Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399

2480: 5167: 4992:(Treatise on the Recovery of the Holy Land), divided into two parts dedicated to Edward I of England and Philip IV, respectively. It is a rambling treatise that covers many topics only tangentially related to the crusade. Dubois outlined the conditions he viewed as necessary to a successful crusade—the establishment and enforcement of a state of peace among the Christian nations of the West by a council of the church; the reform of the monastic and military orders; the reduction of their revenues; the instruction of a number of young men and women in Oriental languages and the natural sciences with a view to the government of Eastern peoples; and the establishment of Charles of Valois as emperor of the East. 4633: 3992:. He was anxious to find a location where the Hospitallers would be unfettered by obligations to another power as it was in Cyprus. Independently, Clement V issued instructions for the preaching of a crusade to be launched against the Mamluks in the spring of 1309. This was to be a small, preliminary expedition led by the Hospitallers. After the inopportune Crusade of the Poor, Clement admitted in November 1309 what had long been suspected, that the Hospitaller expedition would not go to the Holy Land and that it was, in fact, a preparatory campaign to help defend Cyprus and enforce the prohibition on Catholics trading with Muslims. 5992: 5349: 5301:), preached in the name of Muhammad, was to penetrate into Europe by the way of Gibraltar. The caliph's Holy warriors swore to annihilate Christianity and to convert all the Christian temples into stables. At the same time in Europe, the zeal of the princes and crusaders who had taken the cross to combat the enemies of Christ had dimmed. When Benedict XII succeeded John XXII, he found that hatred, mistrust and jealousies had taken the place of enthusiasm. Christians from the East continued to describe their persecutions and the preparations of Islam against the nations of the West. 2303:

them. They had come to fight the infidel and began to attack the Muslim merchants and citizens. At the end of August, a riot flared and they began randomly killing Muslims. Deciding that every man with a beard was a Muslim, many Christians were also attacked. All that the authorities could do was do was to rescue a few of the Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle. The ringleaders were arrested, but the damage was done. Vowing to kill every Christian in Acre, Qalawun led his army from Cairo, but fell ill and died on 10 November 1290. He was succeeded by his son,

6201: 5399:, left Marseille leading a papal fleet called by Clement VI. This led to the second of the Smyrniote Crusades against the Aydınids, also known as the Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois. It was intended to assist the recaptured Frankish port of Smyrna by responding to a January 1345 attack during a time of truce by the Turkish garrison upon Christians worshiping in the demolished cathedral. While at sea, his fleet was attacked by the Genoa near Rhodes. He was also asked to intervene by Venice in the conflict between 4899:

1320, and the emerging peace in Flanders and the north of France had left a large number of displaced peasants and soldiers. The result was essentially a violent mob threatening local Jews, royal castles, the wealthier clergy, and Paris itself. The movement was ultimately condemned by John XXII, who doubted whether the movement had any real intent to carry out a crusade. Philip V was forced to move against it, crushing the movement militarily and driving the remnants south across the Pyrenees into Aragon.

4944: 5079:. Louis was heavily involved in the plans of Charles IV of France for a crusade to recover the Holy Land. Hugh hoped that the marriage would strengthen his chances of gaining control over the Holy Land, especially against the claims of the Capetians who had disputed the Lusignans' claim to the throne of Jerusalem since the 1270s. The outbreak of France's war with England in 1337 put an end to Louis' hopes to lead a crusade. Guy began taking part in state affairs in the late 1330s and was made 2316: 2396: 3478:(Latin: concerning the state of the Templars). Philip, who was already deeply in debt to the Templars, decided to seize upon the rumors for his own purposes. He began pressuring the church to take action against the order as a way of freeing himself from his debts. A week before his planned formal investigation, Clement received a surprising message that members of the order had been arrested, imprisoned and charged with heresy by an inquisition the pope had not convened. 2510:. At the same time, orders to exterminate the company at a banquet organized by the emperor resulted in the loss of over 1000 men. The local population rose up against the Catalans in Constantinople and Michael IX ensured that as many as possible were killed before news reached the main force in Gallipoli. Some however escaped and carried the news of the massacre to Gallipoli. The Catalans then went on a killing spree of their own, killing all the local Byzantines. 2147: 5598: 5785: 3845: 4733:, in his description of the fall of Acre, included an exhortation for the West to conquer Jerusalem that was addressed to the pope and all Christian sovereigns. Nevertheless, neither Boniface VIII nor Benedict XI addressed recovery proposals. Clement V did issue such appeals in his encyclicals of 1305 and 1308. The grand masters of the Templars and Hospitallers both produced responses. Around the same time, the Armenian 3710:(defenders) to the council. Jacques de Molay and others were also commanded to appear in person. Molay, however, was already imprisoned in Paris and trials of other Templars were already in progress. The initial opinion was that the Templars should be granted the right to defend themselves and that there was insufficient evidence of heresy, a charge levied by Philip IV. The discussion of the order was then put on hold. 3462: 2684:. The Templars fought hard against the invaders, but were eventually starved out. The Cypriots began assembling a fleet to rescue Ruad, but it arrived too late. The Templars surrendered on 26 September 1302, with they understanding that they could depart unharmed. However, most were executed, and the surviving Templar knights were taken as prisoners to Cairo, eventually dying of starvation after years of ill treatment. 3525:. It was the crusade against Venice which proved most successful, it used significant papal funds in a period of soaring military costs and growing suspicion about the real motives of crusading kings and princes. Clement came to believe that the papacy could best promote the cause of Christ by concentrating not on the Holy Land and Iberia, but the Christian West, the policy that was pursued by his successor. 5570:

a planned Mamluk attack on Cyprus, he redirected his military ambitions against Egypt. He arranged for his fleet and army to assemble at Rhodes, where they were joined by a Hospitaller contingent. In October 1365, Peter set sail, commanding a sizable expeditionary force. Making landfall in Alexandria on 9 October 1365, over the next three days the army pillaged the city and killed and enslaved thousands.

4028: 50: 6103:, who had proclaimed himself sultan of the remaining Turkish beyliks. Nevertheless, Bayezid pushed on and overwhelmed the rest of Anatolia. At this point, Bayezid accepted peace proposals from Ala' al-Din in 1391, concerned that further advances would antagonize his Turkoman followers and lead them to ally with Kadi Burhan al-Din. Once peace had been made with Karaman, Bayezid moved north against 5305:

had come to Avignon to inform the pope that the voyage into the East should be deferred. Andrew confronted the king, pressing his case for the deliverance of the Holy Land back to the Church. The king was surprised at this strange appeal and asked Andrew to accompany him to Paris. Andrew declined, saying he would return to Jerusalem, alone if necessary. Philip hastened home to deal with England.

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that he hand over the city of Rhodes to them so that they would make it their base in their war against the beyliks. They promised to recognise the suzerainty of the emperor and support mutual military efforts. Andronikos II rejected their proposal, and began preparing further reinforcements. On 5 September 1307, the pope issued an act proclaiming the Hospitallers' ownership of the island. While

4068:. Efforts were made to attract Latin settlers, both to replenish the local population and to provide men for military service. They immediately began military operations in the area by enforcing the papal ban on trade with the Mamluks. This included capturing Genoese vessels that were defying the ban, despite the fact that the Genoese had aided the conquest. The Genoese then allied with the 5388:, later Byzantine emperor, and so they had support from that quarter. Zeno was killed by Umur Bey's forces in an ambush while he and other crusaders were attempting to celebrate mass in the no-man's land between the battle lines. The Western forces captured both the harbor and city from the Turks, which they held for nearly 60 years. The citadel fell in 1348 with the death of Umur Bey. 2299:

Christians. The crusade was preached everywhere, including in the Holy Land. For those who took the Cross, the force against the clergy, support to the Sicilians, or visiting the Holy Sepulchre despite pontifical prohibition were sins that were absolved. All trade with the sultan, including pilgrimages, was prohibited. The departure date for the crusade was set at 24 June 1293.

2610: 3383:. Clement V had to yield to pressures for this trial which was begun on 2 February 1309 and lasted for two years. In the document that called for witnesses, Clement V expressed both his personal conviction of the innocence of Boniface VIII and his resolution to satisfy the king. Finally, in February 1311, Philip IV wrote to Clement V abandoning the process to the future 4532:, forcing them to recognize the overlordship of Robert. Walter had neither the troops to overwhelm the Catalans nor the money to sustain a prolonged war of sieges and attrition, and found no support among the native Greek population. By summer 1332, it was clear that the expedition had failed, and Walter returned to Brindisi, saddled with even more crippling debts. 5309:

claim to the throne of the Capets, and his ambition was the signal for the Hundred Years' War. Philip, attacked by a formidable enemy, was obliged to renounce his expedition to the Holy Land, and employ the troops and fleets that he had collected for the defense of his own kingdom. The crusade was delayed indefinitely with papal approval on 13 March 1336.

3569:. Having called for a crusade to begin in 1309, Clement V clarified with his bishops that they were to solicit only funds and prayers and to discourage actual participation, with indulgences offered to those providing money. By the spring, the preachers had whipped up intense crusading fervour. The would-be crusaders called themselves the 2716:. Qalawun engaged in both diplomacy and warfare with the Franks, with the ultimate goal of driving them out of the Holy Land. In 1280, Qalawun identified his eldest son as-Salih Ali as his heir apparent, and as-Salih's name began to be included with Qalawun's in treaties. When as-Salih Ali died in 1288, Qalawun appointed his next son 3779:, charged with suppressing heresy by the Catholic Church. The arrest of the Templars on Friday the 13th of October 1307 (incorrectly rumored to the basis of the day's unlucky superstition) led to the investigation, trial, torture and punishment (some by burning at the stake) of the members of storied order. This is recorded in the 2186:

on the Venetian quarter in Constantinople further escalated the tensions, resulting in a formal declaration of war by the Venetians in the same year. The Byzantines entered the war on the Genoan side. While the Venetians made some advances, the Genoans exercised dominance throughout the war, finally defeating the Venetians at the

4328:, two years prior to the re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire. In 1262, Mystras was established as the seat of government of Byzantine territories in the Morea. Soon, warfare broke out between the Byzantines and Franks. The first Byzantine attempts to subdue the Principality of Achaea were beaten back in 1263–1264 at the 2839:. During the third reign, Egypt suffered from few external threats, as both the Franks and Mongols had been weakened by losses in battle and their internal conflicts. As Egypt's political power grew, foreign delegations visited Cairo frequently seeking help and cultivating friendship. Among these visits were envoys from 4835:. The crusades remained a popular cause in France during Charles's reign. His father Philip IV had committed France to a fresh crusade and his brother Philip V had brought plans for a fresh invasion close to execution in 1320. Their plans were cancelled, however, leading to the informal and chaotic Shepherds' Crusade. 2334:

Amalric, later accused of cowardice. Many took refuge in the fortified compounds of the Military Orders, holding out for days. The Templar citadel collapsed on 28 May, killing the knights within. Those under the Hospitallers' protection were promised safe conduct, only to be led out of the city to be slaughtered.

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on 11 June 1329 and withdrew. When it was clear that no effective Imperial force would be able to restore the frontier and drive off the Ottomans, the city proper fell on 2 March 1331. Those inhabitants who wished to leave were permitted to do so, though few did. Nicea was left almost entirely ruined

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as well. John II was appointed Rector and Captain General of the crusade. Talleyrand was appointed apostolic legate, but he died on 17 January 1364, before the expedition could set out. Assembling the army proved an impossible task, and John returned to prison in England. He died in London on 8 April

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Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of this ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land. However, the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish navy, moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336, threatening England. Edward III had laid

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Philip gave orders that a fleet be assembled in the port of Marseilles to receive forty thousand crusaders. Edward III, to whom the crusade offered an easy means of imposing taxes, promised to accompany him with an army in the pilgrimage beyond the seas. Most of the republics of Italy, with the kings

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for the deliverance of Palestine to the West. The sultan was immovable. The accounts which the patriarch gave of the miserable condition of the native Christians and pilgrims harangued his Western audience to the necessity for attacking the Muslims and stopping the progress of their domination in the

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whose Greek inhabitants had risen in revolt and rejoined the Byzantines. In 1320 he turned back an attempted Turkish invasion of Rhodes with great loss. The pope also granted Albert half of the preceptory of Cyprus, with the other half going to former grand master Maurice de Pagnac. He was also given

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The kings of France regularly employed the Knights Templar in the royal treasury to oversee a variety of financial functions of the kingdom. There was little to indicate that Philip IV had less than full trust in their integrity. In 1299, the Templars loaned Philip a substantial sum in order to fight

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The rule of Baibars II lasted barely ten months. The people hated him and demanded the return of an-Nasir Muhammad, initiating his third reign. In March 1310, he was again sultan and Baibars II was soon executed. Salar was later arrested and died in prison. In 1310, an attempt was made to replace the

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The truce between Henry II and Qalawun had restored the peace at Acre. By summer of 1290, the merchants of Damascus were again sending their caravans to the coast and Acre was bustling. In August, crusaders from Italy arrived and immediately began causing trouble. Their commanders had no control over

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One of Nicholas' first actions as pope was to receive the Mongol ambassador Bar Ṣawma who, with Gobert de Helleville, left Rome in the late spring of 1288 with letters in support of a crusade to the Ilkhan court. The letters were vague and the pope unable to promise a definite date for any action. In

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of 1362–1365 resulted in the destruction of the city, but had little real impact. Its impetus was financial rather than religious, as Urban V had no influence on the expedition. Beginning in 1362, Peter amassed an army and sought financial support for his crusade to the Holy Land. When he learned of

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with arranging an anti-Turkish alliance. Nevertheless, by the end of the year the Holy League, a union formed for the discomfiture of the Turks and the defense of Christianity, had been formally constituted. In 1334, Zeno took command of the league's fleet and defeated the fleet of Yakhshï Khān, the

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His view on Eastern languages was vindicated at the Council of Vienne, where the delegates from Aragon pushed for the creation of a places to teach different languages in order to more-widely preach the Gospel. As a result, the council pushed for the establishment of chairs the languages of the East

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emerged from Normandy in 1320. The repeated calls for crusades by Philip V and his predecessors combined with the absence of large-scale expeditions ultimately boiled over into this popular and uncontrolled crusade. Philip's intent for a new crusade had certainly become widely known by the spring of

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to negotiate with the pope over a fresh crusade. Charles, an enthusiastic crusader who took the cross in 1323, had a history of diplomatic intrigue in the Levant, once attempting to become the Byzantine emperor. The negotiations over the crusade floundered over the pope's concerns whether Charles IV

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became king, although disputed. John XXII set out his renewed desire to see fresh crusades. Philip IV had agreed to a joint plan for a new French-led crusade at the Council of Vienne, with Philip V taking the cross himself in 1313. Once king, Philip V was obligated to carry out these plans and asked

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This success encouraged the Hospitallers to resume the siege of the capital. The locals defended it with success, and asked for reinforcements from Constantinople. The responding Byzantines forced the lifting of the siege. In the spring of 1307, the Hospitallers sent envoys to the emperor, demanding

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to receive their sentence, which was to be life imprisonment. The affair was supposed to be concluded when, to the dismay of the prelates and wonderment of the assembled crowd, de Molay and de Charney arose. They had been guilty, they said, not of the crime of heresy, but of betraying their order to

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took over the trial of the Templars from the original commission, with the pope directing that actual trials take place. Philip sought to thwart this effort, and had several Templars burned at the stake as heretics to prevent their participation in the trials. Two days after this change, 54 Templars

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suggested a naval blockade to coincide with an invasion of Egypt. On 3 April 1312, Philip IV vowed to the council to go on crusade within the next six years. Clement V insisted the crusade begin within one year and assigned Philip as its leader. Philip died on 29 November 1314 and with him, the idea

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In February 1312, envoys from Philip IV negotiated with the pope without consulting the council, and Philip held an assembly in Lyon to put further pressure on the topic of the Templars. He went to Vienne on 20 March 1312 where Clement was forced to adopt the expedient of suppressing of the Templars

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Early in 1304, Guillaume de Nogaret reported his activities to Philip, and was rewarded by gifts of land and money. He was then sent with an embassy to Benedict to demand absolution for all concerned in the struggle with Boniface. Benedict refused to meet Nogaret and, on 7 June 1304, issued the bull

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on 23 December 1299. The success in Syria led to rumors in Europe that the Mongols had successfully recaptured the Holy Land, but Jerusalem had been neither taken nor even besieged. There were some Mongol raids into Palestine in early 1300 going as far as Gaza. When the Egyptians advanced from Cairo

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who served three non-contiguous reigns from 1293–1341. In his first reign, he served under the regency of Kitbugha. In 1294, Kitbugha deposed his young charge and became sultan, with Lajin as his viceroy. In 1296, Lajin attempted to assassinate the sultan but failed. Kitbugha feared for his life and

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The remaining Frankish cities soon met the same fate as Acre and Christian resistance in the Holy Land vanished. Within a month, the last outposts at Tyre, Beirut and Sidon had been abandoned by the Franks. The Mamluks ravaged the coastal lands, destroying anything of value to the Franks should they

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Timur succeeded in convincing the local Turkic beyliks who had been vassals of the Ottomans to join him in his attack on Bayezid, who had become the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world. Years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own

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Benedict XII continued his exhortations, but the possibility of a new crusade was met with indifference, and the populace lost interest in contending with the Muslims. It was then that a Brother Andrew of Antioch came to Avignon to plead for the aid of the pope and the nobles of the West. Philip VI

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After the death of Charles of Valois, Charles IV became increasingly interested in a French intervention in Byzantium, taking the cross in 1326. Andronikos II Palaiologos responded by sending an envoy to Paris in 1327, proposing peace and discussions on ecclesiastical union. A French envoy was sent

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The first of the Templar trials began on 19 October 1307 in Paris. A total of 138 prisoners gave a full testimony and almost all admitted guilt to one or more charges. Since torture was used to elicit these confessions, the reliability of their testimony before any of the inquisitional tribunals is

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were tasked to bring the list of charges against the Templars. Other witnesses were said to have been made up of expelled Templar members, previously removed for their misdeeds. Under the orders of the French king, they were arrested and severely tortured. Soon after, the pope sent two cardinals to

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was fought in 1295–1299 between Venice and Genoa. both looking for ways to increase their dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas. Following the expiration of a truce between the republics, Genoese ships continually harassed Venetian merchants in the Aegean Sea. In 1295, Genoese raids

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confirmed Henry's election. He agreed to personally crown Henry emperor in December 1312 in exchange for Henry's oath of protection to the pope, his agreement to defend the rights and not attack the privileges of the cities of the Papal States, and to go on crusade once he had been crowned emperor.

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in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, beginning in 1363. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal. By the end of the fourteenth century, Timur was challenging both the

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Facing an untenable position with the Mamluk forces, the army withdrew three days later. Peter had wanted to stay and hold the city and use it as a beachhead for more crusades into Egypt, but his barons refused, wishing only to leave with their booty. Peter himself was one of the last to leave the

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When the news of a new crusade reached the East, the local Christians, pilgrims and European merchants were exposed to renewed persecutions. The sultan of Cairo and several of his emirs began assembling armies for the purpose of resisting the crusaders, or to attack the Christians in the West. The

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in Rouen. Two of his bishops were present, the other four were represented by procurators. The cathedral chapters of the province and the abbots of monasteries were invited as well. The council issued a dozen canons, urging the lower clergy to be diligent in their assigned duties. The most notable

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on 22 October 1303. The election of the timid Benedict was the beginning of the triumph of France that lasted through 1376. He was quick to release Philip IV from the excommunication that had been put upon him by Boniface. Benedict also arranged an armistice between Philip and Edward I of England.

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in 1261 led to a short-lived revival of Byzantine fortunes under Michael VIII Palaiologos, but the empire was ill-equipped to deal with the enemies that surrounded it. Rather than holding on to his possessions in Asia Minor, Michael chose to expand the empire, gaining only short-term successes. To

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is an anonymous 24,000-word Latin treatise on crusading submitted to Philip VI sometime before 1332. The document proposed the conquest of the Holy Land, the Byzantine empire and Russia, and their subjection to the Catholic Church. It also outlines how this might be achieved and describes how the

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in cases where heresy was suspected. At the end of the Albigensian Crusade, these special powers were never revoked but simply forgotten. For the Templars, Philip IV's royal lawyers concentrated their charges on this one vulnerable exception, that of heresy, to an otherwise untouchable order that

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That same year, Clement invited the Grand Masters to France to discuss their merger. Jacques de Molay arrived first in early 1307, but Foulques de Villaret was delayed for several months. While waiting, they discussed criminal charges that had been made two years earlier by an ousted Templar that

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began. By 18 May, the walls of the city were breached and the Franks made a desperate stand to contain the incursion. The sack of the city soon began, with hundreds slaughtered as the Mamluks surged in. Desperate Franks tried to escape in any remaining boats. Some got away, including Henry II and

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The West was shocked by the loss of Tripoli and the pope revived the plans for a crusade started by Gregory X that had never been totally abandoned. On 10 February 1290, he proclaimed a crusade with an objective of the total liberation of the Holy Land and support to the places at present held by

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in Baghdad. Arghun was seeking to join forces between the Mongols and the Europeans against their common enemy, the Muslim Mamluks. Arghun offered to return Jerusalem to the Christians once it was re-captured from the Muslims. Philip seemingly responded positively to the request of the embassy by

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was a military alliance of the chief Christian states of the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean against the mounting threat of naval raids by the Turkish beyliks of Anatolia. The alliance was spearheaded by Venice, the main regional naval power, and included the Hospitallers, Cypriots, and

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Sanuto added two other books and in September 1321, the entire work was presented to John XXII, together with world and regional maps of the world, and plans of Jerusalem, Antioch and Acre. A copy was also offered to the king of France, to whom Sanuto desired to commit the military and political

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On 14 September 1307, all bailiffs and seneschals in the kingdom of France were sent secret orders from Philip IV directing preparations for the arrest and imprisonment of all members of the Knights Templar. At dawn on 13 October, French soldiers captured all Templars found in France. Clement V,

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and the emirs swore their allegiance to him. However, Qalawun did not sign the diploma of investiture confirming Khalil's appointment. The reason for Qalawun's hesitation is not clear, but may have considered his son unsuitable for the sultanate or was wary of the enmity the viceroy Husam ad-Din

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and Peter I of Cyprus came to Avignon and it was decided that there should be a war against the Turks. It was Urban and Peter who were most eager for the crusade, as the French were exhausted by recent losses in the Hundred Years' War, and some of their leaders were still being held prisoner in

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of France, was sent as embassy to Boniface. Three years later, he concocted a plan to kidnap the pope and on 12 March 1303 read a long series of accusations against Boniface, including black magic, sodomy, heresy and blasphemy, demanding that he be tried. In response, Boniface announced that he

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and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord. The bulk of both armies were wiped out, and both Lazar and Murad were killed. However, Serbian manpower was depleted and had no capacity to field large armies against future Ottoman campaigns, which relied on new reserve forces from Anatolia.

