Stave church - Knowledge

717:

churches, and the nine largest were all in Sunnmøre with Hjørundfjord, Volda and Norddal of over 280 m. This is three times larger than, for example, Urnes and Hopperstad. According to Dietrichson, the large size of the stave churches in Sunnmøre were partly a result of later expansions. He estimated the cross arms of Volda Stave Church at 7.3 × 6 meters. Hjørundfjord Stave Church was a "half-cross church" with only one cross arm measuring 7.9 × 9.1 meters. The first stave church had cross arms of 7.9 × 6.7 meters after expansion. Dietrichson was unsure whether the cross arms in the Møre churches were generally added in the lath construction or whether it was a medieval stave construction. He concluded that several were originally listed as cruciform churches in stakes, including Hareid, Volda, Vatne and Ørsta. For some other churches (Bremsnes and Kornstad on Nordmøre), contemporary sources say that the cross arms were later added to the lumber. According to Håkon Christie, these churches of the Mør type had a simpler construction and were both larger and longer than the other types. Roar Hauglid estimated that most (80–90%) of the medieval Norwegian stave churches were simple single-nave buildings (Type A) and most were relatively small. Hauglid called these "the ordinary Norwegian stave church".

1723: 1751: 1488: 1079:

temples in design and was possibly designed in order to adhere to old Norse cosmological beliefs, especially as some churches were built around a central point like a world tree. Stave churches were also often located near or in the sight of large natural formations which also had a significant role in Norse Paganism, thus also suggesting a form of continuity through placement and symbolism. Furthermore, dragons' heads and other clear mythological symbolism suggests the cultural blending of Norse mythological beliefs and Christianity in a non-contradictory synthesis. Owing to this evidence newer research has suggested that Christianity was introduced into Norway much earlier than was previously assumed.

795:, the consecration of the church was valid as long as the four corner posts were standing. One of the sermons in the old homily book is known as the "stave church sermon". The sermon dates from around 1100 and was presumably performed at consecrations, or on their anniversaries. The sermon text is a theological interpretation of the building elements in the church. It names most of the building elements in the stave church, and can be a source of terminology and technique. For instance, the sermon says: "The four corner posts of the church are a symbol for the four gospels, because their teachings are the strongest supports within the whole of Christianity." 987: 1699: 1787: 1536: 278: 1739: 1425: 1829: 449: 1500: 3709:'death' metal and make a shop where all the trend people know that they will find all the trend music. This will help us earning money so that we can order more EVIL records to the evil people. But no matter how shitty music we have to sell, we'll make a BLACK METAL look on the shop, we've had a couple of 'actions' in churches lately, and the shop is going to look like a black church in the future. We've also thought about having total darkness inside, so that people would have to carry torches to be able to see the records. 473: 1775: 669:

in several of the stave churches are thought to originate from such early pillar churches, in particular at the Urnes stave church in Luster, where many building parts with wooden sheds in the urn style must have belonged to an older church. It has now been proven that the reused building parts originally belonged to the current church's forerunner, dendrochronologically dated to the period 1070–1080. However, this was not a post church, but a real stave church where corner poles and wall planks stood on sleepers.

1058:. Dietrichson believed that the stave churches were closely connected to the hof and the "hof theory" attracted interest in the 1930s and 1940s. The theory assumed that the hofs had a square, raised roof supported by four columns. During Christianization of Norway local chiefs were forced to either dismantle the hofs or to convert hofs into churches. Bugge and Norberg-Schultz accordingly claimed that "there is no reason to believe that the last hofs and the first churches had any major differences" (" 1551: 461: 1763: 1401: 1711: 1433: 4460: 1524: 37: 1088: 734: 726: 706: 142: 1062:"). This assumption has been rejected by archeological evidence several times, in the case of Iceland by Åge Roussel. Olaf Olsen described the hof merely as function related to ordinary buildings on major farms. If the hof was a particular building they remain to be identified, according to Olsen. Olsen rejected the hof theory. Nicolay Nicolaysen also concluded that there is not a single known case of a hof that was converted to a church. 294: 1416:"Exposing the timber frame on the interior and/or exterior of the structures is seen to release its matrix of timber members and its capacity to contribute architectural expression to buildings. The matrix, forming ‘lines’ in space, has an expressive potential that includes the capacity to delineate proportion, direct eye-movement, suggest spatial enclosure, create patterning, permit transparency and establish continuity with landscape." 1512: 22: 1481:

represents Christianity. in reference to Joh. 15.5: "I am the vine, you are the branches." Hohler opposes this interpretation. She believes that the portals cannot have a religious content, but is a picture of the client's or builder's intention, a ruling motif. There are many portals in Europe that are pure ornaments. She refers to Bernhard of Clairvaux, who opposed the use of animals in the Christian context.

742: 2012: 2060: 1948: 2252: 1868: 1852: 2172: 2076: 2044: 1836: 2220: 2204: 2188: 2156: 1980: 1884: 2284: 2268: 2236: 2092: 1996: 1964: 1900: 1585:, a collection of allegories about animals with Christian interpretations, which are said to have originated in Alexandria in the 2nd century. This basic text was in Greek, and throughout the Middle Ages the text was translated into a number of languages. These stories are also the background for all the bestiaries that are preserved in various libraries and collections. The sources of the 2124: 2028: 1932: 2140: 2108: 1916: 833:

storm, avalanche and decay were other reasons. In 1650 there were about 270 stave churches left in Norway, and in the next hundred years 136 of these disappeared. There were still 95 stave churches in 1800, while over 200 former stave churches were still known by name or in written sources. From 1850 to 1885, 32 stave churches disappeared; since then only the

673:

excavated pillars fell out of use. Røldal Stave Church may have had some pillars set in the ground until 1913. In Lom Stave Church, the stone foundations have been laid approximately directly over the refilled postholes. Apart from different foundation methods, Jensenius believes that the pillar churches were essentially similar to stave churches.

823:

fishermen's villages on islands and minor villages along fjords. By about 1800, 322 stave churches were still known in Norway, most of them in sparsely populated areas. If the main church was masonry, the annex church could be a stave church. Masonry churches were mostly built in towns, along the coast, and in rich agricultural areas in

975:, there is one stone church with a motif depicting a dragon similar to those often seen on Norwegian stave churches and on surviving artifacts from Denmark and Gotland. Whether this decoration can be attributed to cultural similarities or whether it indicates similar construction methods in Germany has sparked controversy. 653: 615: 1562:

What justification do the beasts of the monastery have for the formless treasure of form and the formless formlessness? What do pictures there have to do with unclean monkeys, wild lions, amazing centaurs and half-humans? Why serve tigers, fighting knights, hunters who blow their horns? There you see

815:

Um einskildmenn byggjer kyrkje, anten lendmann gjer det eller bonde, eller kven det er som byggjer kyrkje, skal han halda henne i stand og inkje øyda tufti. Men um kyrkja brotnar og hyrnestavane fell, då skal han føra timber på tufti innan tolv månadar; um det ikkje kjem, skal han bøta tre merker for

622:

The oldest technique is often called palisade work and was a self-supporting wall construction with densely placed earthen pillars or planks, which enclosed a room and at the same time carried the roof. Later, split logs were used, which gave the walls a flat inside, and the edges could be leveled or

1065:

Lack of historical evidence for hofs as buildings undermines the hof theory. Nicolaysen also introduced the community centre hypothesis which argued that hofs were destroyed and churches constructed on the same convenient location for the local community. Location near a previous hof would then be a

694:

extended. The technique was developed as early as the 11th century, but it has only been proven in the forerunner of the current stave church. This was also a real stave church, since both the corner stakes and the tiles have stood on sleepers that were reused as foundations for the existing church.

668:

Many of the earliest churches in Norway were built using this technique, but no such buildings have survived. It is an open question whether limited life was the reason why they were replaced by real stave churches with sleepers, or whether there were other reasons. Some of the older materials found

626:

To prevent early decay, the posts or planks were tarred, and the lower ends were charred by burning. The palisade rows were often placed in ditches filled with stone. It was long thought that this technique disappeared before the turn of the last millennium, but new research shows that it was in use

771:

The word "stave church" is unknown in Old Norse, presumably because there were no other types of wooden churches. When Norway's churches after the Reformation were constructed from logs, there was a need for a separate term for the older churches. In written sources from the Middle Ages, there is a

758:

Norwegian stave churches older than the 1100s are known only from written sources or from archaeological excavations, but written sources are sparse and difficult to interpret. Only 271 masonry churches were constructed in Norway during the same period, of which 160 still exist, while in Sweden and

3708:

Well, the original idea was to make a specialist shop for metal in general, but that's a long time ago. Normal metal isn't very popular any more, all the children are listening to 'death' metal now. I'd rather be selling Judas Priest than Napalm Death, but at least now we can be specialized within

1570:

Hoftun believes that many of the so-called pagan portal motifs have a clear Christian message, believing that in principle the Norwegian stave church motifs do not differ from many of the motifs found in other Romanesque church art, such as on Romanesque church portals and stone baptismal fonts in

1412:

Basic geometrical figures, numbers that were easy to work with, one or just a few length units and simple ratios, and perhaps proportions, were among the theoretical aids all builders inherited. The specialist was the man who knew a particular type of building so well that he could systematise its

