Richard II of England

947:. Richard was now over twenty-one years old and could with confidence claim the right to govern in his own name. Furthermore, John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 and settled his differences with the King, after which the old statesman acted as a moderating influence on English politics. Richard assumed full control of the government on 3 May 1389, claiming that the difficulties of the past years had been due solely to bad councillors. He outlined a foreign policy that reversed the actions of the appellants by seeking peace and reconciliation with France, and promised to lessen the burden of taxation on the people significantly. Richard ruled peacefully for the next eight years, having reconciled with his former adversaries. Still, later events would show that he had not forgotten the indignities he perceived. In particular, the execution of his former teacher Sir Simon de Burley was an insult not easily forgotten. 38: 1635:. More recently, Richard's concept of kingship has been seen by some as not so different from that of his antecedents, and that it was exactly by staying within the framework of traditional monarchy that he was able to achieve as much as he did. Yet his actions were too extreme and too abrupt. For one, the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation, and so help Richard's popularity with the Commons in parliament. However, this promise was never fulfilled, as the cost of the royal retinue, the opulence of court and Richard's lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been, without offering commensurate benefits. As for his policy of military retaining, this was later emulated by 1376: 1233:, the inspiration of which can be found in his early youth, when his authority was challenged first by the Peasants' Revolts and then by the Lords Appellant. Richard rejected the approach his grandfather Edward III had taken to the nobility. Edward's court had been a martial one, based on the interdependence between the king and his most trusted noblemen as military captains. In Richard's view, this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage. To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment, he pursued a policy of peace towards France. At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them 932: 995: 7008: 4763: 817: 1554: 7272: 490: 1535:

intelligent and well read, and when agitated he had a tendency to stammer. While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the King, the Wilton Diptych portrays him as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point. Religiously, he was orthodox, and particularly towards the end of his reign he became a strong opponent of the Lollard heresy. He was particularly devoted to the cult of Edward the Confessor, and around 1395 he had his own

389: 559: 254: 1226:", or "high majesty" were often used. It was said that on solemn festivals Richard would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking, and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the King. The inspiration for this new sumptuousness and emphasis on dignity came from the courts on the continent, not only the French and Bohemian courts that had been the homes of Richard's two wives, but also the court that his father had maintained while residing in Aquitaine. 5004: 1040: 1449: 685:, he defeated the last rebels in a small skirmish and effectively ended the Peasants' Revolt. In the following days rebel leaders, such as John Ball, were hunted down and executed. Despite his young age, Richard had shown great courage and determination in his handling of the rebellion. It is likely, though, that the events impressed upon him the dangers of disobedience and threats to royal authority, and helped shape the 1186: 698: 1056: 677:, pulled Tyler down from his horse and killed him. The situation became tense once the rebels realised what had happened, but the King acted with calm resolve and, saying "I am your captain, follow me!", he led the mob away from the scene. Walworth meanwhile gathered a force to surround the peasant army, but the King granted clemency and allowed the rebels to disperse and return to their homes. 1408:, who had his own misgivings about the King, Henry Bolingbroke insisted that his only object was to regain his own patrimony. Northumberland took him at his word and declined to interfere. The King had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland, so Henry Bolingbroke experienced little resistance as he moved south. Keeper of the Realm 355:. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, he took his revenge on the Appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled. The next two years have been described by historians as Richard's "tyranny". In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the King disinherited Gaunt's son 1526: – in an effort both to atone for his father's act of murder and to silence the rumours of Richard's survival – had decided to have the body at King's Langley reinterred in Westminster Abbey on 4 December 1413. Here Richard himself had prepared an elaborate tomb, where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed. 1583:, who in turn based their writings on contemporary chroniclers such as Thomas Walsingham. Hall and Daniel were part of Tudor historiography, which was highly unsympathetic to Richard. The Tudor orthodoxy, reinforced by Shakespeare, saw a continuity in civil discord starting with Richard's misrule that did not end until 359:, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, he deposed Richard and had himself crowned king. Richard is thought to have been starved to death in captivity, although questions remain regarding his final fate. 1168:

Discord broke out in the inner circles of court in December 1397, when Henry, Duke of Hereford, and Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, became embroiled in a quarrel. According to Henry, Thomas had claimed that the two, as former Lords Appellant, were next in line for royal retribution. Thomas vehemently denied

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In the last years of Richard's reign, and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397, the King enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country, a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England. In this period a particular court culture was allowed to emerge, one

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suggests otherwise. It describes a meeting between Richard and Henry that took place one day before the parliament's session. The King succumbed to blind rage, ordered his own release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his wife, and swore revenge, throwing down his bonnet,

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In 1398 Richard summoned the Parliament of Shrewsbury, which declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament to be null and void, and announced that no restraint could legally be put on the King. It delegated all parliamentary power to a committee of twelve lords and six commoners chosen from the

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in the ongoing Hundred Years' War. Nonetheless, the marriage was not popular in England. Despite great sums of money awarded to the Empire, the political alliance never resulted in any military victories. Furthermore, the marriage was childless. Anne died from the plague in 1394, greatly mourned by

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Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma. It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king. However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive

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Arundel was the first of the three to be brought to trial, at the parliament of September 1397. After a heated quarrel with the King, he was condemned and executed. Gloucester was being held prisoner by the Earl of Nottingham at Calais while awaiting his trial. As the time for the trial drew near,

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The period that historians refer to as the "tyranny" of Richard II began towards the end of the 1390s. The King had Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick arrested in July 1397. The timing of these arrests and Richard's motivation are not entirely clear. Although one chronicle suggested that a plot was

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Contemporary writers, even those less sympathetic to the King, agreed that Richard was a "most beautiful king", though with an unmanly "face which was white, rounded and feminine." He was athletic and tall; when his tomb was opened in 1871, he was found to be six feet (1.82 m) tall. He was also

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On 3 February 1399, John of Gaunt died. Rather than allowing Henry to succeed, Richard extended the term of his exile to life and expropriated his properties. The King felt safe from Henry, who was residing in Paris, since the French had little interest in any challenge to Richard and his peace

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lords were pleading for the King to intervene. In the autumn of 1394, Richard left for Ireland, where he remained until May 1395. His army of more than 8,000 men was the largest force brought to the island during the late Middle Ages. The invasion was a success, and a number of Irish chieftains

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The threat of a French invasion did not subside, but instead grew stronger into 1386. At the parliament of October that year, Michael de la Pole – in his capacity of chancellor – requested taxation of an unprecedented level for the defence of the realm. Rather than