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against Thrace and Bulgaria. The crusade was born out of the same planning that led to the Alexandrian Crusade and was the brainchild of Urban V. It was directed against the growing Ottoman Empire in eastern Europe and he attacked Murad I with 15 ships and 1,700 men in 1366 in order to aid his

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for a second time. The Novgorodians retook the fortress in 1349 after a seven-month siege, and Magnus fell back, in large part due to the ravages of the plague further West. While he spent much of 1351 trying to drum up support for further crusading action among the German cities in the Baltic

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On 23 April 1310, the Templar lawyers went before the commission demanding full disclosure of their accusers and the evidence gathered. They also requested a ban on witnesses conversing with one another, and that all proceedings should be kept secret until they were sent to the pope. That May,

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was supportive of a crusade but engaged in more pressing matters. His foray as a prince and crusader of 1271–1272 was actually one of the most successful of the crusades to the Holy Land but could not stop the Mamluks' driving the Franks out. He died on 7 July 1307 and was succeeded by his son

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Ramon Lull was one of the luminaries of the schools of the Middle Ages and stands out as a latter apostle of the crusades. Lull viewed the teaching of the languages of the East as an effective means of annihilating Islam and the domination of its disciples. He made a pilgrimage to Palestine,

3458:. The taxes imposed on the French to repay the loan led to an insurrection in Paris, and the Templars defended and gave the king refuge during the incident. But Philip had a history of seizing private property when it suited his needs, such as from the Lombards in 1291 and the Jews in 1306. 3119:

In 1299, Ghazan made the first of three attempts to invade Syria. As he launched his invasion, he sent letters to Henry II of Cyprus and the Grand Masters of the military orders inviting them to join him in his attack on the Mamluks in Syria. The Mongols successfully first took the city of

7504: 4980:, indicating that the caliph wished to convert to Christianity. Whereas Lull had been met with difficulties during his previous visits to North Africa, he was allowed to operate this time without interference from the authorities due to the improved relations between Tunis and Aragon. 3884:, near the palace garden. There de Molay and de Charney were slowly burned to death, refusing all offers of pardon for retraction, and bearing their torment with a composure which won for them the reputation of martyrs among the people, who reverently collected their ashes as relics. 3976:, landed on the island in the summer of 1306 and quickly conquered most of it except for the city of Rhodes, which remained in Byzantine hands. The Hospitallers transferred their base to the island, which became the center of their activities until it was lost to the Ottomans at the 3573:

and claimed they had taken the cross, despite the fact that their participation had been rejected by their bishops. Too poor to pay their way, they relied on charity and engaged in plunder to fund their march, targeting Jews in particular. When the crusaders besieged the castle of

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were burned outside of Paris. When the papal commission met on 3 November 1310, they found the Templars had no defenders and adjourned until December 27. At this time the prisoners insisted on legal representation, but the priests that formed the defense team had been imprisoned.

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With a new pope calling for a crusade and the Mamluk sultan threatening Outremer, the situation was dire. Among the European royalty, only France was actively pursuing various crusades after Acre. This situation would change some but not significantly over the next few decades.

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after the Templars were abolished by Clement V. Denis refused to pursue and persecute the former knights as had occurred in most of the other sovereign states under the political influence of the church. After the Templars were annihilated throughout Europe, Denis revived the

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had been in Turkish hands since the First Crusade and had been in a state of intermittent blockade since 1301. The Ottomans lacked the ability to control access to the town through the lakeside harbour. As a result, the siege dragged on for several years without conclusion.

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became sole emperor in 1282 and would serve until 1328. His efforts, continued by his successors, marked the empire's last genuine attempts in restoring its former glory. The reign of Andronikos II has been described as turning Byzantium in to a second-rate power. The first

2740:, tortured and put to death shortly thereafter. Qalawun was buried two months later, the delay being caused either as a precaution to ensure his smooth succession or to wait until Qalawun's mausoleum was completed. Khalil co-opted his father's Mansuriyya, the most powerful 2735:

Qalawun died on 10 November 1290 and was succeeded al-Ashraf Khalil two days later. In the royal procession that followed Khalil's accession to the throne, he was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt by his viceroy Turuntay. Turuntay was imprisoned in the

5144:, the cousin of Charles IV, was crowned as king on 1 April 1328. Between 1331 and 1336, one of Philip's chief ambitions was the recovery of the Holy Land. Despite the issues of succession of the French throne, Philip initially enjoyed relatively amicable relations with 2337:

The fall of Acre was a fatal blow to the Latin Christians of Outremer. For the Muslims, the victory at Acre affirmed their faith's dominance over Christianity and their triumph in the war for the Holy Land. The siege of Acre was depicted in a painting displayed in the

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in 1302. After that, the Ottoman military activity was largely limited to raiding because they had not yet developed effective techniques for siege warfare. Although he is famous for his raids against the Byzantines, Osman also had many military confrontations with

3185:, brother of Hethum, immediately marched against Bilarghu to retaliate and vanquished him, forcing him to leave Cilicia. Bilarghu was executed for his crime at the request of the Armenians. Oshin was crowned new king of Cilician Armenia upon his return to Tarsus. 3399:

had been dispatched in 1289 as papal legate to the Mongol Empire and he submitted letters on 8 January 1305 and 13 February 1306 describing the progress of the Latin mission in the Far East. In 1307, Clement V, pleased with his success, sent a delegation led by

6143:, which began in 1394. On the urgings of Manuel II Palaeologus, a new crusade was organized to defeat him. In 1396, the crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, French and German forces, assisted by the Venetian navy, were under the leadership of 7802: 7940: 5243:. The purpose of the embassy was to swear in their name to take the cross and serve in a crusade in the Holy Land. On 1 October 1333, the archbishop preached a crusading sermon before an assembly of noblemen in the presence of Philip in Paris at the 2592:

who proposed a reconquest of the island. Andronikos III agreed, and sailed with a large fleet against him. Chios returned to Byzantine control, with Kalothetos as the provincial governor. It remained so until 1346, when it was lost during the second

4276:

from July 1318 until 1321. His tenure was troubled as Naples' control over the principality was contested and the threat remained with the Catalan Company that had recently conquered neighbouring Athens. Frederick and his army were defeated at the

4613:, who then successfully besieged Montfort Castle. Due to prior negotiations between Baibars and the Crusaders, the latter were allowed to leave the castle with all of their belongings and return to Acre. In 1290, the District Commander of Austria 5325:. The new pope went further than his predecessors on new crusades, but the resultant expeditions never made it past Anatolia. As one of his first papal actions, Clement proclaimed a crusade in 1343 which was the first of what became known as the 5287:

item was the encouragement given to bishops to facilitate the business of those who wished to join the king on crusade. The crusade was preached throughout the kingdom and it was planned that Philip VI would set out for the East in August 1336.

2790:

removed himself from the sultanate, and Lajin became sultan. Lajin was murdered in 1299 by a group of emirs that including Baibars II and decided to return al-Nasir Muhammad to the sultanate. At 14 years of age, he was restored as sultan with

2282:

in April 1289. Within days, Henry II of Cyprus came to Acre where he met with an envoy from Qalawun. Despite the attack on Tripoli, their 1283 truce was renewed, covering of Jerusalem and Cyprus for another ten years, ten months and ten days.

3880:

save their own lives––the charges were fictitious and the confessions false. When the news reached Philip IV, he pronounced that they were both relapsed heretics to be burned without a further hearing. That same day a pile was erected on the

4807:

failed, with his forces being destroyed in a battle off Genoa in 1319. Over the winter of 1319–1320, Philip convened a number of meetings with French military leaders in preparation for a potential second expedition, that in turn formed

3582:

sent an army to chase them off. Despite the lack of leadership and planning, over 30,000 crusaders arrived at Avignon in July 1309. Clement granted the poor crusaders an indulgence, but refused to let them participate in the subsequent

2015:

became the new pontiff on 22 February 1288 and immediately wanted to begin a new crusade. In the meantime, Qalawun looked at the situation in Tripoli as an excuse to break his truce with Tripoli and would soon move his army into Syria.

5006:(Secrets of True Crusaders to help them to recover the Holy Land). The work was begun in March 1306 and offered to Clement V in January 1307 as a manual for true crusaders who desired the reconquest of the Holy Land. To this original 4705:. Lawsuits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333 were ruled in favor of Poland, but the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the annexed Polish territories. They again invaded Poland, briefly occupying the regions of 4056:. The ship's captain was captured by a Cypriot knight who brought him to Rhodes before de Villaret. To escape execution, the captain convinced the garrison to surrender on the condition that their lives and property would be spared. 3275:

on 5 February 1296 which attempted to prevent the secular states of Europe from appropriating church revenues without the express prior permission of the pope. He also clashed with his enemy Philip IV of France, issuing the bull

5375:

on 13 May 1344 against Turkish raiders, and ended with an assault on Smyrna. On 29 October 1344, the combined forces of the Hospitaliers of Rhodes, the Republic of Venice, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Cyprus attacked the

5019:

New crusades for the recovery of the Holy Land were continually promoted by the royals in France and the papacy. Philip VI, king of France since 1328, was a strong proponent of the crusade but his plans were interrupted by the

3643:

and its populace. When excommunication and interdiction failed to have their intended effect, Clement V preached a crusade in May 1309, declaring that Venetians captured abroad might be sold into slavery, like non-Christians.

10199: 4120:

of the Hospitallers and their representative to the Holy See and the courts of Western Europe. He returned to Cyprus in 1315 and was active in campaigns against the Turkish raiders near the new base at Rhodes. He worked with

3824:

suspect. A second important trial that was held at Poitiers on 28 June 1308 where at least 54 Templars testified before the pope and his commission of cardinals, with most defendants confessing to one or more of the charges.

2628:

was captured by the Menteshe from the Byzantines in 1284. The city suffered extensive destruction, with much of its inhabitants massacred and over 20,000 inhabitants sold off as slaves. The Menteshe captured the port town of

5474:

became the new king on 26 September 1350 upon the death of his father Philip VI and would plan a new crusade with Peter I. There were also a number of minor crusades related to internal problems within the Catholic Church.

4099:

as Grand Master in his place, notifying John XXII in July of their actions. The pope summoned both to his court at Avignon to settle the dispute and reappointed de Villaret so that he could tender his resignation formally.

3705:

The agenda of the council did not only concern the Templars, but also their holdings, implying that further seizures of property were proposed. Special notices were sent to the Templars directing them to send suitable

3192:. After a month of fighting in which they suffered heavy casualties, the Mongols ultimately failed to take the town and withdrew due to the summer heat. This was to be the last major Mongol incursion into the Levant. 4818:

on crusading. By the end of Philip's reign, he and John had a falling out over the issue of new monies and commitments to how they were spent, and the attentions of both were focused on managing the challenge of the

9607: 3153:

to the pope and kings of England and France in hopes of finally concluding a Franco-Mongol alliance. The West discussed a crusade, but nothing came of these talks. A memorandum drafted by the Hospitaller master

4142:, provided he could capture it. In 1320, he defeated a Turkish fleet of eighty vessels, preventing an invasion of Rhodes. With this success, Hospitaller control of the island was secured for the next century. 1575: 8277: 3430:, the assassination of the Armenian leaders Hethum II and Leo III with their retinue by Bilarghu (later executed for his crime), Öljaitü began planning fresh campaigns against the Mamluks. The Armenian monk 2116:

became king on 5 October 1285 and would serve until his death on 29 November 1314. Among the European monarchs, he alone remained interested in crusades to the Holy Land. Towards that end, he was pursuing a

3224:

when the treaty with the Mamluks was finally ratified. Following the treaty and a period of peace, the Ilkhanate further disintegrated, and effectively disappeared in the latter part of the 14th century.

3215:

Abu Sa'id signed a commercial treaty with Venice in 1320, while also granting them to establish oratories throughout the empire. However, a final settlement with the Mamluks would only be found with the

1393: 8685: 4520:, pope since 1316. Robert of Naples also gave the crusade his support, and allowed his feudatories to join it. The Venetians, however, renewed their treaty with the Catalans in April 1331. Sailing from 4051:

The city of Rhodes was finally captured on 15 August 1310, not by force, but through a stroke of luck. A Genoese ship sent by the emperor with supplies for the besieged garrison was blown off course to

2138:

back to Mongol lands. There was further correspondence between Arghun and Philip in 1288 and 1289, outlining potential military cooperation. However, Philip never actually pursued such military plans.

1568: 8002: 3165:

sometime after 1303. Retiring as a Franciscan friar, he emerged in 1305 from his monastic cell to help Leo III defend Cilicia from a Mamluk raiding party, which was defeated in a mountain pass near

4952:

travelled through Syria, Armenia, Egypt and Tunisia, and returned to Europe to describe the miserable treatment of Christians there. In 1305 and again in 1309, Lull wrote proposals for crusades to

4729:

remained a goal of the Christian West throughout the 14th century. There were at least three French plans for a crusade from 1317–1333 involving three successive kings of France. Italian historian

3514:. In addition, he ordered the preaching of a crusade to be launched against the Mamluks in the Holy Land beginning in the spring of 1309. His original intention was to concentrate on a Hospitaller 3101:

took power in 1295, who converted to Islam to secure cooperation from other influential Mongols. Despite being a Muslim, Ghazan maintained good relations with his Christian vassal states including

4866:

Charles IV died on 1 February 1328 and no French intervention in Byzantium would be forthcoming. Charles was to die without a male heir, resulting ultimately in the claim to the French throne by

5271:

of Arragon, Majorca, and Hungary, were engaged to supply money, troops, and vessels for the expedition. In the midst of their preparations, John XXII died on 4 December 1334. This triggered the

3913:, a 12th century Templar stronghold. Denis negotiated with the pope for recognition of the new order and its right to inherit the Templar assets and property. This was granted by the papal bull 1386: 5717:

was the latest of these conflicts which lasted from 1378 to 1381. The war had mixed results. Venice and her allies won the war against their Italian rival states, however lost the war against

3952:, and to create a new military order not essentially differing from that of the Templars, which should be charged with the defense of the frontier against the Moors and the pirates. This new 5528:

for theft of the church's estate. In March 1363, Bernabò was declared a heretic, but Urban found it necessary to pursue peace the following year. Through the mediation of Holy Roman Emperor

9284: 9201: 2624:

ruled until his death in 1319 and built the beylik into one of the great regional naval powers of their time. As the first seafaring beylik, they were known as the Sea Turks. The town of

6010:

took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by Lazar of Serbia and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the direct command of the sultan Murad I. The battle was fought on the

4843:

would actually use any monies raised for a crusade for actual crusading, or whether they would be frittered away on the more general activities of the French crown. On 28 February 1301,

3689:

ordered the collection of depositions from Templars across Christendom, which would be gathered and brought for the pope to determine their fate at a council in 1310. The opening of the

2831:

sultan with his nephew, but the plot was discovered and conspirators punished. These plots contributed to the sultan's suspicious nature, demonstrated by his eventual exiling the caliph

8386: 7898: 6261:

which would last until 1413. The death of Timur in 1405 would limit the gains that the Timurid empire would see, and the Ottoman Empire would expand throughout the fifteenth century.

3220:

in 1323. Following the progressive conversion of the Ilkhanate to Islam, the Mongols finally were amenable to ceasing hostilities. Abu Sa'id was following the advice of his custodian

8365: 5887:

territory under his control. He also battled against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Eastern Europe. In particular, the Serbian expedition to expel the Turks from

2291:

soon joined the pact. Henry had little faith in Qalawun's word, but could not appeal to the Mongols as that would be breach of the truce. He returned to Cyprus in September, sending

8468: 6647: 6602: 5587: 5470:

on 5 April 1360. He had founded the chivalric Order of the Sword in 1347, dedicated to the recovery of Jerusalem, and attempted to convince nobles in Europe to mount a new crusade.

4778:

to intervene in Cilicia, reminding him of the alliance of his ancestors with Christians. Mongol troops were sent to Cilicia, but only arrived after a ceasefire had been negotiated.

3615:. Clement V was frustrated by the insistent Aragonese and Castilian demands for crusade privileges and taxes for the Granada campaign. This issue would be further considered at the 3379:

The lawyers representing Philip IV pressed to reopen Guillaume de Nogaret's charges of heresy against the late Boniface VIII that had circulated in the pamphlet war around the bull

9304: 4799:

remained unstable. Nonetheless, John continued to assure the Armenians that Philip would shortly lead a crusade to relieve them, but instead turned his energies to what became the

3474:

were being pursued by Philip IV. It was generally agreed that the charges were false, but nevertheless, Clement sent the king a written request for assistance in the investigation

2753:

Khalil was a strong leader like his predecessors but was disliked by many of the emirs. He started his reign by imprisoning some prominent emirs of his father, including Turuntay,

9479: 8653: 8407: 8327: 6708: 3335:

excommunicating him. Nogaret replied with apologies for his conduct, and when Benedict died on 7 July 1304, Nogaret pointed to his death as a witness to the justice of his cause.

7734: 6489: 5803:

in 1326. Bursa would become the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire, dangerously close to Constantinople. The first major military activity of Orhan was at the

4662:. This resulted in their becoming Poland's strongest enemy. Due to the pope dismantling the Knights Templar, von Feuchtwangen moved the headquarters of the Order from Venice to 1972:

had not been impacted by this conflict but Syrian merchants had been complaining to Qalawun about sending their goods to a Christian port. Lattakieh was the last remnant of the

8489: 5371:

to induce him to enter into a war against the Muslims. The states of Italy united their forces to make an expedition to the East. The crusade began with a naval victory of the

6581: 3318:. The attempt eventually failed after a few days when locals freed the pope. Boniface VIII died on 11 October 1303, and France would dominate his weaker successors for years. 7919: 5831:

Following the defeat at Nicaea in 1331, the loss of Nicomedia was only a matter of time for the Byzantines. Andronikos III attempted to bribe Orhan. In 1337, Orhan began the

8510: 4574:

in 1220. They expanded the fortifications and built an elongated two-story hall in the center that is now the main remnant of the ruined castle. In 1228, Holy Roman Emperor

7377: 5979:. There the crusaders made small gains that they handed over to the Byzantines. It did take back some territory from the Ottomans in the vicinity of Constantinople and on 4988:

Pierre Dubois was a publicist in the reign of Philip IV of France and the author of a series of political pamphlets embodying original and daring views. In 1306, he wrote

3697:

invited a large segment of cleric and secular leaders. Philip IV was the sole king to attend, coming later in the session in order to press his case against the Templars.

7698: 3742:

A crusade was also discussed as part of the council. The Aragonese delegates wanted to attack the Muslim city of Granada, and the papal vice-chancellor proposed that the

7194: 3815:

answered only to the pope. The charges of heresy against the Templars included sacrilege against the Church and sacred objects, indecent carnal relations, and idolatry.

2673:

was granted to the Templars, where they strengthened its fortifications, and installed a small force as a permanent garrison. They were under the command of the marshal

5561:

Peter I of Cyprus, disappointed by John II's return to captivity in England and the death of Talleyrand, collected whatever soldiers he could and launched an attack on

10139: 8180: 4800: 1480: 6250:

on 20 July 1402 was resounding victory for the Timurids. Bayezid and his wife Olivera were captured, with the sultan dying in captivity in 1403. This was followed by

2646:

ever attempt another attack. Embittered by the long religious wars, the victorious Muslims had no mercy for the Christians. The Franks' reign over Outremer was over.

1094: 9121: 8902: 7781: 4048:

was in Hospitaller hands, the city of Rhodes was guarded by Constantinople and the Hospitallers still did not control the entire island for nearly three more years.

3493:

ordering the monarchs of the Christian faith (in England, Iberia, Germany, Italy and Cyprus) to arrest all Templars and confiscate their lands. Jacques de Molay and

2851:

sent a delegation who appealed to an-Nasir Muhammad to grant their king Jerusalem and her surrounding areas. The delegation was rebuffed and ordered to leave Egypt.

1582: 9030: 7522: 4578:

invested the Teutonic Knights with territories in East Prussia. After he assumed the role of king of Jerusalem, Frederick bestowed new privileges upon Grand Master

4296:, who became the new suzerain of Achaea. Not wishing to swear fealty to his nephew, John arranged to surrender Achaea to him in exchange for Robert's rights to the 4774:

continued to ravage Christian Armenian Cilicia and John told the Armenians that he would call for a crusade to relieve tham. On 1 July 1322, he asked Mongol ruler

4512:. After 1321, Walter had repeatedly announced his intention to recover the duchy, concluding a truce with the Catalans in 1328. In June 1330, a papal bull for the 3497:, the collector of the royal revenues owed to the Templars, were both arrested, as were many other Templars in France. Philip's ministers Guillaume de Nogaret and 1920:, as well as from the princes of the West. Many among the Western nobility took the cross. But Gregory X died on 10 January 1276, and there was to be no crusade. 10094: 2210:, but he was lost in the complexity of Italian politics. He would eventually play a role in later crusades. Catherine died on 11 October 1307 and their daughter 7344: 4020:

on the island's eastern coast was captured. Five days later they launched another unsuccessful attack on the city, but on 11 November, they took the citadel at

8260: 1957:. Amalric overthrew his brother on 26 April 1306, but was murdered on 5 June 1310. After a brief interlude, Henry was restored to power and served until 1324. 1400: 8845: 4281:

in September 1320, leaving part of the principality in Byzantine hands. In 1325, John launched a military expedition where he re-established his authority in

2329:

Because of the weather, the Khalil's attack on the remaining Christians in the Holy Land was delayed. Finally, he set out from Cairo and on 5 April 1291, the

8617: 6926: 9443: 9080: 9056: 7419: 7398: 6435: 5411:. Humbert's battle for control of Smyrna in 1346 led to 55 years of Christian rule over the city. Later, the fleet devastated a Turkish pirate fleet at the 8812: 8788: 3832:

since 1303, led the campaign against the Templars. He was briefly replaced by the pope at the insistence of Edward II of England but was soon reinstated.

