853:, then under construction. They also reportedly captured a passing Dominican friar and beheaded him. The bishops of Minden, LĂĽbeck and Ratzeburg reported to the pope the Stedinger's victories and the reluctance of many to join the crusade because they considered Stedingen naturally fortified by its numerous rivers and streams. It is also apparent from the bishops' report that the Stedinger were regarded as a strong enemy. When the crusaders finally arrived, they achieved some successes, but were defeated at
893:, the plenary indulgence (full remission) was granted not only to those who died (as before) but to all who had taken the cross (i.e., a formal crusade vow) and fought. This change in policy was probably both a response to the Stedinger's successes in the winter of 1232–1233 and a counterweight to the new crusade against the Luciferians, to prevent resources and manpower from being diverted away from the unfinished Stedinger business (
528:
963:
835:
499:. Grievances over taxes and property rights turned into full-scale revolt. When an attempt by the secular authorities to put down the revolt ended in defeat, the archbishop mobilized his church and the Papacy to have a crusade sanctioned against the rebels. In the first campaign, the small crusading army was defeated. In a follow-up campaign the next year, a much larger crusader army was victorious.
1190:
Crusade has attracted attention from historians of peasant movements as well as historians of the
Crusades. Werner Zihn argues that the defeat of the Stedinger began with their increasing marginalisation in the decades before the crusade. Their inability to attract external allies assured their defeat.
1189:
Hermann
Schumacher, in his 1865 study of the Stedinger, concluded that the charges of heresy were baseless and even "meaningless". More recently, Rolf Köhn has argued that they were taken very seriously by contemporaries and reflected a real concern about the spread of heresy in Europe. The Stedinger
1065:
and attacked its rear. It took several charges to break the wall of pikes. When the peasants broke formation to advance, the count of Cleves charged its flank. At that point the battle was won by the crusaders and a general massacre began. Women and children were not spared, but many peasants escaped
788:
of twenty days for attending a crusade sermon, three years for serving in another's pay and five years for serving at one's own expense. Full remission was available only to those who died in the enterprise, provided they confessed their sins. Those who contributed financially received an indulgence
20:
1594:
1141:
The death of
Hermann of Lippe in battle against the Stedinger was periodically remembered at the monastery of Lilienthal throughout the thirteenth century. Gerhard also established memorial days for his brother at Lilienthal and the monastery of
1100:
The surviving
Stedinger surrendered to the archbishop and accepted his demands. Their freeholds were confiscated, those in the north to the county of Oldenburg, those in the south to the archbishopric of Bremen. On 21 August 1235, in the letter
1149:
The counts of
Oldenburg also commemorated the crusade in their foundation of Hude, which the Stedinger had attacked in 1233. It was constructed on a monumental scale as a sign of Oldenburg domination of Stedingen. In endowing the church, Count
1287:
Jensen says that in early 1233 Gregory expanded the area of preaching, while Rist merely has him involving the other bishops in it. He did not, however, charge the bishops of
Paderborn, Hildesheim, Verden, MĂĽnster and OsnabrĂĽck with preaching
725:
already permitted the investigators to request military assistance from the neighbouring nobility if the charges proved true. When the bishop of LĂĽbeck's mission failed to bring about a resolution, Gregory ordered bishop and
Bishops
1169:
and on and around 27 May 1934 a series of reenactments, speeches, musical performances and processions were held in honour of the
Stedinger, who were held up as heroic defenders of their land and freedom against a predatory church.
1054:, to mediate the dispute between the Stedinger and the archbishop. Since the conflict was not resolved before the spring campaign, either word of the pope's decision did not reach the crusaders in time or the archbishop ignored it.
789:
in proportion to their contribution, as determined by the preachers. The length of the campaign and thus of the service required to receive an indulgence was also at the discretion of the preachers based on military requirements.
637:
to the ground. Their revolt spread south of the Hunte, where the archbishop's ministerials were driven off. The peasants stopped paying taxes and tithes to the archbishop and attacked his castles in 1212, 1213 and 1214. When
1134:). He detailed the chants and hymns to be sung when and prescribed a solemn procession followed by an indulgence for twenty days afterwards to all who gave alms to the poor. This liturgy was practiced in Bremen down to the
822:
asking them to assist the bishops of Minden, LĂĽbeck and
Ratzeburg in preaching the crusade. The actual preaching was largely left to the Dominican Order, which had expanded rapidly in northern Germany in the 1220s.