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Richard gradually re-established royal authority in the months after the deliberations of the Merciless Parliament. The aggressive foreign policy of the Lords Appellant failed when their efforts to build a wide, anti-French coalition came to nothing, and the north of England fell victim to a

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These actions were made possible primarily through the collusion of John of Gaunt, but with the support of a large group of other magnates, many of whom were rewarded with new titles, and were disparagingly referred to as Richard's "duketti". These included the former Lords Appellant

380:, particularly manifesting itself towards the end of his reign. Most authorities agree that his policies were not unrealistic or even entirely unprecedented, but that the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment, leading to his downfall. 749:

had been instrumental in the marriage negotiations; he had the King's confidence and gradually became more involved at court and in government as Richard came of age. De la Pole came from an upstart merchant family. When Richard made him chancellor in 1383, and created him

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Henry had agreed to let Richard live after his abdication. This changed when it was revealed that the earls of Huntingdon, Kent, and Salisbury, and Lord Despenser, and possibly also the Earl of Rutland – all now demoted from the ranks they had been given by

1575:. Shakespeare's Richard was a cruel, vindictive, and irresponsible king, who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power. Writing a work of fiction, Shakespeare took many liberties and made great omissions, basing his play on works by writers such as 1020:

being planned against the King, there is no evidence that this was the case. It is more likely that Richard had simply come to feel strong enough to safely retaliate against these three men for their role in events of 1386–1388 and eliminate them as threats to his power.

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intrigues in England. Henry IV's government dismissed him as an impostor, and several sources from both sides of the border suggest the man had a mental illness, one also describing him as a "beggar" by the time of his death in 1419, but he was buried as a king in

1165:, represented by John of Gaunt and his son Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford. The House of Lancaster not only possessed greater wealth than any other family in England, they were of royal descent and, as such, likely candidates to succeed the childless Richard. 517:. Again, fears of John of Gaunt's ambitions influenced political decisions, and a regency led by the King's uncles was avoided. Instead, the King was nominally to exercise kingship with the help of a series of "continual councils", from which Gaunt was excluded. 803:

in 1386 amid rumours of a plot against his person. With Gaunt gone, the unofficial leadership of the growing dissent against the King and his courtiers passed to Buckingham – who had by now been created Duke of Gloucester – and

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for himself in various counties, he prosecuted local men who had been loyal to the appellants. The fines levied on these men brought great revenues to the crown, although contemporary chroniclers raised questions about the legality of the proceedings.

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these charges, as such a claim would have amounted to treason. A parliamentary committee decided that the two should settle the matter by battle, but at the last moment Richard exiled the two dukes instead: Thomas for life, Henry for ten years.

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Richard now had no choice but to comply with the appellants' demands; Brembre and Tresilian were condemned and executed, while de Vere and de la Pole – who had by now also left the country – were sentenced to death

376:. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. While probably not insane, as many historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed him to be, he may have had a 1594:

Richard's mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century. One of the first modern historians to deal with Richard II as a king and as a person was

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One of the primary historiographical questions surrounding Richard concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure. His kingship was thought to contain elements of the early modern absolute monarchy as exemplified by the

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submitted to English overlordship. It was one of the most successful achievements of Richard's reign, and strengthened his support at home, although the consolidation of the English position in Ireland proved to be short-lived.

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in 1381, and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years' War. A firm believer in the

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It is unclear how much Richard, who was still only fourteen years old, was involved in these deliberations, although historians have suggested that he was among the proponents of negotiations. The King set out by the

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to the King of France – a condition that proved unacceptable to the English public. Instead, in 1396, a truce was agreed to, which was to last 28 years. As part of the truce, Richard agreed to marry

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prevented a French invasion of southern England. The relationship between Richard and his uncle John of Gaunt deteriorated further with military failure, and Gaunt left England to pursue his claim to the throne of

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Tensions came to a head over the approach to the war in France. While the court party preferred negotiations, Gaunt and Buckingham urged a large-scale campaign to protect English possessions. Instead, a so-called

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style of painting that was developed in the courts of the Continent, especially Prague and Paris. Richard's expenditure on jewellery, rich textiles and metalwork was far higher than on paintings, but as with his

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where Richard was held in the crypt of the Agricola Tower. On the journey to London, the indignant king had to ride all the way behind Henry. On arrival, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 1 September.

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The King soon revoked the charters of freedom and pardon that he had granted, and as disturbances continued in other parts of the country, he personally went into Essex to suppress the rebellion. On 28 June at

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Richard was deeply perturbed by this affront to his royal prerogative, and from February to November 1387 went on a "gyration" (tour) of the country to muster support for his cause. By installing de Vere as

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with the English crown did not suit Louis's political ambitions, and for this reason he found it opportune to allow Henry Bolingbroke to leave for England. With a small group of followers, Henry landed at

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from his kitchen at parliament's request. Only when threatened with deposition was Richard forced to give in and let de la Pole go. A commission was set up to review and control royal finances for a year.

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between 1377 and 1381 that were spent on unsuccessful military expeditions on the continent. By 1381, there was a deep-felt resentment against the governing classes in the lower levels of English society.

1623:, who wrote an academic biography of Richard II in 1997 concedes that – even though there is no basis for assuming the King had a mental illness – he showed clear signs of a 535:

In a matter of three years, these councillors earned the mistrust of the Commons to the point that the councils were discontinued in 1380. Contributing to discontent was an increasingly heavy burden of

1469:, Bishop of St Asaph, read thirty-three articles of deposition that were unanimously accepted by lords and commons. On 1 October 1399, Richard II was formally deposed. On 13 October, the feast day of 3515:

Alexander and Binski, pp. 506–507, 515. Only six of the statues remain, rather damaged, and the dais has been remodelled, but otherwise the hall remains largely as Richard and his architect

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Alexander and Binski, pp. 202–203, 506. It is documented in the royal collection from 1399 and accompanied Blanche, daughter of Henry IV, to her Bavarian marriage. It is still in Munich.

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and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September, Richard gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. In contrast, the

1273:, there are hardly any surviving works that can be connected with him, except for a crown, "one of the finest achievements of the Gothic goldsmith", that probably belonged to his wife Anne. 1591:

was prevalent as late as the 19th century, but came to be challenged in the 20th. Some recent historians prefer to look at the Wars of the Roses in isolation from the reign of Richard II.

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for military protection instead. In contrast to his grandfather, Richard cultivated a refined atmosphere centred on art and culture at court, in which the king was an elevated figure.

