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subcultures can interpret certain words and phrases differently from one another. There are two different types of questions that survey researchers use when writing a questionnaire: free response questions and closed questions. Free response questions are open-ended, whereas closed questions are usually multiple choice. Free response questions are beneficial because they allow the responder greater flexibility, but they are also very difficult to record and score, requiring extensive coding. Contrastingly, closed questions can be scored and coded more easily, but they diminish expressivity and spontaneity of the responder. In general, the vocabulary of the questions should be very simple and direct, and most should be less than twenty words. Each question should be edited for "readability" and should avoid leading or loaded questions. Finally, if multiple items are being used to measure one construct, the wording of some of the items should be worded in the opposite direction to evade response bias.
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conducting the same questionnaire to a large sample at two different times. For the questionnaire to be considered reliable, people in the sample do not have to score identically on each test, but rather their position in the score distribution should be similar for both the test and the retest. Self-report measures will generally be more reliable when they have many items measuring a construct. Furthermore, measurements will be more reliable when the factor being measured has greater variability among the individuals in the sample that are being tested. Finally, there will be greater reliability when instructions for the completion of the questionnaire are clear and when there are limited distractions in the testing environment. Contrastingly, a questionnaire is valid if what it measures is what it had originally planned to measure. Construct validity of a measure is the degree to which it measures the theoretical construct that it was originally supposed to measure.
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These interviewer effects are particularly operant when questions are related to the interviewer trait. Hence, race of interviewer has been shown to affect responses to measures regarding racial attitudes, interviewer sex responses to questions involving gender issues, and interviewer BMI answers to eating and dieting-related questions. While interviewer effects have been investigated mainly for face-to-face surveys, they have also been shown to exist for interview modes with no visual contact, such as telephone surveys and in video-enhanced web surveys. The explanation typically provided for interviewer effects is
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collection to be confidential or anonymous, which creates additional difficulty in linking participants' responses over time. One potential solution is the use of a self-generated identification code (SGIC). These codes usually are created from elements like 'month of birth' and 'first letter of the mother's middle name.' Some recent anonymous SGIC approaches have also attempted to minimize use of personalized data even further, instead using questions like 'name of your first pet. Depending on the approach used, the ability to match some portion of the sample can be lost.
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connection with survey cost. Cost constraints are sometimes framed as improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession, meaning that some professionals in the field focus on survey errors empirically and others design surveys to reduce them. For survey designers, the task involves making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it.
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preferences and attitudes of individuals, and many employ self-report scales to measure people's opinions and judgements about different items presented on a scale. Self-report scales are also used to examine the disparities among people on scale items. These self-report scales, which are usually presented in questionnaire form, are one of the most used instruments in psychology, and thus it is important that the measures be constructed carefully, while also being reliable and valid.
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the causes of change over time necessarily. For successive independent samples designs to be effective, the samples must be drawn from the same population, and must be equally representative of it. If the samples are not comparable, the changes between samples may be due to demographic characteristics rather than time. In addition, the questions must be asked in the same way so that responses can be compared directly.
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200:. Selection bias results when the procedures used to select a sample result in over representation or under representation of some significant aspect of the population. For instance, if the population of interest consists of 75% females, and 25% males, and the sample consists of 40% females and 60% males, females are under represented while males are overrepresented. In order to minimize selection biases,
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Short introduction. The interviewer should always start with a short introduction about him or herself. She/he should give her name, the institute she is working for, the length of the interview and goal of the interview. Also it can be useful to make clear that you are not selling anything: this has
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Longitudinal studies take measure of the same random sample at multiple time points. Unlike with a successive independent samples design, this design measures the differences in individual participants' responses over time. This means that a researcher can potentially assess the reasons for response
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is almost always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the sample with respect to a target population of interest to the researcher. That target population can range from the general population of a given country to specific groups
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Brevity is also often cited as increasing response rate. A 1996 literature review found mixed evidence to support this claim for both written and verbal surveys, concluding that other factors may often be more important. A 2010 study looking at 100,000 online surveys found response rate dropped by
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Six steps can be employed to construct a questionnaire that will produce reliable and valid results. First, one must decide what kind of information should be collected. Second, one must decide how to conduct the questionnaire. Thirdly, one must construct a first draft of the questionnaire. Fourth,
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However, longitudinal studies are both expensive and difficult to do. It is harder to find a sample that will commit to a months- or years-long study than a 15-minute interview, and participants frequently leave the study before the final assessment. In addition, such studies sometimes require data
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A successive independent samples design draws multiple random samples from a population at one or more times. This design can study changes within a population, but not changes within individuals because the same individuals are not surveyed more than once. Such studies cannot, therefore, identify
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provides a theoretical framework for questionnaire translation and complements TRAPD. This approach states that for the questionnaire translation to achieve the equivalent communicative effect as the source language, the translation must be linguistically appropriate while incorporating the social
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Survey researchers should carefully construct the order of questions in a questionnaire. For questionnaires that are self-administered, the most interesting questions should be at the beginning of the questionnaire to catch the respondent's attention, while demographic questions should be near the
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In addition, the overall attrition of participants is not random, so samples can become less representative with successive assessments. To account for this, a researcher can compare the respondents who left the survey to those that did not, to see if they are statistically different populations.