1130:. This was not a somber commemoration but a celebration of the liberation of the church. In Gerhard's instructions concerning the celebrations, 27 May 1234 was called the "day of victory against the Stedinger" (
1251:
Rist has
Gerhard travelling to Rome six months after the death of his brother, while Pixton has Cardinal Otto travelling through Bremen on his return from Riga after 23 July 1230 and before Gerhard's trip to
629:
was not being respected. Specifically, the Stedinger complained that the archbishop was demanding more in tax than he was owed and that both he and the count intended to convert their freeholds into leases.
868:(17 June 1233), addressed to the bishops of Minden, LĂĽbeck and Ratzeburg, he raised the partial indulgence previously granted into a plenary one, placing the Stedinger crusade on an equal footing with the
999:
1151:
858:
1105:, Pope Gregory ordered the lifting of their excommunication. According to Emo of Wittewierum, some Stedinger escaped to Frisia or found refuge in the north German towns. According to the
935:
records that there was widespread uncertainty over whether all those preaching the crusade had the correct authorization to do so. The most serious incident Emo records took place in the
602:
819:
727:
1079:
1178:
Contemporary chroniclers recognised that a crusade against farmers required a clearer justification than the crusades to the Holy Land or the crusades against organised heresies.
1126:
After his victory at Altenesch, Archbishop Gerhard declared an annual day of remembrance to be kept in all the churches of the archdiocese of Bremen on the Saturday before the
663:, and led a small force into Stedingen. They were defeated by the peasants on Christmas Day and Hermann was killed. In 1232, after 1 September, Gerhard established a house of
718:
1014:
and several barons from the county of Flanders. All of these named men were related to the counts of Oldenburg. The overall leader was the duke of Brabant. According to the
784:
In his letter, Gregory accused the Stedinger of holding orgies and worshiping demons in Satanic rites—on top of their theological errors. He instituted a graduated scale of
550:. They eventually came to inhabit lands north of the Hunte as well. This marshy region was first cleared and settled only at the beginning of the twelfth century. The name
1003:
1066:
into the marshes. Among the dead on the crusader side was the count of Wildeshausen, of the family of the counts of Oldenburg. Gerhard credited the intervention of the
197:
1023:
The Stedinger army numbered 11,000, according to Emo of Wittewierum. Probably it did not exceed 2,000. They were poorly equipped next to the crusaders, lacking any
731:
842:
In the winter of 1232–1233, the Stedinger captured the archbishop's fortress of Slutter. In early 1233, they destroyed the wooden cloisters of the Cistercian
951:. They subsequently preached against the Fivelgonians. Nearby, in a place called Stets, a local monk interrupted a Dominican's sermon and was imprisoned in
1154:
specifically mentioned his father, Burchard, and uncle, Henry III, "counts of Oldenburg killed under the banner of the holy cross against the Stedinger" (
831:, also preached the crusade against the Stedinger. As a result of the second round of preaching, an army was formed large enough for a summer campaign.
1073:
The dead after the battle of Altenesch were so numerous they had to be buried in mass graves. The sources vary in the number of dead they give: 2,000 (
815:
802:
The initial response to the bishops' preaching was tepid; only a few local knights took the cross. On 19 January 1233, Gregory IX addressed the letter
811:
1412:
1816:
1193:
Prior to the 1970s, the Stedinger Crusade was usually seen in an ideological light. Schumacher viewed the Stedinger as seeking liberation from
53:
1762:
Schmidt, Heinrich. "Zur Geschichte der Stedinger: Studien ĂĽber Bauernfreiheit, Herrschaft und Religion an der Unterweser im 13. Jahrhundert".