890:. Richard stalled the negotiations to gain time, as he was expecting de Vere to arrive from Cheshire with military reinforcements. The three peers then joined forces with Gaunt's son 5982: 509:

On 21 June 1377, King Edward III, who was for some years frail and decrepit, died after a 50-year reign. This resulted in the 10-year-old Richard succeeding to the throne. He was

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As part of Richard's programme of asserting his authority, he also tried to cultivate the royal image. Unlike any other English king before him, he had himself portrayed in

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Nottingham brought news that Gloucester was dead. It is thought likely that the King had ordered him to be killed to avoid the disgrace of executing a prince of the blood.

762:. Richard's close friendship to de Vere was also disagreeable to the political establishment. This displeasure was exacerbated by the earl's elevation to the new title of 669:

and reiterated that the demands would be met, but the rebel leader was not convinced of the King's sincerity. The King's men grew restive, an altercation broke out, and

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With national stability secured, Richard began negotiating a permanent peace with France. A proposal put forward in 1393 would have greatly expanded the territory of

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Rumours that Richard was still alive persisted, but never gained much credence in England; in Scotland, however, a man identified as Richard came into the hands of

1244:. He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant, venerated figure, and art and culture, rather than warfare, were at the centre. 1412:, had little choice but to side with Henry. Meanwhile, Richard was delayed in his return from Ireland and did not land in Wales until 24 July. He made his way to 2354:

It has been speculated that the whole incident surrounding the killing of Wat Tyler was in fact planned in advance by the council, in order to end the rebellion.

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on or around 14 February 1400, although there is some question over the date and manner of his death. His body was taken south from Pontefract and displayed in

665:. He agreed to the rebels' demands, but this move only emboldened them; they continued their looting and killings. Richard met Wat Tyler again the next day at 5975: 2543: 1264:(1394–1399), a portable work probably intended to accompany Richard on his Irish campaign. It is one of the few surviving English examples of the courtly 2313: 2489:. The precedent could indeed be seen to invalidate the English claim to the French throne, based on succession through the female line, over which the 1611:, who argued that there was no historical basis for such a diagnosis, a line that has also been followed by later historians of the period, such as 786:, was dispatched, which failed miserably. Faced with this setback on the continent, Richard turned his attention instead towards France's ally, the 7586: 5117: 2345:

was only one year younger, but it has been suggested that this prince was of "limited ability", and he took less part in government than Gaunt did.

1437:. Henry's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third son to survive to adulthood. The problem was solved by emphasising Henry's descent in a direct 1296:

aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space, with a dais at the end for Richard to sit in solitary state. The rebuilding had been begun by

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made it impossible for him to land, forcing him to return to the Tower. The next day, Friday, 14 June, he set out by horse and met the rebels at

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writes: "What he sought was, in contemporary terms, neither unjustified nor unattainable; it was the manner of his seeking that betrayed him."

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with his councillors, agreed that the Crown did not have the forces to disperse the rebels and that the only feasible option was to negotiate.

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consenting, the parliament responded by refusing to consider any request until the chancellor was removed. The parliament (later known as the

586:, the root of the conflict lay in tensions between peasants and landowners precipitated by the economic and demographic consequences of the 7566: 2308: 1218:

that differed sharply from that of earlier times. A new form of address developed; where the King previously had been addressed simply as "

1031:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled for life. Richard then took his persecution of adversaries to the localities. While recruiting 7054: 1044: 5086: 1486:. Although averted, the plot highlighted the danger of allowing Richard to live. He is thought to have starved to death in captivity in 843:) was presumably working with the support of Gloucester and Arundel. The King famously responded that he would not dismiss as much as a 770:

suggested the relationship between the King and de Vere was of a homosexual nature, due to a resentment Walsingham had toward the King.

6752: 794:, but the effort came to nothing, and the army had to return without ever engaging the Scots in battle. Meanwhile, only an uprising in 2513: 1303:

The court's patronage of literature is especially important because this was the period in which the English language took shape as a

1280:, which was extensively rebuilt during his reign, perhaps spurred on by the completion in 1391 of John of Gaunt's magnificent hall at 7636: 7581: 5409: 5222: 871: 3476: 3924: 2457: 1147: 3603: 7551: 5553: 5389: 3331: 1896: 1603:, who wrote a full-scale biography of the King in 1941, took a psychiatric approach to the issue, and concluded that Richard had 1509:, and serving as the notional – and perhaps reluctant – figurehead of various anti-Lancastrian and 1405: 1308: 861: 746: 521: 524:, still held great informal influence over the business of government, but the King's councillors and friends, particularly Sir 7556: 7546: 7316: 7106: 6813: 5845: 5752: 895: 1027:

Warwick was also condemned to death, but his life was spared and his sentence reduced to life imprisonment. Arundel's brother

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and Henry VII, but Richard II's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country.

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With the forfeited lands of the convicted appellants, the King could reward these men with lands suited to their new ranks.

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Though it had become established tradition for earldoms to descend in the male line, there was no such tradition for royal

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two years later, this antagonised the more established nobility. Another member of the close circle around the King was

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in February 1388. The appellants had now succeeded completely in breaking up the circle of favourites around the King.

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possessed by the English Crown. However, the plan failed because it included a requirement that the English king pay

510: 466:, died near his sixth birthday in 1370. The Prince of Wales finally succumbed to his long illness in June 1376. The 7606: 7591: 7495: 7170: 6873: 5457: 5068: 4711: 2486: 2041: 2012: 2001: 1830: 1093: 4081:

Walker, Simon (1995). "Richard IIs Views on Kingship". In Rowena E. Archer; Harriss, G. L.; Walker, Simon (eds.).

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while Henry refused to do anything without parliamentary approval. When parliament met to discuss Richard's fate,

1311:, but it was nevertheless within his court that this culture was allowed to thrive. The greatest poet of the age, 7611: 7047: 2418:. The proceedings went further, and a number of Richard's chamber knights were also executed, among these Burley. 1599:. Stubbs argued that towards the end of his reign, Richard's mind "was losing its balance altogether." Historian 1304: 982:

Although Richard sought peace with France, he took a different approach to the situation in Ireland. The English

820: 755: 1416:, where on 12 August he met with Northumberland for negotiations. On 19 August, Richard surrendered to Henry at 7601: 7531: 6745: 5548: 1502: 723: 432: 7626: 7596: 7571: 7370: 7007: 5949: 5518: 5207: 5081: 5058: 5038: 4906: 2397: – was not an appeal in the modern sense of an application to a higher authority. In medieval 7616: 1375: 37: 7365: 6642: 6605: 5661: 3055: 1173:

King's friends, making Richard an absolute ruler unbound by the necessity of gathering a Parliament again.

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had been at the centre of English politics for over thirty years, and his death in 1399 led to insecurity.