827:

and eastern Norway, as well as in the larger parishes in fjord districts in western Norway. No new churches were built in Norway during the 1400s and 1500s. Norway's stave churches largely disappeared until 1700 and were replaced by log buildings. Several stave churches were redesigned or enlarged

660:

By lifting the pole planks up from the ground and placing them on sleepers clamped between more powerful corner or intermediate posts, the risk of rot damage was reduced. Thinner materials could then be used in the complementary parts of the construction. Earthen piles of coarse round timber could

1604:

as a background for animal depictions in portals on Gotland. These stone churches were often built after the stave churches in the same places had become too small. Unfortunately, most of the wooden churches have disappeared, so it is not possible to study the decor. But it is not unreasonable to

1450:

The beam (or magnificent) portal consists of two portal planks and a top piece with continuous decoration. The upper part has two to five horizontal planks that are folded into each other with tongue and groove. This is supported by the standing wall planks that flank the doorway. 75 more or less

1408:

Even though the wooden churches had structural differences, they give a recognizable general impression. Formal differences may hide common features of their planning, while apparently similar buildings may turn out to have their structural elements organized completely differently. Despite this,

810:

does it or a farmer, or whoever builds a church, shall keep the church and the plot in good condition. But if the church breaks down and corner posts fall, then he shall bring timber to the plot before twelve months; if not, he will pay three marks in punishment to the bishop and bring timber and

832:

was converted into a cruciform church partly in log construction. According to Dietrichson, most stave churches were dismantled to make room for a new church, partly because the old church had become too small for the congregation, and partly because the stave church was in poor condition. Fire,

822:

In Norway, stave churches were gradually replaced; many survived until the 19th century when a substantial number were destroyed. Today, 28 historical stave churches remain standing in Norway. Stave churches were particularly common in less populated areas in high valleys and forest land, and in

767:

law rules about "corner posts" show that the stave church was the standard church building in Norway, even though the Catholic church preferred stone. All wooden churches in Norway before the reformation were constructed with staves. Log building is younger than stave building in Norway, and was

1633:

An important problem in dating the churches is that the solid ground sills are the construction elements most likely to have the outer parts of the log still preserved. Yet they are the most susceptible to humidity, and as people back then reused building parts, the church may have been rebuilt

1480:

Common features of most portals are that they are monumental and that they have fighting dragons, which may be symbolic of magic to avert pain. Bugge believes that this may be a pagan iconography in Christian interpretation. In the Sogn-Valdres portals the lion is replaced by a vine, which also

1078:

Stave churches sometimes appear to have built upon or used materials from old pagan worship sites and are considered to be the best evidence for the existence of Norse Pagan temples and the best guide as to what they looked like. The layout of the churches is believed to have mimicked old Pagan

693:

with standing timber in load-bearing structures, only the churches in the last developed method of construction, the stave, have been left standing in our time. By lifting the entire structure up on stone foundations and placing the poles on sleepers, the life of the structure was significantly

682: 664:

Postholes, often with remnants of the former pillars, have been found under or near several stave churches and in places where legends say that there must have been churches. Remains of approximately 25 pillar buildings have been identified in Norway, and indirect traces of 7–8 more. Remains of

672:

Håkon Christie assumed that the post construction fell out of use because the posts rotted from below. Jørgen H. Jensenius believes that archaeological material does not provide unequivocal support for Christie's hypothesis; a change in size or transition to a stone church may also explain why

594:

This form of a church can also be recognized from the holes which remain from earlier earth-bound post churches built on the same sites. Little is known about what these older churches actually looked like or how they were constructed, as they were all destroyed or replaced many centuries ago.

716:

believed that the stave churches were originally small and only later built with larger dimensions. He believed that the background for this was the construction technique. He points out that the youngest churches in the Mør type are the largest. He calculated the ground plan and area for 79

1816:

Most stave churches are in Norway, but they can also be found in Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany. Stave churches are quite popular phenomenon and several have been built or rebuilt around the world. The two most copied are Borgund and Hedared, with some variations, and sometimes with

1103:

While church fires of wooden churches in Norway are relatively common, due to wood's flammable nature, from 1992 to 1995, the number rose dramatically. Between 1992 and 1996, there were at least 50 attacks on Christian churches in Norway, some of which were Stave churches. Members of the

1472:

Most portals show dragons, "lions" and vines that do not refer to specific biblical or other Christian stories. One of the exceptions is the Christian motifs found on the west portal from the torn Hemsedal stave church, which shows St. Olav's martyrdom and status as a Christlike saint.

1563:

under a head several bodies, and there you see on a four-legged body a snake's tail, there on a fish an animal head – Everywhere there is such a rich and fantastic collection of different shapes that one directs one's eyes to the sculptures rather than the content of the holy books.

1026:.") Nicolaysen further claimed that the layout and design may have been inspired by Byzantine architecture. Nicolaysen wrote: "All facts suggest that the stave churches like the masonry churches and all medieval architecture in Western Europe originated from the Roman basilica." (" 1629:

methods such as radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology can provide a more exact date. One drawback of dendrochronology is that it tends to overlook the possibility that the wood could have been reused from an older structure, or felled and left for many years before use.

1446:

The column portal is derived from stone architecture. It has full or half columns that carry a curved archivolt. The columns have bases and chapters. They are richly decorated and were used both on front doors and inside cross-sections. About 40 such portals are known.

1597:. No early Greek text has survived; the oldest preserved are in Latin, but these must be very close to the Greek original. Gradually, it became common to illustrate the texts, but there is a leap in development, and a number of texts with illustrations have been lost. 209:

The next design phase resulted from the observation that earthbound posts were susceptible to humidity, causing them to rot away over time. To prevent this, the posts were placed on top of large stones, significantly increasing their lifespans. The stave church in

1074:

to reuse pre-Christian temples, but this had little relevance for Norway according to Nicolaysen. Jan Brendalsmo in his dissertation concluded that churches were often established on major farms or farms of local chiefs and close to feasting halls or graveyards.

1666:

The poor condition of the stave churches led the National Heritage Board to start the Stave Churches Program in 2001. The program was to create positive ripple effects in the form of greater local activity with traditional ways of using materials and resources.

187:, leaving only the posts earth-bound. Such churches are easy to spot at archaeological sites as they leave very distinct holes where the posts were once placed. Occasionally some of the wood remains, making it possible to date the church more accurately using 1476:

A research problem has been the portal's iconography. As for the Urnes style portals, the idea that it should have a pagan content is rejected. The large animal has been interpreted as a lion. The lion can represent Christ who fights with and wins over evil.

1044:

does not reject the basilica theory, but suggests development along two paths and that the basilical was a development towards larger and technically more sophisticated churches. The main, progressive path according to Nordhagen lead to Torpo and Borgund.

247:″ with semicircular indentations, clasping the row of posts from both sides. Cross-braces are inserted between the posts and the upper and lower pincer beams (or above the single pincer beam), forming a very rigid interconnection, and resembling the 323:) with a groove on the bottom, holding the top ends of the wall planks. The whole structure consists of frames – a sill frame resting on the stone foundation, and the four wall frames made up of sills, corner posts and wall plate. 1141:. Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic "retaliation" against Christianity in Norway. Vikernes would come to be seen as "the perpetrator of a few and inspiration for many of the fires". 363:), has a single central post reaching all the way up to and connected to the roof construction. But the roof is a simple hipped one, without the raised central part of the Type B churches. This variation on the common type of church, found in 495:

where they intersect. The ends of these beams support the sills of the outer walls, forming a separate horizontal frame. The tall internal posts are placed on the internal frame of ground beams, and carry the main roof above the central nave

1574:

Other researchers believe that the portals are inspired by English art. The background may be manuscripts and stone sculpture. Some of these manuscripts are animal books with a Christian allegorical content, often referred to as

1021:(1854). Nicolaysen wrote: "Our stave churches are now the only remaining of its kind, and according to the sparse records and known circumstances, it appears that nothing similar existed except perhaps in Britain and Ireland." (" 262:

Many stave churches had or still have outer galleries or ambulatories around their whole perimeters, loosely connected to the plank walls. These probably served to protect the church from a harsh climate, and for processions.

4259: 1023:

Vore stavkirker er nu de eneste i sit slags, og saavidt sparsomme beretninger og andre omstændigheder lader formode, synes de heller ikke tidligere at have havt noget sidestykke med undtagelse af maaske i Storbritannien og

220:

It is now common to group the churches into two categories: the first, without free-standing posts, often referred to as Type A; and the second, with a raised roof and free-standing internal posts, usually called Type B.

1640:

Results from studies with the photodendrome method published in 2019 have come with adjusted estimates for age of the timber used. The churches at Urnes, Kaupanger and Hopperstad were examined particularly thoroughly.

3977:

The Expressive Capacity of the Timber Frame by Brit Andresen. School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Physical Sciences and Architecture, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.

1722: 749:

Stave churches were once common in northern Europe. In Norway alone, it was thought about 1000 were built; recent research has increased this estimate and it is now believed there may have been closer to 2000.