1826:
1546:
Rebecca Rist (2011), "Pope Gregory IX and the Grant of Indulgence for Military Campaigns in Europe in the 1230s: A Study in Papal Rhetoric",
854:
687:. They were accused, among other things, of superstitious practices, murdering priests, burning churches and monasteries and desecrating the
639:
683:
had gotten in 1228 against his rebellious peasants. Gerhard convened a diocesan synod on 17 March 1230, whereat the Stedinger were declared
843:
679:
After his defeat, Gerhard began preparing for a crusade against the rebels. He may have been inspired by the Drenther Crusade that Bishop
1062:
1616:
721:
and two prominent Dominicans from Bremen ordering them to investigate the charges further and to call the Stedinger back to communion.
671:
for the salvation of his brother, who died, so Gerhard said in the foundation charter, "for the liberation of the church of Bremen".
1201:, the Stedinger were heroic representatives of a free Germany fighting the oppressive and foreign church; while for the scholars of
609:
land and to found churches, as well as exempting them from some taxes. Collectively, these rights and privileges were known as the
1821:
710:
to confirm the excommunication and the validity of the charges. When the validity of the charges was confirmed, Gregory sent the
1348:
Rist, who does not mention the battle of Altenesch, attributes the Stedinger's absolution to the diplomacy of William of Modena.
737:
By October 1232, Gregory was prepared to declare the crusade that Gerhard had requested. On 29 October 1232, he sent the letter
699:
assistant Gerhard, when passing through Bremen later that year, gave strong support to Archbishop Gerhard's planned crusade.
1311:
1577:
The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216–1245: Watchmen on the Tower
642:
became archbishop in 1219, he immediately set to work restoring his authority in Stedingen. Just before Christmas 1229, he
1687:"Innocent III, Gregory IX and Political Crusades: A Study in the Disintegration of Papal Power". Guy Fitch Lytle (ed.),
1057:
The crusader army assembled on the western bank of the Weser and marched north. They used a pontoon bridge to cross the
275:
205:
83:
46:
1319:
372:
1091:). These numbers cannot be taken literally, but they give an impression of the perceived scale of destruction. The
1039:, the Stedinger leaders were Tammo von Huntdorf, Bolko von Bardenfleth and Ditmar tom Diek, all otherwise unknown.
807:
593:
Legally most of the Stedinger were subjects of the prince-archbishop of Bremen, the land being administered by his
175:
1315:
905:
A larger and more impressive army was raised in early 1234, after the Dominicans preached the crusade throughout
1801:
1665:
Kardinal Willhelm von Sabina, Bischof von Modena 1222–1234: Päpstlicher Legat in den Nordischen Ländern (+1251)
496:
991:
1024:
692:
613:, Hollandic right. By the early thirteenth century, the Stedinger formed a well-defined community called the
39:
864:
While the fighting was in progress in June, Pope Gregory issued a renewed call for a crusade. In the letter
1278:
Jensen limits the initial preaching to Minden, LĂĽbeck and Ratzeburg, while Rist does not mention Ratzeburg.
1220:
Maier places this "probably shortly before Christmas 1229" but after the death of the archbishop's brother.
462:
452:
987:
979:
384:
377:
280:
1339:
Knödler provides different spellings: Boleke of Bardenflete, Tammo of Hunthorpe and Thedmarus of Aggere.
1161:
For the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Altenesch an entirely different commemoration was enacted in
1811:
1806:
1796:
1229:
Most authors date this synod to 1230, but Maier, following Rolf Köhn (1979), dates it to 21 March 1231.
1179:
995:
983:
773:. The bishops were authorized to recruit for the preaching all the Dominicans they needed. The Emperor
648:
633:
In 1204, the Stedinger north of the Hunte rebelled against the count of Oldenburg, burning two of his
975:
1016:
25:
971:
952:
668:
660:
185:
586:, farmers. When relations with their overlord later soured, they were dismissively referred to as
1684:
412:
23:
The battle of Altenesch (peasants on the left, crusaders on the right), from a manuscript of the
1702:
770:
574:, meaning coast or shore. Originally, in the early twelfth century, the Stedinger were known as
1127:
1061:
and enter Stedingen. On 27 May 1234, they caught the peasant army on a common green called the
750:
417:
345:
1205:, they were an oppressed class of workers fighting back against the greed of the aristocracy.
