1105:. EDP Sciences: A4.
594:improve this section
319:supernova explosions
262:and its surroundings
81:stellar associations
51:are large groups of
1848:Stellar association
1603:1982BICDS..23...89L
1532:skyandtelescope.org
1507:skyandtelescope.org
1324:2005ApJ...628..231B
1269:2005MNRAS.360.1007H
1189:. ESO. 2005-03-22.
1012:1995ApJ...450..233G
921:1958ApJ...128..150S
673:stellar populations
548:lenticular galaxies
474:Super star clusters
37:, a cluster in the
1863:Hypervelocity star
1672:2020-08-06 at the
1401:Stars and Clusters
704:
641:
501:
484:Intermediate forms
480:in the Milky Way.
469:Super star cluster
463:Super star cluster
366:Population II
358:
307:radiation pressure
264:
252:
222:classical Cepheids
137:
46:
1925:
1924:
1457:978-0-674-42377-0
1418:978-0-674-42377-0
1372:ESO Press Release
1172:978-0-7566-9040-3
1163:Stars and Planets
821:978-0-943396-80-4
814:. Willmann-Bell.
766:, and degrees of
630:
629:
622:
447:; the brightest,
435:elliptical galaxy
412:stellar evolution
380:phases to end as
292:Trapezium Cluster
128:dominated by hot
61:Globular clusters
55:held together by
16:(Redirected from
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510:Andromeda Galaxy
497:globular cluster
378:planetary nebula
353:photographed by
348:globular cluster
338:Globular cluster
332:Globular cluster
300:Ï Ophiuchi cloud
272:molecular clouds
234:Embedded cluster
228:Embedded cluster
214:standard candles
57:self-gravitation
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397:Galactic Center
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449:Omega Centauri
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232:Main article:
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210:variable stars
184:Double Cluster
141:galactic plane
132:surrounded by
110:Main article:
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27:Group of stars
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85:moving groups
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49:Star clusters
44:
40:
39:constellation
36:
32:
19:
18:Star clusters
2004:Solar System
1858:Runaway star
1853:Moving group
1795:Open cluster
1775:Star cluster
1774:
1770:Dwarf galaxy
1681:
1629:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1552:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
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1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1461:, retrieved
1438:
1432:
1422:, retrieved
1400:
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1348:cite journal
1305:
1301:
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1250:
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1219:. Retrieved
1216:u-strasbg.fr
1215:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
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751:
747:
741:
738:Nomenclature
705:
697:open cluster
681:Solar System
677:
646:
642:
616:
607:
592:Please help
580:
543:
541:
537:
527:
525:
505:
502:
478:Westerlund 1
472:
442:
424:
409:
390:
382:white dwarfs
370:solar masses
359:
323:
304:
296:Orion Nebula
265:
204:
197:
169:
161:
157:Orion Nebula
155:such as the
153:H II regions
138:
126:open cluster
112:Open cluster
106:Open cluster
89:
84:
48:
47:
1992:Outer space
1980:Spaceflight
1879:Double star
1822:Binary star
1817:Star system
1631:21 December
1574:18 December
843:(A54): 12,
772:Gosta Lynga
768:declination
362:light-years
145:spiral arms
1889:Star cloud
1537:2020-09-20
1512:2020-09-29
1463:2024-06-18
1424:2024-06-18
1382:2017-11-27
1212:"@1592523"
1197:2017-11-27
882:(8): 205,
850:2106.08920
795:References
716:Great Rift
700:Messier 11
687:Star cloud
661:luminosity
638:Messier 67
495:, a loose
493:Messier 68
374:supernovae
351:Messier 15
284:protostars
282:including
276:form stars
200:Messier 25
192:Chi Persei
149:Messier 67
130:blue stars
100:47 Tucanae
35:Messier 47
1956:Astronomy
1137:0004-6361
1112:1208.5879
1076:0066-4146
960:1311.0865
774:in 1982.
712:Milky Way
669:Reddening
581:does not
521:M31WFS C3
517:M31WFS C2
514:M31WFS C1
445:naked eye
427:Milky Way
416:Hipparcos
2014:Category
1894:Asterism
1670:Archived
1655:NGC 2419
1625:Archived
1565:Archived
1376:Archived
1340:11466131
1221:28 April
1191:Archived
1145:54970631
1084:16752089
985:55934597
778:See also
750:, where
653:parallax
610:May 2021
556:NGC 3384
552:NGC 1023
457:Hercules
315:outflows
260:NGC 3572
244:embedded
207:Cepheids
172:Pleiades
122:Pleiades
92:Pleiades
1944:Physics
1930:Portals
1836:Unbound
1751:systems
1748:Stellar
1599:Bibcode
1320:Bibcode
1287:6215035
1265:Bibcode
1117:Bibcode
1056:Bibcode
1008:Bibcode
1006:: 233.
965:Bibcode
953:: A22.
917:Bibcode
915:: 150.
730:in the
728:NGC 206
602:removed
587:sources
294:in the
67:bound.
1765:Galaxy
1621:Simbad
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708:galaxy
519:, and
401:orbits
248:X-rays
182:. The
180:Taurus
176:Hyades
98:, and
96:Hyades
73:galaxy
43:Cancer
1968:Stars
1758:Bound
1568:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1336:S2CID
1310:arXiv
1283:S2CID
1255:arXiv
1141:S2CID
1107:arXiv
1080:S2CID
1046:arXiv
981:S2CID
955:arXiv
845:arXiv
550:like
317:, or
298:. In
124:, an
53:stars
1633:2014
1576:2014
1482:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1354:link
1223:2018
1167:ISBN
1133:ISSN
1072:ISSN
816:ISBN
671:and
655:. A
585:any
583:cite
554:and
528:e.g.
512:are
346:The
313:and
286:and
242:The
174:and
120:The
1444:doi
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1328:doi
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1125:doi
1103:545
1064:doi
1016:doi
1004:450
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951:560
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