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The sample is chosen from the sampling frame, which consists of a list of all members of the population of interest. The goal of a survey is not to describe the sample, but the larger population. This generalizing ability is dependent on the representativeness of the sample, as stated above. Each
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Survey methodologists have devoted much effort to determining the extent to which interviewee responses are affected by physical characteristics of the interviewer. Main interviewer traits that have been demonstrated to influence survey responses are race, gender, and relative body weight (BMI).
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Questionnaires are the most commonly used tool in survey research. However, the results of a particular survey are worthless if the questionnaire is written inadequately. Questionnaires should produce valid and reliable demographic variable measures and should yield valid and reliable individual
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that uses survey methodology to answer questions about a population. Although censuses do not include a "sample", they do include other aspects of survey methodology, like questionnaires, interviewers, and non-response follow-up techniques. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of
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The way that a question is phrased can have a large impact on how a research participant will answer the question. Thus, survey researchers must be conscious of their wording when writing survey questions. It is important for researchers to keep in mind that different individuals, cultures, and
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Some researchers have also discussed the recipient's role or profession as a potential factor affecting how nonresponse is managed. For example, faxes are not commonly used to distribute surveys, but in a recent study were sometimes preferred by pharmacists, since they frequently receive faxed
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Reliable measures of self-report are defined by their consistency. Thus, a reliable self-report measure produces consistent results every time it is executed. A test's reliability can be measured a few ways. First, one can calculate a test-retest reliability. A test-retest reliability entails
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Survey methodology as a scientific field seeks to identify principles about the sample design, data collection instruments, statistical adjustment of data, and data processing, and final data analysis that can create systematic and random survey errors. Survey errors are sometimes analyzed in
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A single survey is made of at least a sample (or full population in the case of a census), a method of data collection (e.g., a questionnaire) and individual questions or items that become data that can be analyzed statistically. A single survey may focus on different types of topics such as
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Advance letter. A short letter is sent in advance to inform the sampled respondents about the upcoming survey. The style of the letter should be personalized but not overdone. First, it announces that a phone call will be made, or an interviewer wants to make an appointment to do the survey
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A variable category that is often measured in survey research are demographic variables, which are used to depict the characteristics of the people surveyed in the sample. Demographic variables include such measures as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, race, and age. Surveys often assess the
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In cross-sectional studies, a sample (or samples) is drawn from the relevant population and studied once. A cross-sectional study describes characteristics of that population at one time, but cannot give any insight as to the causes of population characteristics because it is a predictive,
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Prince, S. a, Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M., Hardt, J., Connor Gorber, S., & Tremblay, M. (2008). A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 56.
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Survey translation best practice includes parallel translation, team discussions, and pretesting with real-life people. It is not a mechanical word placement process. The model TRAPD - Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and
Documentation - originally developed for the
485:, and includes diverse and new data sources, e.g., registers, social media, apps, and other forms digital data. There have been three Big Data Meets Survey Science (BigSurv) conferences in 2018, 2020, 2023, and a conference forthcoming in 2025, a special issue in the
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end. Contrastingly, if a survey is being administered over the telephone or in person, demographic questions should be administered at the beginning of the interview to boost the respondent's confidence. Another reason to be mindful of question order may cause a
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into one or more target languages, such as translating from
English into Spanish and German. A team approach is recommended in the translation process to include translators, subject-matter experts and persons helpful to the process.
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about 3% at 10 questions and about 6% at 20 questions, with drop-off slowing (for example, only 10% reduction at 40 questions). Other studies showed that quality of response degraded toward the end of long surveys.
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changes by assessing the differences in respondents' experiences. Longitudinal studies are the easiest way to assess the effect of a naturally occurring event, such as divorce that cannot be tested experimentally.
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can complement survey methodology to allow researchers and practitioners to improve the production of survey statistics and its quality. Big data has low cost per data point, applies analysis techniques via
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is often used. This is when the population is divided into sub-populations called strata, and random samples are drawn from each of the strata, or elements are drawn for the sample on a proportional basis.
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preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate), opinions (e.g., should abortion be legal?), behavior (smoking and alcohol use), or factual information (e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since
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There are several different designs, or overall structures, that can be used in survey research. The three general types are cross-sectional, successive independent samples, and longitudinal studies.