3521:

but ended up supporting three crusades in 1309–1310: against the Egyptians in Syria, the Moors in Granada, and the Venetian soldiers in the papal city of

3249:

Nicholas IV died on 4 April 1292, effectively ending the efforts towards any combined action in the Holy Land with the Mongols. Nicholas was succeeded by

2076:

had taken the cross more than a decade before and was similarly occupied with local intrigue. He died on 15 July 1291 and was succeeded by his eldest son

8294: 7461: 4064:

Following the completion of the conquest, the Hospitallers moved their convent and hospital from Cyprus to Rhodes in 1310, forming what became known as

3682: 3204:

had served as vizier for both Ghazan and Öljaitü, and was accused of having caused his death by poisoning. He was executed in 1318, but fortunately his

6539: 2202:

undertaken by his father, against the advice of his brother, he believed he would win a kingdom but won nothing but ridicule. In 1301, Charles married

17: 8572: 4763:

to Lyon in August 1316. Philip announced that none of the cardinals would be allowed to leave until they had chosen a new pope. This conclave elected

4420:

as duke. The ducal title remained in the hands of Aragon until 1388, but actual authority was exercised by a series of vicars-general, beginning with

9851: 6560: 6506: 4767:

on 7 August 1316, and he was crowned in Lyon. He set up his residence in Avignon rather than Rome, continuing the Avignon Papacy of his predecessor.

2633:

on 24 October 1304. Contrary to the terms of the surrender, the Turks pillaged the Church of Saint John and deported most of the local population to

7482: 2250:, the son of Charles II. It was a momentous victory for Frederick and a disaster for Philip, who was captured. He was held until the signing of the 9385: 6468: 6300: 9325: 9101: 8934: 7574: 6367: 9587: 6275: 3312:. While the two managed to apprehend the pope, Sciarra reportedly slapped the pope in the face in the process, which was accordingly dubbed the 4092:. Eventually, the Hospitallers reached an agreement with both Italian maritime powers, and the seized islands were returned to Venice in 1316. 2696:

had been the scourge of the Christians throughout the later years of the Crusades and was the undisputed leader of the Muslim world. After the

950: 6159:. In what is referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis, one of the last large-scale crusades, the Christian forces were soundly defeated in the 4589:

The Teutonic Knights were subsequently placed on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. Sources for the Teutonic Knights include the

3720:

to suppress the Templars. The council placated Philip and condemned the Templars, delivering their wealth in France to the king. Delegates of

3660: 2805:

The second reign of al-Nasir Muhammad was from January 1299 – March 1309 and was characterized by two major battles with the Mongols. In the

2057:. Among other things, this trip resulted in a public declaration that both kings and their queens would join a crusade to the Holy Land. The 1878: 5532:, Urban lifted his excommunication against Bernabò and Bologna was returned to the papacy in 1363 through a lengthy negotiation by cardinal 5221:

East. This led to the announcement of another crusade, but owing to apathy and dissensions among the Christian princes, the project failed.

3502:

interview Jacques de Molay and Hugues de Pairaud. At that time, they recanted their confessions and told the other Templars to do the same.

11352: 11245: 5549: 5194: 4562:. It was formed to aid Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land, to establish hospitals and to support crusades in the Baltics, known as the 4513: 3073:. The successors to the Ilkhanate would suffer eventual defeat at the hands of the Mamluks and fade from the Holy Land without the coveted 2809:(Third Battle of Homs) in late December 1299, the Mamluk army was defeated by the Mongols, but it was not decisive. Three years later, the 1465: 921: 9012: 5156:

in 1334 and declared himself champion of his interests, which enraged Edward. By 1336, they were enemies, although not yet openly at war.

3537:

in Piedmont because of heresy. Fra Dolcino became the leader of the movement of Apostolics, and influenced by the millenarist theories of

11319: 11146: 11132: 11078: 10545: 10531: 10517: 10485: 10182: 9772: 9758: 6055:

strangled to avoid any potential coup as had been attempted by their brother Savcı Bey. In 1390, Bayezid took as his third wife princess

4525: 4282: 11040: 11026: 10080: 10066: 9810: 9476: 7857:"Philip the Fair, Clement V, and the End of the Knights Templar: The Execution of Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charny in March 1314" 4831:

Philip V died on 3 January 1322. By the principle of male succession that was invoked in 1316, he was succeeded by his younger brother,

3896:

grew out of the former order of the Knights Templar as it was reconstituted in Portugal. It was founded in 1319 under the protection of

10303: 9886: 8348: 5698: 4796: 2211: 11305: 11280: 10956: 9900: 6185:, in Ottoman hands since 1356. In 1398, the sultan returned to Anatolia and, disregarding Ala' al-Din's calls for peace, captured the 4509: 3584: 1954: 1935:. He did not long survive his Anatolian invasion, dying in Damascus on 1 July 1277. As he was the greatest enemy to Christendom since 8028: 3932:, but this bequest was annulled by his subjects in 1131. The Templars had to be contented with certain fortifications, including the 1980:. Qalawun attacked the town and on 20 April 1287, the garrison surrendered, with no relief coming from Christian forces in the area. 5514:(described below) in 1366 in addition to an Italian crusade to recover papal lands and plan for an attack on the Turks in Anatolia. 4220:, daughter of William II. Isabella and her husbands ruled Achaea until 5 May 1306 when Charles II bestowed it directly upon his son 4795:

John XXII for and received additional funds after 1316. Both Philip and John agreed that a French crusade was impossible while the

3664: 3436: 6193:

and had Ala' al-Din executed. In 1398, the sultan conquered the territory of Burhan al-Din, violating the accord with he had with

4848: 2561:. He justified this to the Byzantine court as necessary to prevent the island's capture by Turkish pirates, and it was granted as 9226: 6243: 6140: 5521: 4682: 4365: 4248:. Both Louis and Ferdinand vied for the principality in the names of their wives, and Louis defeated and killed Ferdinand at the 3628: 3158:

concerning military plans for a crusade envisaged a Mongol invasion of Syria as a preliminary to a Western intervention by 1308.

2827:

and began building alliances within the Levant. In his absence, Baibars II installed himself as sultan with Salar as his deputy.

2657:

and slew their friars. There remained two Templar castles in the region, but neither was strong enough to withstand the Mamluks.

2479: 1787: 1470: 6865: 4168:

were still active at the beginning of the 14th century and relevant to the later crusades. From the middle of the 13th century,

3442: 2356:(1815–1849) is displayed in the fourth room of the hall. Note that nineteenth century historians frequently referred to Acre as 1657: 1430: 8966: 6628: 6239:

way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.

5367:, who was then at Avignon, proved one of the most ardent apostles of a new crusade. The poet sent letter to the Doge of Venice 5247:. After the sermon, Philip again took the cross and vowed to go on a holy voyage overseas to restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 5080: 4697:—claims that led to the six-year war. On 18 November 1330, von Orseln died after an assassination attempt and was succeeded by 2054: 10383: 5578:

embarked on an ambitious ship-building program, completing 100 ships over the next year. Accounts of the crusade was given by

2777:, and his head was sent to Cairo. Lajin, also a future sultan, had participated in the plot, but fled before he was captured. 2708:. When Baibars died on 1 July 1277, he was succeeded by his ill-prepared sons. By November 1279, the sultanate was assumed by 3371:

to discuss the possibility of merging the two orders. Neither was amenable to the idea, but the proposal would soon be moot.

2506:

caused the Catalans to be seen as a growing danger. On 30 April 1305, Roger de Flor was murdered on the orders of co-emperor

5494:

in 1348 which condemned the violence and said those who blamed the plague on the Jews were guilty of a falsehood. After the

4851:

with Catherine on 11 October 1307. Charles of Valois's negotiations were also overtaken by the conflict with England in the

4689:. The annexation and possession of Gdańsk (Danzig) and the surrounding region was consistently disputed by the Polish kings 4555: 3734:

on 2 May 1312 essentially handed over Templar property to the Hospitallers and decided the fate of the Templars themselves.

2705: 2620:

was the first of the Anatolian beyliks founded after the decline of the Seljuks in the late 13th century. The founder's son

9243: 7255: 5951: 5856: 5836: 4977: 4860: 4176:

represented the most powerful rulers of Frankish Greece and their influence would be felt for decades. Sources include the

2594: 2385: 7803:

A Heresy of State. Philip the Fair, the Trial of the Perfidious Templars, and the Pontificalization of the French Monarchy

7620: 4814: 3441:

a compilation of the events of the Holy Land describing the relations with the Mongols, and setting recommendations for a

1973: 10746:

From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (1279-1290)

10464: 5228: 2992: 2462:

saw them as a threat to civil order. While some remained for the defense of Sicily, many of them were recruited into the

1896:

were free to continue to ravage Syria and Palestine. The Frankish fortresses soon fell, and the last major expedition of

6018:. The army under Lazar consisted of his own troops, a contingent led by Branković, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by 5533: 4632: 2637:

when a Byzantium-friendly revolt seemed probable. During these events many of the remaining inhabitants were massacred.

917: 5180: 4961: 4618: 4551: 4156: 3837: 2494:

The defeat at Bapheus was turned around with a Catalan victory that pitted the empire's mercenary Catalans against the

1172: 1102: 980: 943: 9202:

The Alexandrian Crusade (1365) and the Mamluk Sources: Reassessment of the kitab al-ilmam of an-Nuwayri al-Iskandarani

5574:

city, only getting onto his ship when Mamluk soldiers entered the city. As a result of the attack, senior Mamluk emir

3487:

initially incensed at this flagrant disregard for his authority, relented and on 22 November, issued the papal decree

3266: 3188:

In 1312, Öljaitü decided to cross the Euphrates to attack the Mamluks. He laid siege to the heavily fortified town of

2669:

continued to appeal to the West for troops and supplies to fortify the island. In November 1301, the Syrian island of

11294: 11266: 11231: 11121: 11102: 11064: 11001: 10980: 10945: 10921: 10897: 10876: 10852: 10831: 10796: 10775: 10754: 10733: 10709: 10688: 10667: 10646: 10625: 10590: 10569: 10503: 10474: 10454: 10428: 10407: 10372: 10351: 10327: 10289: 10265: 10244: 10223: 10171: 10125: 10104: 10052: 10031: 10007: 9986: 9948: 9927: 9872: 9837: 9799: 9747: 9726: 9702: 9681: 9660: 9513: 9496: 6127:, on forested and swampy terrain, the Wallachians won the fierce battle and prevented Bayezid's army from advancing. 3648: 3078: 3012: 1455: 1269: 6115:

in 1392 where he was accompanied by his vassal Manuel II Palaeologus. In 1394, Bayezid crossed the Danube to attack

5244: 5059:. Like his predecessors, Hugh was interested in reclaiming Jerusalem and his approach was to heal the rift with the 1939:, there was rejoicing throughout the Holy Land and Europe at the news of his death. His successor was an emir named 5002: 4575: 3208:(Compendium of Chronicles) survived to provide a concise history of the Mongols. Öljaitü was succeeded by his son 3145:, which marked the end of their incursions into Syria. Ghazan died on 11 May 1304 and was succeeded by his brother 2928: 2093: 1072: 9862: 7208: 7151: 6035:

Consequently, the Serbian principalities that were not already Ottoman vassals, became so in the following years.

5954:

from 1373–1379. At the end of the rebellion, Murad had his son executed and Andronikos IV was blinded in one eye.

5840: 1500: 368: 11357: 9847: 7163: 5804: 5166: 5072: 4690: 3269:. Nevertheless, they fought for three more years, and turned down his offer to mediate peace. He issued the bull 3261:

who would serve as pope from 1294–1303. The papacy of Boniface was relatively uneventful, but he did oversee the

3209: 3142: 2918: 2810: 2373:

avoid another sacking of the capital by the Latins, he forced the Church to submit to Rome. The former states of

1961: 1692: 1637: 5931:, the kingdom's southern region. After days of looting, the invaders clashed with the defending Bosnians at the 3685:

to convene in 1310 to discuss urgent problems facing Christianity, including the organization of a new crusade.

2817:. By 1309, the sultan was no longer willing to be dominated by his deputies and informed them that he planned a 2700:

in 1258, Cairo became the center of Islamic culture but lacked a caliph, the supreme religious leader. In 1261,

11347: 11206: 9356: 9354: 8446: 6310: 6305: 4640: 4151: 4012:, hoping to use the islands as a base for reconnaissance. They then sailed to Rhodes. The first assault on the 3969: 3681:

on 12 August 1308 creating papal commissions to investigate the actions of the Templars. It also called for an

2814: 2677:. Plans for combined operations between the Franks and the Mongols were made for the winters of 1301 and 1302. 2246:

was fought on 1 December 1299, in the latter days of the war, between the forces of Frederick II of Sicily and

1662: 1460: 512: 207: 55: 8555: 7984: 7643: 6181:

While Bayezid was engaged in Wallachia, Ala' al-Din invaded Ottoman territory once more and attempted to take

5490:. Suspicion fell on the Jews for the plague, and pogroms erupted around Europe. Clement issued the papal bull 4570:

on. As the Franks established their new capital in Acre, the Teutonic Knights sought additional space, buying

4161: 2080:

who had a reign unmarked by accomplishments, dying on 1 May 1308. As king of Germany, Albert was succeeded by

7505:

The Pioneer of Royal Theocracy. Guillaume de Nogaret and the conflicts between Philip the Fair and the Papacy

6144: 5524:, the new lord of Milan. In 1362, Urban ordered a crusade to be preached throughout Italy against his nephew 4760: 4297: 3825: 3768: 3234: 3002: 936: 893: 211: 199: 9351: 7261: 4956:. Both advised opening the Spain-to-Africa route to the Holy Land that required first a crusade against the 8686:

Sancta Unio or the Holy League 1332-36/37 as a Political Factor in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean

8241: 5213: 5126: 4891: 4820: 4240:

claimed her rights to the principality in 1313 and, lacking success, then transferred them to her daughter

3344: 3254: 2529:

in July 1305. The Catalans proceeded to ravage the region for two years, before moving west to conquer the

2369: 2239: 2008: 1717: 1475: 1359: 1349: 203: 9412: 5321:

was convened shortly thereafter. On 7 May 1342, the Archbishop of Rouen was elected pope, taking the name

3928:, having no direct heir, bequeathed his dominions to be divided among the Templars, Hospitallers, and the 1927:, Baibars was able to pursue his ambitions without the threat of Western intervention. He led a raid into 1841:

and subsequent loss of the Holy Land by the West in 1302. These include further plans and efforts for the

412: 10420:

How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries

8193: 6148: 5855:. The civil war proved a critical turning point in the history of the empire and by the end of the third 4651: 4541: 4493: 3929: 3747: 3693:

was delayed until 16 October 1311, giving time to the Templars to answer the charges made. A second bull

3129: 3106: 3085: 2806: 2170: 1928: 1850: 1622: 1281: 1274: 1177: 392: 267: 5892: 5867:

Süleyman Pasha was killed in a hunting accident in 1357, and so when Orhan died in 1362, his second son

5661:

within the Catholic Church from 1378–1417 led to a number of minor crusades. The best known of these is

4804: 3128:

whose forces participated in the rest of the offensive. The Mongols soundly defeated the Mamluks at the

2588:

In 1328, Andronikos III Palaiologos succeeded his grandfather as emperor and was approached by nobleman

2444:

In order to counter the beyliks' increasing power, Andronikos turned to mercenaries. The signing of the

813: 10636: 10600: 8736:

Marino Sanudo Torsello, Byzantium and the Turks: The Background to the Anti-Turkish League of 1332-1334

6285: 6280: 5963: 5816: 5760: 5742: 5718: 5060: 4920: 4844: 4771: 4647: 3810:

which allowed them to examine even the exempted and protected orders of the Templars, Hospitallers and

2598: 2538: 2503: 2433: 2408:

With the demise of the Seljuks, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent states called the

2389: 2284: 2231: 729: 612: 432: 263: 8040: 6985: 5976: 4409: 4089: 4005: 2843:, arriving in June 1327 pleading to protect the Christian holy places and to stop his attacks against 1854: 11362: 10337: 9958: 9021:, pp. 253–272, Archbishop Vasilii Kalika, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy. 9000: 5943: 5710: 5626: 5618: 5463: 5252: 4908: 4809: 4775: 4726: 4591: 4369: 4361: 4237: 4217: 3910: 3489: 2380: 2207: 1842: 769: 560: 440: 424: 6254:

in December 1402 in which Timur defeated the Hospitallers, taking the city held by them since 1344.

5839:

followed in 1341 with the death of Andronikos III and strife over his successor. Orhan's eldest son

2522: 1647: 10817: 9823: 6894: 6773: 6228: 6047:

ascended to the throne following the death of his father Murad I, who was killed by Serbian knight

5348: 5264: 5256: 5148:, and they planned a crusade together in 1332 which was never executed. However, the status of the 5044: 4839: 4597: 4169: 4077: 3936:. While the Aragonese branch of the order was pronounced innocent at the Templars' trial, the bull 3893: 3162: 1913: 1897: 1807: 1672: 1082: 869: 8052: 6031: 5888: 5462:(Peter I de Lusignan). As king of Cyprus, he was the titular king of Jerusalem and was crowned at 5052: 2488: 1949:

was crowned King of Jerusalem in Tyre on 15 August 1286, but soon returned to Cyprus. His brother

1904:

had defeated the Crusaders and continued his quest to drive the Franks from the Holy Land. At the

7251: 6661: 6088: 5412: 5408: 5353: 5334: 5330: 5101: 5068: 4965: 4924: 4714: 4698: 4655: 4626: 4614: 4417: 4413: 4013: 2697: 2459: 2288: 2278:

A year after Nicholas assumed the papacy, Mamluk sultan Qalawun stuck at the Franks, causing the

2235: 2081: 1977: 1727: 1602: 1309: 845: 741: 725: 721: 287: 187: 9620: 6107:

which had given refuge to many fleeing from his forces, and conquered both that city as well as

4404:. When he tried to dismiss them and cheat them of their pay, they defeated the Athenians at the 4101: 3545:, which existed between the years 1300 and 1307. The movement found its end in the mountains in 3387:. For his part, Clement V absolved all the participants in the abduction of Boniface at Anagni. 3200:Öljaitü died on 17 December 1316, having reigned for over twelve years. Physician and statesman 2674: 2630: 1870:. Crusades were to continue well into the fifteenth century and would include those against the 708: 676: 10561:

The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Mansuriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 1279–1341

9043: 8915: 7979: 7440: 7293: 6997: 6290: 5991: 5848: 5662: 5392: 4428: 4373: 4341: 4278: 4197: 4178: 4130: 4117: 4036: 3977: 3405: 3355:, beginning on 5 June 1305. Among his first actions were to explain away those features of the 3262: 3201: 3150: 3074: 2507: 2445: 2357: 2279: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2203: 2198:

Charles of Valois, brother to the king of France, would try in vain for a crown. Thanks to the

2118: 1905: 1702: 1682: 1617: 1520: 1314: 1242: 885: 877: 616: 572: 488: 428: 7856: 7175: 7041: 6112: 6063:, the son of Lazar, as the new Serbian leader with considerable autonomy. Shortly thereafter, 6030:

and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while Branković ruled the

5908: 3988:

Shortly after becoming grand master In 1306, Foulques de Villaret began planning an attack on

3510:

From the beginning of his papacy, Clement V had dealt with heresy in Italy, in particular the

3065:

died a month before the loss of Acre and was followed in rapid succession by his half-brother

1960:

Open warfare began off the Syrian coast between the Pisans and the Genoese. The Grand Masters

1777: 620: 10195: 8976: 8695: 6224: 6120: 6064: 5722: 5678: 5674: 5539:

Urban V's greatest desire was to lead of a crusade against the Muslims in Anatolia. In 1363,

5404: 5385: 5292: 5248: 5145: 5105: 5021: 4867: 4694: 4257: 4113: 3677: 3498: 3416:

reached European monarchs that same year but no coordinated military action was forthcoming.

3155: 2832: 2574: 2499: 2062: 1950: 1802: 1752: 1642: 1525: 1344: 1247: 1237: 909: 717: 696: 644: 568: 532: 520: 452: 448: 416: 175: 171: 6520: 4252:

on 5 July 1316. On 2 August 1316, Louis of Burgundy died under mysterious circumstances and

2982: 2765:, who then proclaimed himself sultan. His reign was short-lived and was killed by the emirs 2254:

in 1302 that terminated the war. Charles II died on 5 May 1309 and was succeeded by his son

1912:

preached a new crusade to an assembly which included envoys from both the Byzantine emperor

11015: 10862: 8217: 7544: 6315: 5935:, northeast of Dubrovnik. The battle, fought in August 1388, ended with an Ottoman defeat. 5852: 5670: 5602: 5579: 5517: 5153: 4832: 4333: 4245: 4233: 4213: 3973: 3803: 3776: 3772: 3714:

on the grounds of the general welfare of the Church. On 22 March, the pope issued the bull

3413: 3409: 3396: 3368: 3292: 3177:. Bilarghu, a recent convert to Islam, had sought to build a mosque in the capital city of 3125: 2662: 2550: 2448:

in 1302 terminated the War of the Sicilian Vespers, leaving an Iberian fighting force, the

2345: 2340: 2330: 2268: 2227: 2166: 2131: 2038: 1965: 1838: 1782: 1772: 1607: 1425: 913: 889: 773: 745: 700: 648: 632: 564: 540: 516: 275: 167: 151: 8988: 8308: 7812: 7712: 7252:

The assassination of King Het'um II : the conversion of the Ilkhans and the Armenians

6637:, pp. 362–376, From the Election of Benedict XI to the death of Henry VII, 1303–1313. 6348: 6182: 5912: 5621:

against Mahdia, was a Franco-Genoese military expedition in 1390 that led to the siege of

2577:. Martino made it the core of a small realm encompassing several nearby islands including 1757: 809: 8: 11159: 9253: 7824: 7331: 6258: 6167:

in Bursa to celebrate this victory, which led to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

6160: 5824: 5819:

attempted to break the siege. He led a relief force to drive the Ottomans away from both

5694: 5566: 5503: 5495: 5445:, forcibly converting the tribes along that river, and briefly capturing the fortress of 5434: 5400: 5396: 5318: 5272: 5141: 4875: 4852: 4686: 4609:

By 1271, most of the Crusader strongholds had fallen into the hands of the Mamluk sultan

4529: 4401: 4393: 4325: 4221: 3989: 3949: 3925: 3876: 3868: 3799: 3656: 3566: 3538: 2938: 2848: 2320: 2247: 2158: 2113: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2046: 2033: 1797: 1697: 1687: 1560: 1540: 1515: 1490: 1450: 1440: 1354: 1339: 1289: 1147: 1117: 905: 765: 757: 688: 588: 576: 556: 528: 255: 183: 155: 139: 8639: 8064: 7755: 7313: 6872: 6809: 6761: 6156: 6060: 6059:, the daughter of Lazar of Serbia, who also lost his life in Kosovo. Bayezid recognized 5932: 5924: 5525: 4702: 4309: 4104:

was named as Master on 18 June 1319, the elderly de Pagnac having died in the meantime.