3189: 768:

introduced in residential buildings around year 1000. Stave building is not influenced by the log technique. Only 29 stave churches have survived in Norway. Most of these were built between 1150 and 1350.

3339:Ágústsson, Hördur 1976: "Kyrkjehus i ei norrøn homilie". By og Bygd, vol. XXV, 1–38; according to Jørgen H. Jensenius "Stavkirkeprekenen som bygningshistorisk kilde" I: Fortidsminneforeningens årbok, 2001. 1605:

assume that they have had the same decor as Norwegian stave churches, and that these motifs may then have been continued in the stone portals. Background and origin would then be approximately the same.

308:

At the base of Type A churches, there are four heavy sill beams on a low foundation of stones. These are interconnected in the corner notch, forming a rigid sill frame. The corner posts or staves (

1028:

Alt synes at henpege paa, at forbilledet til vore stavkirker ligesom til stenkirkerne og overhovedet til hele den vesteuropæiske arkitektur i middelalderen er udgaaet fra den romerske basilika.

326:

The wall plates support the roof trusses, consisting of a pair of principal rafters and an additional pair of intersecting "scissor rafters". For lateral bracing, additional wooden brackets (

168:

construction) and given a roof. This proved a simple but very strong form of construction. If set in gravel, the wall could last many decades, even centuries. An archaeological excavation in

3309:

Grindbygde hus i Vest-Norge. NIKU-seminar om grindbygde hus, Bryggens museum 23.-25.03 1998. Edited by Helge Schjelderup and Ola Storsletten. Oslo: Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning.

1440:

Portals or parts of the portals from about 140 stave churches have been preserved. There are roughly three portal types: the simple profile portal, the column portal and the beam portal.

352:), has a rectangular plan with nave and choir of the same width. The nave will usually take up two-thirds of the whole length. This type was common at the end of the 13th century. 1454:

Most of the preserved material comes from Sogn-Hardanger and from the mountain villages in eastern Norway. The main part of the portals is Romanesque and lacks Gothic features.

1451:

complete portals of this type have been preserved. In some beam portals, the column motif is also incorporated together with the surface decorations, with or without archivolt.

1535: 1457:

It is possible that the portals may have been painted, but this has been difficult to determine with certainty. The paint on the few that are painted today seems to be newer.

1009:

basilicas. The style was assumed to be transferred via Anglo-Saxon and Irish architecture, where only the particular roof construction was local. Dietrichson emphasized the

634:

in England. This led to this church being for a long time considered the oldest wooden structure in Europe. A common dating of the church was about the year 845, but modern

472: 855:, and this discovery was an important contribution to understanding the origin of stave churches. Postholes were first identified during excavations in Urnes stave church. 848:(Christiania, 1834). The book also printed Flintoe's drawings of the facade, the ground floor and the floor plan – the first known architectural drawing of a stave church. 871:

are an older type, although the difference between the two is slight. A stave church has a lower construction set on a frame, whereas a post church has earth-bound posts.

1698: 4254: 4535: 1807: 886:, traces of post churches have been found at several locations, and there are also parts still in existence from some of them. A plank of one such church was found in 1443:

The simple profile portal is a doorway framed by simple profiles or pilasters. These portals are mostly used on cord doors. About 20 such doors have been preserved.

3034:

Note: Several sections of this article have been translated from its Norwegian version. For complete detailed references in Norwegian, see the original version at

1621:. Often historical records or inscriptions will point to a year when the church is known to have existed. Archaeological excavations can yield finds that provide 333:

Every piece is locked into position by other pieces, making for a very rigid construction; yet all points otherwise susceptible to the harsh weather are covered.

1487: 3193: 1750: 255:. This design made it possible to omit the freestanding lower part of intermediate posts. In some churches only the four corner posts remain (for example in 863:

The number of stave churches constructed in Iceland and the rest of Europe is unknown. Some believe they were the first type of church to be constructed in

109:

Originally much more widespread, most of the surviving stave churches are in Norway. The only remaining medieval stave churches outside Norway are those of

3016:

Note that Roar Hauglid is a prolific author and the listed title is just one of several. Other books by him include: Norwegische Stabkirchen, Oslo 1970,

3617: 3168:

De norske stavkirker: studier over deres system, oprindelse og historiske udvikling : et bidrag til Norges middelalderske bygningskunsts historie.

978:

Replica stave churches have been built in several American communities, mostly in the Upper Midwest, with Norwegian or Islandic immigrant populations.

1613:

Stave churches can be dated in various ways: by historical records or inscriptions, by stylistic means using construction details or ornaments, or by

2592:

is known to survive, has been claimed to be the oldest wooden church in the world, and probably the oldest wooden building in Europe still standing.

1001:("The Norwegian Stave Churches") (1892) claimed that the stave church is "a brilliant translation of the Romanesque basilica from stone to wood" (" 319:) fit. The last wall plank is wedge-shaped and rammed into place. When the wall is filled in with planks, the frame is completed by a wall plate ( 1657:

Kvernes Stave Church, 1633, previously believed to be from the Middle Ages, is the only known stave church in Norway built after the Reformation.

4563: 2755: 2889: 2818: 277: 1550: 244: 217:

In later churches the posts were set on a raised sill frame resting on stone foundations. This is the stave church in its most mature form.

1567:

She therefore believes that animal motifs in Romanesque art have little religious significance, and the portals can be pure ruler symbols.

3640: 4135: 851:

Between 1950 and 1970, postholes from older buildings were discovered under Lom stave church as well as under masonry churches such as

697:

Stone as a base for poles was used as early as Roman times and additional walls in sleepers may have been used from the 400s and 600s.

2613:

county, Sweden, built in the 12th century, torn down in the 19th century, rebuilt in the 1950s, burnt down, and rebuilt again in 2001.

1774: 960:. General consensus categorizes it as Saxon Type A. Another church bears similarities to stave churches, the medieval stone church of 523:), and also connected to the outer walls with aisle rafters, creating a laterally rigid construction. Closer to the top of the posts ( 4530: 1817:

adaptations to add elements from known stave churches from the area. In other places they are of a freer form and built for display.

1811: 2726: 448: 4291: 1499: 2974: 1684:

The results of the program with the details of what has been done at the individual churches was documented in a report in 2008.

961: 784:(wall boards). However, in documents from the 1600–1700s, "stave" was also used for wall boards or panels. Emil Eckhoff in his 293: 941:

visited Denmark in the first half of the 11th century, but how many of those were stave churches or post churches is unknown.

4250: 3691: 2963: 2944: 2925: 2906: 2873: 2854: 2835: 2802: 2783: 1786: 3115:

Jensenius, Jørgen H. (2010): Bygningstekniske og arkeologiske bemerkninger om trekirker i Norge i vikingtid og middelalder.

1828: 312:

in Norwegian) are cross-cut at the lower end and fit over the corner notches and cover them, protecting them from moisture.

2366: 1738: 341:

has a square nave and a narrower square choir. This type of stave church was common at the beginning of the 12th century.

661:

stand for a relatively long time before rotting. They may have been scorched at the lower end to avoid premature decay.

4621: 4580: 2711: 2299: 1523: 460: 199:, remains of two such churches have been found, with Christian graves discovered beneath the oldest church structure. 4556: 4194: 4155: 3575: 3482: 3234: 3021: 1108:

are thought to be largely responsible; in every arson case that was solved, those responsible were black metal fans.

1105: 4525: 1803: 1129:("ashes") is a photograph of the destroyed church. On 16 May 1994, Vikernes was found guilty for burning down the 4616: 4611: 1413:

elements in a slightly different way from previous building designs, thus carrying developments a stage further.

1190:– Varg Vikernes and Faust were convicted for this; Euronymous also participated, but was murdered in August 1993. 1038:. Peter Anker believed that the influence from foreign masonry architecture was primarily in decorative details. 2716: 4114: 3461: 3327: 3293: 3100: 1680:

to supplement the documentation of the stave churches as a basis for research and reconstruction of lost parts.

802:(Gulating Law), which was written down in the 1000s. In the chapter on Christianity, the 12th article states: 3607: 2684: 638:

dating estimates the church's year of construction to the period just after the year 1053 (+10 / −55 years).

4606: 4284: 4206: 3979: 4204:

Williams, Thomas J. T. (May 2012). "A Blaze in the Northern Sky: Black Metal and Crimes Against Culture".

1762: 224:

Those with the raised roof, Type B, are often further divided into two subgroups. The first of these, the

133:

in England, exhibits many similarities with a stave church but is generally considered a palisade church.

2680: 1710: 1634:

several times. If so, a dendrochronological dating may be based upon a log from a later reconstruction.

1542: 1048:

Folklore and circumstantial evidence seem to suggest that stave churches were built upon old indigenous

630:

The only structure in this technique that has survived into our time is a wall in the middle section of

3796: 891: 228:, have a whole arcade row of posts and intermediate posts along the sides and details that mimic stone 4494: 4186: 1589:

are Indian, Hebrew and Egyptian animal stories and various classical texts written by, among others,

1511: 792: 4095: 2999: 986: 4172: 3765: 3732: 2644: 2638: 1201: 478:

Gol Stave Church. The drawing is slightly erroneous, as the sill under the church floor is missing.