460:: survey participants may attempt to project a positive self-image in an effort to conform to the norms they attribute to the interviewer asking questions. Interviewer effects are one example
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and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys. Survey methodology targets instruments or procedures that ask one or more questions that may or may not be answered.
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face-to-face. Second, the research topic will be described. Last, it allows both an expression of the surveyor's appreciation of cooperation and an opening to ask questions on the survey.
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Training. The interviewers are thoroughly trained in how to ask respondents questions, how to work with computers and making schedules for callbacks to respondents who were not reached.
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Anderson, B.A.; Silver, B.D.; Abramson, P.R. (1988). "The effects of the race of the interviewer on race-related attitudes of black respondents in SRC/CPS national election studies".
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Agley, Jon; Tidd, David; Jun, Mikyoung; Eldridge, Lori; Xiao, Yunyu; Sussman, Steve; Jayawardene, Wasantha; Agley, Daniel; Gassman, Ruth; Dickinson, Stephanie L. (February 2021).
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the questionnaire should be revised. Next, the questionnaire should be pretested. Finally, the questionnaire should be edited and the procedures for its use should be specified.
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survey methodology is the study of survey methods. It is the study of sources of error in surveys and how to make the numbers produced by the surveys as accurate as possible.
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821:(Eds.) (with contributions by D.J. Hand), Advising on Research Methods: A consultant's companion (pp. 183â209). Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
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member of the population is termed an element. There are frequent difficulties one encounters while choosing a representative sample. One common error that results is
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148:, and depending on the questions asked their answers may represent themselves as individuals, their households, employers, or other organization they represent.
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1575:"Interviewer BMI effects on under- and over-reporting of restrained eating. Evidence from a national Dutch face-to-face survey and a postal follow-up"
410:, is now "widely used in the global survey research community, although not always labeled as such or implemented in its complete form". For example,
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that change how respondents answer, and different methods have different advantages. The most common modes of administration can be summarized as:
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Respondent-friendly survey questionnaire. The questions asked must be clear, non-offensive and easy to respond to for the subjects under study.
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of people within that country, to a membership list of a professional organization, or list of students enrolled in a school system (see also
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A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards, or analysed using more qualitative methods.
627:. Wiley Series in Survey Methodology. Vol. 561 (2 ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (published 2009). p. 3.
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There are several ways of administering a survey. The choice between administration modes is influenced by several factors, including
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The following ways have been recommended for reducing nonresponse in telephone and face-to-face surveys:
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about the population being studied; such inferences depend strongly on the survey questions used.
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Translation is crucial to collecting comparable survey data. Questionnaires are translated from a
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prescriptions at work but may not always have access to a generally-addressed piece of mail.
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in which one question may affect how people respond to subsequent questions as a result of
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Respondents may also try to be self-consistent in spite of changes to survey answers.
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Since 2018, survey methodologists have started to examine how
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Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses.
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Complement survey data with new data sources (if appropriate)
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286:
177:
Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors.
435:
been shown to lead to a slightly higher responding rate.
171:
Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved).
1645:
830:
174:
Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency.
1798:
Improving Survey Methods: Lessons from Recent Research
1777:
Advising on research methods: A consultant's companion
1726:
1518:
1278:
Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods
771:
Shaughnessy, J.; Zechmeister, E.; Jeanne, Z. (2011).
415:
practices and cultural norms of the target language.
4395:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
1862:
Research Methods in Psychology (Seventh Edition ed.)
887:
522:
4838:
2414:
European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research
1784:
Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method
1432:
1234:
Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method
3857:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
364:Guidelines for the effective wording of questions
4880:
2409:American Association for Public Opinion Research
2368:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
1484:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
1442:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
346:Reliability and validity of self-report measures
3943:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
513:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
144:). The persons replying to a survey are called
2363:List of household surveys in the United States
1688:"Special issue: Big data meets survey science"
1357:Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy
679:
392:
333:disparities that self-report scales generate.
4824:
2498:
2429:World Association for Public Opinion Research
1936:
1896:What is Program Evaluation? A Beginners Guide
1042:Sha, Mandy; Immerwahr, Stephen (2018-02-19).
656:
654:
159:Identify and select potential sample members.
2378:Suffolk University Political Research Center
1846:Ornstein, M.D. (1998). "Survey Research."
1754:Abramson, J. J. and Abramson, Z. H. (1999).