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while producing some of his best-known work. Chaucer was also in the service of John of Gaunt, and wrote

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to the throne of England, had distinguished himself as a military commander in the early phases of the

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Saul (1997), p. 90. The marriage had been agreed upon as of 2 May 1381; Saul (1997), p. 87.

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of treason against de la Pole, de Vere, Tresilian, and two other loyalists: the mayor of London,

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elements and commissioned a book on, and sponsored writing and discussion of them in his court.

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A complaint in parliament claimed that he had been "raised from low estate to the rank of earl"

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of the Confessor. Though not a warrior king like his grandfather, Richard nevertheless enjoyed

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The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461

2653: 726:, on 20 January 1382. It had diplomatic significance; in the division of Europe caused by the 463: 447:", were present at his birth. This anecdote, and the fact that his birth fell on the feast of 7456: 7380: 7359: 7302: 7186: 7023: 6893: 6586: 6496: 6476: 6407: 6345: 6335: 6325: 6199: 6172: 6133: 6128: 5494: 5452: 5399: 5183: 5156: 5073: 4568: 2490: 1699: 1547: 1539: 1515: 1456:

According to the official record, read by the Archbishop of Canterbury during an assembly of

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As it turned out, she never did produce an heir: just four years later, Richard was dead.

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Richard – were planning to murder the new king and restore Richard in the

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on a direct commission from Richard, although he later grew disenchanted with the King.

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in Spain in 1370. He never fully recovered and had to return to England the next year.

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Miri Rubin, Caroline Barron & Alastair Dunn (discussion with) (16 November 2006).

4707: 3687: 2440:; illegitimate children whom Richard had given legitimate status in 1390. He was made 1292:, "the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture", allowed the original three 7483: 7353: 7337: 7329: 6261: 6074: 5830: 5790: 5745: 5561: 5467: 5394: 5321: 4890: 4836: 4666: 4652: 4630: 4599: 4572: 4546: 4520: 4486: 4464: 4438: 4408: 4386: 4364: 4341: 4315: 4293: 4274: 4251: 4229: 4225: 4206: 4179: 4175: 4156: 4090: 4045: 3989: 3960: 3928: 3783: 3714: 3613: 3552: 3487:, The Institute of Historical Research and Royal Holloway. Retrieved 12 October 2008. 2461: 1627:, and towards the end of his reign "Richard's grasp on reality was becoming weaker." 1588: 1571: 1487: 1335: 1281: 1257: 1230: 1194: 1193:, showing Richard venerating the Virgin and Child, accompanied by his patron saints: 891: 883: 783: 767: 735: 708: 686: 514: 373: 368: 356: 329: 154: 133: 43: 6122: 3332:

Student's History of England from the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward VII

1587:'s accession in 1485. The idea that Richard was to blame for the later-15th century 994: 7325: 7063: 6579: 6569: 6459: 6432: 6284: 6116: 6036: 6029: 5164: 4701: 4054: 2684: 2629: 2552: 1519: 1312: 1277: 1210: 1202: 1075: 879: 864: 670: 456: 444: 372:

portrayed Richard's misrule and his deposition as responsible for the 15th-century

2448:

being a relatively new title in England up until this point. Rutland, heir to the

714:

It is only with the Peasants' Revolt that Richard starts to emerge clearly in the

7473: 7386: 7284: 6761: 6574: 6319: 6149: 6101: 6091: 6085: 5835: 5598: 5543: 5235: 4954: 4875: 4817: 4813: 4727: 4678: 4582: 4418: 4189: 4086: 4017: 3480: 2394: 1608: 1543: 1506: 1483: 1420:, promising to abdicate if his life were spared. Both men then made their way to 1316: 1284:. Fifteen life-size statues of kings were placed in niches on the walls, and the 1082: 999: 967: 899: 875: 763: 751: 719: 646: 631: 525: 502: 489: 440: 436: 352: 303:

During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of

277: 171: 52: 388: 7508: 7407: 7397: 6672: 6559: 6516: 6470: 6255: 5800: 4478: 4243: 4009: 3484: 3046: 2688: 2633: 2538: 2368: 1553: 1421: 1261: 1253: 1237: 1190: 1123: 1114: 1101: 1028: 832: 727: 558: 498: 452: 2556: 906:, where he and his forces were routed and he was obliged to flee the country. 7525: 5634: 5533: 4984: 4846: 4542: 4500: 4405:

Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381

4400: 4378: 3982:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

3948: 3609: 2411: 2364: 1874: 1632: 1604: 1596: 1580: 1059: 844: 703: 641:

were both killed by the rebels, who were demanding the complete abolition of

627: 475: 409: 308: 149: 4739: 4682: 4422: 4193: 870:

On his return to London, the King was confronted by Gloucester, Arundel and

300:; upon the latter's death, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne. 6697: 6454: 5909: 5795: 5379: 4644: 4512: 4452: 3599: 3516: 2922:

Ellis, Nicolas, Nicolas Harris, 'Richard II's army for Scotland, 1385', in

2676: 2621: 2472:'s favourite who was executed for treason in 1326, was given the forfeited 1841: 1616: 1536: 1417: 1413: 1380: 1289: 1177:

policy. Richard left the country in May for another expedition in Ireland.

1161:

A threat to Richard's authority still existed, however, in the form of the

1110: 654: 619: 242: 6049: 4586: 4357:

John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe

3718: 435:, on 6 January 1367. According to contemporary sources, three kings, "the 348: 7250: 7242: 6983: 6973: 6702: 6687: 6272: 4649:

Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England

4136: 3779: 1576: 1566: 1285: 333: 222: 5003: 7226: 7146: 6953: 6933: 6853: 6677: 6667: 6657: 6244: 6106: 4898: 4806: 4560: 3839: 3454:

Alexander and Binski, pp. 134–135. See also Levey, pp. 20–24.

2398: 1620: 1401: 1351: 1330: 1307:. There is little evidence to tie Richard directly to the patronage of 1241: 1206: 682: 405: 75: 1565:

The popular view of Richard has more than anything been influenced by

1229:

Richard's approach to kingship was rooted in his strong belief in the

1039: 986:

were in danger of being overrun by the Gaelic Irish kingdoms, and the

566:'s death and addresses the peasants in the background: taken from the 7218: 7162: 6943: 6863: 6692: 6662: 6249: 6224: 5771: 4337: 3921:

Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion

1636: 1448: 759: 718:. One of his first significant acts after the rebellion was to marry 715: 658: 607: 571: 563: 421: 362:

Richard's posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by

7294: 7032: 6350: 1300:

in 1245, but had by Richard's time been dormant for over a century.