917:

was constructed c. 1500 at the same location as a previous stave church. Other notable places are

4601: 4364: 4277: 2414: 2018: 1461: 1134: 1071: 550: 4459: 4374: 2426: 2050: 412: 4568: 4551: 4379: 4344: 2706: 2440: 2386: 2066: 1954: 1060:

og da er det liten grunn til å tro at de siste hov har skilt seg synderlig fra de første kirker

1014: 542: 431: 380: 229: 225: 4504: 4429: 4424: 2656: 2508: 2502: 2226: 2210: 1890: 1424: 416: 211: 4439: 4324: 4319: 4181: 2986: 2532: 2334: 2324: 2258: 1874: 1858: 906:. Marks created by several old post churches have also been found at the old stone church in 829: 396: 384: 2745: 1223: 4499: 4479: 4414: 4384: 4349: 4314: 3563: 2650: 2616: 2610: 2579: 2486: 2446: 2314: 2178: 2082: 1842: 1165: 1112: 1096: 1092: 914: 834: 584: 564: 427: 240: 114: 67: 25: 4369: 2420: 2034: 952:

origin, with much debate as to whether it is a stave church or predates them. This is the

840:

Heddal stave church was the first stave church described in a scholarly publication, when

576: 243:. In these churches the posts are connected halfway up with one or two horizontal double ″ 8: 4509: 4419: 4409: 4354: 2674: 2634: 2546: 2492: 2480: 2402: 2194: 2162: 1986: 1183: 1130: 1041: 994: 713: 635: 400: 392: 40: 4404: 4176: 2474: 2146: 1219: 1138: 588: 4489: 4449: 4444: 4434: 4389: 4359: 4329: 4227: 3403: 3090: 2883: 2812: 2701: 2691:. Its design is based on the Borgund Stave Church, and was built between 1983 and 1995. 2602: 2552: 2538: 2522: 2452: 2408: 2396: 2390: 2348: 2290: 2274: 2242: 2098: 2002: 1970: 1906: 1618: 1006: 926: 918: 580: 572: 546: 420: 404: 388: 300: 256: 203: 196: 188: 169: 95: 2978: 2380: 1168:

in Bergen – Varg Vikernes is strongly suspected as the culprit, but was not convicted.

899: 4474: 4399: 4339: 4231: 4190: 4151: 3953: 3917: 3571: 3478: 3457: 3323: 3289: 3230: 3096: 3017: 2959: 2940: 2921: 2902: 2869: 2850: 2831: 2798: 2793:

Lindgren, Mereth; Lydberg, Louise; Sandstrøm, Birgitta; Waklberg, Anna Greta (2002).

2779: 2569: 2464: 2376: 2130: 1938: 1154: 408: 376: 118: 63: 4264: 284: 4484: 4394: 4334: 4223: 4219: 4215: 3612: 2670: 2585: 2458: 2358: 2318: 2114: 1922: 1614: 1276: 1005:"). Dietrichson claimed that Type B displays an influence from early Christian and 953: 852: 841: 631: 568: 554: 192: 130: 98:). Two related church building types also named for their structural elements, the 3695: 3050: 315:

On top of the sill beam is a groove into which the lower ends of the wall planks (

3418:

Christie, Håkon: Urnes stavkirkes forløper belyst ved utgravninger under kirken,

2589: 1626: 1622: 1594: 760: 609: 508:) surrounding the central space. The roof thus slopes down in two steps, as in a 103: 71: 3568:

Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe : Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions

665:

pillar churches are also found under stone churches such as Mære and Kinsarvik.

623:

fitted with tongue and groove. Palisade churches have not been found in Norway.

3475:

Norsk arkitekturhistorie: frå steinalder og bronsealder til det 21. hundreåret.

2624: 1172: 1067: 1049: 938: 165: 161: 75: 3763:

Aites, Aaron (director, producer); Ewell, Audrey (director, producer) (2009).

1704:

Borgund Stave Church, Martinus Rørbye, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København, 1833

1645:

Hoppestad Stave Church dendrodated to 1131–1132, previously assumed 1125–1250.

4595: 2468: 1384: 1116: 965: 149:

Archaeological excavations have shown that stave churches are descended from

1400: 3641:"3 JANUARY 2018J.A. CAMERON Black metal church burnings: a historical view" 3372: 3035: 2739: 2720: 1436:

Drawing by G. A. Bull of the main portal in Hedal stave church, from c.1853

1377: 1262: 1035: 1031: 949: 60: 3992: 3797:"How the black metal scene in Norway led to the arson of over 50 churches" 3065:

De første kirkene i Norge. Kirkebyggingen og kirkebyggere før 1100-tallet.

1674:

to restore the stave churches so that they can be preserved for posterity,

824: 535:) support the roof trusses, similar to those of the single-nave churches. 4575: 3586:

Reed, Michael F. "Norwegian Stave Churches and Their Pagan Antecedents."

2750: 2516: 2362: 1581: 1460:

It is common to divide the portals according to style to Urnes style and

1432: 1409:

certain basic principles must have been common to all types of building.

1269: 1054: 898:

and an attempt at reconstructing the church is a featured display at the

879: 868: 864: 690: 652: 647: 180: 164:

were split in two halves, set or rammed into the earth (generally called

99: 56: 3980:

http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ocs/index.php/AASA/2007/paper/viewFile/54/7

2653:, Norway, built c. 1150, destroyed by arson in 1992 and rebuilt in 1997. 2606: 2918:

Kristningsprosessens og herskermaktens ikonografi i nordisk middelalder

1637:

Coin finds made under the church floors are also important for dating.

1576: 1363: 1244: 1205: 1010: 895: 614: 368: 202:

A single church of palisade construction has been discovered under the

184: 157: 126: 3322:

Oslo: Program for forskning om kulturminnevern, Norges forskningsråd.

1648:

Kaupanger Stave Church dated to 1137–1138, formerly adopted 1170–1200.

2977:. Faculty of Theology, University of Oslo, curriculum. Archived from 2688: 2512: 1590: 1230: 1176: 1125: 788:(1914–1916) also included wood-frame church buildings without posts. 733: 725: 705: 492: 248: 141: 87: 36: 1294: 1194: 29: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3273:

Norwegian Stave Churches: A Guide to the29 Remaining Stave Churches

2434: 2342: 2338: 2328: 1370: 1349: 1301: 1287: 1280: 1087: 922: 807: 764: 681: 509: 252: 233: 173: 150: 145:

Drawing during reconstruction of Gol stave church by T. Prytz, 1883

79: 44: 21: 3778: 3776: 1308: 4269: 2664: 2660: 2628: 2620: 2352: 1693:

Old and modern photos of the most iconic Norwegian stave churches

1388: 1212: 972: 945: 930: 907: 887: 883: 816:

det til biskopen og koma med timber og byggja opp kyrkja likevel.

364: 156:

Similar palisade constructions are known from buildings from the

122: 4182:

Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground

3875: 3814: 3714: 2792: 2582:, Sweden, c. 1500, built on the site of an earlier stave church. 1325: 1003:

En genial oversettelse fra sten til tre av den romanske basilika

741: 3773: 3741: 2730: 2573: 2542: 2496: 2430: 1356: 1318: 1248: 1158: 1120: 934: 903: 875: 759:

Denmark there were 900 and 1800 masonry churches respectively.

527:), shorter sills inserted between them support the upper wall ( 153:

constructions and from later churches with earth-bound posts.

4245: 2899:

Stabkirchen – und die mittelalterliche Gesellschaft Norwegens

2735: 2556: 1654:

Borgund Stave Church 1180–1181, previously assumed 1150–1250.

1376:

3 September: attempted burning of Vågsbygd church college in

1332: 1115:, which was burnt to the ground in June 1992. Police believe 957: 426:

The only remaining church of this type outside Norway is the

2667:, Norway, rebuilt in 1630 (two old churches rebuilt as one). 2596: 2526: 4255:

Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments

2370: 1556:

The slaying of Regin, engravings from Hylestad Stave Church

1187: 1017:. The "basilica theory" was introduced by N. Nicolaysen in 828:

using different techniques during 1600–1700; for instance,

3858:

Ledang, Martin (director); Aasdal, Pål (director) (2007).

3420:

Foreningen til norske Fortidsminnesmerkers bevaring, Årbok

1808:

List of archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches

500:). On the outer frame of sills rest the main wall planks ( 2641:, United States, a replica of Borgund Stave Church, 1969. 2541:, Sogn og Fjordane – first half of the 12th century (on 4133:

Stavkirkeprogrammet 2001–2015. Hva har skjedd så langt?

3251:

Med kleber og kalk. Norsk steinbygging i mellomalderen.

1651:

Gol Stave Church 1204–05, previously assumed 1170–1309.

129:

mountains of Poland. One other church, the Anglo-Saxon

3991:

The west portal in Hemsedal Stave Church is preserved

3839: 2939:. Vol. 1–2. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. 2647:, United States, relocated to Orkdal, Norway, in 2016. 1144:

The following is a partial list of the church arsons:

3726: 1780:

Vang Stave Church (Now in Poland) on a postcard, 1886

878:, the stave churches were considered obsolete in the 3532:

Avhandling dr.ing. , Arkitekthøyskolen i Oslo, 2001.