4053: 3972:

from the Byzantines took place in 1306–1310. The Hospitaller force, led by Grand Master

3237:. The latter event would eliminate the Templars as a fighting force but see the rise of 1762: 1707: 829: 664: 376: 11183: 11056:

The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, Volume I: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

10397: 10393: 10299: 10150: 9962: 9913: 9649: 9188: 8772: 8167: 7679: 6680: 6164: 6096: 5975:

and the Byzantine Empire, the crusade was diverted from its main purpose to attack the

5972: 5947: 5832: 5726: 5682: 5666: 5638: 5630: 5529: 5422: 5326: 5149: 5130: 5116:, and Zeno bought them off with a large tribute. As a result, Zeno was accused by Doge 5096:

Byzantines. Begun in 1332, the Holy League conducted a short-lived crusade against the

5092: 5076: 5032: 4957: 4953: 4912: 4791: 4756: 4730: 4701:

and the war continued, culminating on 27 September 1331 with the Polish victory in the

4478: 4432: 4405: 4329: 4267: 4261: 4249: 4241: 4225: 4184: 4173: 4065: 3941: 3795: 3751: 3725: 3721: 3667:

and supporters in Ferrara. Angevin forces carried out the fighting for these crusades.

3640: 3627:

The first of these crusades against the Aragonese was a dispute over the succession of

3596: 3579: 3455: 3296: 3258: 3238: 3233:

The loss of Acre was accompanied by significant changes in the Catholic Church and the

2898: 2844: 2566: 2534: 2518: 2455: 2089: 2058: 2042: 1946: 1742: 1712: 1677: 1667: 1545: 1495: 1485: 1445: 1264: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1167: 1162: 1135: 1112: 1057: 985: 975: 853: 801: 789: 668: 636: 608: 596: 584: 536: 524: 444: 295: 227: 191: 147: 127: 115: 10096:

Preaching the Crusades to the Eastern Mediterranean: Propaganda, Liturgy and Diplomacy

8826: 7762: 7103: 6257:

The death of Bayezid led to a civil war in the empire among his sons. This led to the

6076: 5999: 5980: 5880: 5823:

and Nicaea. After some minor successes, however, his forces suffered a reverse at the

5185:

conquered territories could be administered. The French translation based on those by

5071:

through arranged marriages. Toward that end, Hugh had his stepson Guy of Ibelin marry

4481:. In 1319, a peace treaty was signed between Venice and Fadrique, whereby he retained 4427:

Over the next two years, Fadrique warred with the Republic of Venice and attacked the

4134: 11342: 11262: 11227: 11202: 11117: 11098: 11060: 10997: 10976: 10941: 10917: 10893: 10872: 10848: 10827: 10792: 10771: 10750: 10729: 10705: 10684: 10663: 10642: 10621: 10586: 10565: 10499: 10470: 10450: 10424: 10403: 10368: 10347: 10323: 10285: 10261: 10240: 10219: 10167: 10121: 10100: 10048: 10027: 10003: 9982: 9944: 9923: 9868: 9833: 9795: 9743: 9722: 9712: 9698: 9677: 9656: 9562:. The Slavonic and East European Review, 15(45), 629-638. Retrieved December 14, 2020 8037:, pp. 167–176, The Hospitallers of Rhodes and their Alliances against the Turks. 7959: 7957: 7636: 7364: 6947: 6909: 6907: 6689: 6048: 5916: 5900: 5844: 5764: 5752: 5575: 5540: 5471: 5459: 5372: 5368: 5276: 5236: 5232: 5217: 5117: 5036: 4871: 4734: 4678: 4579: 4563: 4497: 4496:

was the son of Walter V of Brienne and, after his father's death at Halmyros, became

4293: 4229: 4126: 4096: 4073: 3945: 3897: 3872: 3807: 3756: 3690: 3652: 3616: 3494: 3431: 3401: 3384: 3113: 2948: 2860: 2791: 2786: 2621: 2558: 2429: 2409: 2292: 2223: 2199: 2187: 2162: 2097: 1996: 1867: 1737: 1732: 1722: 1627: 1612: 1420: 1299: 1216: 1107: 1012: 901: 881: 837: 825: 761: 733: 704: 684: 552: 508: 344: 340: 336: 271: 159: 143: 131: 123: 119: 9940:

The Green Count of Savoy, Amadeus VI and Transalpine Savoy in the Fourteenth Century

9520:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 9503:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 9339: 9250:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 9233:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 8973:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 6797: 6092: 6023: 5920: 5681:

became king of Naples and titular king of Jerusalem in 1382 after having his cousin

5446: 4973: 4260:, to whom Matilda was briefly married, under duress, before being imprisoned in the 3557:) finally conquered the fortification built on the mount Rubello by the Dulcinians. 849: 797: 11276: 11241: 11175: 10937:

A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

10491: 10062: 7868: 7632: 7127: 6320: 6247: 6124: 6007: 5967: 5847:

in 1354. After this, most Anatolian strongholds of Byzantium had been taken except

5686: 5634: 5511: 5499: 5417: 5357: 5240: 4787: 4458: 4454: 4421: 4412:. Walter V died in that battle. In 1312, the Catalans recognized the suzerainty of 4377: 4253: 4209: 4205: 4122: 4095:

In 1317, some Hospitallers attempted a coup against de Villaret. They then elected

4084:

and other Venetian-controlled islands, as well as the Byzantine-controlled port of

3953: 3864: 3466: 3364: 3327: 3250: 3217: 3182: 2766: 2761:, executing the first two. On 14 December 1293, he was assassinated by his viceroy 2754: 2717: 2666: 2570: 2353: 2304: 2226:, and was still raging when he died on 7 January 1285. He was succeeded by his son 2135: 2012: 2004: 1932: 1893: 1846: 1812: 1792: 1767: 1510: 1331: 1294: 1259: 1254: 1152: 1122: 1087: 1017: 990: 897: 873: 865: 857: 749: 680: 640: 600: 592: 328: 320: 316: 291: 231: 223: 10993:

Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274–1314

10807: 10604: 10135: 9531:

Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd I and Ḳāḍī Burhān Al-Dīn Aḥmad

9265: 8088: 7954: 6904: 6219:

Mamluks and the Ottomans in the Levant and Anatolia. His forces defeated those of

6136: 6015: 5983:. The success at Gallipoli was short-lived as the Ottomans recaptured it in 1376. 5896: 5665:

of 1383, also known as the Norwich Crusade. This was a military expedition led by

4477:. He conquered the palace at Neopatras and took the title of Vicar-General of the 4337: 841: 821: 11256: 11217: 11196: 11092: 11054: 10991: 10970: 10935: 10931: 10911: 10887: 10866: 10842: 10821: 10786: 10765: 10744: 10723: 10699: 10678: 10657: 10615: 10580: 10559: 10443:

The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century

10418: 10362: 10341: 10317: 10279: 10255: 10234: 10213: 10161: 10115: 10042: 10021: 9997: 9976: 9938: 9917: 9827: 9789: 9737: 9716: 9692: 9671: 9483: 9406: 8715:

The Holy League as a Political Factor in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean

8440: 8148: 7509: 6730: 6295: 6251: 6200: 6075:

In a campaign over the summer and fall of 1390, Bayezid conquered the beyliks of

6056: 6027: 5871:

became the third sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Murad fought against the powerful

5714: 5614: 5483: 5438: 5322: 5283: 5260: 5224: 5209: 4879: 4571: 4566:. They provided military support to all the major crusading expeditions from the 4397: 4389: 4347: 4017: 3921: 3852: 3781: 3743: 3612: 3313: 3305: 3271: 2908: 2713: 2530: 2526: 2463: 2161:

in 1284. The pope also deposed him as king and bestowed Aragon on Peter's nephew

2151: 1984: 1924: 1817: 1652: 1535: 1304: 1229: 1130: 1067: 1062: 1037: 1022: 1007: 817: 652: 628: 580: 548: 283: 279: 243: 8871: 8016: 7062: 6052: 4847:

became in the second wife of Charles of Valois, and thus Charles became titular

4710: 4080:

in 1312. Tensions rose with Venice at the same time, as the Hospitallers seized

4024:

through the treason of a local Greek, massacring the entire Byzantine garrison.

3181:, but Hethum had blocked the move. Bilarghu murdered the entire Armenian party. 2050: 388: 11179: 11011: 10907: 10446: 10438: 10209: 9972: 9785: 7232: 6821: 6743: 6728:

Small, Carola M. (2004). "Charles of Valois". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.).

6416: 6392: 6335: 6330: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6176: 5904: 5756: 5730: 5658: 5646: 5502:. He served for an uneventful ten years before dying on 12 September 1362. The 5186: 5040: 4943: 4928: 4764: 4663: 4621:. Following the loss of Acre In 1291, he relocated the Orders' headquarters to 4547: 4517: 4317: 4208:, it maintained some level of independence until 1266 when it was conquered by 3716: 3608: 3600: 3427: 3352: 3348: 3102: 3046: 3022: 2978: 2968: 2958: 2876: 2840: 2634: 2589: 2514: 2425: 2182: 2101: 2000: 1943:

who would soon turn his attention from intrigue in Cairo to attack the Franks.

1909: 1889: 1871: 1747: 1324: 1224: 1077: 1042: 1027: 785: 436: 348: 239: 235: 219: 9424: 7872: 7021: 6051:

at Kosovo. Immediately after obtaining the throne, he had his younger brother

5808: 5677:

was unsuccessful, ending the crusade. In addition, a crusade was called after

5190: 5171: 4076:

in an attempt to recapture Rhodes. This was stopped with naval victory at the

3798:

proclaimed the duty to eliminate heresy in the kingdom. At the same time, the

11336: 11223: 10719: 10017: 9644: 9559: 9207: 9169: 8735: 8637: 8100: 8076: 7879: 7836: 7655: 7217:, pp. 95–97, Volume III, Book XVI. Attempted Crusades against the Turks. 6616: 6325: 6270: 6108: 5928: 5690: 5545: 5458:

Hugh IV of Cyprus abdicated on 24 November 1358 and was succeeded by his son

5342: 5064: 4567: 4559: 4462: 4441: 4436: 4085: 3909:

and in the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. They were based at the

3881: 3636: 3278: 3169:. On 17 November 1307, both the current and former kings of Armenia met with 3121: 3036: 2864: 2813:

in April 1303 was a disastrous defeat for the Mongols, putting an end to the

2737: 2473: 1992: 1988: 1530: 1052: 1047: 1032: 1002: 781: 660: 604: 299: 9535:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

7273: 7098:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

6404: 6232: 5795:

succeeded his father upon his death around 1323. He oversaw the conquest of

5669:

in order to assist Ghent in its struggle against the supporters of antipope

5613:

In the later 14th century, there were several crusades to North Africa. The

2222:

The War of the Sicilian Vespers had begun when Charles I of Anjou ruled the

2007:––that were never able to mount an expedition to the East. When the lengthy 10155:. Le Club français du livre. Histoire,38. Paris: le Club français du livre. 9882: 8947: 8666: 8455:, pp. 149–166, The Mortal Illness of Byzantium: the Age of Civil Wars. 8284:, Volume 36: The Holy Land, Holy Lands, and Christian History, pgs. 216–227 8136: 8124: 7160:, pp. 107–143, The Mansuriyya during an-Nasir Muhammad's Second Reign. 6956: 6833: 6011: 5642: 5507: 5337:

as captain of the flotilla sent to assist the crusade against Aydinid-held

4751: 4629:

succeed him in 1296, serving as grand master until his abdication in 1303.

4165: 3944:

in 1312. James II was finally allowed to regroup the Templar properties in

3284: 3178: 3146: 2681: 2654: 2375: 2315: 1632: 1549: 1505: 1319: 1140: 484: 476: 247: 11114:

Criticism of the Crusade: A Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda

10495: 9540: 8883: 7172:, pp. 195–208, The Mansuriyya during an-Nasir Muhammad's Third Reign. 7074: 6845: 5971:

cousin, John V Palaiologos. Although intended as a collaboration with the

5939: 5000:

Marino Sanuto the Elder was a Venetian statesman and geographer who wrote

4790:

was king for five days. Breaking a long tradition, Philip IV's second son

4650:

became the next grand master in 1303. On 13 November 1308, he oversaw the

2417: 380: 11074: 10319:

The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382

10275: 6785: 6080: 5884: 5548:

1363, and bestowed the crusader's cross on the two kings and on cardinal

5487: 5216:. The same year, Paludanus journeyed into Egypt to negotiate with sultan 5152:

remained a sore point, and tension increased. Philip provided refuge for

4916: 4859:

in return with the pope's blessing later in the year. However, the first

3811: 3730: 3565:

The desire for a crusade to the Holy Land resulted first in the unwanted

3546: 3534: 3363:. Looking forward, Clement sent letters to both the Templar Grand Master 2868: 2747: 2720:

as his co-sultan. Khalil's name was read alongside Qalawun's name in the

2670: 2468: 2395: 2272: 1859: 1435: 1365: 1157: 656: 9363:, pp. 8–16, The Ottoman Empire from triumph to disaster, 1300–1402. 9033:. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Robert E. Bjork, ed. (2010) 8859: 8598: 8250:, pp. 188–190, Three French Plans for Crusade, 1317, 1323 and 1333. 7139: 6747: 6147:, then king of Hungary. The Ottomans were led by Bayezid and his vizier 5235:

and he was a member of the embassy sent in 1333 by Philip VI to his son

3445:, with the Franks and the Ilkhanate joining forces against the Muslims. 2421: 356: 10609:. Translated by William Robson. Published by George Routledge and Sons. 10513: 9457: 9159: 9142: 7667: 6975: 6186: 5950:, joined in a rebellion against their fathers, resulting in the fourth 5872: 5562: 5486:

died on 6 December 1352, having spent his later years dealing with the

5295:

directed all Muslims to take up arms. The aim of this Islamic crusade (

4505: 4045: 3957: 3829: 3511: 3412:. Again in search of a Franco-Mongol alliance, a Mongol embassy led by 2774: 2701: 2450: 1917: 1837:

that were called for by papal authorities in the century following the

332: 11187: 11163: 10441:(2002), "Political History: An Outline", in Laiou, Angeliki E. (ed.), 9565: 9530: 8751: 7093: 5597: 2424:

as sultan around 1281 and extended his domain, which would become the

2146: 1378: 7588: 7555: 7009: 6380: 6116: 6104: 6044: 5876: 5820: 5800: 5625:, a stronghold of the Barbary pirates. This is documented as part of 5467: 5056: 4911:

were also written in the 14th century. These include ones written by

4803:. An attempt to send a naval vanguard from the south of France under 4667: 4659: 4466: 4446: 4380:, the heartland of the Morea, coming firmly under Byzantine control. 4139: 4081: 4009: 3902: 3542: 3516: 3301: 3174: 2863:

were first his sons and then his grandsons. This was followed by the

2126: 384: 8421: 7652:, p. 196, Crusade against followers of Fra Dolcino in Piedmont. 4947:

Scenes from the life of Raymond Lull, from a 14th-century manuscript

4154:

in 1204, a number of states were established by the treaty known as

3933: 2653:

without opposition on 30 July 1291 and destroyed the monasteries on

2295:

west to impress upon the Europeans how desperate the situation was.

10972:

Lost Capital of Byzantium The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese

8714: 8586: 8205: 8202:, pp. 371–373, The Crusade in North-Eastern Europe, 1274-1382. 6084: 6019: 5796: 5784: 5773: 5510:

was elected pope on 28 September. He would successfully launch the

5381: 5377: 5364: 5282:

In September 1335, the archbishop held a provincial council at the

5122: 5109: 4521: 4482: 4450: 4392:

was held by the family of De la Roche until 1308 when it passed to

4069: 4001: 3844: 3189: 3170: 3066: 2824: 2617: 2495: 2428:, toward the edge of Byzantium. His first major victory was at the 1834: 960: 480: 464: 41: 9829:

The New Islamic dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

9189:

La prise d'Alexandrie; ou, Chronique du roi Pierre Ier de Lusignan

9009:, pp. 193–195, The Crusade of Humbert of Viennois, 1345-1347. 8049:, pp. 72–90, The Byzantine dilemma in the thirteenth century. 7600: 7050: 6994:, pp. 283–298, The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275–1329). 5729:

on 24 June 1380 resulted in a Venetian victory and the subsequent

5645:

was a military campaign initiated by Martin of Aragon against the

4749:

Clement V died on 20 April 1314, and the papacy was followed by a

4584: 4129:, in countering the beyliks, scoring a major naval victory at the 2680:

In 1302, the Mamluks sent a fleet to Tripoli where they began the

2625: 2379:

were also occupied in various local intrigues. Michael VIII's son

10044:

The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714

8524: 6449: 6152: 6100: 5868: 5763:. The first major victory of the Ottomans over Byzantium was the 5748: 5113: 5097: 5048: 4706: 4610: 4474: 4470: 4321: 4308:

In 1248, William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, captured

4021: 3632: 3575: 3522: 3461: 3173:, the Mongol representative in Cilicia, at his camp just outside 2762: 2709: 2693: 2413: 1969: 1940: 1936: 1901: 396: 372: 360: 324: 312: 308: 8807: 8805: 7220: 7115: 4976:, prompted by the correspondence between James II of Aragon and 4000:

On 23 June 1306, Villaret and the Hospitaller force sailed from

3635:, which was taken into the Papal States to the exclusion of the 3308:

led a force of 1600 men to arrest Boniface at his birthplace of

6377:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 543–545. 5622: 5338: 4972:

at major Western universities. In 1314, Lull traveled again to

4622: 4351: 4292:

In 1332, Philip I of Taranto died and was succeeded by his son

4286: 4272: 3550: 3434:

went to visit Clement V in Poitiers, where he wrote his famous

3309: 3221: 3166: 3098: 3062: 3032: 2872: 2795: 2770: 2742: 2722: 2658: 2609: 2122: 1968:

brokered a tentative peace to allow free passage for shipping.

492: 472: 460: 6782:, pp. 462–463, The fall of the last Frankish possessions. 5685:

strangled in jail. Clement VII granted crusade indulgences to

4902: 4027: 3077:. Histories of the Mongols written in this period include the 49: 8802: 8278:

Crusading Proposals in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries

7941:

St John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of the Hospital of

6194: 6190: 5792: 5769: 5297: 4501: 4357: 4313: 4201: 3875:, who had been imprisoned nearly seven years were brought to 3746:, now located in Thebes and Athens, should march through the 3604: 3265:

in 1302, and to prepare for a crusade, ordered an end to the

3161:

Hethum II abdicated in favour of his sixteen-year-old nephew

3070: 2758: 2712:, an emir whose daughter was married to Baibars' eldest son, 2650: 2578: 2554: 2388:

fought from 1321–1328 between Andronikos II and his grandson

2275:, Arghun, and other leading personages of the Mongol Empire. 468: 404: 364: 97:

Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights successful, Templars destroyed

9608:

The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405

7006:, pp. 167–184, The reign of Andronikos III Paliaologos. 5713:, begun in 1256, continued into the later 14th century. The 4372:. On 9 September 1320, Asen's forces defeated Achaea at the 2242:, Charles II also laid claim to the crown of Jerusalem. The 2238:

on the island itself. Because of his father's dealings with

9421:, The Ottoman Emirate, from Triumph to Disaster, 1300–1402. 8112: 6670:, pp. 396–397, The Last Festivities of Outremer, 1286. 6123:. The Ottomans were superior in number, but in 1395 at the 5689:

and others to dethrone Charles. A third example is that of

5442: 4878:

would be crowned as king on 1 April 1328, the first of the

4324:. In September 1259, William's forces were defeated at the 3794:

The alleged crimes of the Templars trace back to 1229 when

3651:

took place 1321–1322. These were crusades preached against

2819: 928: 8985:, pp. 192–193, The Holy League of Clement VI of 1343. 8924:, pp. 179–192, The Avignonese Papacy and the Crusade. 7270:, p. 73, Le royaume arménien de Cilicie, XIVe siècle. 5788:

An estimation of the territory under the control of Osman.

5608: 4216:

ruled the principality until 1289 when he conferred it to

3374: 3097:

Stability was restored to the Ilkhanate when Arghun's son

2565:

Benedetto died in 1307 and was succeeded first by his son

1590: 10166:. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. 9477:

The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat

8536: 8229: 7184:, pp. 486–490, The Descendants of an-Nasir Muhammad. 5633:

was a major conflict within the overall struggle between

4508:. But he did not inherit the Duchy of Athens, except for 3905:

as the Order of Christ, largely for their aid during the

2836: 2582: 1931:, sacking the cities of the plain and later invading the 9964:

Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100–1310)

8226:, pp. 37–49, The Struggle of the Order with Poland. 6231:

in 1400, followed by the capture of the Ottoman city of

5312: 4713:. A peace was not formalized until 8 July 1343 with the 3724:

insisted the Templar property in Aragon be given to the

10141:

Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem

9651:

Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Îlkhânid War, 1260–1281

9629:, pp. 44–78, The Political Landscape after Ankara. 7721:, p. 190, The Anti-Ghibelline Crusades, 1321-1323. 6357:, pp. 1–26, The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century. 5601:

Sack of Alexandria (1365), from manuscript of music by

3141:

In 1303, the Mongols suffered a crushing defeat at the

3133:

in May 1300, the Mongols retreated without resistance.

2392:

would further contribute to the decline of the empire.

11299:. In The Military Religious Orders of the Middle Ages. 9262:, pp. 198–199, The Great Schism and the Crusades. 6976:

The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305-1311

6529:, pp. 210–212, From Blacklow Hill to Bannockburn. 6111:. However, his subsequent campaign was stopped at the 5586:

and by Muslim historian and eyewitness to the crusade

5035:

died on 31 March 1324 and was succeeded by his nephew

4164:. Many of the states founded as part of the resultant 3920:

The Templars had been received with enthusiasm within

3750:

to attack the Muslims in the Holy Land. The envoys of

3257:. He resigning five months later and was succeeded by 2746:

regiment in the sultanate, by absorbing them into his

1983:

The death of Gregory X resulted in a series of popes––

10889:

The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c. 1070 – 1309

10659:

The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier

9597:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 994–995. 9336:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 235–236. 9132:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 441–442. 9111:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 128–129. 8944:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 310–315. 8912:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 484–485. 8628:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 624–625. 8418:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 936–937. 8338:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 382–383. 8190:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679. 7833:, pp. 202–216, The Charges against the Templars. 7094:

Some Observations on the ’Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo.