392:

Edward, Prince of Wales, kneeling before his father, King Edward III

7234: 7122: 6963: 6823: 6730: 6682: 6623: 6229: 6054: 5867: 5805: 3551:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xxii. 2445: 1347: 1315:, served the King as a diplomat, a customs official and a clerk of 1276:

Among Richard's grandest projects in the field of architecture was

1219: 950: 857: 662: 541: 482:

the throne. For this reason, Richard was quickly invested with the

420:

in 1356. After further military adventures, however, he contracted

344: 114: 4697: 4153:

The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300 – c. 1450

657:

on 13 June, but the large number of people thronging the banks at

6600: 6506: 4360: 3605:

A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?

1557:

Anonymous artist's impression of Richard II in the 16th century.

1510: 1359: 1355: 1223: 1185: 1032: 775: 731: 689:

attitudes to kingship that would later prove fatal to his reign.

642: 337: 304: 281: 217: 4539:

The Fears of King Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King

4312:

Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397–1400: The Reign of Richard II

3919:

Aston, Margaret (1984). "Richard II and the Wars of the Roses".

2541:(2004). "Edward, prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376)". 2393:

This "appeal" – which would give its name to the

697: 6392: 6340: 6064: 6059: 3028:

Chrimes, S. B. (1956). "Richard II's questions to the judges".

1343: 1234: 1122:, the King's cousin, who received Gloucester's French title of 1048: 856:, he began the work of creating a loyal military power base in 1055: 7347: 6312: 4435:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6: c. 1300 – c. 1415

1256:

of elevated majesty, of which two survive: an over life-size

867:

that parliament's conduct had been unlawful and treasonable.

795: 599: 479: 6096: 3502: 1441:

line, whereas March's descent was through his grandmother,

602:

in late May, and on 12 June, bands of peasants gathered at

595: 455:, where Richard is one of three kings paying homage to the 5990: 4334:

The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II

2332:

This is the earliest known portrait of an English monarch.

4596:

The Three Richards: Richard I, Richard II and Richard III

4287: 2436:

Beaufort was the oldest of John of Gaunt's children with

4941: 3497:

Brown, R. A.; Colvin, H. M.; Taylor, A.J., eds. (1963).

2464:

earlier the same year. Despenser, the great-grandson of

1404:

in Yorkshire towards the end of June 1399. Meeting with

1350:, which he viewed as a greater discipline that included 2401:

the appeal was a criminal charge, often one of treason.

1433:, great-grandson of Edward III's second surviving son, 1081:

Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, who was created

4141:

Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400

3278: 3276: 958:

on their wedding day in 1396. She was six – he was 29.

319:

at that time faced various problems, most notably the

2410:

Neville, as a man of the clergy, was deprived of his

1010:

the royal arms of England, denoting a mystical union.

4143:. London: Royal Academy / Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3766: 3764: 898: – the group known to history as the 493:

Coronation of Richard II aged ten in 1377, from the

292:. Richard's father died in 1376, leaving Richard as 3273: 2314:

List of earls in the reign of Richard II of England

4629:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 3045: 2679:(2004). "Edmund, first duke of York (1341–1402)". 902:. On 20 December 1387 they intercepted de Vere at 582:Whereas the poll tax of 1381 was the spark of the 3761: 3496: 451:, was later used in the religious imagery of the 19:"Richard II" redirects here. For other uses, see 7523: 5118:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 4264: 2647: 532:, increasingly gained control of royal affairs. 4744:(radio program). In Our Time. BBC Radio 4. 4665: 4134: 7310: 7048: 6746: 5976: 4914: 4288:——; ——, eds. (1998). 1014: 4306: 3776:The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England 2363:While both England and the Empire supported 2309:Cultural depictions of Richard II of England 1391:, gained control of the court of the insane 811: 6543:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 4314:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1529: 758:, who in this period emerged as the King's 396:Richard of Bordeaux was the younger son of 343:The King's dependence on a small number of 7317: 7303: 7055: 7041: 6753: 6739: 6720:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 5983: 5969: 5896: 4921: 4907: 4761: 4205:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–21. 4033: 36: 5585: 5493: 5410:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 5380:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 5223:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 5182: 4726:(online ed.). CIRCLE. Archived from 4242: 4083:Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England 4039: 3979: 3688:"Richard II, King of England (1367–1400)" 3299: 3297: 3131: 3129: 1247: 1096:, the King's half-brother, promoted from 872:Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick 520:Gaunt, together with his younger brother 323:. A major challenge of the reign was the 307:councils, influenced by Richard's uncles 5432: 5286: 5143: 5104: 4928: 4533: 4511: 4477: 3925:Continuum International Publishing Group 3708: 3334:, vol. I.: B.C. 55–A.D. 1509. Longman's. 1552: 1447: 1374: 1184: 1054: 1038: 993: 949: 930: 815: 696: 594:of the plague. The rebellion started in 557: 488: 387: 7587:English pretenders to the French throne 5732: 5621: 5554:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 5390:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 5344: 5087:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 5018: 4677:. London: Longman, Roberts, and Green. 4627:Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi 4377: 4354: 4328: 4169: 4147: 4108: 4106: 3947: 3838:Saul (1997), pp. 451–452, quoting 3414: 3412: 3083: 3081: 3027: 2902:McKisack (1959), pp. 425, 442–443. 2754: 2752: 2681:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2626:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2544:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1452:Richard surrendering the crown to Henry 1406:Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland 522:Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham 474:genuinely feared that Richard's uncle, 288:(later known as the Black Prince), and 186: 1382; died 1394) 7524: 5846:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 5753:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 5694: 4399: 4383:Shaping the Nation: England, 1360–1461 4200: 4080: 4008: 3598: 3546: 3294: 3126: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2537: 860:. He also secured a legal ruling from 738:were seen as potential allies against 332:, Richard restrained the power of the 7324: 7298: 7062: 7036: 6734: 5964: 5895: 5865: 5769: 5731: 5693: 5652:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 5620: 5584: 5492: 5431: 5415:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 5343: 5285: 5181: 5142: 5103: 5049:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 5017: 4940: 4902: 4612: 4499: 4429: 4172:Richard II and the Revolution of 1399 4014:The Constitutional History of England 3918: 3770: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2071: 2069: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1934: 1916: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1851: 1840: 1829: 1781: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1205:. The angels in the picture wear the 1143:John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury 896:Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham 806:Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel 701:Anne and Richard's coronation in the 6760: 5917:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 5534:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 5363:Margaret of France, Queen of England 5064:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 4943:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 4716:Royal Holloway, University of London 4643: 4624: 4593: 4559: 4451: 4219: 4103: 4043:(1942). "A new life of Richard II". 3409: 3078: 2749: 2675: 2620: 7567:Children of Edward the Black Prince 5842:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 5826:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 5816:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 5539:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 5529:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 5375:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 4724:"Richard II's Irish chancery rolls" 4121:Saul (1997), pp. 440, 444–445. 3608:(Paperback 2003 ed.). London: 2683:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2563: 2367:in Rome, the French sided with the 1130:John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset 1109:, the King's nephew, promoted from 553: 13: 7270: 7006: 5657:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 5213:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 5002: 4980:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 4507:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4246:(1978). Brereton, Geoffrey (ed.). 4059:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1942.tb00807.x 3844:Historia vitae et regni Ricardi II 3740:McKisack (1959), pp. 494–495. 3571:McKisack (1959), pp. 529–530. 3303:McKisack (1959), pp. 483–484. 2821:McKisack (1959), pp. 413–414. 2719:McKisack (1959), pp. 399–400. 2624:(2004). "Richard II (1367–1400)". 1431:Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March 1120:Edward of Norwich, Earl of Rutland 926: 790:. In 1385, the King himself led a 530:Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford 14: 7653: 5640:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 4759:National Portrait Gallery, London 4691: 4517:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399 3713:. London: Batsford. p. 102. 3659:Harriss (2005), pp. 486–487. 3406:Harriss (2005), pp. 490–491. 3397:Harriss (2005), pp. 489–490. 3096:Goodman (1971), pp. 129–130. 2746:Harriss (2005), pp. 230–231. 2737:Harriss (2005), pp. 229–230. 2728:Harriss (2005), pp. 445–446. 1559:National Portrait Gallery, London 1329:. Chaucer's colleague and friend 1260:portrait (c. 1390), and the 935:Silver half penny of Richard II, 645:. The King, sheltered within the 431:, in the English principality of 16:King of England from 1377 to 1399 7637:Prisoners in the Tower of London 7582:English people of French descent 5458:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 5069:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 4712:Institute of Historical Research 4115: 4074: 4065: 4024: 4002: 3973: 3941: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3702: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3540: 2514:"Richard II and Anne of Bohemia" 2479: 1654:Family of Richard II of England 1494:on 17 February before burial in 1379:Richard's surrender to Henry at 1180: 1072:Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby 792:punitive expedition to the north 692: 252: 6020:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 5929:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 4700:at the official website of the 4457:England in the Late Middle Ages 4290:Richard II: The Art of Kingship 3589:Saul (1997), pp. 362, 437. 