1545:
1202:International Handbook of Survey Methodology
1080:World Association of Public Opinion Research
1076:"Special issue on questionnaire translation"
1041:
354:
232:respondents' willingness to participate and
208:
4831:
4817:
2543:
2505:
2491:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1171:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation
651:
336:
277:
3156:
1663:
1598:
1503:
1059:
978:
951:Educational and Psychological Measurement
921:
894:Educational and Psychological Measurement
864:
837:Educational and Psychological Measurement
1012:
617:; Couper, Mick P.; Lepkowski, James M.;
494:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
418:
316:
262:Personal mall or street intercept survey
2388:Quinnipiac University Polling Institute
1304:
1099:
467:
295:
14:
4881:
4469:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
2373:New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study
2320:Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
1579:International Journal of Public Health
1433:Flores-Macias, F.; Lawson, C. (2008).
1168:
450:
287:Successive independent samples studies
4812:
4542:
4109:
3856:
3155:
2925:
2542:
2486:
1924:
1856:http://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-56
1268:
665:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
375:
4779:
4479:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1397:
1226:
1194:
1008:
1006:
184:
4791:
4074:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
2926:
2419:International Statistical Institute
1100:Behr, Dorothee; Sha, Mandy (2018).
269:
24:
4169:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
2795:Pearson product-moment correlation
2310:American National Election Studies
2300:List of comparative social surveys
1748:
226:coverage of the target population,
25:
4920:
1902:
1648:""Big Data Meets Survey Science""
1003:
312:
54:, survey methodology studies the
4790:
4778:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4543:
1908:
1864:. McGrawâHill Higher Education.
1169:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (2019).
1152:"Quality in Comparative Surveys"
1124:"Quality in Comparative Surveys"
525:
229:flexibility of asking questions,
93:surveys, government surveys and
4428:Least-squares spectral analysis
1720:
1702:
1680:
1639:
1615:
1566:
1539:
1512:
1475:
1426:
1391:
1344:
1323:
1298:
1262:
1246:
1162:
1144:
1116:
1093:
1068:
813:(2008). Chapter 9: Surveys. In
572:Quantitative marketing research
3409:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
2512:
1812:Survey Errors and Survey Costs
1698:(Supplement_2). December 2022.
1652:Social Science Computer Review
1333:. Research Live. April 7, 2010
1106:Translation & Interpreting
1035:
938:
881:
824:
779:(9th ed.). New York, NY:
775:Research methods in psychology
603:
551:Enterprise feedback management
505:Big Data Meets Social Sciences
488:Social Science Computer Review
13:
1:
4722:Geographic information system
3938:Simultaneous equations models
1369:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.10.028
1305:Chudoba, Brent (2010-12-10).
1015:Cross-cultural survey methods
597:
546:Data Documentation Initiative
106:and research fields, such as
62:and associated techniques of
3905:Coefficient of determination
3516:Uniformly most powerful test
1843:, Student Edition), May 2001
1400:American Sociological Review
165:Evaluate and test questions.
7:
4474:Proportional hazards models
4418:Spectral density estimation
4400:Vector autoregression (VAR)
3834:Maximum posterior estimator
3066:Randomized controlled trial
2353:International Social Survey
518:
393:Translating a questionnaire
125:
77:with a view towards making
58:of individual units from a
10:
4925:
4234:Multivariate distributions
2654:Average absolute deviation
1775:, and Hand, D. J. (2008).
577:Questionnaire construction
212:
202:stratified random sampling
188:
68:questionnaire construction
29:
4848:
4748:
4702:
4639:
4592:
4555:
4551:
4538:
4510:
4492:
4459:
4450:
4408:
4355:
4316:
4265:
4256:
4222:Structural equation model
4177:
4134:
4130:
4105:
4064:
4030:
3984:
3951:
3913:
3880:
3876:
3852:
3792:
3701:
3620:
3584:
3575:
3558:Score/Lagrange multiplier
3543:
3496:
3441:
3367:
3358:
3168:
3164:
3151:
3110:
3084:
3036:
2991:
2973:Sample size determination
2938:
2934:
2921:
2825:
2780:
2754:
2736:
2692:
2644:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2538:
2520:
2437:
2401:
2383:The Phillips Academy Poll
2292:
2256:
2211:Exploratory data analysis
2181:
2101:
2064:Sample size determination
2009:
1959:
1591:10.1007/s00038-011-0323-z
963:10.1177/00131644211035436
497:, and a special issue in
491:, a special issue in the
355:Composing a questionnaire
239:Different methods create
89:, public-health surveys,
30:For the publication, see
4717:Environmental statistics
4239:Elliptical distributions
4032:Generalized linear model
3961:Simple linear regression
3731:HodgesâLehmann estimator
3188:Probability distribution
3097:Stochastic approximation
2659:Coefficient of variation
1831:Leung, Wai-Ching (2001)
1665:10.1177/0894439319883393
1548:Public Opinion Quarterly
1521:Public Opinion Quarterly
1013:Harkness, Janet (2003).