6881:, pp. 113–144, Byzantium as a Second-Rate Power. 6863: 6719:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 936–937. 6658:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 381–382. 6613:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 278–279. 6550:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 994–995. 6517:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 993–945. 6479:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 991–993. 5159: 2704:

was promoted to the post, beginning the long line of

2597:

of 1341–1347. The island then became the seat of the

10236:

The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar

10163:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

9366: 8997:, pp. 109–112, Humbert II, Dauphin of Viennois. 7821:, pp. 436–438, The Trial of the Templars, 1308. 6170: 6163:

on 25 September 1396. Bayezid built the magnificent

5697:

to claim the throne of Castile by right of his wife

2068: 10676: 10117:

The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades

9396:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 14–15. 8638:Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA). 7951:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 12–19. 7267: 6953:. Publications Catalan Seriesm, Cambridge, Ontario. 6214:Timur was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the 5927:, clashed in 1388. The Ottoman army first attacked 4340:. Mystras became a royal capital in 1349, when the 4270:, councillor to Robert of Naples, was installed as 3755:of his crusade. He was succeeded by his eldest son 3647:A later crusade against the Aragonese known as the 9957: 9648: 9187:Guillaume, d. Machaut., Mas Latrie, L. de (1877). 9164:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 8317:, pp. 73–77, The Heritage of the New Kingdom. 7771:, pp. 116–140, Papal and Episcopal Inquiries. 7367:. Internet History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 7334:. Internet History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 6818:, pp. 408–410, Crusaders from Northern Italy. 6770:, pp. 398–400, Embassy of Rabban Sauma, 1287. 6067:succeeded his father John V as Byzantine emperor. 5966:, known as the Green Count of Savoy, launched the 5721:, which resulted in the Hungarian conquest of the 4737:visited Europe and produced the recovery treatise 4637:Siegfried von Feuchtwangen entering Malbork Castle 4031:The Hospitaller capture of Rhodes depicted in the 2798:, as vice sultan and Baibars II, a Circassian, as 2190:in 1298, with a truce being signed the next year. 1976:and was not covered by the truce signed after the 1923:Because of civil strife throughout Europe and the 11327:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 11154:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 11140:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 11086:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 11048:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 11042:The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462 11034:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 10677:Mutafian, Claude; Otten-Froux, Catherine (1993). 10553:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 10539:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 10525:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 10190:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 10088:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 10074:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 9999:The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374 9978:The Last Templar: The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay 9860: 9818:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 9780:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 9766:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III. 8170:. Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America. 8061:, Latin Rule in Greece and the Aegean, 1274–1580. 8034: 7688:, p. 243, The Crusade against the Arogonese. 6748:Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 5875:in Anatolia. To counter them, he married his son 5129:. Zeno later served as one of the leaders of the 5051:and would serve until 1358. He also received the 4863:of 1321–1328 precluded any serious negotiations. 4720: 4320:, he built the fortress that came to be known as 3786:The Templars did survive in Portugal and Aragon. 3622: 3528: 2420:in western Anatolia. He had succeeded his father 87:Rise of the Ottomans, decline of Mamluks, Mongols 11334: 11313:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 11288:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 10964:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 10311:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume VI. 9908:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume VI. 9894:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 9812:The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095-1492 9407:King Vukasin and the Disastrous Battle of Marica 9324:Thomas Ashby and David McDowall Hannay (1911). " 9294:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 485. 9160:Talleyrand: The Cardinal of Périgord (1301-1364) 8835:, pp. 107–108, Crusade of Philip of Valois. 8769:Directorium ad faciendum passagium transmarinum, 8663:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 196. 8479:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 383. 8397:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 917. 7205:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 433. 7112:, pp. 158–159, The Death of Sultan Qalāwūn. 6937:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 527. 6698:, pp. 464–466, Volume 1, Battle of Curzola. 6592:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 496. 6571:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816. 5772:groups and with the neighboring principality of 4160:that partitioned the territory of the dissolved 3940:was applied to them in spite of the protests of 3481: 3419: 3149:. In April 1305, Öljaitü sent an embassy led by 3116:for his bravery and virtue, and even his piety. 2537:on 15 March 1311. This resulted in the death of 2432:on 27 July 1302, which was the beginning of the 2061:forced the king to abdicate in favor of his son 10725:Acre 1291: Bloody Sunset of the Crusader States 10388:. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. 8351:. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7792:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 38. 7585:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 595. 7441:Mémoire de Foulques de Villaret sur la croisade 7388:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 732. 6806:, pp. 463–464, The Crusade of Nicholas IV. 5859:in 1357, Byzantium was an empire in name only. 3858: 3112:Ghazan was praised by contemporaries including 2785:Khalil was succeeded by his 9-year old brother 10868:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 10215:The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305-1378 9348:, pp. 669–717, Volume 1, War of Chioggia. 8073:, pp. 294–325, The Latin East, 1291–1669. 5450:States, he never returned to attack Novgorod. 4907:Several independent treatises calling for the 4424:, illegitimate son of Frederick III, in 1317. 4336:, but the Byzantines were firmly ensconced in 4133:on 23 July 1319. He also seized and fortified 3737: 3607:, but lost control of the city in 1309 to the 3304:. In September 1303, Guillaume de Nogaret and 3300:intended to place the kingdom of France under 78:Levant, Baltic, Iberia, Italy, Northern Africa 11282:The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1312 11258:The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks 11247:Mediaeval Italy from Charlemagne to Henry VII 11164:"Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land" 10402:. A History of Egypt ;v. 6. Methuen, London. 10305:The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451 9669: 9643: 7279: 6916:, pp. 222–228, The Rise of the Ottomans. 5843:commanded the Ottoman forces that led to the 5736: 4759:, later king of France, summoned the ongoing 4016:by land and sea failed, but on 20 September, 3533:In 1306, Clement V ordered a crusade against 2399:The Byzantine Empire in the late 13th century 2350:Matthieu de Clermont défend Ptolémaïs en 1291 1879:Chronology of the later Crusades through 1400 1576: 1394: 944: 10078: 10061: 9861:Buttigieg, Emanuel; Phillips, Simon (2016). 7621:"Pope Clement V and the crusades of 1309–10" 7136:, pp. 81–83, Al-Ashraf Khalīl's murder. 6151:, with the military leaders Ottoman general 5733:was signed by all parties on 8 August 1381. 5453: 5415:in 1347. The expedition is described in the 5341:. Other crusader leaders included patriarch 4681:became grand master in 1324 and oversaw the 4224:. In 1313, Philip in turn transferred it to 2157:A crusade was declared by Martin IV against 2065:who would later claim the throne of France. 10885: 10861: 9042:Richard Gottheil and Joseph Jacobs (2002). 8752:Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land 8267:, Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, Cristian Bratu. 8157:, pp. 174–178, Neopatras and Thessaly. 8097:, pp. 110–117, Battle of Saint George. 8070: 7980:L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers 7966:, pp. 279–282, The Conquest of Rhodes. 7649: 6014:in the territory ruled by Serbian nobleman 5923:, and the Ottomans under the leadership of 5428: 5317:Benedict XII died on 25 April 1342 and the 4903:Proposals for the recovery of the Holy Land 4658:in 1309 and subsequently taking control of 4204:peninsula in southern Greece. Ruled by the 3818: 3553:area on 23 March 1307 when many crusaders ( 3359:that might apply to Philip IV and withdrew 2640: 10701:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 10392: 10360: 9864:Islands and Military Orders, c.1291-c.1798 9626: 8443:. Offices of the Royal Historical Society. 7241:, pp. 165–195, An Ally against Islam. 7071:, pp. 422–423, The Death of Outremer. 7046:. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. 6681:History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers 6679:Amari, M., Ellesmere, F. Egerton. (1850). 6625:, pp. 212–213, The Great Interregnum. 6425:, pp. 402–404, The fall of Lattakieh. 6070: 5693:, who led an unsuccessful crusade against 5544:England. Urban held a special ceremony on 5478: 4755:of two years. Frustrated by the inaction, 4312:, the last remaining Byzantine outpost on 3863:On 11 March 1314, the Templars, including 1831:Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399 1583: 1569: 1401: 1387: 951: 937: 11292: 10809:The Teutonic order and its secularization 10113: 10023:The Templars: The Secret History Revealed 8880:, p. 110, Brother Andrew of Antioch. 8314: 8211: 8025:, pp. 288–289, Hélion de Villeneuve. 7845:, pp. 141–175, Defence of the Order. 6830:, pp. 411–412, The Death of Qalawun. 6401:, p. 387, The successors of Baibars. 6139:fortress as part of preparations for the 5907:left the city in Ottoman hands. In 1386, 3963: 3728:. A series of papal bulls beginning with 3390: 2727:Turuntay, a strong ally of as-Salih Ali. 2525:on 21 June 1305, followed shortly by the 2267:1289, Nicholas dispatched the Franciscan 2261: 11254: 11219:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 11144: 11130: 10968: 10954: 10930: 10784: 10763: 10742: 10543: 10381: 10159: 10148: 10134: 10092: 9971: 9822: 9690: 9571: 9433:, pp. 243–244, Byzantine Civil War. 9274:, pp. 336–368, Despenser's Crusade. 9216:, pp. 481–483, The Barbary Crusade. 9178:, pp. 171–179, Alexandrian Crusade. 8953: 8701: 8530: 8130: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8082: 8022: 7963: 7885: 7818: 7664:, pp. 144–145, Crusade of the Poor. 7311: 7109: 7080: 7068: 7027: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6791: 6767: 6667: 6526: 6455: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6199: 5990: 5835:and it fell to the Ottomans. The second 5783: 5596: 5347: 5165: 5014: 4942: 4923:, and Venetian statesman and geographer 4631: 4303: 4026: 3843: 3578:where a group of Jews had taken refuge, 3505: 3460: 3228: 3124:, and were there joined by their vassal 2769:(a Mongol who had served in the army of 2608: 2484:Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople 2478: 2394: 2314: 2145: 1900:failed to free Jerusalem. Mamluk sultan 11317: 11303: 11240: 11215: 11194: 11158: 11090: 11038: 11024: 10840: 10816: 10718: 10599: 10578: 10564:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress. 10487:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 10416: 10336: 10298: 10253: 10232: 10208: 10194: 9912: 9694:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 9560:Notes on the Battle of Nicopolis (1396) 9430: 9345: 9271: 8994: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8832: 8604: 8592: 8542: 8235: 8199: 8168:Catalan domination of Athens, 1311-1388 8166:Setton, K. M. (Kenneth Meyer). (1948). 8154: 8142: 8058: 7888:, pp. 193–205, Burnt at the Stake. 7685: 7661: 7618: 7542: 7291: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7181: 7121: 7056: 7030:, p. 222, The Menlteshe Ochullari. 6962: 6913: 6803: 6779: 6695: 6634: 6494:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6413:, pp. 590–592, Henry II of Cyprus. 6386: 6130: 5609:Barbary Crusades: Mahadi, Tedelis, Bona 4488: 4453:. He took possession of his castles at 3956:was approved on 10 June 1317 and given 3762: 3603:since 1230. In 1306, Granada conquered 3375:Charges of heresy against Boniface VIII 2885:Mamluk Sultans after al-Nasir Muhammad 2854: 2665:on the 14 August. Templar Grand Master 2403: 2363: 1408: 14: 11335: 11111: 11052: 11010: 10989: 10655: 10634: 10613: 10322:. Southern Illinois University Press. 10180: 10040: 9995: 9898: 9808: 9784: 9770: 9756: 9582: 9580: 9518:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9501:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9248:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9231:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9213: 9175: 9018: 8971:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8921: 8901:Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). " 8746: 8744: 8675:, pp. 125–148, Hugh IV of Cyprus. 8672: 8463: 8461: 8265:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle 8109:, pp. 132–141, Robert of Taranto. 8085:, pp. 104–115, Louis of Burgundy. 7974: 7972: 7842: 7830: 7807:Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 7768: 7673: 7606: 7594: 6991: 6965:, pp. 167–169, The Grand Company. 6490:Lord Edward's crusade (act. 1270–1274) 6354: 6135:Bayezid began the construction of the 5652: 5556: 5170:The projected crusade, from a copy of 5136: 5100:Turkish fleet. The crusade was led by 4673: 3639:family, papal armies clashed with the 3560: 2217: 2045:traveled to Paris to visit her father 2019: 1883: 1592:Battles related to Crusades after Acre 11275: 11073: 10697: 10557: 10547:The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421 10529: 10512: 10437: 10315: 10274: 10082:Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453 10068:Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354 10016: 9881: 9846: 9760:The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century 9735: 9711: 9612:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 9546: 9466:, pp. 179–229, Savoyard Crusade. 9418: 9372: 9360: 8704:, p. 219, The Qaurai Oghullari. 8515:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 8452: 8145:, pp. 171–174, Alfonso Fadrique. 8046: 8003:Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem 7854: 7729: 7727: 7561: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7015: 7003: 6889: 6887: 6878: 6842:, pp. 387–423, The Fall of Acre. 6622: 6246:and marched to Ankara. The resulting 5649:, carried out in the summer of 1399. 5498:, the Avignon papacy continued under 5313:Clement VI and the Smyrniote Crusades 4885: 4781: 4604: 4356:(overseer) of the Byzantine province 4256:gave the principality to his brother 4059: 3995: 3887: 3590: 2604: 1564: 1382: 932: 11094:The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks 10906: 10805: 10483: 10462: 9739:The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages 9259: 9181: 9006: 8982: 8583:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8427: 8349:Empire and Papacy: The Last Struggle 8247: 8223: 8160: 8133:, pp. 117–118, Andronicus Asen. 7718: 7332:Boniface VIII, Clericis Laicos, 1296 7256:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7083:, pp. 95–110, The Isle of Ruad. 7039: 6854:, pp. 652–656, The Last Battle. 5851:, which was taken in 1390 after the 5759:and began engaging in the series of 5108:. That year, a Turkish armada under 5027: 4931:also wrote the influential treatise 4670:, outside of the Holy Roman Empire. 3849:The Burning of the Templars at Paris 3789: 3670: 3659:in 1321 and renewed in 1325 against 2780: 2544: 2476:, to be paid in Byzantine service. 2193: 2141: 11353:Medieval history of the Middle East 11198:England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 10399:History of Egypt in the Middle Ages 10343:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 9936: 9577: 9463: 8956:, p. 221, The Aydīn Oghullari. 8892:, p. 110, The Crusade delayed. 8741: 8458: 8441:The War of Saint-Sardos (1323-1325) 7969: 7445:Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes 5986: 5957: 5903:on 26 September 1371. In 1385, the 4826: 4786:When Louis X died in 1316, his son 4535: 4368:, and so was the nephew of emperor 2802:(supervisor of the royal kitchen). 2730: 2513:The Catalans, under the command of 24: 11318:Ziyādaẗ, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā (1975). 11304:Ziyādaẗ, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā (1969). 11059:. American Philosophical Society. 10466:The Franks in the Aegean 1204-1500 9721:. Methuen & Company, Limited. 9454:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 9283:Joseph Marie Noel Valois (1911). " 9091:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 9067:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8856:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8823:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8799:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8607:, pp. 103–103, Raymond Lulli. 8500:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8376:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8305:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8013:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7930:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7909:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7724: 7709:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7676:, p. 436, Emirate of Granada. 7564:, pp. 538–539, A new Crusade. 7533:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7472:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7430:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7422:" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7409:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7397:Martin Augustine Waldron (1907). " 7355:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7187: 6884: 6794:, p. 593, Truce with Qalawun. 6446:New York: Robert Appleton Company. 6301:History of the Knights Hospitaller 6242:In 1402, Bayezid broke off of his 6205:Humiliation of Despina and Bayezid 5704: 5203: 5181:Directorium ad passagium faciendum 5161:Directorium ad passagium faciendum 5086: 4619:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order 4360:in 1316. Asen was the son of Tsar 4157:Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae 4107: 3700: 3448: 2439: 2412:. One of these beyliks was led by 2214:succeeded her as titular empress. 2150:A scene of the Sicilian Vesper by 2041:. In 1313, Edward II and his wife 997:In the Holy Land (1095–1291) 981:Military order (religious society) 25: 11374: 11028:The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380 9919:A History of Aragon and Catalonia 9446:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 9442:Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). " 9083:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 9059:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 9055:Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1910). " 8868:, p. 108, Response of Islam. 8848:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8815:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8811:Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1908). " 8791:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8652:Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). " 8492:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8368:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8297:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8005:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7939:Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). " 7922:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7901:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7701:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7597:, pp. 22–23, James of Molay. 7573:Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). " 7525:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7464:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7401:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7365:Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam, 1302 7347:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 7148:, pp. 95–107, Lājīn's reign. 7018:, p. 96, Beylik of Menteshe. 6438:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 6434:Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). " 6171:Timur and the Ottoman Interregnum 5911:defeated an Ottoman force at the 5520:had been conquered by archbishop 4582:, elevating him to the status of 4524:in August, Walter attacked first 4145: 3367:and the Hospitaller Grand Master 2553:captured the Byzantine island of 2176: 2134:, to accompany Mongol ambassador 2069:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire 11020:. University of Wisconsin Press. 10764:Phillips, Jenna Rebecca (2017). 10533:The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489 10519:The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369 10079:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1975b). 9673:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy 9600: 9586:Frederic John Goldsmid (1911). " 9552: 9523: 9506: 9489: 9486:". University of Minnesota Press 9469: 9436: 9399: 9378: 9318: 9309:Dictionary of National Biography 9303:Edward Maunde Thompson (1892). " 9297: 9277: 9236: 9219: 9194: 9152: 9135: 9114: 9094: 9070: 9049: 9036: 9024: 8959: 8933:John Addington Symonds (1911). " 8927: 8895: 8838: 8781: 8761: 8758:, Vol. 100, No. 394, pgs. 25–52. 8728: 8707: 8678: 8646: 8631: 8610: 8565: 8548: 8503: 8482: 8433: 8430:, p. 66, Titular Claimants. 8400: 8379: 8358: 8341: 8320: 8287: 8270: 8253: 8173: 7995: 7933: 7912: 7891: 7780:James Thomson Shotwell (1911). " 7758:. Legion of Mary, Tidewater, VA. 7697:Edmund Garratt Gardner (1910). " 6982:29, no. 4 (1954): pgs. 751–771. 6389:, p. 750, Death of Baibars. 6026:. Prince Lazar was the ruler of 5534:Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz 5212:to Avignon, and consecrated him 5003:Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis 4995: 4983: 4741:at Clement's expressed request. 