95:
538:
68:
407:
333:
56:
473:
415:
497:
308:
478:
438:
protecting the presidency from internal threats and of maintaining order. (This has remained the essential role of the
Venezuelan military to the present day.) The Foreign Office dealt mostly with difficulties involving foreign citizens doing business in Venezuela: especially breaches of contract, damage to persons and property during civil strife, and acts of oppression such as illegal imprisonment of aliens.
567:, although federalism was not what these men really had in mind. Castro was not competent either as president or as soldier and he handed power to the civilians of the oligarchy, who were soon being overwhelmed by insurrections in the central and western llanos, with Federalist leaders including
562:
Castro became the first military
President who had not fought in the War of Independence. Castro was a creature of the Caracas-Valencia oligarchy and not very effectual. During his presidency, there was a proliferation of aspiring caudillos in Caracas itself and he exiled them all. This was what
437:
During his first year in office Páez created a three-man Office of
Foreign Relations within the Ministry of Finance. It had little occasion to deal with war-related diplomacy between Venezuela and other states, because Venezuela had only small military forces and they had the primary function of
507:
Soublette proved an honest but lackluster president, in some ways a foil to Páez, and he could not prevent the "election" of
Monagas to the presidency in 1847. It is the accepted wisdom that all the "elections" that are mentioned as occurring in the Venezuelan 19th century were a sham or
422:
Páez ruled either as president or as the man-behind-the-throne from 1830 to 1846; and later, from 1860 to 1863, as dictator. A distinguished military leader in the independence war and a colleague of BolĂvar, Páez had a strong claim to the
Presidency, especially as, despite his
445:, like Páez a member of the Conservative Party, became President in February 1835. As a civilian, he had the support of some who wanted an alternative to the independence-war military veterans who had predominated in Venezuelan politics. In July 1835 the
508:
non-existent, but this is not exactly accurate. There were elections, but these were held at the municipal level and of course the pardos had no vote. This tradition of indirect elections through local councils would last in
Venezuela until 1945.
585:
The result of the War of the
Caudillos was that the official denomination of Venezuela was changed from "republic" to the "United States of Venezuela", a national name it had, as well as the motto "God and Federation", until
460:, a region where Páez had no effective control. Besides, Monagas had as much right as Páez to count among the "liberators" of Venezuela and he had the additional credential that, whereas Páez had turned his back on Bolivar's
515:, won election as President for the 1851–1855 term and also governed dictatorially. JosĂ© Tadeo returned as President in 1855 but resigned in March 1858 in the face of an insurrection in Valencia which was led by
577:
was called backed from exile in the United States, and ruled as dictator from 1861 to 1863; but could no longer rule as a powerful caudillo and was forced to surrender to the leader of the federalists,
529:
The eastern llanos produced many caudillos because its economy was open to international trade and the exports from that region (cattle, hides, coffee) were staples of the
Venezuelan economy.
434:
prescribed democracy, tradition and practical difficulties militated against the actual working of a republican form of government, and in practice an oligarchy governed the nation.
511:
While
President, Monagas broke with the Conservative Party. In 1848, his supporters assaulted parliament and he imposed personal rule and sent Páez into exile. His younger brother,
456:
Monagas, the leader of the rebellion, had served as a distinguished independence-war general. Although defeated, he suffered few consequences because he had his base in the
Eastern
811:
836:
754:
1034:
896:
901:
886:
866:
1029:
911:
841:
821:
1024:
1019:
219:
379:. The name was maintained until 1856 when in the constitution promulgated in that year it changes the official name of the country to
1014:
94:
948:
Liss, p 10, on the formation and role of the Foreign Office, and p 10 and elsewhere on the mainly internal function of the army.
552:
516:
526:
Both brothers governed as Liberals. José Gregorio abolished slavery in 1854, and José Tadeo abolished capital punishment.