2449:, Møre og Romsdal – second half of the 14th century. 1338:

26 December: attempted burning of Klemestrud Church.

1233:– a firefighter was killed while fighting this fire. 437: 430:

church in Sweden, which shows similarities with the

70:. The name derives from the building's structure of 3684: 3150:

Avhandling dr.ing., Arkitekthøyskolen i Oslo, 2001.

2742:– an open-air museum of Russian wooden architecture 1208:– Varg Vikernes and Samoth were convicted for this. 4536:archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches 2953: 2901:(in German). Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung König. 2677:, United States, Hopperstad replica built in 1998. 2303:Map of well-preserved old stave churches in Norway 1369:21 July: attempted burning of a church college in 4246:Stave Church – Medieval Wooden Churches in Norway 4171: 3881: 3833: 3788: 3782: 3747: 3720: 3051:"British Archaeology, no 10, December 1995: News" 1529:Lion on arch decoration from Borgund Stave Church 504:), carrying the roof over the pentice or aisles ( 483:On the stone foundation, four huge ground beams ( 32:, is one of Norway's most visited stave churches. 4593: 3758: 3756: 2866:Stavkirkene – og det norske middelaldersamfunnet 2535:, Sogn og Fjordane – middle of the 12th century. 1728:Heddal Stave Church. Illustration from the book 846:Samlinger til det Norske Folks Sprog og Historie 491:sign, their ends protruding 1–2 meters from the 3307:Stolper og staver i bygningsteknisk sammenheng. 2825: 1541:Sigurd sucking the dragon blood off his thumb, 1317:13 August: attempted burning of Loop Chapel in 937:alone there were around 300 such churches when 921:in Lund, with its traces of a post church with 627:right up to the beginning of the 12th century. 454:Håkon Christie drawing of Borgund Stave Church. 3862:(motion picture). Another World Entertainment. 3088: 3084: 3082: 2826:Bugge, Gunnar; Mezzanotte, Bernardino (1993). 2489:, Oppland – first quarter of the 13th century. 1505:Lion from the portal of Eidsborg Stave Church. 1395: 1229:25 December: burning of a Methodist church in 1123:was responsible, and the cover of Burzum's EP 791:According to Norway's oldest written laws and 709:Side view of Stedje Stave Church by G. A. Bull 4285: 4115:"Eit lite hol avslørte ein stor hemmelegheit" 3851: 3753: 3190:"Verdifulle stavkirker : Riksantikvaren" 2954:Lagerlöf, Erland; Svahnström, Gunnar (1991). 2778:(in Norwegian). Oslo: J.W. Cappelens forlag. 2515:– first half of the 13th century (could be a 2499:, Buskerud – second half of the 12th century. 1300:19 June: attempted burning of Heni Church in 1286:17 May: attempted burning of Åmodt Chapel in 1082: 266: 3140: 3109: 2477:, Oppland – second half of the 12th century. 2399:, Oppland – second half of the 12th century. 1314:21 July: attempted burning of Odda's Church. 1243:7 February: burning of Lundby New Church in 1019:Mindesmærker af Middelalderens Kunst i Norge 3912: 3910: 3079: 2405:, Telemark – beginning of the 13th century. 466:G. A. Bull drawing of Borgund Stave Church. 4292: 4278: 4113:Aksnes, Solveig Nyhus (11 December 2019). 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3680:(motion picture). Norway: Grude, Torstein. 3602: 3600: 2888:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2830:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Grøndahl og Dreyer. 2817:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 598: 3608:"Norwegian Church Draws Black Metal Fans" 3351:Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1971, p. 102. 2597:Notable replicas and later built churches 1812:List of later stave churches and replicas 1797: 1661: 232:. These churches give an impression of a 4203: 4096:"Stavkirker i Norge er eldre enn antatt" 3845: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3473:Nordhagen, Per Jonas, "Stavkyrkjene" in 3320:Takverk i steinkirker fra middelalderen. 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 2975:"Dei norske stavkyrkjene – ei innføring" 1493:Lion on the door, Historisk museum, Oslo 1431: 1423: 1399: 1086: 1030:") This theory was further developed by 985: 968:. It features a number of dragon heads. 740: 732: 724: 704: 680: 651: 613: 140: 35: 20: 3935: 3887: 3632: 3597: 3570:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 3494:Bugge og Norgberg-Schultz, 1994, s. 35. 3024:and Norwegian stave churches, Oslo 1970 1268:27 March: burning of Seegård Church in 745:Arch decoration from Urnes Stave Church 4594: 4260:Google map of Norwegian stave churches 4112: 3454:Stavkirkene: deres egenart og historie 2972: 2934: 2915: 2896: 2863: 2776:Stavkirkene: Deres egenart og historie 2727:Painted Churches in the Troödos Region 1404:Portal detail from Tønjum Stave Church 1066:coincidence, according to Nicolaysen. 4273: 3794: 3658: 3448: 3446: 3401: 3271:Havran, Jiri (trans. Challman, Tim). 3245: 3243: 3208: 2958:(in Swedish). Kristianstad: R&S. 2844: 2773: 2729:– wooden-roofed medieval churches in 2588:, England, 845 or 1053, the only one 1820: 1677:to preserve the decor and church art, 1608: 1543:engravings from Hylestad Stave Church 1111:The first church burned was Norway's 890:. The plank is now on display at the 798:Church building was mentioned in the 641: 106:, are often called 'stave churches'. 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3067:Masteroppgave, Universitetet i Oslo. 2367:Norwegian Museum of Cultural History 531:). On top of the posts wall plates ( 519:) are interconnected with brackets ( 330:) are inserted between the rafters. 47:, the largest stave church in Norway 3676:Grude, Torstein (director) (1998). 3638: 3286:En arv i tre: de norske stavkirkene 3192:. Riksantikvaren.no. Archived from 2767:Directorate for Cultural Heritage, 1355:25 May: burning of Såner Church in 1293:4 June: burning of Frogn Church in 806:If one man builds a church, either 737:The portal from Fåberg Stave Church 13: 4581:Medieval Scandinavian architecture 4299: 4265:List over stave churches in Norway 3443: 3262:Bugge and Mezzanotte, 1994, p. 17. 3240: 2761: 2712:Medieval Scandinavian architecture 2437:– second half of the 12th century. 2383:– second half of the 15th century. 2011: 1362:14 June: burning of Moe Church in 1348:13 May: burning of Lord Church in 1331:22 December: attempted burning of 1324:10 December: attempted burning of 858: 283:Holtålen Stave Church, drawing by 121:relocated in 1842 to contemporary 14: 4633: 4531:later stave churches and replicas 4239: 4185:(Revised and expanded ed.). 3769:(motion picture). Variance Films. 3620:from the original on 30 July 2020 3554:. Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen. 3153: 2563: 2059: 1947: 1428:Main portal in Hedal stave church 1261:13 March: burning of a church in 948:, there is one similar church of 438:Church with a raised roof, Type B 4564:Black metal-related church arson 4458: 2937:Norwegian Stave Church Sculpture 2935:Hohler, Erla Bergendahl (1999). 2282: 2266: 2251: 2250: 2234: 2218: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2154: 2138: 2122: 2106: 2090: 2074: 2058: 2042: 2026: 2010: 1994: 1978: 1962: 1946: 1930: 1914: 1898: 1882: 1867: 1866: 1851: 1850: 1834: 1827: 1804:List of stave churches in Norway 1785: 1773: 1761: 1756:Eidsborg Stave Church, 1880–1890 1749: 1737: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1549: 1534: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1486: 603: 471: 459: 447: 375:Single-nave churches in Norway: 299:Reinli Stave Church, drawing by 292: 276: 214:is believed to be of this type. 16:Wooden Christian church building 4140: 4125: 4106: 4088: 4076: 4064: 4053: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3997: 3985: 3971: 3866: 3580: 3557: 3544: 3535: 3522: 3510: 3507:, Stenberger 1943, side 215–223 3497: 3488: 3467: 3434: 3425: 3412: 3395: 3382: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3333: 3312: 3299: 3278: 3265: 3256: 3182: 3173: 2171: 2075: 2043: 1835: 1670:The goals of the program were: 1517:Lion from the Vang Stave Church 1307:7 July: burning of a church in 990:Details of Borgund Stave Church 729:Jelling church stone in Denmark 136: 4224:10.1179/1465518712Z.0000000006 4150:. Canterbury Press Ltd, 2005. 4148:The Church Explorer's Handbook 3795:Smith, Peter (22 April 2019). 3692:"Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth" 3392:. Oslo: Samlaget, 1975, s. 14. 