746:
1046:, which intervened with the pope on behalf of the Stedinger. On 18 March 1234, in the letter
758:
680:
447:
350:
340:
766:
1266:
1143:
1093:
774:
754:
707:
8:
1327:
1198:
922:
828:
742:
457:
442:
392:
250:
220:
646:
the Stedingers for their continued refusal to pay taxes and tithes (in the words of the
1781:
Die Stedinger. Die historische Entwicklung des Stedinger Landes bis ins 13. Jahrhundert
1647:
Julia Knödler (trans. Duane Henderson), "Altenesch, Battle of", in Clifford J. Rogers,
1262:
932:
910:
598:
367:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
270:
265:
238:
215:
160:
88:
78:
1182:
tried to connect the Stedinger to the devil-worshippers; others connected them to the
1239:
1088:
1051:
956:
927:
914:
838:
Ruins of the abbey of Hude today, attacked while under construction by the Stedinger.
824:
762:
319:
210:
115:
1413:"The Stedinger Crusade: War, Remembrance, and Absence in Thirteenth-Century Germany"
906:
503:
434:
397:
362:
357:
255:
225:
190:
120:
93:
1620:
702:
In June 1230, Gerhard went to Rome to personally argue his case to the pope. Pope
1462:
Carsten Selch Jensen, "Stedinger Crusades (1233–1234)", in Alan V. Murray (ed.),
848:
696:
664:
601:
north of the Hunte. Already in 1106 they had received privileges from Archbishop
507:
407:
332:
233:
170:
165:
140:
125:
110:
1757:
Die Stedinger Bauernkriege: Wahre Begebenheiten und geschichtliche Betrachtungen
1502:
Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century
1043:
741:
authorising the preaching of a crusade against the Stedinger to the bishops of
643:
606:
427:
327:
180:
145:
130:
1553:: 79–102, at 83–86. A condensed version of her account is also found in Rist,
1790:
1028:
155:
150:
135:
105:
1202:
1166:
1162:
778:
711:
594:
510:(1235–1241), other small-scale crusades against European Christians deemed
422:
243:
1715:
Köhn, Rolf. "Die Verketzung der Stedinger durch die Bremer Fastensynode".
1323:
1135:
1067:
1032:
886:
881:
468:
260:
1595:"The Use of the Bible in the Arengae of Pope Gregory IX's Crusade Calls"
1020:, it numbered 40,000 men; in reality it was probably closer to 8,000.
944:
785:
703:
1330:
joined the crusade against the Luciferians, which never materialized.
1194:
1156:
comitum de Aldenborch sub sancte crucis vexillo a Stedingis occisorum
948:
918:
753:. They were to preach the crusade in the dioceses of Bremen, Minden,
688:
538:
The Stedinger were the peasant inhabitants of the region between the
511:
489:
1725:
Köhn, Rolf. "Die Teilnehmer an den Kreuzzügen gegen die Stedinger".
1649:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
966:
Seal of Henry I of Brabant, commander of the crusader army in 1234.
962:
873:
869:
684:
527:
63:
16:
Papally sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of Stedingen
1183:
1109:, those who fled to Frisia and established a community there—the
1011:
940:
579:
1113:—were attacked by the counts of Oldenburg later in the century.
834:
570:, land of the Stedinger). The name derives from the German word
1058:
936:
634:
547:
1735:
Krollmann, Christian. "Der Deutsche Orden und die Stedinger".
1745:
Oncken, H. "Studien zur Geschichte des Stedingerkreuzzuges".
1651:, 3 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2010), vol. 1, pp. 39–40.
1007:
885:(11–13 June) directed at a different heretical movement, the
559:
543:
539:
485:
1774:
Die Stedinger. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Weser-Marschen
1261:
The Dominicans were the head of the convent in Bremen and a
861:, a relative of the count of Oldenburg, was among the dead.
19:
1689:
Reform and Authority in the Medieval and Reformation Church
31:
1627:(James Clarke & Co., 2002 ), retrieved 7 October 2019.
659:
In December 1229, Gerhard joined forces with his brother,
1042:
A last-ditch effort to prevent bloodshed was made by the
1679:
The Friars and German Society in the Thirteenth Century
625:
The grievances which led to open revolt were that the
1747:
Jahrbuch fĂĽr die Geschichte des Herzogtums Oldenburg
1097:
emphasise the deaths of "their wives and children".