906:10.1177/0013164420938457
849:10.1177/0013164419843576
458:social desirability bias
259:Personal in-home surveys
209:Modes of data collection
46:methods". As a field of
4377:Cross-correlation (XCF)
3985:Non-standard predictors
3419:LehmannâScheffĂŠ theorem
3092:Adaptive clinical trial
2324:Emerson College Polling
2216:Multivariate statistics
2059:Nonprobability sampling
1841:British Medical Journal
1800:. New York: Routledge.
462:survey response effects
408:European Social Surveys
337:Questionnaires as tools
278:Cross-sectional studies
27:Study of survey methods
4773:Mathematics portal
4594:Engineering statistics
4502:NelsonâAalen estimator
4079:Analysis of covariance
3966:Ordinary least squares
3890:Pearson product-moment
3294:Statistical functional
3205:Empirical distribution
3038:Controlled experiments
2767:Frequency distribution
2545:Descriptive statistics
2333:European Social Survey
2315:Asian Barometer Survey
2206:Descriptive statistics
2091:Cross-sequential study
2044:Simple random sampling
1731:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1257:Kwantitatieve Methoden
541:Survey data collection
383:survey response effect
329:
283:correlational design.
215:Survey data collection
79:statistical inferences
73:Researchers carry out
64:survey data collection
52:human-research surveys
4904:Quantitative research
4689:Population statistics
4631:System identification
4365:Autocorrelation (ACF)
4293:Exponential smoothing
4207:Discriminant analysis
4202:Canonical correlation
4066:Partition of variance
3928:Regression validation
3772:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
3671:Likelihood-ratio test
3360:Frequentist inference
3272:Locationâscale family
3193:Sampling distribution
3158:Statistical inference
3125:Cross-sectional study
3112:Observational studies
3071:Randomized experiment
2900:Stem-and-leaf display
2702:Central limit theorem
2343:General Social Survey
2226:Statistical inference
2086:Cross-sectional study
1833:"Conducting a Survey"
1810:Groves, R.M. (1989).
1782:Dillman, D.A. (1978)
1269:Bogen, Karen (1996).
1232:Dillman, D.A. (1978)
1061:10.29115/SP-2018-0016
419:Nonresponse reduction
320:
138:sampling (statistics)
116:health-care provision
99:quantitative research
4612:Probabilistic design
4197:Principal components
4040:Exponential families
3992:Nonlinear regression
3971:General linear model
3933:Mixed effects models
3923:Errors and residuals
3900:Confounding variable
3802:Bayesian probability
3780:Van der Waerden test
3770:Ordered alternative
3535:Multiple comparisons
3414:RaoâBlackwellization
3377:Estimating equations
3333:Statistical distance
3051:Factorial experiment
2584:Arithmetic-Geometric
2264:Audience measurement
2201:Level of measurement
2034:Sampling for surveys
1917:at Wikimedia Commons
1882:New York: Routledge.
1496:10.1093/ijpor/edr026
1454:10.1093/ijpor/edn007
1178:Taylor & Francis
503:, and a book called
468:The role of big data
296:Longitudinal studies
4863:Sales force polling
4684:Official statistics
4607:Methods engineering
4288:Seasonal adjustment
4056:Poisson regressions
3976:Bayesian regression
3915:Regression analysis
3895:Partial correlation
3867:Regression analysis
3466:Prediction interval
3461:Likelihood interval
3451:Confidence interval
3443:Interval estimation
3404:Unbiased estimators
3222:Model specification
3102:Up-and-down designs
2790:Partial correlation
2746:Index of dispersion
2664:Interquartile range
2424:Pew Research Center
2393:World Values Survey
2136:Specification error
2054:Stratified sampling
1786:. New York: Wiley.
562:Official statistics
451:Interviewer effects
75:statistical surveys
4894:Survey methodology
4853:Executive opinions
4704:Spatial statistics
4584:Medical statistics
4484:First hitting time
4438:Whittle likelihood
4089:Degrees of freedom
4084:Multivariate ANOVA
4017:Heteroscedasticity
3829:Bayesian estimator
3794:Bayesian inference
3643:KolmogorovâSmirnov
3528:Randomization test
3498:Testing hypotheses
3471:Tolerance interval
3382:Maximum likelihood
3277:Exponential family
3210:Density estimation
3170:Statistical theory
3130:Natural experiment
3076:Scientific control
2993:Survey methodology
2679:Standard deviation
2231:Statistical models
2131:Non-sampling error
2029:Statistical sample
1969:Collection methods
1915:Survey methodology
1872:(pp. 143â192)
1773:Mellenbergh, G. J.
663:Survey Methodology
624:Survey Methodology
592:Total survey error
533:Mathematics portal
376:Order of questions
330:
235:response accuracy.