3227:Middelalder i tre, Stavkirker, 3131: 3122: 3070: 3057: 3043: 2849:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Dreyer. 2219: 2203: 2187: 2155: 1979: 1883: 1467: 1222:in Bergen – Varg Vikernes and 183:, the walls were supported by 1: 3882:Moynihan & Søderlind 2003 3834:Moynihan & Søderlind 2003 3783:Moynihan & Søderlind 2003 3748:Moynihan & Søderlind 2003 3721:Moynihan & Søderlind 2003 3588:RACAR: Revue D'art Canadienne 3528:Jensenius, Jørgen H. (2001): 3146:Jensenius, Jørgen H. (2001): 3029: 2920:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Solum. 2723:churches of similar character 2331:– middle of the 13th century. 2283: 2267: 2235: 2091: 1995: 1963: 1899: 1730:Norge fremstillet i Tegninger 1579:. The origin of these is the 1275:16 May: attempted burning of 1153:23 May: attempted burning of 981: 676: 3958:Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet 3922:Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet 3275:. ARFO. ISBN 97882-91399-355 2868:(in Norwegian). Copenhagen. 2797:(in Swedish). Kristianstad. 2717:Wooden Churches of Maramureș 2505:, Møre og Romsdal – c. 1200. 2123: 2027: 1931: 7: 3982:. Retrieved 2 November 2013 3694:. June 1992. Archived from 3530:Trekirkene før stavkirkene. 3148:Trekirkene før stavkirkene. 3010:, Oslo 1973, multipart work 2695: 2681:Washington Island Stavkirke 2308: 2139: 2107: 1915: 1768:Eidsborg Stave Church, 2018 1625:for the structure, whereas 1396:Architecture and decoration 1106:Norwegian black metal scene 10: 4638: 4165: 3860:Once Upon a Time in Norway 3639:Cameron, James Alexander. 3552:Fire kirkesteder i Romsdal 3550:Hansen, Margareth (2014). 2443:, Sogn og Fjordane – 1190. 2417:, Sogn og Fjordane – 1140. 2321:– end of the 12th century. 1801: 1716:Borgund Stave Church, 2005 1687: 1419: 1083:Church arsons and attempts 892:National Museum of Denmark 811:rebuild the church anyway. 772:clear distinction between 720: 645: 607: 267:Single-nave church, Type A 239:The other subgroup is the 176:of several such churches. 119:one Norwegian stave church 4622:Scandinavian architecture 4544: 4518: 4495:Gustav Adolf Stave Church 4467: 4456: 4307: 4187:Port Townsend, Washington 3422:1958, vol. 113, pp. 49–74 3318:Storsletten, Ola (1993). 3284:Storsletten, Ola (1993). 3179:Hauglid, 1976, s.339–344. 3063:Magnell, Steinar (2009): 2973:Elstad, Hallgeir (2002). 2756:Black metal church arsons 1744:Heddal Stave Church, 2010 1200:13 September: burning of 913:In Sweden, the medieval 793:Old Norwegian Homily Book 753: 515:The tall internal posts ( 4526:stave churches in Norway 3766:Until the Light Takes Us 3736:'Count' Regrets Nothing" 3440:Dietrichson (1892) p, 83 3431:Dietrichson (1892) p. 82 3249:Ekroll, Øystein (1997): 3237:(Kirker i Norge; bind 4) 3170:Kristiania: Cammermeyer. 3166:Dietrichson, L. (1892). 3092:Stavkirkene – arkitektur 2916:Hoftun, Oddgeir (2008). 2897:Hoftun, Oddgeir (2003). 2864:Hoftun, Oddgeir (2002). 2645:Little Norway, Wisconsin 2639:Rapid City, South Dakota 1600:Lindkvist refers to the 1226:were convicted for this. 1218:24 December: burning of 1193:1 September: burning of 925:, and some old parts of 443:Plans of Type B churches 272:Plans of Type A churches 74:construction, a type of 4365:Hopperstad Stave Church 4131:Riksantikvaren (2008): 3645:Stained Glass Attitudes 3349:Gammelnorsk homiliebok. 3089:Håkon Christie (1981). 2572:, moved from Norway to 2415:Hopperstad Stave Church 1792:Vang Stave Church, 2012 1383:3 November: burning of 1072:Augustine of Canterbury 700: 599:Construction techniques 371:, dates to around 1200. 78:where the load-bearing 4617:Architecture in Norway 4612:Timber-framed churches 4552:Architecture of Norway 4468:Other notable churches 4380:Kaupanger Stave Church 4345:Haltdalen Stave Church 4308:Old Norwegian churches 3993:History Museum in Oslo 3594:24, no. 2 (1997): 3–13 3402:Bugge, Anders (1954). 3390:Gamle kyrkjer i ny tid 2994:Cite journal requires 2845:Bugge, Gunnar (1981). 2707:Architecture of Norway 2441:Kaupanger Stave Church 2387:Haltdalen Stave Church 1798:List of stave churches 1662:Stave Churches Program 1565: 1437: 1429: 1405: 1211:3 October: burning of 1182:21 August: burning of 1100: 1070:encouraged (year 601) 991: 882:and were replaced. In 820: 746: 738: 730: 710: 689:Of buildings from the 686: 657: 619: 146: 48: 33: 4440:Undredal Stave Church 4325:Flesberg Stave Church 4320:Eidsborg Stave Church 3954:"Startside kirken.no" 3918:"Startside kirken.no" 3564:Davidson, H. R. Ellis 3477:Oslo: Samlaget 2003, 3305:Gjærder, Per (1999). 3076:Krogh 2011 s. 166–170 2774:Anker, Peter (1997). 2533:Undredal Stave Church 2335:Flesberg Stave Church 2325:Eidsborg Stave Church 1560: 1435: 1427: 1403: 1171:1 August: burning of 1090: 989: 830:Flesberg Stave Church 804: 744: 736: 728: 708: 684: 655: 617: 144: 39: 24: 4500:Fantoft Stave Church 4480:Hedared stave church 4415:Ringebu Stave Church 4385:Kvernes Stave Church 4375:Høyjord Stave Church 4350:Hedalen Stave Church 4315:Borgund Stave Church 4251:Stave churches owned 4136:(in Norwegian) (pdf) 3872:Kristiansen, p. 261. 3377:Norsk trearkitektur. 3363:Oslo: Samlaget. 1952 3095:. pp. 139–252. 2981:on 11 November 2005. 2795:Svensk Konsthistoria 2651:Fantoft Stave Church 2617:Heimaey stave church 2580:Hedared stave church 2487:Ringebu Stave Church 2447:Kvernes Stave Church 2427:Høyjord Stave Church 2315:Borgund Stave Church 2300:class=notpageimage| 1571:Sweden and Denmark. 1166:Fantoft stave church 1113:Fantoft Stave Church 1093:Fantoft Stave Church 999:De norske Stavkirker 915:Hedared stave church 835:Fantoft Stave Church 487:) are placed like a 115:Hedared stave church 68:north-western Europe 26:Borgund Stave Church 4607:Church architecture 4510:Chapel in the Hills 4505:Fåvang Stave Church 4430:Røldal Stave Church 4425:Rødven Stave Church 4420:Rollag Stave Church 4410:Reinli Stave Church 4355:Heddal Stave Church 3698:on 9 September 2009 3592:Canadian Art Review 3452:Peter Anker (1997) 3288:. Oslo: Aschehoug. 3137:Krogh 2011 s. 74–98 3128:Christie 1974 s. 15 3117:Collegium Medievale 2847:Stavkirkene i Norge 2675:Moorhead, Minnesota 2657:Fåvang Stave Church 2635:Chapel in the Hills 2547:World Heritage Site 2509:Røldal Stave Church 2503:Rødven Stave Church 2493:Rollag Stave Church 2481:Reinli Stave Church 2403:Heddal Stave Church 2373:), Buskerud – 1212. 1184:Holmenkollen Chapel 1164:6 June: burning of 1131:Holmenkollen Chapel 1052:worship sites, the 1042:Per Jonas Nordhagen 995:Lorentz Dietrichson 962:St. Mary in Kilpeck 714:Lorentz Dietrichson 636:dendrochronological 539:The Kaupanger group 432:church at Haltdalen 41:Heddal Stave Church 4490:Skaga stave church 4450:Uvdal Stave Church 4445:Urnes Stave Church 4435:Torpo Stave Church 4390:Lomen Stave Church 4360:Hegge Stave Church 4330:Garmo Stave Church 4207:Public Archaeology 4102:. 31 October 2019. 3518:Hørg, hov og kirke 3456:. Oslo: Cappelen. 3229:ARFO forlag 2005, 2746:Churches of Chiloé 2702:Churches in Norway 2603:Skaga stave church 2559:, Buskerud – 1168. 2553:Uvdal Stave Church 2539:Urnes Stave Church 2529:, Buskerud – 1192. 2523:Torpo Stave Church 2471:, Buskerud – 1167. 2453:Lomen Stave Church 2409:Hegge Stave Church 2397:Hedal Stave Church 2349:Garmo Stave Church 1821:Old stave churches 1619:radiocarbon dating 1609:Dating of churches 1438: 1430: 1406: 1224:Jørn Inge Tunsberg 1119:of the metal band 1101: 992: 927:Hemse stave church 919:Maria Minor church 844:wrote an essay in 786:Svenska stavkyrkor 747: 739: 731: 711: 687: 658: 656:The post technique 642:The post technique 620: 357:center-post church 339:single-nave church 301:Georg Andreas Bull 257:Lomen Stave Church 204:Hemse stave church 197:Urnes Stave Church 189:radiocarbon dating 147: 49: 34: 4589: 4588: 4475:Vang Stave Church 4400:Nore Stave Church 4370:Høre Stave Church 4340:Grip Stave Church 4177:Søderlind, Didrik 4173:Moynihan, Michael 4060:Hoftun 2002; 2008 4003:Hoftun 2002; 2008 3616:. 5 August 2004. 3408:. Oslo: Grøndahl. 3008:Norske Stavkirker 2965:978-91-29-61598-2 2946:978-82-00-12748-2 2927:978-82-560-1619-8 2908:978-3-88375-675-2 2875:978-87-21-01977-8 2856:978-82-09-01890-3 2837:978-82-504-2072-4 2804:978-91-85330-72-0 2785:978-82-02-15978-8 2685:Washington Island 2570:Vang Stave Church 2483:, Oppland – 1190. 2465:Nore Stave Church 2461:, Oppland – 1158. 2455:, Oppland – 1179. 2423:, Oppland – 1179. 2421:Høre Stave Church 2411:, Oppland – 1216. 