4196:One such Frankish state was the 3244: 2569:and then to the next generation 2502:in October 1303. The subsequent 2454:, without immediate employment. 2234:and, after some interim rulers, 2100:of the empire and in July 1309, 48: 11201:. University of Chicago Press. 10844:The Crusades, c. 1071 – c. 1291 10767:The Capetian Century, 1214-1314 10093:Georgiou, Constantinos (2018). 9809:Bishko, Charles Julian (1975). 9636: 9574:, pp. 232–233, Qaramanids. 8844:John Bertram Peterson (1907). " 8787:Daniel Joseph Kennedy (1911). " 8562:, Vol. I, Fasc. 4, pp. 447-448. 7855:Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (2016). 7848: 7795: 7774: 7756:"Council of Vienne (1311–1312)" 7748: 7691: 7612: 7567: 7536: 7515: 7510:The Capetian Century, 1214-1314 7496: 7475: 7454: 7433: 7412: 7391: 7370: 7358: 7337: 7325: 7322:Vol. XIV, Fasc. 5, pp. 462–468. 7305: 7285: 7268:Mutafian & Otten-Froux 1993 7244: 7086: 7033: 6968: 6940: 6919: 6857: 6737: 6731:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 6722: 6701: 6673: 6640: 6595: 6574: 6553: 6538:Thomas Frederick Tout (1911). " 6532: 6505:Thomas Frederick Tout (1911). " 6499: 6482: 6467:Thomas Frederick Tout (1911). " 5617:, also known as the Crusade of 5275:, resulting in the election of 5231:and later pope, was one of the 5011:leadership of the new crusade. 4801:Crusade of Ludwig IV of Bavaria 4654:. This was solidified with the 3924:from their foundation in 1128. 3326:Boniface VIII was succeeded by 2310: 2092:, the first since the death of 2053:issue then being negotiated by 11080:The Mongols and Western Europe 10958:The Crusader States, 1243–1291 10940:. Cambridge University Press. 10886:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012). 10847:. Cambridge University Press. 10823:The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 10704:. Cambridge University Press. 10680:Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie 10585:. Cambridge University Press. 10184:Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394 10002:. Cambridge University Press. 9943:. Princeton University Press. 9832:. Edinburgh University Press. 9794:. Cambridge University Press. 9670:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1999). 9655:. Cambridge University Press. 9537:43, no. 3 (1980). pgs. 471–481 9100:Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1911). " 8773:The American Historical Review 7899:Order of the Knights of Christ 7733:Johann Peter Kirsch. (1912). " 7609:, pp. 59–87, The Arrests. 7460:Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). " 6864:Château de Versailles (2018). 6461: 6428: 6360: 6311:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes 6306:History of the Knights Templar 4721:Further proposals for Crusades 4641:Carl Wilhelm Kolbe the Younger 4285:, but was unable to recapture 3970:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes 3623:Crusades against the Arogonese 3529:Crusade against the Dulcinians 3321: 3282:in December 1301, followed by 2815:Mongol invasions of the Levant 2661:was evacuated on 3 August and 2169:. This was part of the larger 1663:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes 1436:Crusade against the Dulcinians 1103:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 56:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes 35:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 18:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 13: 1: 11321:The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517 11216:Tyerman, Christopher (2006). 11195:Tyerman, Christopher (1996). 11168:The English Historical Review 11091:Stewart, Angus Donal (2001). 10544:Luttrell, Anthony T. (1975). 10361:Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). 9888:The Mongols and the Near East 9774:The Aftermath of the Crusades 8756:The English Historical Review 8690:Institut d’Etudes Balkaniques 8595:, pp. 27–33, Ramon Lull. 8366:William Durandus, the Younger 8293:Johann Peter Kirsch (1910). " 8259:Damian-Grint, Peter (2016). “ 8035:Buttigieg & Phillips 2016 7481:Johann Peter Kirsch (1912). " 7059:, pp. 1–5, Introduction. 6341: 6095:. They initially allied with 4990:De recuperatione Terre Sancte 4964:was launched by James II and 4938: 4933:De modo sarracenos extirpandi 4874:(1337–1453). Charles' cousin 4739:La Flor des Estoires d'Orient 4685:which began in 1326 with the 4200:which controlled most of the 4033:Prise de Rhodes, 15 août 1310 3983: 3806:were given special powers by 3769:trials of the Knights Templar 3482:Arrest of the Knights Templar 3437:La Flor des Estoires d'Orient 3421:La Flor des Estoires d'Orient 3003:al-Ashraf Nasir ad-Din Shaban 2130:sending one of his noblemen, 2088:. Henry VII was also elected 27:Latter period of the Crusades 11039:Setton, Kenneth M. (1975b). 11025:Setton, Kenneth M. (1975a). 10826:. Amsterdam, North Holland. 10812:. Iowa City, the University. 10638:The Crusades—An Encyclopedia 10114:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). 9771:Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1975b). 9757:Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1975a). 9405:Boskovic, Vladislav (2009). 9384:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 9328:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 9287:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 9200:Van Steenbergen, Jo (2003) " 9120:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 9104:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 8937:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 8905:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 8767:Beazley, C. Raymond (1907). 8656:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 8616:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 8488:Louis René Bréhier (1911). " 8467:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 8406:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 8385:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 8326:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 8183:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 7784:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 7637:10.1016/0304-4181(82)90005-7 7376:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 7302:Vol. I, Fasc. 4, pp. 374-377 7258:, Vol. 15 No. 1, pgs. 45–61. 7193:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6925:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6707:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6646:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6601:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6580:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6559:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 6542:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 6509:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 6471:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 6370:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 6038: 5214:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 4744: 4449:, died and Fadrique invaded 3859:Death of the Templar leaders 3782:Chronique du Templier de Tyr 3338: 3195: 3080:Histoire Secrète des Mongols 2370:Reconquest of Constantinople 958: 7: 11261:. London: Greenhill Books. 11053:Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). 10913:Histoire de l'Empire mongol 10871:. Oxford University Press. 10785:Phillips, J. R. S. (2010). 10606:The history of the Crusades 10417:Leopold, Antony R. (2000). 10382:Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). 10260:. Marboro Books, New York. 10239:. Oxford University Press. 9856:. London, Macmillan and co. 9736:Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1938). 9590:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 9549:, The Crusade of Nicopolis. 9529:Zachariadou, Elizabeth A. “ 8738:. Speculum, 45(3), 374-392. 8692:, 2012 XLVII, pgs. 142–176. 8387:Charles IV (King of France) 7985:Revue des études byzantines 7735:Council of Vienne (1311-12) 7625:Journal of Medieval History 7229:, pp. 165–195, Ghazan. 7124:, pp. 753–754, Khalil. 6458:, p. 400, Nicholas IV. 6264: 5284:Priory of Nôtre-Dame-du Pré 5225:Peter III Roger de Beaufort 4652:Teutonic takeover of Gdańsk 4542:State of the Teutonic Order 4170:William II of Villehardouin 3930:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 3775:were the best known of the 3738:Philip IV and a new crusade 3130:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar 2875:from 1382–1399 and his son 2807:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar 2549:In 1304, the Genoese noble 2521:, got their revenge at the 2171:War of the Sicilian Vespers 1851:Crusades against Christians 1623:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar 1526:Crusade against Charles III 10: 11379: 11307:The Mamluk Sultans to 1293 11250:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 11112:Throop, Palmer A. (1975). 10806:Plum, Harry Grant (1906). 10683:. University of Michigan. 10617:Essays on the Latin Orient 10204:. A. and C. Black, London. 9959:Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph 9149:31, no. 4 (1956): 683–703. 8713:Ivanov, Vladislav (2012). 8684:Ivanov, Vladislav (2012). 8533:, pp. 1–25, Contents. 8490:Crusade of the Pastoureaux 8364:Adrian Fortescue (1909). " 8214:, p. 280, Marienberg. 7343:Thomas Oestreich (1907). " 7312:Melville, Charles (2012). 7100:47, no. 3 (1984): 501–507. 6899:WikiJournal of Humanities, 6648:Philip IV., king of France 6603:Henry VII. (Roman emperor) 6286:Chronology of the Crusades 6174: 5862: 5817:Andronikos III Palaiologos 5799:'s major towns, including 5743:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5740: 5737:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5506:began on 22 September and 5352:Depiction of the death of 5208:In 1329, John XXII called 5131:Smyrnaiote Crusade of 1344 4960:. With papal support, the 4648:Siegfried von Feuchtwangen 4539: 3675:Clement V issued the bull 3611:which was assisted by the 3347:, the period known as the 3136: 3057: 2871:dominated, beginning with 2687: 2599:Maona of Chios and Phocaea 2390:Andronikos III Palaiologos 2344:(Hall of Crusades) at the 2028: 1876: 1857:, the latter parts of the 433:Andronikos III Palaiologos 11293:Woodhouse, F. C. (1879). 11017:A History of the Crusades 10969:Runciman, Steven (2009). 10955:Runciman, Steven (1969). 10841:Richard, Jean C. (1999). 10791:. Yale University Press. 10698:Nicol, Donald M. (1993). 10254:Howarth, Stephen (1982). 10181:Hazard, Harry W. (1975). 9996:Edbury, Peter W. (1991). 9824:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 9791:The Trial of the Templars 9691:Asbridge, Thomas (2012). 8654:Sanuto, Marino, the elder 8571:Turner, William (1911). " 8509:Barber, Malcolm (1981). " 8469:Philip VI, King of France 8408:Charles (Count of Valois) 8282:Studies in Church History 8001:Charles Moeller (1910). " 7978:Failler, Albert (1992). " 7920:Military Order of Montesa 7918:Charles Moeller (1911). " 7897:Charles Moeller (1908). " 7873:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.109474 6709:Charles (Count of Valois) 6488:Henry Summerson (2005). " 5944:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 5454:Later Crusades, 1350–1400 5045:Cathedral of Saint Sophia 4909:recovery of the Holy Land 4727:recovery of the Holy Land 4592:Chronicon terrae Prussiae 4461:and conquered Neopatras, 4383: 4370:Andronikos II Palaiologos 4238:Margaret of Villehardouin 4218:Isabella of Villehardouin 4191: 3541:. This gave birth to the 3490:Pastoralis praeeminentiae 3092: 2859:The Mamluk sultans after 2381:Andronikos II Palaiologos 2208:Empress of Constantinople 2173:which had begun in 1282. 2108: 1843:recovery of the Holy Land 1598: 1451:Crusade against the Estes 1416: 971:Ideology and institutions 968: 498: 441:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 425:Andronikos II Palaiologos 105: 61: 47: 39: 34: 11255:Waterson, James (2007). 11180:10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCIV.25 11145:Topping, Peter (1975b). 11131:Topping, Peter (1975a). 10749:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 10743:Northrup, Linda (1998). 10656:Murray, Alan V. (2009). 10635:Murray, Alan V. (2006). 10614:Miller, William (1983). 10601:Michaud, Joseph–François 10579:Menache, Sophia (1998). 10233:Housley, Norman (1992). 9718:The Crusade of Nicopolis 9697:. Simon & Schuster. 9475:Emmert, Thomas (1991). " 8750:Tyerman, C. J. (1985). “ 8640:"Marino Sanudo Torsello" 8439:Pierre Chaplais (1954). 8328:Philip V, king of France 8179:Barker, Ernest (1911). " 7619:Housley, Norman (1982). 7418:Goyau, Georges (1911). " 7294:"Abū Sa'īd Bahādor Khan" 7250:Stewart, Angus (2005). 6946:Lady Goodenough (2000). 6895:Osman I, Father of Kings 6893:Fleifel, Bassel (2021). 6366:Barker, Ernest (1911). " 6271:Bahri dynasty of Mamluks 6119:, ruled at that time by 5779: 5464:Saint Nicholas Cathedral 5429:Crusade against Novgorod 5043:on 15 April 1324 at the 4598:Novgorod First Chronicle 4526:Cephalonia and Zakynthos 4416:, who appointed his son 3894:Military Order of Christ 3851:. Original owned by the 3819:The inquisitional trials 3649:Anti-Ghibelline crusades 3443:Christian-Mongol Crusade 3397:Giovanni da Montecorvino 3345:1304–1305 Papal Conclave 3255:1292–1294 Papal Election 3143:Battle of Marj al-Saffar 3013:al-Mansur Ala-ad-Din Ali 2811:Battle of Marj al-Saffar 2706:Abbasid Caliphs of Cairo 2641:Aftermath: the Holy Land 2323:défend Ptolémaïs en 1291 2269:Giovanni da Montecorvino 2096:in 1250. This ended the 2049:, hoping to resolve the 2009:1287–1288 Papal Election 1914:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1638:Battle of Marj al-Saffar 1531:Crusade of John of Gaunt 1501:Crusade against Novgorod 1481:Crusade against Louis IV 1456:Anti-Ghibelline Crusades 1431:Christian-Mongol Crusade 870:Giovanni da Montecorvino 10990:Schein, Sylvia (1991). 10160:Grousset, René (1970). 10149:Grousset, René (1935). 9937:Cox, Eugene L. (1967). 9899:Chasin, Martin (1989). 9592:Encyclopædia Britannica 9390:Encyclopædia Britannica 9330:Encyclopædia Britannica 9289:Encyclopædia Britannica 9166:50, no. 7 (1960): 1–83. 9143:Petrarch and Talleyrand 9126:Encyclopædia Britannica 9106:Encyclopædia Britannica 9077:Douglas Raymund Webster 8939:Encyclopædia Britannica 8907:Encyclopædia Britannica 8658:Encyclopædia Britannica 8622:Encyclopædia Britannica 8511:The Pastoureaux of 1320 8473:Encyclopædia Britannica 8412:Encyclopædia Britannica 8391:Encyclopædia Britannica 8332:Encyclopædia Britannica 8276:Leopold, A. R. (2000). 8185:Encyclopædia Britannica 7945:Encyclopædia Britannica 7786:Encyclopædia Britannica 7699:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7579:Encyclopædia Britannica 7543:Jackson, Peter (2016). 7439:Petit, Joseph (1899). " 7382:Encyclopædia Britannica 7199:Encyclopædia Britannica 7043:Ephesus After Antiquity 6931:Encyclopædia Britannica 6713:Encyclopædia Britannica 6652:Encyclopædia Britannica 6607:Encyclopædia Britannica 6586:Encyclopædia Britannica 6582:Albert I. (German king) 6565:Encyclopædia Britannica 6544:Encyclopædia Britannica 6511:Encyclopædia Britannica 6473:Encyclopædia Britannica 6372:Encyclopædia Britannica 6244:Siege of Constantinople 6155:and the Serbian prince 6145:Sigismund of Luxembourg 6141:Siege of Constantinople 6087:. His main rivals were 6071:Unification of Anatolia 5977:Second Bulgarian Empire 5479:The Crusades of Urban V 5409:Marquisate of Bodonitsa 5397:Dauphin of the Viennois 5331:Great Council of Venice 5069:Capetian House of Anjou 4966:Ferdinand IV of Castile 4935:between 1316 and 1317. 4627:Gottfried von Hohenlohe 4615:Konrad von Feuchtwangen 4414:Frederick III of Sicily 2775:Baibars II al-Jashnikir 2750:corps, the Ashrafiyya. 2460:Frederick III of Sicily 2082:Henry VII of Luxembourg 1974:Principality of Antioch 1933:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm 1788:Siege of Constantinople 1446:Crusade against Granada 726:Gottfried von Hohenlohe 722:Konrad von Feuchtwangen 188:Frederick III of Sicily 11358:14th century in Europe 10892:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10316:Irwin, Robert (1986). 10196:Hazlitt, William Carew 10152:L'Épopée des croisades 10063:Geanakoplos, Deno John 9606:Knobler, Adam (1995). 9285:Clement VII (Antipope) 9046:. Jewish Encyclopedia. 8347:Offler, H. S. (1956). 7801:Théry, Julien (2013). 7282:, Mamluk-Īlkhānid War. 6866:"Salies des Croisades" 6291:Criticism of crusading 6281:Byzantine-Ottoman wars 6211: 6149:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha 6003: 5853:Battle of Philadelphia 5789: 5761:Byzantine-Ottoman Wars 5755:that would become the 5627:Froissart's Chronicles 5605: 5504:Papal Conclave of 1362 5437:led a crusade against 5360: 5175: 4948: 4845:Catherine of Courtenay 4776:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan 4644: 4550:were one of the three 4429:Triarchy of Negroponte 4374:Battle of Saint George 4342:Despotate of the Morea 4279:Battle of Saint George 4198:Principality of Achaea 4179:Chronicle of the Morea 4152:fall of Constantinople 4040: 3964:Hospitallers at Rhodes 3855: 3838:the Archbishop of Sens 3661:Aldobrandino II d'Este 3599:had been ruled by the 3585:Hospitaller expedition 3470: 3469:, put to death in 1314 3406:Guglielmo da Villanova 3391:Franco-Mongol dealings 3263:Peace of Caltabellotta 3235:trials of the Templars 3202:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 3151:Buscarello de Ghizolfi 3075:Franco-Mongol alliance 2823:. Instead, he went to 2614: 2508:Michael IX Palaiologos 2491: 2446:Peace of Caltabellotta 2434:Byzantine-Ottoman Wars 2400: 2326: 2262:Crusade of Nicholas IV 2252:Peace of Caltabellotta 2244:Battle of La Falconara 2236:Frederick II of Sicily 2204:Catherine of Courtenay 2154: 2125:, ruler of the Mongol 2119:Franco-Mongol alliance 1916:and the Mongol Ilkhan 1906:Second Council of Lyon 1773:Battle of Philadelphia 1703:Battle of Saint George 1618:Battle of La Falconara 1426:Crusade of Nicholas IV 886:Guglielmo da Villanova 878:Buscarello de Ghizolfi 770:Aldobrandino II d'Este 617:Humbert II of Viennois 573:Catherine of Courtenay 499:Commanders and leaders 489:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 429:Michael IX Palaiologos 393:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha 11348:14th-century crusades 10863:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 10530:Luke, Harry (1975b). 10496:10.4324/9780203389638 10201:The Venetian Republic 10041:France, John (2006). 9853:The Holy Roman Empire 9645:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven 9448:Catholic Encyclopedia 9315:London. pgs. 417–427. 9085:Catholic Encyclopedia 9061:Catholic Encyclopedia 8850:Catholic Encyclopedia 8817:Catholic Encyclopedia 8793:Catholic Encyclopedia 8577:Catholic Encyclopedia 8494:Catholic Encyclopedia 8370:Catholic Encyclopedia 8299:Catholic Encyclopedia 8007:Catholic Encyclopedia 7924:Catholic Encyclopedia 7903:Catholic Encyclopedia 7809:, 39/2, pgs. 117–148. 7739:Catholic Encyclopedia 7703:Catholic Encyclopedia 7527:Catholic Encyclopedia 7521:Otto Hartig (1910). " 7502:Julien Théry (2017). 7487:Catholic Encyclopedia 7466:Catholic Encyclopedia 7424:Catholic Encyclopedia 7403:Catholic Encyclopedia 7378:Nogaret, Guillaume de 7349:Catholic Encyclopedia 6974:Burns, R. Ignatius. “ 6440:Catholic Encyclopedia 6203: 6089:Ala' al-Din ibn Halin 6065:Manuel II Palaeologus 6032:District of Branković 5994: 5946:, the son of emperor 5787: 5711:Venetian–Genoese wars 5679:Charles III of Naples 5600: 5584:La Prise d'Alexandre, 5405:Guglielma Pallavicini 5386:John VI Kantakouzenos 5351: 5279:on 20 December 1334. 5249:Philip III of Navarre 5169: 5146:Edward III of England 5127:Battle of Adramyttion 5106:bailiff of Negroponte 5015:Crusades of 1336–1350 4946: 4868:Edward III of England 4797:situation in Flanders 4695:Casimir III the Great 4693:(the Elbow-High) and 4635: 4408:on 15 March 1311 and 4400:to fight against the 4304:Mystras and the Morea 4228:, who was married to 4114:Albert of Schwarzburg 4030: 3847: 3777:medieval inquisitions 3678:Faciens misericordiam 3571:Brothers of the Cross 3517:passagium particulare 3506:Crusades of 1306–1310 3499:Enguerrand de Marigny 3465:Templar Grand Master 3464: 3408:to consecrate him as 3343:After the protracted 3288:eleven months later. 3229:The Papacy, 1292–1314 3156:Guillaume de Villaret 2649:The Mamluks occupied 2612: 2575:Benedetto II Zaccaria 2504:campaigns in Anatolia 2500:Battle of the Cyzicus 2489:José Moreno Carbonero 2482: 2398: 2318: 2149: 2063:Edward III of England 1898:Lord Edward's Crusade 1718:Battle of Adramyttion 1643:Battle of the Cyzicus 910:Guglielma Pallavicini 846:Ala' al-Din ibn Halin 718:Albert of Schwarzburg 697:Guillaume de Villaret 645:Benedetto II Zaccaria 569:Charles III of Naples 533:Philip III of Navarre 521:Enguerrand de Marigny 453:Manuel II Palaeologus 449:John VI Kantakouzenos 417:Casimir III the Great 11160:Tyerman, Christopher 11148:The Morea, 1364–1460 11134:The Morea, 1311–1364 10558:Mazor, Amir (2015). 10484:Lock, Peter (2006). 10463:Lock, Peter (1995). 9902:The Crusade of Varna 9558:Rosetti, R. (1937). 8560:Encyclopædia Iranica 8261:Thadeus Neapolitanus 7549:Encyclopædia Iranica 7523:John of Montecorvino 7318:Encyclopædia Iranica 7298:Encyclopædia Iranica 7292:Jackson, P. (2012). 7195:Pachymeres, Georgius 7040:Foss, Clive (1979). 6316:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6276:Byzantine civil wars 6131:Crusade of Nicopolis 5915:. The forces of the 5899:, was halted at the 5699:Constance of Castile 5603:Guillaume de Machaut 5580:Guillaume de Machaut 5384:was a close ally of 5267:all took the cross. 5154:David II of Scotland 5083:, but died in 1343. 4927:. French archbishop 4915:Christian apologist 4833:Charles IV of France 4757:Philip I of Poitiers 4691:Władysław I Łokietek 4554:and were founded in 4514:Anti-Catalan Crusade 4494:Walter VI of Brienne 4489:Anti-Catalan Crusade 4334:Battle of Makryplagi 4283:Cefaphonia and Zante 4246:Ferdinand of Majorca 4236:. Isabella's sister 4234:King of Thessalonica 4102:Hélion de Villeneuve 3974:Foulques de Villaret 3830:inquisitor of France 3763:Fall of the Templars 3414:Tommaso Ugi di Siena 3410:Archbishop of Peking 3369:Foulques de Villaret 3351:was initiated under 3293:Guillaume de Nogaret 3267:Venetian-Genoese war 3126:Hethum II of Armenia 2855:Later Mamluk sultans 2847:. In February 1330, 2675:Barthélemy de Quincy 2557:and established the 2551:Benedetto I Zaccaria 2404:Rise of the Ottomans 2364:Decline of Byzantium 2346:Palace of Versailles 2341:Salles des Croisades 2325:by Dominique Papety. 2321:Matthieu de Clermont 2167:Philip III of France 2132:Gobert de Helleville 2039:Edward II of England 1966:Guillaume de Beaujeu 1833:represent the later 1783:Battle of Karanovasa 1541:Crusade of Nicopolis 1466:Anti-Catalan Crusade 914:Antipope Clement VII 890:Tommaso Ugi di Siena 709:Hélion de Villeneuve 701:Foulques de Villaret 677:Barthélemy de Quincy 649:Benedetto I Zaccaria 633:Benedetto I Zaccaria 565:Charles II of Naples 541:Gobert de Helleville 517:Guillaume de Nogaret 413:Władysław I Łokietek 276:Ferdinand of Majorca 268:Walter VI of Brienne 11116:. Porcupine Press. 10996:. Clarendon Press. 10394:Lane-Poole, Stanley 10364:The Sons of Bayezid 10346:. Pearson Longman. 10218:. Clarendon Press. 9967:. E. Leroux, Paris. 9914:Chaytor, Henry John 9158:Zacour, Norman P. “ 9141:Zacour, Norman P. “ 8554:J. Richard (2011) “ 8181:Teutonic Order, The 6686:London: R. Bentley. 