1009:
67:
976:
520:
384:
372:
55:
876:
826:
784:
744:
712:
677:
650:
615:
431:
891:
794:
722:
660:
906:
799:
727:
453:
outed Vargas, but he returned to power when Páez defeated the rebels. He resigned permanently in April 1836.
464:, he, at least in principle, had manifested his allegiance to it until its disintegration was irremediable.
579:
200:
186:
563:
provoked the Great War of the Caudillos, called in Venezuelan historiography the Guerra Federal or the
389:
326:
587:
446:
537:
406:
512:
599:
574:
489:, a Conservative, became president in 1837. Páez succeeded him in 1839, but Soublette took the
442:
376:
171:
152:
233:
500:
450:
8:
881:
789:
717:
655:
861:
774:
702:
640:
982:
972:
846:
759:
687:
625:
414:
871:
851:
831:
779:
764:
749:
707:
692:
682:
645:
630:
620:
486:
118:
36:
568:
279:
472:
816:
739:
672:
610:
541:
Battle of MaiquetĂa, during the beginning of the Federal War. 2 September 1859
1003:
967:
Alvarado, Lisandro (1964). "Historia de la revoluciĂłn federal en Venezuela".
856:
769:
697:
635:
313:
986:
496:
564:
546:
427:
origins, the white oligarchy in Caracas supported him enthusiastically.
368:
351:
145:
519:
and included elite members of both the Conservative Party and the
477:
125:
108:
355:
424:
481:
Flag of Venezuela (1836–1859), following the Páez presidency
490:
590:
changed it back to "republic" in the mid-20th century.
551:Three days after José Tadeo Monagas' resignation,
493:from Páez again in 1843, and governed until 1847.
1001:
960:
418:Páez in 1828, shortly before his rise to power
1035:States and territories disestablished in 1864
28:
593:
1030:States and territories established in 1830
93:
966:
957:Liss, p 12, says he governed until 1848.
536:
495:
471:
413:
405:
1025:1864 disestablishments in South America
532:
167:• 1830–1835, 1839–1843, 1861–1863
1002:
467:
1020:1860s disestablishments in Venezuela
88:("God and Federation") (since 1863)
13:
410:1840 Map of the State of Venezuela
401:
14:
1046:
1015:1830 establishments in Venezuela
476:
331:
306:
66:
54:
951:
942:
933:
924:
1:
917:
16:Former state in South America
263:• Constitution of 1864
253:• Congress of Valencia
7:
555:seized the Presidency in a
375:, during the government of
10:
1051:
971:. Caracas: Casa de Bello.
597:
544:
396:
390:United States of Venezuela
327:United States of Venezuela
99:State of Venezuela in 1860
1010:19th century in Venezuela
485:Independence-war general
447:Revolution of the Reforms
367:was the official name of
347:
285:
275:
271:
261:
251:
247:
239:
229:
225:
213:
209:
199:
195:
180:
165:
161:
151:
141:
124:
114:
104:
92:
80:
50:
45:
23:
594:Administrative divisions
805:
733:
666:
604:
600:Provinces of Venezuela
580:Juan CrisĂłstomo FalcĂłn
542:
504:
482:
419:
411:
187:Juan CrisĂłstomo FalcĂłn
85:
29:
540:
513:José Gregorio Monagas
499:
475:
417:
409:
381:Republic of Venezuela
115:Common languages
588:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
533:Federal War and fate
385:Constitution of 1864
373:constitution of 1830
30:Estado de Venezuela
543:
505:
501:José Tadeo Monagas
483:
468:Monagas government
451:José Tadeo Monagas
420:
412:
365:State of Venezuela
25:State of Venezuela
575:José Antonio Páez
443:JosĂ© MarĂa Vargas
432:1830 Constitution
393:was established.
377:José Antonio Páez
361:
360:
343:
342:
339:
338:
319:
318:
257:24 September 1830
215:• 1830–1864
182:• 1863–1864
172:José Antonio Páez
86:Dios y FederaciĂłn
1042:
994:
993:
990:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:Thus Liss, p 10.