2377:Grip Stave Church 1155:Storetveit Church 561:The Borgund group 82:posts are called 4629: 4569:by Varg Vikernes 4485:Greensted Church 4462: 4405:Øye Stave Church 4395:Lom Stave Church 4335:Gol Stave Church 4294: 4287: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4235: 4216:Maney Publishing 4200: 4159: 4146:Frewins, Clive. 4144: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3950: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3914: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3613:Blabbermouth.net 3604: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3561: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3505:Islands gudehove 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3471: 3465: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3405:Heddal stavkirke 3399: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3379:Oslo: Gyldendal. 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3238: 3223: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3196:on 21 April 2008 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3086: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2969: 2950: 2931: 2912: 2893: 2887: 2879: 2860: 2841: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2789: 2671:Hjemkomst Center 2631:, built in 2000. 2586:Greensted Church 2475:Øye Stave Church 2459:Lom Stave Church 2359:Gol Stave Church 2319:Sogn og Fjordane 2286: 2285: 2270: 2269: 2254: 2253: 2238: 2237: 2222: 2221: 2206: 2205: 2190: 2189: 2174: 2173: 2158: 2157: 2142: 2141: 2126: 2125: 2110: 2109: 2094: 2093: 2078: 2077: 2062: 2061: 2046: 2045: 2030: 2029: 2014: 2013: 1998: 1997: 1982: 1981: 1966: 1965: 1950: 1949: 1934: 1933: 1918: 1917: 1902: 1901: 1886: 1885: 1870: 1869: 1854: 1853: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1725: 1713: 1701: 1615:dendrochronology 1553: 1538: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1490: 1462:Romanesque style 1277:Gol stave church 954:Greensted Church 853:Kinsarvik Church 842:Johannes Flintoe 632:Greensted Church 490: 475: 463: 451: 296: 280: 193:dendrochronology 131:Greensted Church 4637: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4540: 4514: 4463: 4454: 4303: 4298: 4242: 4197: 4189:: Feral House. 4168: 4163: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3951: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3915: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678:Satan rir Media 3675: 3674: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3585: 3581: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3472: 3468: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3317: 3313: 3304: 3300: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253:Oslo: Samlaget. 3248: 3241: 3224: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3032: 3006:Hauglid, Roar, 2995: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2966: 2956:Gotlands Kyrkor 2947: 2928: 2909: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2857: 2838: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2786: 2764: 2762:Further reading 2698: 2611:Västra Götaland 2599: 2590:palisade church 2566: 2381:Møre og Romsdal 2311: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1823: 1814: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1781: 1778: 1769: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1726: 1717: 1714: 1705: 1702: 1690: 1664: 1627:absolute dating 1623:relative dating 1611: 1595:Pliny the Elder 1557: 1554: 1545: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1491: 1470: 1422: 1398: 1215:Church in Oslo. 1197:Church in Oslo. 1085: 984: 900:Moesgård Museum 867:; however, the 861: 859:Other countries 837:has been lost. 812: 761:Frostathing Law 756: 723: 703: 679: 650: 644: 612: 610:Palisade church 606: 601: 488: 479: 476: 467: 464: 455: 452: 440: 304: 297: 288: 281: 269: 226:Kaupanger group 139: 104:palisade church 72:post and lintel 66:once common in 64:church building 17: 12: 11: 5: 4635: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:Stave churches 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4301:Stave churches 4297: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4248: 4241: 4240:External links 4238: 4237: 4236: 4201: 4195: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4139: 4124: 4105: 4087: 4083:Lindkvist 1997 4075: 4063: 4052: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3996: 3984: 3970: 3934: 3886: 3884:, p. 117. 3874: 3865: 3850: 3838: 3836:, p. 82f. 3813: 3787: 3772: 3752: 3740: 3725: 3723:, p. 106. 3713: 3683: 3657: 3631: 3596: 3579: 3556: 3543: 3541:Nordhagen 2003 3534: 3521: 3509: 3503:Aage Roussel, 3496: 3487: 3466: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3411: 3394: 3388:Muri, Sigurd: 3381: 3365: 3361:Gulatingslovi. 3353: 3341: 3332: 3311: 3298: 3277: 3264: 3255: 3239: 3207: 3181: 3172: 3152: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3108: 3101: 3078: 3069: 3056: 3041: 3040: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2996:|journal= 2970: 2964: 2951: 2945: 2932: 2926: 2913: 2907: 2894: 2874: 2861: 2855: 2842: 2836: 2823: 2803: 2790: 2784: 2771: 2769:Stave Churches 2763: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2724: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2678: 2668: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2632: 2625:Vestmannaeyjar 2614: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2577: 2565: 2564:Outside Norway 2562: 2561: 2560: 2550: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2384: 2374: 2356: 2346: 2332: 2322: 2310: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2008: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1610: 1607: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1469: 1466: 1421: 1418: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1353: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1273: 1266: 1253: 1252: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1216: 1209: 1198: 1191: 1180: 1173:Revheim Church 1169: 1162: 1084: 1081: 1068:Pope Gregory I 1013:, arcades and 983: 980: 939:Adam of Bremen 860: 857: 800:Gulatingsloven 755: 752: 722: 719: 702: 699: 678: 675: 646:Main article: 643: 640: 608:Main article: 605: 602: 600: 597: 481: 480: 477: 470: 468: 465: 458: 456: 453: 446: 444: 439: 436: 373: 372: 361:Midtmastkyrkje 353: 342: 306: 305: 298: 291: 289: 285:Håkon Christie 282: 275: 273: 268: 265: 172:uncovered the 166:post in ground 138: 135: 117:in Sweden and 76:timber framing 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4634: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4196:0-922915-94-6 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4156:1-85311-622-X 4153: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4049:Paulsson 1969 4045: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3869: 3861: 3854: 3848:, p. 60. 3847: 3846:Williams 2012 3842: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3785:, p. 89. 3784: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3757: 3750:, p. 93. 3749: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3576:0-8156-2441-7 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3484: 3483:82-521-5748-3 3480: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3373:Vreim, Halvor 3369: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3236: 3235:82-91399-16-6 3232: 3228: 3225:Anker, Leif: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3085: 3083: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3025: 3023: 3022:82-09-00938-9 3019: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721:Transylvanian 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469:Nore og Uvdal 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391:Sør-Trøndelag 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2301: 2292: 2276: 2260: 2244: 2228: 2212: 2196: 2180: 2164: 2148: 2132: 2116: 2100: 2084: 2068: 2052: 2036: 2020: 2004: 1988: 1972: 1956: 1940: 1924: 1908: 1892: 1876: 1860: 1844: 1830: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1434: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1390: 1386: 1385:Innset Church 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202:Skjold Church 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1135:Skjold Church 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117:Varg Vikernes 1114: 1109: 1107: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 979: 976: 974: 969: 967: 