597:(serfs of knightly rank). Some were subjects of the
495:
The Stedinger were free farmers and subjects of the
1672:
Die Ketzerverfolgung in Deutschland unter Gregor IX
562:documents) refers to the people, while the land is
1703:"The Stedingers: The Story of a Forgotten Crusade"
1597:, in Elizabeth Lapina and Nicholas Morton (eds.),
1466:, 4 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 4, pp. 1121–1122.
1310:These crusades have sometimes been confused. Duke
488:sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of
1707:Transactions of the Birmingham Historical Society
1165:. A replica Stedinger village was constructed at
1788:
706:proceeded cautiously. He ordered the provost of
970:Among those who joined the new army were dukes
931:, the response this time was enthusiastic, but
1727:Niedersächisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte
1504:(Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 52–56.
806:to bishops Wilbrand of Paderborn and Utrecht,
1555:The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198–1245
47:
947:were attacked and had to flee for safety to
827:, a noted heretic hunter and veteran of the
734:to reinvestigate the charges one more time.
959:. Few crusaders were recruited in Fivelgo.
54:
40:
1599:The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources
1557:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), pp. 126–127.
1050:, Gregory ordered his legate in Germany,
1696:Repression of Heresy in Medieval Germany
961:
833:
526:
18:
522:
1789:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
872:. Around the same time, he issued the
1817:13th century in the Holy Roman Empire
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1238:They had resolved a dispute over the
1132:dies victorie habite contra Stedingos
35:
1827:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
1186:. Neither connection is convincing.
777:also placed the Stedinger under the
1604:
1582:
900:
797:
620:
13:
1657:
1630:
1560:
1507:
1469:
1425:
1360:
100:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
84:Military order (religious society)
14:
1838:
1173:
681:Wilbrand of Paderborn and Utrecht
674:
605:conferring on them the right to
534:, from a seventeenth-century map
1625:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1342:
1333:
1304:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1255:
1107:Historia monasterii Rastedensis
1080:Historia monasterii Rastedensis
1822:1230s in the Holy Roman Empire
1691:. Washington, DC, 1981: 15–35.
1245:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1121:
943:. Two Dominicans preaching in
497:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
206:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
1:
1464:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
1354:
1301:as directed at the Stedinger.
1297:Merlo incorrectly identifies
693:Otto of San Nicola in Carcere
517:
502:It is often grouped with the
1772:Schumacher, Hermann Albert.
1411:Megan Cassidy-Welch (2013),
61:
7:
1601:(Brill, 2017), pp. 206–235.
1579:(Brill, 1995), pp. 375–377.
10:
1843:
1180:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
1138:in the sixteenth century.
1075:Chronica regia Coloniensis
792:
649:Chronica regia Coloniensis
1116:
1000:Henry III of Wildeshausen
870:crusades to the Holy Land
717:(26 July 1231) to Bishop
74:Ideology and institutions
71:
1242:, a suffragan of Bremen.
1208:
1152:Henry IV of Wildeshausen
859:Burchard of Wildeshausen
652:, "for their excesses",
1737:AltpreuĂźische Forschung
1320:Otto III of Brandenburg
889:throughout Germany. In
808:Conrad II of Hildesheim
728:Gottschalk of Ratzeburg
615:universitas Stedingorum
1681:. Cambridge, MA, 1977.
1128:Feast of the Ascension
1103:Ex parte universitatis
1017:Sächsische Weltchronik
967:
839:
535:
29:
26:Sächsische Weltchronik
1802:13th-century crusades
1265:named John, probably
965:
953:Saint Juliana's Abbey
877:O altitudo divitiarum
837:
820:Conrad I of OsnabrĂĽck
530:
22:
1685:Kennan, Elizabeth T.
1500:Christoph T. Maier,
1267:John of Wildeshausen
1094:Annales Erphordenses
1027:and armed only with
992:William IV of JĂĽlich
988:Dietrich V of Cleves
980:Floris IV of Holland
891:Littere vestre nobis
866:Littere vestre nobis
542:river and the lower
523:Stedinger settlement
506:(1228–1232) and the
1769:(1982–1983): 27–94.