6259:Ottoman Interregnum 6161:Battle of Nicopolis 6113:Battle of Kırkdilim 5964:Amadeus VI of Savoy 5952:Byzantine civil war 5857:Byzantine civil war 5837:Byzantine civil war 5825:Battle of Pelekanon 5695:Henry of Trastámara 5663:Despenser's Crusade 5653:Despenser's Crusade 5619:Louis II de Bourbon 5567:Alexandrian Crusade 5557:Alexandrian Crusade 5550:Hélie de Talleyrand 5496:1352 Papal Conclave 5435:Magnus IV of Sweden 5401:Bartolomeo Zaccaria 5319:1342 Papal Conclave 5273:1334 Papal Conclave 5253:John III of Brabant 5229:Archbishop of Rouen 5197:Documents arméniens 5193:in 1455 appears in 5142:Philip VI of France 5137:Philip VI of France 5081:constable of Cyprus 5039:. Hugh was crowned 4876:Philip VI of France 4870:and the subsequent 4861:Byzantine civil war 4853:War of Saint-Sardos 4699:Lothar of Brunswick 4687:Raid on Brandenburg 4683:Polish–Teutonic War 4674:Polish–Teutonic War 4558:at the time of the 4530:Despotate of Epirus 4402:Despotate of Epirus 4396:. Walter hired the 4394:Walter V of Brienne 4376:. This resulted in 4326:Battle of Pelagonia 4222:Philip I of Taranto 4214:Charles II of Anjou 4004:, first landing at 3926:Alfonso I of Aragon 3869:Geoffroi de Charney 3800:Albigensian Crusade 3657:Galeazzo I Visconti 3567:Crusade of the Poor 3561:Crusade of the Poor 3539:Gioacchino da Fiore 2849:Philip VI of France 2595:Byzantine civil war 2539:Walter V of Brienne 2386:Byzantine civil war 2352:, by French artist 2271:as papal legate to 2248:Philip I of Taranto 2230:on the mainland as 2228:Charles II of Anjou 2218:Charles II of Anjou 2212:Catherine of Valois 2159:Peter III of Aragon 2114:Philip IV of France 2086:House of Luxembourg 2084:, the first of the 2078:Albert I of Germany 2074:Rudolf I of Germany 2047:Philip IV of France 2034:Edward I of England 2020:Situation in Europe 1892:ended in 1270, the 1884:The end of Outremer 1798:Battle of Nicopolis 1778:Battle of Kırkdilim 1698:Battle of Pelekanon 1688:Raid on Brandenburg 1521:Despenser's Crusade 1516:Alexandrian Crusade 1506:Crusades of Urban V 1471:Polish–Teutonic War 1441:Crusade of the Poor 1410:Crusades after Acre 1355:Crusade of the Poor 922:Hélie de Talleyrand 906:Bartolomeo Zaccaria 766:Galeazzo I Visconti 730:S. von Feuchtwangen 689:Geoffroi de Charney 621:Henry of Trastámara 613:Amadeus VI of Savoy 589:Louis II of Bourbon 577:Catherine of Valois 557:Philip I of Taranto 529:John III of Brabant 264:Walter V of Brienne 184:Charles II of Anjou 11012:Setton, Kenneth M. 10728:. Bloomsbury USA. 10439:Laiou, Angeliki E. 10385:History of Armenia 10281:The Ottoman Empire 9713:Atiya, Aziz Suryal 9617:(3), pgs. 341–349. 9482:2023-03-01 at the 9122:John II. of France 8734:Laiou, A. (1970). 8719:Études Balkaniques 7551:(online ed.). 7345:Pope Boniface VIII 7320:(online ed.). 7314:"Jāme' al-Tawārik" 7300:(online ed.). 7280:Amitai-Preiss 1995 6212: 6097:Kadi Burhan al-Din 6004: 5973:Kingdom of Hungary 5948:John V Palaiologos 5833:Siege of Nicomedia 5790: 5751:was leader of the 5727:Battle of Chioggia 5719:Louis I of Hungary 5683:Joanna I of Naples 5667:Henry le Despenser 5639:Kingdom of Tlemcen 5631:Crusade of Tedelis 5606: 5441:, marching up the 5423:Geoffroi de Charny 5361: 5327:Smyrniote Crusades 5265:Louis I of Bourbon 5257:Odo IV of Burgundy 5176: 5150:Duchy of Aquitaine 5077:Louis I of Bourbon 5053:crown of Jerusalem 5033:Henry II of Cyprus 5022:Hundred Years' War 4962:Siege of Algeciras 4958:Kingdom of Granada 4954:James II of Aragon 4949: 4892:Shepherds' Crusade 4886:Shepherds' Crusade 4838:Charles entrusted 4821:Shepherds' Crusade 4805:Louis I of Bourbon 4792:Philip V of France 4782:Philip V of France 4731:Thaddeus of Naples 4645: 4605:Takeover of Gdańsk 4479:Duchy of Neopatras 4433:Boniface of Verona 4406:Battle of Halmyros 4366:Irene Palaiologina 4330:Battle of Prinitza 4298:Kingdom of Albania 4268:Frederick Trogisio 4250:Battle of Manolada 4242:Isabelle of Sabran 4226:Matilda of Hainaut 4210:Charles I of Anjou 4185:Assizes of Romania 4174:De la Roche family 4088:and the island of 4070:Beylik of Menteshe 4066:Hospitaller Rhodes 4060:Hospitaller Rhodes 4041: 3996:Conquest of Rhodes 3942:James II of Aragon 3917:on 14 March 1319. 3888:Templars in Iberia 3856: 3796:Louis IX of France 3752:Henry II of Cyprus 3726:Order of Calatrava 3722:James II of Aragon 3683:ecumenical council 3641:Republic of Venice 3597:Emirate of Granada 3591:Emirate of Granada 3580:John II of Brabant 3555:multi crucesignati 3543:Dulcinian movement 3476:super statu templi 3471: 3456:Franco-Flemish War 3333:Flagitiosum scelus 3315:Schiaffo di Anagni 3297:Keeper of the Seal 3239:Hospitaller Rhodes 3163:Leo III of Armenia 2993:al-Mansur Muhammad 2899:al-Mansur Abu Bakr 2873:Sayf ad-Din Barquq 2763:Baydara al-Mansuri 2759:Hosam ad-Din Lajin 2692:The Mamluk sultan 2615: 2605:Beylik of Menteshe 2567:Paleologo Zaccaria 2535:Battle of Halmyros 2523:Siege of Gallipoli 2519:Bernat de Rocafort 2492: 2456:James II of Aragon 2401: 2327: 2155: 2090:Holy Roman Emperor 2059:Parliament of 1327 2043:Isabella of France 1947:Henry II of Cyprus 1855:political Crusades 1743:Battle of Chioggia 1713:Siege of Nicomedia 1678:Battle of Manolada 1668:Battle of Halmyros 1658:Takeover of Gdańsk 1648:Siege of Gallipoli 1496:Smyrniote Crusades 1476:Shepherds' Crusade 1461:Conquest of Rhodes 1282:Against Christians 986:Crusade indulgence 976:Crusading movement 862:Other Participants 854:Kadi Burhan al-Din 790:Bernat de Rocafort 669:Frederick Trogisio 637:Paleologo Zaccaria 609:Louis I of Hungary 597:Henry le Despenser 585:Louis I of Bourbon 537:Odo IV of Burgundy 525:John II of Brabant 445:John V Palaiologos 325:Baydara al-Mansuri 296:Boniface of Verona 192:James II of Aragon 112:Cyprus (Jerusalem) 11277:Wolff, Robert Lee 11242:Villari, Pasquale 9981:. Profile Books. 9495:İnalcık, Halil, “ 9204:" Medievalist.net 8846:Pope Benedict XII 8778:(4), pp. 810–857. 8545:, pp. 30–32. 8521:(2): pgs.143–166. 8238:, pp. 29–30. 7782:Louis X of France 6948:Ramon Muntaner's 6229:Siege of Damascus 5917:Kingdom of Bosnia 5913:Battle of Pločnik 5901:Battle of Maritsa 5845:Fall of Gallipoli 5828:and depopulated. 5807:, begun in 1328. 5765:Battle of Bapheus 5576:Yalbugha al-Umari 5563:Alexandria, Egypt 5541:John II of France 5522:Giovanni Visconti 5492:Quamvis Perfidiam 5472:John II of France 5460:Peter I of Cyprus 5373:Battle of Pallene 5369:Francesco Dandolo 5237:John II of France 5218:al-Nasir Muhammad 5118:Francesco Dandolo 5037:Hugh IV of Cyprus 5028:Hugh IV of Cyprus 5008:Liber Secretorum, 4872:Hundred Years War 4840:Charles of Valois 4815:Informatio brevis 4772:al-Naser Mohammed 4735:Hayton of Corycus 4679:Werner von Orseln 4564:Northern Crusades 4510:Argos and Nauplia 4418:Manfred of Athens 4410:annexed the duchy 4344:was established. 4294:Robert of Taranto 4230:Louis of Burgundy 4206:princes of Achaea 4112:In October 1312, 4097:Maurice de Pagnac 4078:Battle of Amorgos 4074:Mesut of Menteshe 4037:Éloi Firmin Féron 3911:Convent of Christ 3903:Templars of Tomar 3898:Denis of Portugal 3790:Charges of heresy 3757:Louis X of France 3695:Regnans in coelis 3691:Council of Vienne 3671:Council of Vienne 3665:Obizzo III d'Este 3653:Matteo I Visconti 3617:Council of Vienne 3495:Hugues de Pairaud 3432:Hayton of Corycus 3402:Andrew of Perugia 3385:Council of Vienne 3206:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh 3114:George Pachymeres 3086:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh 3055: 3054: 2949:al-Muzaffar Hajji 2861:al-Nasir Muhammad 2792:Sayf al-Din Salar 2787:al-Nasir Muhammad 2781:Al-Nasir Muhammad 2710:al-Mansûr Qalawun 2559:Lordship of Chios 2545:Lordship of Chios 2466:, led by Italian 2430:Battle of Bapheus 2410:Anatolian beyliks 2293:Jean I de Grailly 2289:Leo II of Armenia 2224:Kingdom of Sicily 2200:Aragonese Crusade 2194:Aragonese Crusade 2188:Battle of Curzola 2163:Charles of Valois 2142:The Mediterranean 2098:Great Interregnum 1941:al-Mansûr Qalawun 1868:Northern Crusades 1826: 1825: 1808:Siege of Damascus 1758:Battle of Pločnik 1738:Battle of Maritsa 1733:Fall of Gallipoli 1723:Battle of Pallene 1673:Battle of Amorgos 1628:Battle of Bapheus 1613:Battle of Curzola 1558: 1557: 1421:Aragonese Crusade 1374: 1373: 1360:Shepherds' (1320) 1350:Shepherds' (1251) 1334:(1096–1320) 1284:(1209–1588) 1219:(1147–1410) 1097:(1291–1717) 927: 926: 902:Francesco Dandolo 882:Andrew of Perugia 774:Obizzo III d'Este 762:Matteo I Visconti 734:Werner von Orseln 705:Maurice de Pagnac 685:Hugues de Pairaud 561:Robert of Taranto 553:Rupen of Montfort 509:Charles of Valois 345:Yalbugha al-Umari 341:Sayf al-Din Salar 337:An-Nasir Muhammad 288:Manfred of Athens 272:Louis of Burgundy 196:Holy Roman Empire 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 11370: 11363:Fall of Outremer 11328: 11326: 11314: 11312: 11300: 11296:Teutonic Knights 11289: 11287: 11272: 11251: 11237: 11212: 11191: 11155: 11153: 11141: 11139: 11127: 11108: 11087: 11085: 11070: 11049: 11047: 11035: 11033: 11021: 11007: 10986: 10975:. I. B. Tauris. 10965: 10963: 10951: 10932:Runciman, Steven 10927: 10903: 10882: 10858: 10837: 10818:Richard, Jean C. 10813: 10802: 10781: 10760: 10739: 10715: 10694: 10673: 10652: 10631: 10610: 10596: 10575: 10554: 10552: 10540: 10538: 10526: 10524: 10509: 10480: 10459: 10434: 10413: 10389: 10378: 10357: 10333: 10312: 10310: 10295: 10271: 10250: 10229: 10205: 10191: 10189: 10177: 10156: 10145: 10131: 10110: 10089: 10087: 10075: 10073: 10058: 10037: 10013: 9992: 9968: 9954: 9933: 9909: 9907: 9895: 9893: 9878: 9857: 9843: 9819: 9817: 9805: 9781: 9779: 9767: 9765: 9753: 9732: 9708: 9687: 9666: 9654: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9604: 9598: 9584: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9527: 9521: 9510: 9504: 9493: 9487: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9444:Pope Bl. Urban V 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9403: 9397: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9322: 9316: 9301: 9295: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9240: 9234: 9225:Marçais, G., “ʿ 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9198: 9192: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9156: 9150: 9139: 9133: 9118: 9112: 9098: 9092: 9081:Pope Bl. Urban V 9074: 9068: 9057:Pope Innocent IV 9053: 9047: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8809: 8800: 8785: 8779: 8765: 8759: 8748: 8739: 8732: 8726: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8635: 8629: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8569: 8563: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8507: 8501: 8486: 8480: 8465: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8404: 8398: 8383: 8377: 8362: 8356: 8345: 8339: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8291: 8285: 8274: 8268: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8071:Riley-Smith 2001 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 7999: 7993: 7976: 7967: 7961: 7952: 7937: 7931: 7916: 7910: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7799: 7793: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7731: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7650:Riley-Smith 2001 7647: 7641: 7640: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7540: 7534: 7519: 7513: 7500: 7494: 7479: 7473: 7458: 7452: 7437: 7431: 7420:Jacques de Molai 7416: 7410: 7399:Pope Benedict XI 7395: 7389: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6944: 6938: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6902: 6891: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6599: 6593: 6578: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6486: 6480: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6436:Pope Nicholas IV 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6321:List of Crusades 6248:Battle of Ankara 6157:Stefan Lazarević 6125:Battle of Rovine 6121:Mircea the Elder 6099:, vizier to the 6061:Stefan Lazarević 6008:Battle of Kosovo 5996:Battle of Kosovo 5987:Battle of Kosovo 5968:Savoyard Crusade 5958:Savoyard Crusade 5933:Battle of Bileća 5925:Lala Şahin Pasha 5891:led by brothers 5879:to the princess 5753:Anatolian beylik 5723:Dalmatian cities 5687:Louis I of Anjou 5647:Hafsid sultanate 5635:Martin of Aragon 5526:Bernabò Visconti 5512:Savoyard Crusade 5418:Book of Chivalry 5413:Battle of Imbros 5358:Giuseppe Gatteri 5241:Duke of Normandy 5123:Beylik of Karasi 5073:Maria of Bourbon 4919:, French author 4827:Charles the Fair 4788:John I of France 4715:Treaty of Kalisz 4703:Battle of Płowce 4656:Treaty of Soldin 4580:Hermann of Salza 4548:Teutonic Knights 4536:Teutonic Knights 4498:count of Brienne 4422:Alfonso Fadrique 4254:Robert of Naples 4162:Byzantine Empire 4123:Martino Zaccaria 3954:Order of Montesa 3934:Castle of Monzón 3873:Hugues de Peraud 3865:Jacques de Molay 3826:William of Paris 3748:Armenian Cilicia 3629:Azzo VIII d'Este 3549:Valley and near 3467:Jacques de Molay 3365:Jacques de Molay 3218:Treaty of Aleppo 3183:Oshin of Armenia 3103:Ilkhanid Armenia 3069:and then cousin 2939:al-Kamil Sha'ban 2882: 2881: 2767:al-Adil Kitbugha 2755:Sunqur al-Ashqar 2731:Al-Ashraf Khalil 2718:al-Ashraf Khalil 2698:Siege of Baghdad 2667:Jacques de Molay 2613:Anatolia in 1300 2571:Martino Zaccaria 2458:and his brother 2416:around the town 2354:Dominique Papety 2348:. The painting, 2305:al-Ashraf Khalil 2285:Lucia of Tripoli 2240:Maria of Antioch 2136:Rabban Bar Ṣawma 2055:Aymer de Valence 1978:Siege of Tripoli 1962:Jean de Villiers 1929:Armenian Cilicia 1847:popular Crusades 1813:Battle of Ankara 1793:Battle of Rovine 1768:Battle of Kosovo 1763:Battle of Bileća 1728:Battle of Imbros 1708:Battle of Płowce 1603:Siege of Tripoli 1593: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1511:Savoyard Crusade 1411: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1088:Fall of Outremer 991:Papal income tax 963: 953: 946: 939: 930: 929: 898:Martino Zaccaria 894:William of Paris 874:Lucia of Tripoli 866:Rabban Bar Sawma 858:Mircea the Elder 830:Stefan Lazarević 758:Azzo VIII d'Este 714:Teutonic Knights 681:Jacques de Molay 665:Bernabò Visconti 641:Martino Zaccaria 601:Louis I of Anjou 593:Martin of Aragon 513:John of Montfort 457:Mongol Ilkhanate 421:Byzantine Empire 377:Lala Şahin Pasha 329:Al-Adil Kitbugha 321:Al-Ashraf Khalil 317:Sunqur al-Ashqar 305:Mamluk Sultanate 292:Alfonso Fadrique 152:Charles the Fair 63: 62: 52: 32: 31: 21: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11333: 11332: 11331: 11324: 11310: 11285: 11269: 11234: 11209: 11151: 11137: 11124: 11105: 11083: 11067: 11045: 11031: 11004: 10983: 10961: 10948: 10924: 10908:Roux, Jean-Paul 10900: 10879: 10855: 10834: 10799: 10778: 10757: 10736: 10712: 10691: 10670: 10649: 10628: 10593: 10572: 10550: 10536: 10522: 10506: 10477: 10457: 10431: 10410: 10375: 10354: 10330: 10308: 10292: 10268: 10257:Knights Templar 10247: 10226: 10210:Housley, Norman 10187: 10174: 10128: 10107: 10085: 10071: 10055: 10034: 10010: 9989: 9973:Demurger, Alain 9951: 9930: 9905: 9891: 9875: 9840: 9815: 9802: 9786:Barber, Malcolm 9777: 9763: 9750: 9729: 9705: 9684: 9663: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9627:Kastritsis 2007 9625: 9621: 9605: 9601: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9528: 9524: 9511: 9507: 9494: 9490: 9484:Wayback Machine 9474: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9441: 9437: 9429: 9425: 9417: 9413: 9404: 9400: 9383: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9340: 9323: 9319: 9302: 9298: 9282: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9241: 9237: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9199: 9195: 9186: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9157: 9153: 9140: 9136: 9119: 9115: 9099: 9095: 9075: 9071: 9054: 9050: 9041: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8967:Aydi̊̊n-Og̲h̲lu 8965:Mélikoff, I., “ 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8900: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8813:Pope Clement VI 8810: 8803: 8789:Peter Paludanus 8786: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8749: 8742: 8733: 8729: 8725:: pgs. 142–176. 8712: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8651: 8647: 8636: 8632: 8615: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8570: 8566: 8556:Adams, Guillame 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8508: 8504: 8487: 8483: 8466: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8405: 8401: 8384: 8380: 8363: 8359: 8346: 8342: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8292: 8288: 8275: 8271: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8000: 7996: 7977: 7970: 7962: 7955: 7938: 7934: 7917: 7913: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7800: 7796: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7732: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7541: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7512:, pgs. 219–259. 7501: 7497: 7480: 7476: 7459: 7455: 7438: 7434: 7417: 7413: 7396: 7392: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7310: 7306: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6945: 6941: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6905: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6744:Housley, Norman 6742: 6738: 6727: 6723: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6600: 6596: 6579: 6575: 6558: 6554: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6504: 6500: 6487: 6483: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6296:Crusader states 6267: 6252:Siege of Smyrna 6179: 6173: 6133: 6073: 6057:Olivera Despina 6041: 6028:Moravian Serbia 6022:, commanded by 6000:Adam Stefanović 5989: 5960: 5909:Lazar of Serbia 5881:Devletşah Hatun 5865: 5805:Siege of Nicaea 5782: 5745: 5739: 5731:Treaty of Turin 5715:War of Chioggia 5707: 5705:War of Chioggia 5655: 5611: 5559: 5481: 5456: 5431: 5380:. The governor 5378:Beylik of Aydın 5315: 5261:John of Bohemia 5245:Prés des Clercs 5233:Peers of France 5210:Peter Paludanus 5206: 5204:Crusade of 1336 5164: 5139: 5089: 5087:The Holy League 5030: 5017: 4998: 4986: 4941: 4905: 4888: 4880:House of Valois 4829: 4784: 4747: 4723: 4676: 4617:became the new 4607: 4572:Monifort Castle 4552:Military Orders 4544: 4538: 4528:, and then the 4491: 4435:died. In 1318, 4398:Catalan Company 4390:Duchy of Athens 4386: 4348:Andronicus Asen 4316:. After taking 4306: 4262:Castel dell'Ovo 4258:John of Gravina 4194: 4148: 4131:Battle of Chios 4118:Grand Preceptor 4110: 4108:Battle of Chios 4062: 4018:Feraklos Castle 3998: 3986: 3978:Siege of Rhodes 3966: 3915:Ad ea ex quibus 3890: 3861: 3853:British Library 3821: 3792: 3765: 3740: 3703: 3701:Knights Templar 3673: 3625: 3613:Crown of Aragon 3593: 3563: 3531: 3508: 3484: 3451: 3449:Military Orders 3424: 3395:The Franciscan 3393: 3377: 3357:Clericis Laicos 3341: 3324: 3306:Sciarra Colonna 3272:Clericis laicos 3247: 3231: 3198: 3139: 3095: 3060: 3035:, first of the 2929:as-Salih Ismail 2909:al-Ashraf Kujuk 2857: 2783: 2733: 2714:al-Said Barakah 2690: 2663:Château Pèlerin 2643: 2607: 2547: 2531:Duchy of Athens 2527:Battle of Apros 2486: 2472:and adventurer 2464:Catalan Company 2442: 2440:Catalan Company 2406: 2366: 2313: 2280:Fall of Tripoli 2264: 2256:Robert the Wise 2220: 2196: 2179: 2152:Francesco Hayez 2144: 2111: 2071: 2031: 2022: 1951:Amalric of Tyre 1925:Crusader states 1886: 1881: 1827: 1822: 1818:Siege of Smyrna 1693:Siege of Nicaea 1683:Battle of Chios 1653:Battle of Apros 1594: 1591: 1589: 1559: 1554: 1491:Crusade of 1336 1412: 1409: 1407: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1340:People's (1096) 964: 959: 957: 920: 918:Gil de Albornoz 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 818:Lazar of Serbia 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 778:Catalan Company 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 653:Sciarra Colonna 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 629:Robert the Wise 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 581:John of Bohemia 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549:Amalric of Tyre 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 298: 294: 290: 286: 284:Andronicus Asen 282: 280:John of Gravina 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 93: 79: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11376: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11330: 11329: 11315: 11301: 11290: 11273: 11267: 11252: 11238: 11232: 11213: 11207: 11192: 11174:(394): 25–52. 11156: 11142: 11128: 11122: 11109: 11103: 11088: 11071: 11065: 11050: 11036: 11022: 11008: 11002: 10987: 10981: 10966: 10952: 10946: 10928: 10922: 10904: 10898: 10883: 10877: 10859: 10853: 10838: 10832: 10814: 10803: 10797: 10782: 10776: 10761: 10755: 10740: 10734: 10720:Nicolle, David 10716: 10710: 10695: 10689: 10674: 10668: 10653: 10647: 10632: 10626: 10611: 10597: 10591: 10576: 10570: 10555: 10541: 10527: 10510: 10504: 10481: 10475: 10460: 10455: 10447:Dumbarton Oaks 10435: 10429: 10414: 10408: 10390: 10379: 10373: 10358: 10352: 10338:Jackson, Peter 10334: 10328: 10313: 10300:İnalcık, Halil 10296: 10290: 10272: 10266: 10251: 10245: 10230: 10224: 10206: 10192: 10178: 10172: 10157: 10146: 10144:. Plon, Paris. 10136:Grousset, René 10132: 10126: 10111: 10105: 10090: 10076: 10059: 10053: 10038: 10032: 10018:Frale, Barbara 10014: 10008: 9993: 9987: 9969: 9955: 9949: 9934: 9928: 9910: 9896: 9879: 9873: 9858: 9844: 9838: 9820: 9806: 9800: 9782: 9768: 9754: 9748: 9733: 9727: 9709: 9703: 9688: 9682: 9667: 9661: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9619: 9599: 9576: 9564: 9551: 9539: 9522: 9505: 9488: 9468: 9456: 9435: 9423: 9411: 9409:. GRIN Verlag. 9398: 9377: 9365: 9350: 9338: 9317: 9296: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9242:Idris, H.R., “ 9235: 9218: 9206: 9193: 9180: 9168: 9151: 9134: 9113: 9093: 9069: 9048: 9035: 9023: 9011: 8999: 8987: 8975: 8958: 8946: 8926: 8914: 8894: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8837: 8825: 8801: 8780: 8760: 8740: 8727: 8706: 8694: 8677: 8665: 8645: 8630: 8618:Dubois, Pierre 8609: 8597: 8585: 8564: 8547: 8535: 8523: 8502: 8481: 8457: 8445: 8432: 8420: 8399: 8378: 8357: 8340: 8319: 8315:Ghazarian 2000 8307: 8295:Pope John XXII 8286: 8269: 8252: 8240: 8228: 8216: 8212:Woodhouse 1879 8204: 8192: 8172: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8027: 8015: 7994: 7968: 7953: 7932: 7911: 7890: 7878: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7794: 7773: 7761: 7747: 7723: 7711: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7566: 7554: 7535: 7514: 7508:. In Philips, 7495: 7474: 7462:Pope Clement V 7453: 7432: 7411: 7390: 7369: 7357: 7336: 7324: 7304: 7284: 7272: 7260: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7186: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6967: 6955: 6939: 6927:Flor, Roger di 6918: 6903: 6883: 6871: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6736: 6721: 6700: 6688: 6672: 6660: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6594: 6573: 6552: 6531: 6519: 6498: 6481: 6460: 6448: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6336:Timurid Empire 6333: 6331:Ottoman Empire 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6263: 6225:Sack of Aleppo 6221:an-Nasir Faraj 6216:Timurid Empire 6209:Andrea Celesti 6177:Timurid Empire 6175:Main article: 6172: 6169: 6132: 6129: 6093:İsfendiyar Bey 6072: 6069: 6040: 6037: 6024:Vlatko Vuković 5988: 5985: 5959: 5956: 5921:Vlatko Vuković 5905:Siege of Sofia 5864: 5861: 5841:Süleyman Pasha 5781: 5778: 5757:Ottoman Empire 5741:Main article: 5738: 5735: 5706: 5703: 5675:Siege of Ypres 5654: 5651: 5615:Mahdia Crusade 5610: 5607: 5592:Kitāb al-Ilmām 5558: 5555: 5480: 5477: 5455: 5452: 5430: 5427: 5314: 5311: 5205: 5202: 5187:Jean de Vignay 5163: 5158: 5138: 5135: 5088: 5085: 5075:, daughter of 5041:king of Cyprus 5029: 5026: 5016: 5013: 4997: 4994: 4985: 4982: 4968:in July 1309. 