104:public-information
48:applied statistics
40:Survey methodology
33:Survey Methodology
18:Statistical survey
4876:
4875:
4806:
4805:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4679:National accounts
4649:Actuarial science
4641:Social statistics
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4461:Survival function
4446:
4445:
4308:Granger causality
4149:Contingency table
4124:Survival analysis
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
3953:Linear regression
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3819:Credible interval
3788:
3787:
3571:
3570:
3387:Method of moments
3256:Parametric family
3217:Statistical model
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3061:Random assignment
2983:Statistical power
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2762:Contingency table
2732:
2731:
2599:Generalized/power
2480:
2479:
2196:Contingency table
2171:Processing errors
2156:Non-response bias
2146:Measurement error
2126:Systematic errors
1913:Media related to
1848:Current Sociology
1806:978-0-415-81762-2
1738:978-1-118-97632-6
811:Mellenbergh, G.J.
672:978-1-118-21134-2
611:Groves, Robert M.
500:EP J Data Science
185:Selecting samples
50:concentrating on
42:is "the study of
16:(Redirected from
4916:
4868:Consumer surveys
4833:
4826:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4794:
4793:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4756:
4755:
4659:Crime statistics
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4457:
4456:
4423:Fourier analysis
4410:Frequency domain
4390:
4337:
4303:Structural break
4263:
4262:
4212:Cluster analysis
4159:Log-linear model
4132:
4131:
4107:
4106:
4048:
4022:Homoscedasticity
3878:
3877:
3854:
3853:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3756:(KruskalâWallis)
3741:
3726:
3681:Cross validation
3666:
3648:AndersonâDarling
3595:
3582:
3581:
3553:Likelihood-ratio
3545:Parametric tests
3523:Permutation test
3506:1- & 2-tails
3397:Minimum distance
3369:Point estimation
3365:
3364:
3316:Optimal decision
3267:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3135:Quasi-experiment
3085:Adaptive designs
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2800:Rank correlation
2562:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2191:Categorical data
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1743:
1742:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:EPJ Data Science
1706:
1700:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1464:. Archived from
1439:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1321:
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1318:
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1295:
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1250:
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1000:
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808:
799:
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778:
768:
677:
676:
658:
649:
648:
643:
641:
615:Fowler, Floyd J.
607:
535:
530:
529:
479:machine learning
412:sociolinguistics
270:Research designs
21:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4909:Product testing
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4844:
4837:
4807:
4802:
4765:
4736:
4698:
4635:
4621:quality control
4588:
4570:Clinical trials
4547:
4522:
4506:
4494:Hazard function
4488:
4442:
4404:
4388:
4351:
4347:BreuschâGodfrey
4335:
4312:
4252:
4227:Factor analysis
4173:
4154:Graphical model
4126:
4093:
4060:
4046:
4026:
3980:
3947:
3909:
3872:
3871:
3840:
3784:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3739:
3724:
3703:Rank statistics
3697:
3676:Model selection
3664:
3622:Goodness of fit
3616:
3593:
3567:
3539:
3492:
3437:
3426:Median unbiased
3354:
3265:
3198:Order statistic
3160:
3139:
3106:
3080:
3032:
2987:
2930:
2928:Data collection
2909:
2821:
2776:
2750:
2728:
2688:
2640:
2557:Continuous data
2547:
2534:
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2511:
2481:
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2433:
2397:
2358:LatinobarĂłmetro
2288:
2274:Market research
2252:
2177:
2151:Response errors
2097:
2071:Research design
2039:Random sampling
2005:
1989:Semi-structured
1961:Data collection
1955:
1953:survey research
1949:
1905:
1850:46(4): iii-136.
1751:
1749:Further reading
1746:
1739:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1627:www.bigsurv.org
1621:
1620:
1616:
1571:
1567:
1544:
1540:
1517:
1513:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1412:10.2307/3088935
1396:
1392:
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1345:
1336:
1334:
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1315:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1263:
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1247:
1231:
1227:
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1167:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1121:
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1094:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1048:Survey Practice
1040:
1036:
1029:
1011:
1004:
943:
939:
886:
882:
829:
825:
809:
802:
795:
769:
680:
673:
659:
652:
639:
637:
635:
619:Singer, Eleanor
608:
604:
600:
587:Social research
582:Ratio estimator
531:
524:
521:
511:and five other
470:
453:
421:
399:source language
395:
378:
366:
357:
348:
339:
315:
298:
289:
280:
272:
217:
211:
193:
191:Survey sampling
187:
142:survey sampling
133:survey research
128:
91:market-research
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4699:
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4681:
4676:
4671:
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4651:
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4643:
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4609:
4604:
4598:
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4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4567:
4565:Bioinformatics
4561:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4514:
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4508:
4507:
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4490:
4489:
4487:
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4481:
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4471:
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4454:
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4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
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4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:partial (PACF)
4361:
4359:
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4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4317:Specific tests
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
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4253:
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4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4217:Classification
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4164:McNemar's test
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Semiparametric
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3743:
3740:(MannâWhitney)
3735:
3734:
3733:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3665:(ShapiroâWilk)
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3585:
3579:
3577:Specific tests
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3028:Standard error
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Optimal design
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2755:Summary tables
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Contraharmonic
2586:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2284:Public opinion
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2166:Pseudo-opinion
2163:
2161:Coverage error
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Standard error
2113:
2111:Sampling error
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Quota sampling
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2024:Sampling frame
2021:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1904:
1903:External links
1901:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1822:
1808:
1794:
1780:
1766:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1719:
1701:
1679:
1658:(4): 484â488.