1764:Bremisches Jahrbuch
1717:Bremisches Jahrbuch
1328:Conrad of Thuringia
1199:National Socialists
1035:. According to the
1004:Louis of Ravensberg
996:Otto I of Oldenburg
984:Otto II of Guelders
976:Henry IV of Limburg
925:. According to the
829:Albigensian Crusade
739:Lucis eterne lumine
661:Hermann II of Lippe
654:pro suis excessibus
458:Crusade of the Poor
1783:. Oldenburg, 1983.
1759:. Lemwerder, 2004.
1698:. Liverpool, 1979.
1263:papal penitentiary
972:Henry I of Brabant
968:
933:Emo of Wittewierum
840:
732:Conrad I of Minden
599:count of Oldenburg
536:
484:(1233–1234) was a
385:Against Christians
89:Crusade indulgence
79:Crusading movement
30:
1812:Conflicts in 1234
1807:Conflicts in 1233
1797:Stedinger Crusade
1755:Schmeyers, Jens.
1667:. Helsinki, 1929.
1593:Thomas W. Smith,
1312:Otto of Brunswick
1240:bishopric of Riga
1111:terra Rustringiae
1089:Baldwin of Ninove
1085:Annales Stadenses
1070:for his victory.
1052:William of Modena
1048:Grandis et gravis
1037:Annales Stadenses
928:Annales Stadenses
825:Conrad of Marburg
816:Ludolf of MĂĽnster
708:MĂĽnster Cathedral
568:terra Stedingorum
482:Stedinger Crusade
477:
476:
463:Shepherds' (1320)
453:Shepherds' (1251)
437:(1096–1320)
387:(1209–1588)
322:(1147–1410)
200:(1291–1717)
1834:
1732:(1981): 139–206.
1663:Donnar, Gustav.
1652:
1645:
1628:
1615:Grado G. Merlo,
1613:
1602:
1591:
1580:
1575:Paul B. Pixton,
1573:
1558:
1544:
1505:
1498:
1467:
1460:
1423:
1409:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
901:Campaign of 1234
852:
798:Campaign of 1233
719:John I of LĂĽbeck
621:Stedinger revolt
504:Drenther Crusade
191:Fall of Outremer
94:Papal income tax
66:
56:
49:
42:
33:
32:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1787:
1786:
1776:. Bremen, 1865.
1694:Kieckhefer, R.
1677:Freed, John B.
1674:. Berlin, 1932.
1660:
1658:Further reading
1655:
1646:
1631:
1614:
1605:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1561:
1545:
1508:
1499:
1470:
1461:
1426:
1410:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1322:and landgraves
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1176:
1124:
1119:
1006:, the lords of
903:
857:in July. Count
846:
812:Luder of Verden
804:Clamante ad nos
800:
795:
677:
665:Cistercian nuns
627:ius Hollandicum
623:
611:ius hollandicum
525:
520:
508:Bosnian Crusade
478:
473:
443:People's (1096)
67:
62:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1785:
1784:
1779:Zihn, Werner.
1777:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1752:(1896): 27–58.
1743:
1733:
1723:
1722:(1979): 15–85.
1713:
1701:King, Wilson.
1699:
1692:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1629:
1603:
1581:
1559:
1506:
1468:
1424:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1303:
1290:
1280:
1271:
1254:
1244:
1231:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1175:
1174:Historiography
1172:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1087:); or 11,000 (
1044:Teutonic Order
902:
899:
879:(10 June) and
799:
796:
794:
791:
676:
673:
644:excommunicated
622:
619:
532:Stedinger Land
524:
521:
519:
516:
475:
474:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
431:
430:
428:Spanish Armada
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
335:
330:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
258:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
236:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
198:Later Crusades
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
72:
69:
68:
59:
58:
51:
44:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1839:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1742:(1937): 1–13.
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1712:(1881): 1–24.
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1621:André Vauchez
1618:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1422:(2): 159–174.