966:Herefordshire 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 869:post churches 866: 856: 854: 849: 847: 843: 838: 836: 831: 826: 819: 817: 809: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 769: 766: 762: 751: 743: 735: 727: 718: 715: 707: 698: 695: 692: 683: 674: 670: 666: 662: 654: 649: 639: 637: 633: 628: 624: 618:Palisade work 616: 611: 604:Palisade work 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 563:consists of: 562: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541:consists of: 540: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 486: 474: 469: 462: 457: 450: 445: 442: 441: 435: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 351: 347: 343: 340: 336: 335: 334: 331: 329: 324: 322: 318: 313: 311: 302: 295: 290: 286: 279: 274: 271: 270: 264: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:Borgund group 237: 235: 231: 227: 222: 218: 215: 213: 207: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:post churches 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 143: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 46: 42: 38: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4300: 4211: 4205: 4180: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4118: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3987: 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3957: 3925:. Retrieved 3921: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3841: 3804:. Retrieved 3800: 3790: 3764: 3743: 3738:. Burzum.org 3728: 3716: 3707: 3700:. Retrieved 3696:the original 3686: 3677: 3648:. Retrieved 3644: 3634: 3622:. Retrieved 3611: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3516:Olaf Olsen, 3512: 3504: 3499: 3490: 3485:, pp. 89–119 3474: 3469: 3453: 3436: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3404: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3319: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3258: 3250: 3226: 3198:. Retrieved 3194:the original 3184: 3175: 3167: 3147: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3091: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3045: 3036:no:Stavkirke 3033: 3015: 3007: 2987:cite journal 2979:the original 2955: 2936: 2917: 2898: 2865: 2846: 2827: 2794: 2775: 2768: 2740:Kizhi Pogost 2393:– 1170–1179. 1815: 1729: 1683: 1669: 1665: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1612: 1601: 1599: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1378:Kristiansand 1342: 1341: 1255: 1254: 1237: 1236: 1220:Åsane Church 1147: 1146: 1143: 1139:Åsane Church 1124: 1110: 1102: 1077: 1064: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1040: 1036:Roar Hauglid 1032:Anders Bugge 1027: 1022: 1018: 1002: 998: 997:in his book 993: 977: 970: 943: 912: 873: 862: 850: 845: 839: 821: 814: 805: 799: 797: 790: 785: 781: 777: 776:(posts) and 773: 770: 757: 748: 712: 696: 688: 671: 667: 663: 659: 629: 625: 621: 593: 560: 559: 538: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 514: 505: 501: 497: 485:grunnstokker 484: 482: 425: 374: 360: 356: 349: 345: 338: 332: 327: 325: 320: 316: 314: 309: 307: 261: 245:pincer beams 238: 223: 219: 216: 208: 201: 195:. Under the 178: 155: 148: 137:Construction 110: 108: 91: 83: 53:stave church 52: 50: 28:in Borgund, 18: 4576:Heathen hof 2751:Heathen hof 2517:post church 1602:Physiologus 1587:Physiologus 1582:Physiologus 1468:Iconography 1270:Snertingdal 880:Middle Ages 865:Scandinavia 691:Middle Ages 648:Post church 346:long church 303:, ca. 1855. 100:post church 4596:Categories 4557:Vernacular 4071:Anker 1997 4037:Anker 2005 4025:Anker 1997 4013:Anker 2005 3702:10 October 3624:13 October 3462:8202159784 3328:8212001040 3294:8203220061 3102:8205122644 3030:References 2828:Stavkirker 2355:– c. 1150. 2345:– c. 1200. 2019:Hopperstad 1802:See also: 1577:bestiaries 1364:Sandefjord 1245:Gothenburg 1206:Vindafjord 1011:clerestory 982:Influences 896:Copenhagen 685:Stave work 677:Stave work 551:Hopperstad 533:stavlægjer 369:Hallingdal 350:Langkyrkje 317:veggtilene 158:Viking Age 127:Karkonosze 94:in modern 4232:145058950 4218:: 59–72. 4179:(2003) . 4100:Gemini.no 3806:6 January 3650:6 January 2884:cite book 2813:cite book 2689:Wisconsin 2513:Hordaland 2067:Kaupanger 1955:Haltdalen 1591:Aristotle 1231:Sarpsborg 1177:Stavanger 923:palisades 825:Trøndelag 543:Kaupanger 502:veggtiler 493:lap joint 381:Haltdalen 321:stavlægje 253:basilicas 251:of stone 249:triforium 174:postholes 96:Norwegian 88:Old Norse 61:Christian 4158:. p. 16. 3963:18 March 3927:18 March 3618:Archived 3566:. 1988. 3375:(1947): 3200:30 April 2696:See also 2607:Töreboda 2576:in 1842. 2435:Vestfold 2365:(now at 2343:Buskerud 2339:Flesberg 2329:Telemark 2259:Undredal 1875:Flesberg 1859:Eidsborg 1371:Eidanger 1350:Telemark 1302:Gjerdrum 1288:Buskerud 1281:Buskerud 1099:in 1997. 1097:restored 1015:capitals 808:lendmann 765:Gulating 529:tilevegg 510:basilica 397:Eidsborg 385:Undredal 234:basilica 230:capitals 151:palisade 80:ore-pine 57:medieval 45:Notodden 4545:Related 4519:List of 4253:by the 4166:Sources 2665:Oppland 2661:Ringebu 2629:Iceland 2621:Heimaey 2353:Oppland 2179:Ringebu 2083:Kvernes 2051:Høyjord 1843:Borgund 1688:Gallery 1420:Portals 1389:Rennebu 1335:Church. 1328:Church. 1213:Hauketo 973:Germany 946:England 931:Gotland 908:Jelling 888:Jutland 884:Denmark 782:vægþili 721:History 585:Ringebu 565:Borgund 521:bueknær 428:Hedared 413:Høyjord 365:Numedal 328:bueknær 310:stavene 125:in the 123:Karpacz 59:wooden 4230: 4193: 4154: 4085:s. 105 4073:s. 267 4027:s. 265 3801:Mapped 3574: 3481: 3460: 3326: 3292: 3233: 3099: 3020: 2962: 2943: 2924: 2905: 2872: 2853: 2834: 2801: 2782: 2731:Cyprus 2574:Poland 2543:UNESCO 2497:Rollag 2431:Andebu 2309:Norway 2227:Røldal 2211:Rødven 2195:Rollag 2163:Reinli 1987:Heddal 1891:Fåvang 1810:, and 1732:, 1848 1357:Vestby 1319:Meldal 1295:Drøbak 1249:Sweden 1195:Ormøya 1159:Bergen 1137:, and 1121:Burzum 1024:Irland 904:Aarhus 876:Sweden 754:Norway 587:, and 553:, and 525:staver 517:staver 506:omgang 419:, and 417:Røldal 401:Rollag 393:Reinli 212:Røldal 30:Lærdal 4228:S2CID 4214:(2). 4039:s. 62 2736:Kizhi 2557:Uvdal 2291:Uvdal 2275:Urnes 2243:Torpo 2099:Lomen 2003:Hegge 1971:Hedal 1907:Garmo 1333:Askim 1309:Jeløy 1050:Norse 1007:Roman 958:Essex 950:Saxon 935:Skåne 933:. In 902:near 774:stafr 581:Lomen 573:Hegge 547:Urnes 421:Garmo 405:Uvdal 389:Hedal 185:sills 113:1500 111:circa 84:stafr 55:is a 4191:ISBN 4152:ISBN 4015:s.61 3965:2018 3929:2018 3808:2024 3704:2009 3652:2024 3626:2020 3572:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3458:ISBN 3324:ISBN 3290:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3202:2010 3097:ISBN 3018:ISBN 3000:help 2960:ISBN 2941:ISBN 2922:ISBN 2903:ISBN 2890:link 2870:ISBN 2851:ISBN 2832:ISBN 2819:link 2799:ISBN 2780:ISBN 2738:and 2371:Oslo 2131:Nore 2035:Høre 1939:Grip 1617:and 1593:and 1343:1995 1326:Åkra 1263:Sund 1256:1994 1238:1993 1188:Oslo 1148:1992 1126:Aske 1091:The 1034:and 778:þili 763:and 701:Size 577:Høre 498:skip 409:Nore 377:Grip 367:and 355:The 344:The 337:The 170:Lund 162:Logs 102:and 92:stav 4220:doi 4119:NRK 2683:on 2673:in 2659:in 2637:in 2619:at 2605:in 2545:’s 2363:Gol 2361:in 2337:in 2147:Øye 2115:Lom 1923:Gol 1387:in 1279:in 1204:in 1186:in 1175:in 1157:in 1055:hof 971:In 964:in 956:in 944:In 929:on 894:in 874:In 780:or 589:Øye 569:Gol 555:Lom 259:). 191:or 179:In 86:in 4598:: 4226:. 4212:11 4210:. 4175:; 4117:. 4098:. 3956:. 3937:^ 3920:. 3889:^ 3816:^ 3799:. 3775:^ 3755:^ 3706:. 3660:^ 3643:. 3610:. 3599:^ 3590:/ 3445:^ 3242:^ 3210:^ 3155:^ 3081:^ 3038:. 2991:: 2989:}} 2985:{{ 2886:}} 2882:{{ 2815:}} 2811:{{ 2719:– 2687:, 2663:, 2627:, 2623:, 2609:, 2555:, 2549:). 2527:Ål 2525:, 2519:). 2511:, 2495:, 2467:, 2433:, 2429:, 2389:, 2379:, 2369:, 2351:, 2341:, 2327:, 2317:, 1806:, 1464:. 1247:, 1133:, 1095:, 910:. 591:. 583:, 579:, 575:, 571:, 567:, 557:. 549:, 545:, 512:. 434:. 423:. 415:, 411:, 407:, 403:, 399:, 395:, 391:, 387:, 383:, 379:, 236:. 206:. 160:. 51:A 43:, 4293:e 4286:t 4279:v 4234:. 4222:: 4199:. 4121:. 3967:. 3931:. 3810:. 3734:" 3654:. 3628:. 3464:. 3330:. 3296:. 3204:. 3119:. 3105:. 3053:. 3002:) 2998:( 2968:. 2949:. 2930:. 2911:. 2892:) 2878:. 2859:. 2840:. 2821:) 2807:. 2788:. 1391:. 1380:. 1373:. 1366:. 1359:. 1352:. 1321:. 1311:. 1304:. 1297:. 1290:. 1283:. 1272:. 1265:. 1251:. 1179:. 1161:. 818:) 813:( 496:( 489:⌗ 359:( 348:( 287:. 90:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index