1638:
1614:
1585:(3): 643â647.
1565:
1560:10.1086/269352
1538:
1533:10.1086/269108
1511:
1490:(4): 530â543.
1474:
1471:on 2019-03-07.
1448:(1): 100â110.
1425:
1390:
1363:(2): 226â227.
1343:
1322:
1297:
1287:on Apr 2, 2013
1261:
1253:De Leeuw, E.D.
1245:
1225:
1214:Don A. Dillman
1206:Edith de Leeuw
1193:
1187:978-1138550865
1186:
1161:
1143:
1115:
1092:
1067:
1034:
1027:
1002:
957:(3): 465â481.
937:
880:
843:(1): 163â185.
823:
800:
793:
678:
671:
650:
633:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
543:
537:
536:
520:
517:
469:
466:
452:
449:
440:
439:
436:
432:
429:
420:
417:
394:
391:
377:
374:
365:
362:
356:
353:
347:
344:
338:
335:
314:
313:Questionnaires
311:
297:
294:
288:
285:
279:
276:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:Mobile surveys
254:
253:Online surveys
251:
248:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
213:Main article:
210:
207:
198:selection bias
189:Main article:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
127:
124:
97:all exemplify
87:public opinion
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4921:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Psychometrics
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Delphi method
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4842:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4799:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Geostatistics
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4694:Psychometrics
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4557:Biostatistics
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4519:
4518:Log-rank test
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4389:(BoxâJenkins)
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:DurbinâWatson
4340:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:DickeyâFuller
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Cointegration
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Decomposition
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Cohen's kappa
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Nonparametric
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:Nonparametric
3744:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:Sample median
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:loss function
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Questionnaire
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Control chart
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
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2328:Eurobarometer
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2308:
2306:
2305:Afrobarometer
2303:
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2295:
2293:Major surveys
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2183:Data analysis
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2106:
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2103:Survey errors
2100:
2092:
2089:
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2020:
2017:
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2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
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1985:
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1974:Questionnaire
1972:
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1967:
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1958:
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1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
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1894:Shackman, G.
1893:
1891:
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1884:
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509:Craig A. Hill
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323:questionnaire
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4757:
4669:Econometrics
4619: /
4602:Chemometrics
4579:Epidemiology
4572: /
4545:Applications
4387:ARIMA model
4334:Q-statistic
4283:Stationarity
4179:Multivariate
4122: /
4118: /
4116:Multivariate
4114: /
4054: /
4050: /
3824:Bayes factor
3723:Signed rank
3635:
3609:
3601:
3589:
3284:Completeness
3120:Cohort study
3018:Opinion poll
2992:
2953:Missing data
2940:Study design
2895:Scatter plot
2817:Scatter plot
2810:Spearman's Ď
2772:Grouped data
2402:Associations
2279:Opinion poll
2257:Applications
2081:Cohort study
2010:
1994:Unstructured
1861:
1847:
1811:
1797:
1783:
1776:
1755:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1704:
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1691:
1682:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
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1578:
1568:
1551:
1547:
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1487:
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1466:the original
1445:
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1428:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1311:SurveyMonkey
1310:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1282:the original
1277:
1264:
1259:, 22, 41â48.
1256:
1248:
1233:
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1201:
1196:
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1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1118:
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1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
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940:
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883:
840:
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638:. Retrieved
623:
605:
557:Likert scale
504:
499:
492:
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445:
441:
422:
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367:
358:
349:
340:
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290:
281:
273:
241:mode effects
238:
218:
194:
154:
150:
129:
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39:
38:
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4889:Forecasting
4841:forecasting
4797:WikiProject
4712:Cartography
4674:Jurimetrics
4626:Reliability
4357:Time domain
4336:(LjungâBox)
4258:Time-series
4136:Categorical
4120:Time-series
4112:Categorical
4047:(Bernoulli)
3882:Correlation
3862:Correlation
3658:JarqueâBera
3630:Chi-squared
3392:M-estimator
3345:Asymptotics
3289:Sufficiency
3056:Interaction
2968:Replication
2948:Effect size
2905:Violin plot
2885:Radar chart
2865:Forest plot
2855:Correlogram
2805:Kendall's Ď
2338:Gallup Poll
2141:Frame error
2076:Panel study
2011:Methodology
1837:Student BMJ
1769:Adèr, H. J.