937:
931:
928:
487:Carlos Soublette
480:
335:
334:
323:
322:
310:
309:
303:
302:
287:
286:
191:
176:
97:
70:
58:
40:
32:
21:
20:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
991:
979:
969:Obras Completas
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
808:
736:
669:
607:
602:
596:
569:Ezequiel Zamora
549:
535:
470:
404:
402:Páez government
399:
371:adopted by the
354:
332:
307:
280:Venezuelan peso
264:
254:
216:
189:
183:
174:
168:
100:
76:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
59:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
996:
995:
977:
959:
950:
941:
932:
922:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
807:
804:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
735:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
668:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
606:
603:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
565:Federalist War
545:Main article:
534:
531:
469:
466:
403:
400:
398:
395:
359:
358:
349:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
320:
317:
316:
311:
299:
298:
293:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
201:Vice President
197:
196:
193:
192:
184:
181:
178:
177:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
128:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
90:
89:
78:
77:
72:
65:
64:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
988:
984:
980:
978:980-214-020-1
974:
970:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
923:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
601:
591:
589:
583:
581:
576:
572:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
553:Julián Castro
548:
539:
530:
527:
524:
522:
521:Liberal Party
518:
517:Julián Castro
514:
509:
502:
498:
494:
492:
488:
479:
474:
465:
463:
462:Gran Colombia
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
433:
430:Although the
428:
426:
416:
408:
394:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
357:
353:
350:
348:Today part of
346:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:Gran Colombia
312:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:22 April 1864
266:
260:
256:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
188:
185:
179:
173:
170:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
69:
57:
49:
44:
38:
31:
22:
19:
992:(in Spanish)
968:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
837:Barquisimeto
755:Barquisimeto
584:
573:
561:
556:
550:
528:
525:
510:
506:
484:
461:
457:
455:
440:
436:
429:
421:
388:
380:
364:
362:
296:Succeeded by
295:
290:
134:
130:
82:Motto:
81:
73:Coat of arms
18:
557:coup d'Ă©tat
547:Federal War
291:Preceded by
230:Legislature
1004:Categories
930:Liss, p10.
918:References
897:Portuguesa
142:Government
135:Venezolana
131:Venezolano
126:Demonym(s)
882:Margarita
877:Maracaibo
827:Barcelona
790:Margarita
785:Maracaibo
745:Barcelona
718:Margarita
713:Maracaibo
678:Barcelona
656:Margarita
651:Maracaibo
616:Barcelona
383:. In the
369:Venezuela
352:Venezuela
153:President
84:Spanish:
46:1830–1864
987:22765476
907:Trujillo
847:Carabobo
812:Amazonas
800:Trujillo
760:Carabobo
728:Trujillo
688:Carabobo
626:Carabobo
276:Currency
234:Congress
146:Republic
137:(female)
133:(male),
912:Yaracuy
902:Táchira
887:MaturĂn
872:Guayana
867:Guárico
852:Caracas
842:Cojedes
832:Barinas
780:Guayana
765:Caracas
750:Barinas
708:Guayana
693:Caracas
683:Barinas
646:Guayana
631:Caracas
621:Barinas
503:in 1841
449:led by
441:Doctor
397:History
240:History
175:(first)
119:Spanish
109:Caracas
105:Capital
37:Spanish
985:
975:
892:MĂ©rida
862:Cumaná
822:Aragua
795:MĂ©rida
775:Cumaná
723:MĂ©rida
703:Cumaná
661:MĂ©rida
641:Cumaná
458:llanos
387:, the
356:Guyana
243:
205:
190:(last)
157:
33:
817:Apure
740:Apure
673:Apure
611:Apure
491:reins
425:pardo
983:OCLC
973:ISBN
857:Coro
806:1856
770:Coro
734:1832
698:Coro
667:1831
636:Coro
605:1830
363:The
220:List
61:Flag
1006::
981:.
582:.
571:.
559:.
523:.
989:.
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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