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
850:
845:
844:abbey of Hude
836:
832:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
790:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:Investigation
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
636:
631:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:(or in Latin
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
472:
470:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
321:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
199:
192:
189:
187:
186:Lord Edward's
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
57:
52:
50:
45:
43:
38:
37:
34:
28:
27:
21:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1648:
1624:
1598:
1576:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1501:
1463:
1419:
1416:
1344:
1335:
1314:, margraves
1306:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1257:
1247:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1203:East Germany
1192:
1188:
1177:
1167:Bookholzberg
1163:Nazi Germany
1160:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1033:short swords
1022:
1015:
969:
926:
904:
894:
890:
880:
876:
865:
863:
841:
803:
801:
783:
779:imperial ban
775:Frederick II
738:
736:
722:
714:
701:
678:
658:
653:
647:
632:
626:
624:
614:
610:
595:ministerials
592:
587:
583:
582:, or simply
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
551:
537:
531:
501:
494:
481:
479:
467:
433:
432:
402:
383:
382:
318:
317:
261:Holy Leagues
196:
195:
99:
98:
73:
24:
1617:"Stedinger"
1299:Vox in Rama
1288:themselves.
1136:Reformation
1122:Remembrance
1068:Virgin Mary
887:Luciferians
882:Vox in Rama
855:Hemmelskamp
847: [
786:indulgences
691:. Cardinal
603:Frederick I
578:, that is,
546:, opposite
469:Reconquista
418:Despenser's
393:Albigensian
221:Alexandrian
1791:Categories
1355:References
1197:. For the
1083:); 6,000 (
1077:); 4,000 (
945:Appingedam
939:region of
923:Westphalia
759:Hildesheim
704:Gregory IX
669:Lilienthal
640:Gerhard II
590:, beasts.
580:Hollanders
518:Background
471:(722–1492)
448:Children's
368:Lithuanian
1670:Förg, L.
1195:feudalism
1144:Osterholz
1063:Altenesch
978:, counts
949:Groningen
919:Rhineland
874:decretals
771:OsnabrĂĽck
755:Paderborn
751:Ratzeburg
723:Si ea que
715:Si ea que
697:Dominican
689:eucharist
564:Stedingen
552:Stedinger
512:heretical
490:Stedingen
403:Stedinger
251:Nicopolis
216:Smyrniote
211:Aragonese
116:Norwegian
1548:Crusades
911:Flanders
895:negotium
695:and his
685:heretics
607:freehold
576:Hollandi
556:Stedinge
413:Bohemian
398:Drenther
363:Prussian
358:Livonian
337:Swedish
320:Northern
230:Barbary
226:Savoyard
121:Venetian
64:Crusades
1623:(ed.),
1184:Cathars
1012:Scholen
941:Fivelgo
937:Frisian
915:Holland
907:Brabant
793:Crusade
767:MĂĽnster
635:castles
584:rustici
572:Gestade
486:Papally
435:Popular
423:Hussite
408:Bosnian
373:Russian
333:Wendish
176:Catalan
166:Seventh
161:Barons'
1417:Viator
1316:John I
1117:Legacy
1059:Ochtum
1025:armour
957:Rottum
917:, the
763:Verden
747:LĂĽbeck
743:Minden
712:letter
588:bestie
548:Bremen
328:Kalmar
181:Eighth
146:Fourth
131:Second
1767:60–61
1619:, in
1324:Henry
1252:Rome.
1209:Notes
1029:pikes
1008:Breda
851:]
560:Latin
544:Hunte
540:Weser
378:Tatar
256:Varna
156:Sixth
151:Fifth
136:Third
106:First
1326:and
1318:and
1031:and
1010:and
1002:and
974:and
921:and
818:and
769:and
749:and
730:and
554:(or
480:The
351:1293
346:1249
341:1150
311:1717
306:1684
301:1594
296:1571
291:1538
286:1535
281:1526
276:1511
271:1495
266:1332
244:1399
239:1398
234:1390
171:1267
141:1197
126:1129
111:1101
1158:).
955:in
897:).
667:in
656:).
558:in
1793::
1740:14
1730:53
1720:57
1705:.
1632:^
1606:^
1584:^
1562:^
1551:10
1509:^
1471:^
1427:^
1420:44
1415:,
1362:^
1146:.
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
913:,
909:,
849:de
814:,
810:,
781:.
765:,
761:,
757:,
745:,
617:.
514:.
492:.
1750:5
1710:1
1269:.
55:e
48:t
41:v
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