3531: 3522: 3509: 3499:The History of the King's Works 3490: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3436:Saul (1997), pp. 332, 346. 3430: 3421: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3285: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3069: 3038: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2650:Richard II, The Art of Kingship 2430: 2421: 2404: 2387: 2378: 2357: 2348: 2196: 2062: 2031: 1708: 998:In 1395 Richard II adopted the 486:and his father's other titles. 429:Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux 203: 183: 7552:14th-century murdered monarchs 6017:Monarchs of England until 1603 5549:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 4483:Knighton's Chronicle 1337–1396 4437:. Cambridge University Press. 4155:. Cambridge University Press. 4071:Saul (1997), pp. 460–464. 3882:Saul (1997), pp. 452–453. 3873:Saul (1997), pp. 297–303. 3864:Saul (1997), pp. 450–451. 3820:Saul (1997), pp. 428–429. 3802:Saul (1997), pp. 424–425. 3749:Saul (1997), pp. 419–420. 3677:Saul (1997), pp. 412–413. 3650:Saul (1997), pp. 408–410. 3632:Saul (1997), pp. 406–407. 3547:Benson, Larry D., ed. (1988). 3537:Saul (1997), pp. 361–364. 3388:Saul (1997), pp. 344–354. 3379:Saul (1997), pp. 340–342. 3370:Saul (1997), pp. 331–332. 3343:Saul (1997), pp. 403–404. 3312:Saul (1997), pp. 196–197. 3291:Saul (1997), pp. 381–382. 3261:Saul (1997), pp. 378–379. 3234:Saul (1997), pp. 371–375. 3216:Saul (1997), pp. 279–281. 3171:Saul (1997), pp. 215–225. 3135:Saul (1997), pp. 203–204. 3105:Saul (1997), pp. 192–193. 2982:Saul (1997), pp. 157–158. 2946:Saul (1997), pp. 145–146. 2937:Saul (1997), pp. 142–145. 2866:Saul (1997), pp. 117–120. 2695: 2669: 2660: 2641: 2531: 2506: 2335: 2326: 1646: 921: 756:Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford 724:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor 606:near London under the leaders 548: 1: 7557:14th-century English nobility 7547:14th-century English monarchs 5770: 5678:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 5208:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 5082:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 5059:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 5039:William IX, Count of Poitiers 4625:Stow, George B., ed. (1977). 4620:. Cambridge University Press. 4359:. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex: 4273:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 3980:Carpenter, Christine (1997). 3361:McKisack (1959), p. 491. 3189:McKisack (1959), p. 476. 3114:McKisack (1959), p. 458. 2964:McKisack (1959), p. 443. 2830:McKisack (1959), p. 424. 2776:McKisack (1959), p. 409. 2500: 1370: 383: 266: 125: 7562:Burials at Westminster Abbey 5866: 5662:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 4755:Portraits of King Richard II 4481:(1995). Martin, G.H. (ed.). 4170:Bennett, Michael J. (1999). 3909:Saul (2005), pp. 11–12. 3855:Harriss (2005), p. 489. 3330:Gardiner, Samuel R. (1916), 3321:Harriss (2005), p. 482. 3243:Harriss (2005), p. 479. 3207:Harriss (2005), p. 511. 3153:Harriss (2005), p. 468. 3144:Harriss (2005), p. 469. 3056:Oxford Dictionary of English 3000:Harriss (2005), p. 459. 2848:Saul (1997), pp. 94–95. 2812:Saul (1997), pp. 71–72. 2803:Saul (1997), pp. 70–71. 2794:Saul (1997), pp. 68–70. 2758:Harriss (2005), p. 231. 1325:as a eulogy to Gaunt's wife 1288:roof by the royal carpenter 347:caused discontent among the 7: 7622:Peers created by Edward III 6627:British monarchs after the 4519:. Oxford University Press. 4485:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4385:. Oxford University Press. 4292:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3427:Harriss (2005), p. 28. 3075:Goodman (1971), p. 26. 3018:Goodman (1971), p. 22. 2893:Harriss (2005), p. 98. 2648:Gillespie; Goodman (1998). 2628:. Oxford University Press. 2302: 1365: 284:in 1399. He was the son of 152:, Hertfordshire (1400–1413) 21:Richard II (disambiguation) 10: 7658: 5000: 4732:listed by year, translated 4220:Dodd, Gwilym, ed. (2000). 4127: 4112:Walker (1995), p. 63. 3986:Cambridge University Press 3900:Saul (1997), pp. 3–4. 3709:Richards, Raymond (1947). 3580:Benson (1988), p. xv. 2466:Hugh Despenser the Younger 2456:. Montacute had succeeded 1473:, Henry was crowned king. 1342:Richard was interested in 1015:Second crisis of 1397–1399 18: 7505: 7472: 7423: 7406: 7336: 7281: 7268: 7070: 7017: 7004: 6768: 6715: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6555: 6538: 6534: 6011: 6007: 5945: 5904: 5891: 5874: 5861: 5821:Anne of York, Lady Howard 5778: 5765: 5740: 5727: 5702: 5689: 5629: 5616: 5593: 5580: 5501: 5488: 5440: 5427: 5385:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 5352: 5339: 5294: 5281: 5190: 5177: 5151: 5138: 5112: 5099: 5026: 5013: 4967:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 4949: 4936: 4882: 4873: 4860: 4853: 4843: 4834: 4824: 4811: 4803: 4798: 4771: 3829:Saul (2005), p. 237. 3811:Tuck (1985), p. 226. 3774:(2012). "Richard Alone". 3758:Tuck (1985), p. 221. 3731:Saul (1997), p. 417. 3668:Saul (1997), p. 411. 3641:Saul (1997), p. 408. 3528:Saul (1997), p. 315. 3445:Saul (1997), p. 238. 3418:Saul (1997), p. 439. 3270:Tuck (1985), p. 210. 3252:Saul (1997), p. 378. 3225:Saul (1997), p. 203. 3198:Tuck (1985), p. 204. 3180:Saul (1997), p. 227. 3162:Saul (1997), p. 367. 3123:Saul (1997), p. 199. 3087:Saul (1997), p. 187. 3009:Tuck (1985), p. 189. 2991:Saul (1997), p. 158. 2973:Saul (1997), p. 160. 2955:Saul (1997), p. 157. 2911:Saul (1997), p. 437. 2884:Saul (1997), p. 117. 2875:Saul (1997), p. 118. 2857:Saul (1997), p. 225. 2251: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2172: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2094: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1849: 1838: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1733: 1731: 1607:. This was challenged by 1462:Traison et Mort Chronicle 812:First crisis of 1386–1388 462:Richard's elder brother, 248: 238: 228: 216: 162: 140: 121: 108: 104: 94: 84: 74: 63: 51: 35: 30: 4407:. London: Temple Smith. 4030:Steel (1941), p. 8. 4016:. Vol. II. Oxford: 3352:Saul (2005), p. 64. 3282:Saul (2005), p. 63. 2926:, vol. 22, (1829), 13–19 2920:Muster of the 1385 army 2785:Saul (1997), p. 68. 2767:Saul (1997), p. 67. 2710:Saul (1997), p. 24. 2701:Saul (1997), p. 17. 2666:Saul (1997), p. 12. 2341:John of Gaunt's brother 2319: 1625:narcissistic personality 1569:'s play about the King, 1530:Character and assessment 1476: 1435:Lionel, Duke of Clarence 1389:Louis I, Duke of Orléans 1148:Lord Thomas le Despenser 766:in 1386. The chronicler 624:Archbishop of Canterbury 427:Richard was born at the 404:. Edward, eldest son of 336:and relied on a private 7607:Medieval child monarchs 7592:English Roman Catholics 6784:Edward the Black Prince 5514:Edward the Black Prince 4869:Edward the Black Prince 4708:"Richard II's treasure" 4594:—— (2005). 4355:—— (1992). 4222:The Reign of Richard II 3891:Saul (1997), p. 1. 