4940: 4937: 4929:Guillaume Adam 4904: 4901: 4887: 4884: 4828: 4825: 4810:William Durand 4783: 4780: 4770:Mamluk sultan 4761:Papal Conclave 4746: 4743: 4722: 4719: 4675: 4672: 4664:Malbork Castle 4606: 4603: 4540:Main article: 4537: 4534: 4516:was issued by 4490: 4487: 4385: 4382: 4318:Mount Taygetos 4305: 4302: 4193: 4190: 4147: 4146:The Latin East 4144: 4138:the island of 4116:was appointed 4109: 4106: 4061: 4058: 4014:city of Rhodes 3997: 3994: 3985: 3982: 3965: 3962: 3938:Vox in excelso 3889: 3886: 3860: 3857: 3820: 3817: 3791: 3788: 3764: 3761: 3739: 3736: 3717:Vox in excelso 3702: 3699: 3672: 3669: 3624: 3621: 3609:Kingdom of Fez 3601:Nasrid dynasty 3592: 3589: 3562: 3559: 3530: 3527: 3507: 3504: 3483: 3480: 3450: 3447: 3428:Mongol Armenia 3423: 3418: 3392: 3389: 3376: 3373: 3349:Avignon Papacy 3340: 3337: 3323: 3320: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3227: 3197: 3194: 3138: 3135: 3094: 3091: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3047:an-Nasir Faraj 3043: 3042: 3039: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3023:as-Salih Hajji 3019: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2979:al-Nasir Hasan 2975: 2974: 2971: 2969:as-Salih Salih 2965: 2964: 2961: 2959:al-Nasir Hasan 2955: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2919:an-Nasir Ahmad 2915: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2877:al-Nasir Faraj 2856: 2853: 2782: 2779: 2732: 2729: 2689: 2686: 2642: 2639: 2606: 2603: 2590:Leo Kalothetos 2563:fait accompli. 2546: 2543: 2515:Ramon Muntaner 2441: 2438: 2426:Ottoman Empire 2405: 2402: 2365: 2362: 2312: 2309: 2263: 2260: 2232:King of Naples 2219: 2216: 2195: 2192: 2183:War of Curzola 2178: 2177:War of Curzola 2175: 2143: 2140: 2110: 2107: 2070: 2067: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 1890:Eighth Crusade 1885: 1882: 1872:Ottoman Empire 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1803:Sack of Aleppo 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1753:Siege of Ypres 1750: 1748:Siege of Sofia 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1543: 1538: 1536:Mahdia Crusade 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1328: 1327: 1325:Spanish Armada 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1227: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1095:Later Crusades 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 969: 966: 965: 956: 955: 948: 941: 933: 925: 924: 850:İsfendiyar Bey 798:Vlatko Vuković 786:Ramon Muntaner 738:Mongol Armenia 711: 625:Italian States 545:Other Nobility 505:Western Europe 501: 500: 496: 495: 437:Leo Kalothetos 369:Süleyman Pasha 353:Ottoman Empire 349:An-Nasir Faraj 302: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11375: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11323: 11322: 11316: 11309: 11308: 11302: 11298: 11297: 11291: 11284: 11283: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11268:9781853677342 11264: 11260: 11259: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11233:9780674023871 11229: 11225: 11224:Belknap Press 11221: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11149: 11143: 11136: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11123:9780879916183 11119: 11115: 11110: 11106: 11104:9789004122925 11100: 11096: 11095: 11089: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11066:9780871691149 11062: 11058: 11057: 11051: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11030: 11029: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11003:9780198221654 10999: 10995: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10982:9780857718105 10978: 10974: 10973: 10967: 10960: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10947:9780521347723 10943: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10923:9782213031644 10919: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10899:9781137264756 10895: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10878:9780192854285 10874: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10854:9780521625661 10850: 10846: 10845: 10839: 10835: 10833:9780444852625 10829: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10804: 10800: 10798:9780300156577 10794: 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AMS Press. 10619: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10592:9780521521987 10588: 10584: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10571:9783847004240 10567: 10563: 10562: 10556: 10549: 10548: 10542: 10535: 10534: 10528: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10505:0-415-39312-4 10501: 10497: 10493: 10490:. Routledge. 10489: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10476:9780582051393 10472: 10469:. Routledge. 10468: 10467: 10461: 10458: 10456:9780884023326 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10430:9780754601203 10426: 10422: 10421: 10415: 10411: 10409:9780790532042 10405: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10380: 10376: 10374:9789047422471 10370: 10366: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10353:9780582368965 10349: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10329:9781597400480 10325: 10321: 10320: 10314: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10291:9780333613863 10287: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10267:9780002164528 10263: 10259: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10246:9780198221371 10242: 10238: 10237: 10231: 10227: 10225:9780198219576 10221: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10193: 10186: 10185: 10179: 10175: 10173:9780813513041 10169: 10165: 10164: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10127:9780700714186 10123: 10119: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10106:9780367592523 10102: 10099:. Routledge. 10098: 10097: 10091: 10084: 10083: 10077: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10054:9781134196180 10050: 10047:. Routledge. 10046: 10045: 10039: 10035: 10033:9781611450194 10029: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10009:9780521268769 10005: 10001: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9988:9781846682247 9984: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9950:9780691051253 9946: 9942: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9929:9780404014797 9925: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9883:Cahen, Claude 9880: 9876: 9874:9781317111962 9870: 9867:. Routledge. 9866: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9839:9780748621378 9835: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9814: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9801:9781107645769 9797: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9776: 9775: 9769: 9762: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9749:9780527037000 9745: 9741: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9728:9780404154103 9724: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9704:9781849836883 9700: 9696: 9695: 9689: 9685: 9683:9789004110489 9679: 9675: 9674: 9668: 9664: 9662:9780521462266 9658: 9653: 9652: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9628: 9623: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9573: 9572:Bosworth 2004 9568: 9561: 9555: 9548: 9543: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9519: 9515: 9514:Burhān al-Dīn 9509: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9432: 9427: 9420: 9415: 9408: 9402: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9375:, p. 26. 9374: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9355: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9305:John of Gaunt 9300: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9232: 9228: 9227:Abd al-Wādids 9222: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9190: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9045: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8955: 8954:Bosworth 2004 8950: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8891: 8886: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8737: 8731: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8703: 8702:Bosworth 2004 8698: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8573:Raymond Lully 8568: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8531:Georgiou 2018 8527: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8225: 8220: 8213: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8131:Topping 1975a 8127: 8120: 8119:Runciman 2009 8115: 8108: 8107:Topping 1975a 8103: 8096: 8095:Topping 1975a 8091: 8084: 8083:Topping 1975a 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8023:Luttrell 1975 8019: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7975: 7973: 7965: 7964:Luttrell 1975 7960: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7887: 7886:Demurger 2009 7882: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7819:Runciman 1954 7815: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7757: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7720: 7715: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7328: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7110:Northrup 1998 7106: 7099: 7095: 7092:Holt, P. M. “ 7089: 7082: 7081:Demurger 2009 7077: 7070: 7069:Runciman 1954 7065: 7058: 7053: 7045: 7044: 7036: 7029: 7028:Bosworth 2004 7024: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6951: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6875: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6852:Asbridge 2012 6848: 6841: 6840:Runciman 1954 6836: 6829: 6828:Runciman 1954 6824: 6817: 6816:Runciman 1954 6812: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6792:Runciman 1969 6788: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6768:Runciman 1954 6764: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6668:Runciman 1954 6664: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6528: 6527:Phillips 2010 6523: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6456:Runciman 1954 6452: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6423:Runciman 1954 6419: 6412: 6411:Runciman 1969 6407: 6400: 6399:Runciman 1954 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Mongol Empire 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6137:Anadoluhisarı 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6016:Vuk Branković 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5691:John of Gaunt 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5641:in 1398. The 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546:Holy Saturday 5542: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5391:In May 1345, 5389: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5343:Henry of Asti 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5293:al-Mustakfi I 5288: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5173: 5172:Jean Miélot's 5168: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104:, serving as 5103: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4996:Marino Sanudo 4993: 4991: 4984:Pierre Dubois 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925:Marino Sanuto 4922: 4921:Pierre Dubois 4918: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849:Latin Emperor 4846: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4568:Fifth Crusade 4565: 4561: 4560:Third Crusade 4557: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463:Siderokastron 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4442:sebastokrator 4438: 4437:John II Ducas 4434: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362:Ivan Asen III 4359: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127:lord of Chios 4124: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4086:Halicarnassus 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3882:Ile des Juifs 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3513: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3279:Ausculta Fili 3274: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259:Boniface VIII 3256: 3252: 3245:Boniface VIII 3242: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3037:Burji dynasty 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867:in which the 2866: 2865:Burji dynasty 2862: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:al-Mustakfi I 2828: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2738:Cairo Citadel 2728: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2682:Siege of Ruad 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Karasid Turks 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2474:Roger de Flor 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2331:Siege of Acre 2324: 2322: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1608:Siege of Acre 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1551: 1550:Bona Crusades 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1369: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083:Lord Edward's 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 967: 962: 954: 949: 947: 942: 940: 935: 934: 931: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:Vuk Branković 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Roger de Flor 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:Henry of Asti 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:John of Gaunt 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503: 502: 497: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 301: 300:John II Ducas 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228:Boniface VIII 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 109: 104: 96: 91: 90: 86: 83: 82: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 19: 11320: 11306: 11295: 11281: 11257: 11246: 11218: 11197: 11171: 11167: 11147: 11133: 11113: 11093: 11079: 11075:Sinor, Denis 11055: 11041: 11027: 11016: 10992: 10971: 10957: 10936: 10912: 10888: 10867: 10843: 10822: 10808: 10787: 10766: 10745: 10724: 10700: 10679: 10658: 10641:. ABC-CLIO. 10637: 10616: 10605: 10581: 10560: 10546: 10532: 10518: 10486: 10465: 10442: 10419: 10398: 10384: 10363: 10342: 10318: 10304: 10280: 10276:Imber, Colin 10256: 10235: 10214: 10200: 10183: 10162: 10151: 10140: 10116: 10095: 10081: 10067: 10043: 10022: 9998: 9977: 9963: 9939: 9918: 9901: 9887: 9863: 9852: 9848:Bryce, James 9828: 9811: 9790: 9773: 9759: 9738: 9717: 9693: 9672: 9650: 9637:Bibliography 9622: 9614: 9611: 9602: 9594: 9591: 9567: 9554: 9542: 9534: 9525: 9517: 9512:Rypka, J., “ 9508: 9500: 9491: 9471: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9438: 9431:İnalcık 1989 9426: 9414: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9380: 9368: 9346:Hazlitt 1900 9341: 9333: 9329: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9299: 9291: 9288: 9279: 9272:Tyerman 1996 9267: 9255: 9247: 9238: 9230: 9221: 9209: 9196: 9183: 9171: 9163: 9154: 9146: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9116: 9108: 9105: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9051: 9038: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8995:Michaud 1881 8990: 8978: 8970: 8961: 8949: 8941: 8938: 8929: 8917: 8909: 8906: 8897: 8890:Michaud 1881 8885: 8878:Michaud 1881 8873: 8866:Michaud 1881 8861: 8853: 8849: 8840: 8833:Michaud 1881 8828: 8820: 8816: 8796: 8792: 8783: 8775: 8768: 8763: 8755: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8709: 8697: 8689: 8680: 8668: 8660: 8657: 8648: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8612: 8605:Michaud 1881 8600: 8593:Leopold 2000 8588: 8580: 8576: 8567: 8559: 8550: 8543:Leopold 2000 8538: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8448: 8435: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8360: 8355:. pp. 21-47. 8352: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8322: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8289: 8281: 8272: 8264: 8255: 8243: 8236:Leopold 2000 8231: 8219: 8207: 8200:Housley 1992 8195: 8187: 8184: 8175: 8162: 8155:Setton 1975a 8150: 8143:Setton 1975a 8138: 8126: 8114: 8102: 8090: 8078: 8066: 8059:Housley 1992 8054: 8042: 8030: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7997: 7989: 7983: 7948: 7944: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7893: 7881: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7806: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7776: 7764: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7693: 7686:Housley 1992 7681: 7669: 7662:Housley 1986 7657: 7645: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7602: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7569: 7557: 7548: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7503: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7483:Unam Sanctam 7477: 7469: 7465: 7456: 7451:pp. 602–610. 7448: 7444: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7339: 7327: 7317: 7307: 7297: 7287: 7275: 7263: 7246: 7239:Jackson 2005 7234: 7227:Jackson 2005 7222: 7215:Michaud 1881 7210: 7202: 7198: 7189: 7182:Ziyādaẗ 1975 7177: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7122:Ziyādaẗ 1975 7117: 7105: 7097: 7088: 7076: 7064: 7057:Nicolle 2005 7052: 7042: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6979: 6970: 6963:Setton 1975a 6958: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6921: 6914:İnalcık 1989 6898: 6874: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6804:Richard 1999 6799: 6787: 6780:Richard 1999 6775: 6763: 6758:(2): 527–535 6755: 6751: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6703: 6696:Hazlitt 1900 6691: 6683: 6675: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6642: 6635:Villari 1910 6630: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6534: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6501: 6493: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6387:Ziyādaẗ 1969 6382: 6374: 6371: 6362: 6350: 6256: 6241: 6237: 6213: 6204: 6180: 6134: 6074: 6053:Yakub Çelebi 6049:Miloš Obilić 6042: 6012:Kosovo field 6005: 5995: 5961: 5938:Murad's son 5937: 5866: 5849:Philadelphia 5830: 5814: 5791: 5746: 5708: 5659:Great Schism 5656: 5643:Bona Crusade 5612: 5591: 5583: 5572: 5560: 5538: 5516: 5491: 5482: 5457: 5432: 5416: 5390: 5362: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5277:Benedict XII 5269: 5223: 5207: 5196: 5189:in 1333 and 5179: 5177: 5160: 5140: 5090: 5031: 5018: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4970: 4950: 4932: 4906: 4895: 4889: 4865: 4857: 4837: 4830: 4813: 4812:'s treatise 4785: 4769: 4752:sede vacante 4750: 4748: 4738: 4724: 4711:Dobrzyń Land 4677: 4646: 4636: 4608: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4576:Frederick II 4545: 4492: 4440: 4426: 4387: 4352: 4346: 4307: 4291: 4271: 4266: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4166:Latin Empire 4155: 4149: 4111: 4094: 4090:Kastellorizo 4063: 4050: 4042: 4032: 4006:Kastellorizo 3999: 3987: 3967: 3937: 3919: 3914: 3906: 3891: 3862: 3848: 3834: 3822: 3808:Honorius III 3793: 3780: 3771:and that of 3766: 3741: 3729: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3694: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3663:and his son 3655:and his son 3646: 3626: 3594: 3570: 3564: 3554: 3532: 3515: 3509: 3488: 3485: 3475: 3472: 3452: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3394: 3381:Unam sanctam 3380: 3378: 3361:Unam sanctam 3360: 3356: 3342: 3332: 3325: 3314: 3290: 3285:Unam sanctam 3283: 3277: 3270: 3248: 3232: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3187: 3160: 3140: 3118: 3109: 3096: 3084: 3079: 3061: 2983:second reign 2879:thereafter. 2858: 2829: 2818: 2804: 2799: 2796:Oirat Mongol 2784: 2752: 2741: 2734: 2721: 2691: 2679: 2655:Mount Carmel 2648: 2644: 2616: 2587: 2562: 2548: 2512: 2493: 2483: 2467: 2449: 2443: 2407: 2376:Frankokratia 2374: 2367: 2349: 2339: 2336: 2328: 2319: 2311:Fall of Acre 2301: 2297: 2277: 2273:Kubilai Khan 2265: 2221: 2197: 2180: 2156: 2112: 2094:Frederick II 2072: 2032: 2023: 1997:Nicholas III 1982: 1959: 1953:remained as 1945: 1922: 1887: 1863: 1858: 1845:, the later 1839:fall of Acre 1830: 1828: 1633:Fall of Ruad 1364: 1330: 1329: 1280: 1279: 1215: 1214: 1158:Holy Leagues 1093: 1092: 996: 995: 970: 861: 833: 826:Miloš Obilić 805: 793: 777: 753: 737: 713: 693:Hospitallers 692: 672: 624: 544: 504: 456: 420: 408: 400: 389:Yakub Çelebi 352: 304: 259: 251: 215: 195: 179: 163: 135: 111: 106:Belligerents 40:Part of the 10770:. Brepols. 10662:. Ashgate. 10514:Luke, Harry 10423:. Ashgate. 9922:. Methuen. 9742:. Methuen. 9214:Hazard 1975 9176:Edbury 1991 9044:Black Death 9031:Black Death 9019:Murray 2009 8922:Setton 1976 8673:Edbury 1991 7867:: 229–292. 7843:Barber 2006 7831:Barber 2006 7769:Barber 2006 7674:Bishko 1975 7607:Barber 2006 7595:Barber 2006 6992:Miller 1983 6355:Atiya 1975a 6189:capital of 5883:, bringing 5671:Clement VII 5500:Innocent VI 5488:Black Death 5354:Pietro Zeno 5335:Pietro Zeno 5191:Jean Miélot 5174:translation 5102:Pietro Zeno 5093:Holy League 4896:Pastoreaux) 4585:Reichsfürst 4350:became the 3907:Reconquista 3812:Cistercians 3804:Inquisitors 3773:Joan of Arc 3731:Ad providam 3535:Fra Dolcino 3328:Benedict XI 3322:Benedict XI 3251:Celestine V 2869:Circassians 2469:condottiere 2013:Nicholas IV 2011:concluded, 2005:Honorius IV 1860:Reconquista 1486:Holy League 1366:Reconquista 1315:Despenser's 1290:Albigensian 1118:Alexandrian 657:Pietro Zeno 232:Benedict IX 224:Nicholas IV 92:Territorial 11337:Categories 11208:0226820122 10916:. Fayard. 10120:. Curzon. 10026:. Arcade. 9547:Atiya 1934 9419:Imber 2002 9373:Laiou 2002 9361:Imber 2002 8903:Clement VI 8453:Nicol 1993 8047:Nicol 1993 7562:Sinor 1975 7170:Mazor 2015 7158:Mazor 2015 7146:Mazor 2015 7134:Mazor 2015 7016:Nicol 1993 7004:Nicol 1993 6879:Nicol 1993 6623:Bryce 1892 6540:Edward III 6342:References 5889:Adrianople 5885:Germiyanid 5873:Karamanids 5588:al-Nuwayrī 5530:Charles IV 5484:Clement VI 5393:Humbert II 5323:Clement VI 5114:Negroponte 5067:, and the 4978:al-Lihyani 4939:Ramon Lull 4917:Ramon Lull 4506:Conversano 4310:Monemvasia 4244:, wife of 4232:, titular 4212:. His son 4150:After the 3984:Background 3958:Cistercian 3877:Notre-Dame 3802:raged and 3708:defensores 3512:Apostolics 3253:after the 3051:1399–1405 3041:1382–1399 3027:1381–1382 3017:1377–1381 3007:1363–1377 2997:1361–1363 2987:1355–1361 2973:1351–1354 2963:1347–1351 2953:1346–1347 2943:1345–1346 2933:1342–1345 2913:1341–1342 2748:Circassian 2702:al-Hakim I 2451:almogavars 2206:, titular 1985:Innocent V 1877:See also: 1368:(722–1492) 1345:Children's 1265:Lithuanian 333:Baibars II 260:Latin East 244:Clement VI 208:Charles IV 176:Richard II 172:Edward III 11097:. Brill. 10788:Edward II 10582:Clement V 10516:(1975a). 10367:. Brill. 10065:(1975a). 9676:. Brill. 9260:Lock 2006 9191:. Genève. 9079:(1912). " 9007:Lock 2006 8983:Lock 2006 8428:Lock 1995 8248:Lock 2006 8224:Plum 1906 8121:, Mistra. 7992:: 113–135 7745:New York. 7719:Lock 2006 7631:: 29–43. 7493:New York. 6752:Byzantion 6746:(1984). 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Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399

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