1554:(1): 1â28.
1527:(3): 1â28.
1054:(2): 1â10.
783:. pp.
781:McGraw Hill
567:Paid survey
483:data mining
265:Mixed modes
250:Mail (post)
146:respondents
4883:Categories
4664:Demography
4382:ARMA model
4187:Regression
3764:(Friedman)
3725:(Wilcoxon)
3663:Normality
3653:Lilliefors
3600:Student's
3476:Resampling
3350:Robustness
3338:divergence
3328:Efficiency
3266:(monotone)
3261:Likelihood
3178:Population
3011:Stratified
2963:Population
2782:Dependence
2738:Count data
2669:Percentile
2646:Dispersion
2579:Arithmetic
2514:Statistics
2470:Statistics
2460:Psychology
2269:Demography
2246:Structural
2241:Log-linear
1984:Structured
1632:2023-10-21
1505:2066/99794
1337:2013-10-03
1316:2017-11-08
1291:2013-03-19
1136:October 2,
1085:October 2,
598:References
507:edited by
112:psychology
110:research,
66:, such as
60:population
4045:Logistic
3812:posterior
3738:Rank sum
3486:Jackknife
3481:Bootstrap
3299:Bootstrap
3234:Parameter
3183:Statistic
2978:Statistic
2890:Run chart
2875:Pie chart
2870:Histogram
2860:Fan chart
2835:Bar chart
2717:L-moments
2604:Geometric
2465:Sociology
2446:Projects
2236:Graphical
1979:Interview
1674:0894-4393
1623:"BigSurv"
1236:. Wiley.
1175:Routledge
1112:(2): 1â4.
997:238718313
971:0013-1644
914:0013-1644
857:0013-1644
815:H.J. Adèr
640:27 August
247:Telephone
120:sociology
108:marketing
4759:Category
4452:Survival
4329:Johansen
4052:Binomial
4007:Isotonic
3594:(normal)
3239:location
3046:Blocking
3001:Sampling
2880:QâQ plot
2845:Box plot
2827:Graphics
2722:Skewness
2712:Kurtosis
2684:Variance
2614:Heronian
2609:Harmonic
2455:Politics
2450:Business
2442:Category
1609:22116390
1462:33820854
1385:53281364
1377:30416040
1210:Joop Hox
989:35444340
932:33456063
875:31933497
519:See also
474:big data
321:A basic
126:Overview
95:censuses
56:sampling
4843:methods
4785:Commons
4732:Kriging
4617:Process
4574:studies
4433:Wavelet
4266:General
3433:Plug-in
3227:L space
3006:Cluster
2707:Moments
2525:Outline
1951:Social
1886:Surveys
1814:Wiley.
1600:3359459
1420:3088935
980:9014735
923:7797962
866:6943988
387:priming
325:in the
4654:Census
4244:Normal
4192:Manova
4012:Robust
3762:2-way
3754:1-way
3592:-test
3263:
2840:Biplot
2631:Median
2624:Lehmer
2566:Center
2019:Census
1999:Couple
1890:Curlie
1868:
1818:
1804:
1790:
1762:
1735:
1672:
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4278:Trend
3807:prior
3749:anova
3638:-test
3612:-test
3604:-test
3511:Power
3456:Pivot
3249:shape
3244:scale
2694:Shape
2674:Range
2619:Heinz
2594:Cubic
2530:Index
1835:, in
1469:(PDF)
1458:S2CID
1438:(PDF)
1416:JSTOR
1381:S2CID
1285:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
1019:Wiley
993:S2CID
553:(EFM)
83:Polls
4511:Test
3711:Sign
3563:Wald
2636:Mode
2574:Mean
1898:2018
1866:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1670:ISSN
1605:PMID
1373:PMID
1238:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1138:2023
1087:2023
1023:ISBN
985:PMID
967:ISSN
928:PMID
910:ISSN
871:PMID
853:ISSN
789:ISBN
667:ISBN
642:2020
629:ISBN
481:and
140:and
118:and
3691:BIC
3686:AIC
1888:at
1839:, (
1696:185
1660:doi
1595:PMC
1587:doi
1556:doi
1529:doi
1500:hdl
1492:doi
1450:doi
1408:doi
1365:doi
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