3501:. Vol. i. London: 3485:Richard's Treasure roll 3479:31 October 2008 at the 2549:Oxford University Press 1322:The Book of the Duchess 1271:illuminated manuscripts 825:Battle of Radcot Bridge 398:Edward, Prince of Wales 286:Edward, Prince of Wales 280:from 1377 until he was 270: 14 February 1400 265:(6 January 1367 – 233:Edward the Black Prince 129: 14 February 1400 7612:Monarchs who abdicated 7275: 7011: 5898:Richard III of England 5007: 4773:Richard II of England 4201:Castor, Helen (2000). 3463:Levey, pp. 13–29. 2689:10.1093/ref:odnb/16023 2634:10.1093/ref:odnb/23499 1562: 1550:, as well as hunting. 1453: 1384: 1248:Patronage and the arts 1214: 1063: 1052: 1011: 959: 939: 835: 711: 579: 506: 416:, particularly in the 402:Joan, Countess of Kent 393: 290:Joan, Countess of Kent 7602:Knights of the Garter 7532:Richard II of England 7274: 7024:Principality of Wales 7010: 6814:Edward of Westminster 5587:Richard II of England 5495:Edward III of England 5453:Edward III of England 5400:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 5196:Isabella of Angoulême 5184:John, King of England 5157:Berengaria of Navarre 5074:John, King of England 5006: 4598:. London: Hambledon. 4569:Yale University Press 4271:The Age of Richard II 4135:Alexander, Jonathan; 3953:The Wars of the Roses 3711:Old Cheshire Churches 3549:The Riverside Chaucer 2557:10.1093/ref:odnb/8523 2487:succession in England 2474:earldom of Gloucester 1556: 1516:Blackfriars, Stirling 1496:King's Langley Priory 1451: 1378: 1188: 1089:Also among them were 1058: 1042: 997: 953: 934: 894:, Earl of Derby, and 819: 700: 561: 540:levied through three 495:Recueil des croniques 492: 391: 157:, London (since 1413) 7627:People from Bordeaux 7597:House of Plantagenet 7572:Deaths by starvation 7446:Henry the Young King 7425:House of Plantagenet 6774:Edward of Caernarfon 6597:William III & II 6162:Henry the Young King 6112:Edward the Confessor 6080:Æthelred the Unready 5507:Philippa of Hainault 5463:Eleanor of Woodstock 5434:Edward II of England 5405:Edward II of England 5327:Katherine of England 5288:Henry III of England 5203:Henry III of England 5145:Richard I of England 5106:Henry the Young King 5054:Richard I of England 5044:Henry the Young King 5032:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4930:House of Plantagenet 4778:House of Plantagenet 4741:The Peasants' Revolt 4149:Allmand, Christopher 3927:. pp. 273–312. 3031:Law Quarterly Review 2042:Philippa of Clarence 1471:Edward the Confessor 1443:Philippa of Clarence 1410:Edmund, Duke of York 1393:Charles VI of France 1266:International Gothic 1199:Edward the Confessor 1134:Marquess of Somerset 1004:Edward the Confessor 984:lordships in Ireland 977:Charles VI of France 916:Merciless Parliament 841:Wonderful Parliament 675:Lord Mayor of London 622:was burnt down. The 592:subsequent outbreaks 568:Gruuthuse manuscript 378:personality disorder 296:to his grandfather, 136:, Yorkshire, England 67:21 June 1377 – 6834:Edward of Middleham 6794:Richard of Bordeaux 6545:Union of the Crowns 5933:Richard of Eastwell 5879:no consort or issue 5784:Elizabeth Woodville 5734:Henry VI of England 5715:Henry VI of England 5708:Catherine of Valois 5672:Philippa of England 5623:Henry IV of England 5346:Edward I of England 5317:Beatrice of England 5312:Margaret of England 5307:Edward I of England 5300:Eleanor of Provence 5258:Bartholomew FitzRoy 5231:Joan, Lady of Wales 5218:Isabella of England 5125:William Plantagenet 5020:Henry II of England 4990:Mary of Shaftesbury 4972:William FitzEmpress 4962:Henry II of England 4651:. London: Fontana. 4308:Given-Wilson, Chris 4250:. London: Penguin. 3957:Macmillan Education 3505:. pp. 527–533. 2024:Richard of Bordeaux 1897:Thomas of Woodstock 1853:Edward of Woodstock 1672:Edmund of Woodstock 1492:St Paul's Cathedral 1045:Thomas of Woodstock 788:Kingdom of Scotland 636:Lord High Treasurer 562:Richard II watches 464:Edward of Angoulême 364:William Shakespeare 313:Thomas of Woodstock 274:Richard of Bordeaux 7276: 7012: 6629:Acts of Union 1707 6592:James II & VII 6285:Kenneth I MacAlpin 6070:Edgar the Peaceful 5925:John of Gloucester 5696:Henry V of England 5667:Blanche of England 5647:Henry V of England 5604:Isabella of Valois 5446:Isabella of France 5358:Eleanor of Castile 5008: 4887:Title next held by 4865:Title last held by 4855:Peerage of England 4730:on 19 March 2012. 4675:Historia Anglicana 4667:Walsingham, Thomas 4265:Gillespie, James; 2491:Hundred Years' War 2442:Marquess of Dorset 2438:Katherine Swynford 2046:Countess of Ulster 1901:Duke of Gloucester 1563: 1454: 1385: 1215: 1163:House of Lancaster 1152:Earl of Gloucester 1138:Marquess of Dorset 1098:Earl of Huntingdon 1064: 1053: 1012: 973:Isabella of Valois 960: 945:Scottish incursion 940: 937:York Museums Trust 888:Archbishop of York 854:Justice of Chester 836: 780:Henry le Despenser 747:Michael de la Pole 712: 618:. John of Gaunt's 580: 507: 484:princedom of Wales 472:English Parliament 418:Battle of Poitiers 414:Hundred Years' War 394: 321:Hundred Years' War 195:Isabella of Valois 7577:Dukes of Cornwall 7519: 7518: 7477:(French appanage) 7338:House of Normandy 7292: 7291: 7064:Dukes of Cornwall 7030: 7029: 6804:Henry of Monmouth 6728: 6727: 6711: 6710: 6614: 6613: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6075:Edward the Martyr 5958: 5957: 5941: 5940: 5887: 5886: 5857: 5856: 5850:Grace Plantagenet 5831:Catherine of York 5791:Elizabeth of York 5761: 5760: 5746:Margaret of Anjou 5723: 5722: 5685: 5684: 5612: 5611: 5576: 5575: 5562:John de Southeray 5519:Isabella de Coucy 5484: 5483: 5468:Joan of the Tower 5423: 5422: 5395:Mary of Woodstock 5335: 5334: 5322:Edmund Crouchback 5277: 5276: 5173: 5172: 5134: 5133: 5127:(died in infancy) 5095: 5094: 4998: 4997: 4897: 4896: 4891:Henry of Monmouth 4844:Succeeded by 4837:Duke of Aquitaine 4825:Succeeded by 4552:978-0-2240-7300-4 4505:Painting at Court 4176:Sutton Publishing 3789:978-0-0072-1392-4 3619:978-0-5634-8714-2 3034:. lxxii: 365–390. 2518:Westminster Abbey 2493:was being fought. 2462:Earl of Salisbury 2343:Edmund of Langley 2300: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2188:Henry of Monmouth 2169:Countess of March 2073:Edward of Norwich 2054:Henry Bolingbroke 1886:Edmund of Langley 1879:Duke of Lancaster 1864:Lionel of Antwerp 1700:Edward of Windsor 1589:Wars of the Roses 1488:Pontefract Castle 1336:Confessio Amantis 1305:literary language 1282:Kenilworth Castle 1258:Westminster Abbey 1231:royal prerogative 1195:Edmund the Martyr 892:Henry Bolingbroke 884:Alexander Neville 874:, who brought an 784:Bishop of Norwich 768:Thomas Walsingham 736:Holy Roman Empire 709:Westminster Abbey 515:Westminster Abbey 374:Wars of the Roses 357:Henry Bolingbroke 330:royal prerogative 272:), also known as 260: 259: 155:Westminster Abbey 134:Pontefract Castle 69:29 September 1399 44:Westminster Abbey 7649: 7632:Princes of Wales 7617:Peasants' Revolt 7319: 7312: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7273: 7118:(1460; disputed) 7057: 7050: 7043: 7034: 7033: 6999: 6989: 6979: 6969: 6959: 6949: 6939: 6929: 6919: 6909: 6899: 6889: 6879: 6869: 6859: 6849: 6839: 6829: 6819: 6809: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6762:Princes of Wales 6755: 6748: 6741: 6732: 6731: 6620: 6619: 6580:Richard Cromwell 6570:The Protectorate 6560:James I & VI 6536: 6535: 6117:Harold Godwinson 6037:Edward the Elder 6030:Alfred the Great 6014: 6013: 6009: 6008: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5893: 5892: 5863: 5862: 5811:Margaret of York 5767: 5766: 5729: 5728: 5691: 5690: 5618: 5617: 5582: 5581: 5490: 5489: 5429: 5428: 5341: 5340: 5283: 5282: 5243:Geoffrey FitzRoy 5179: 5178: 5165:Philip of Cognac 5140: 5139: 5101: 5100: 5015: 5014: 4938: 4937: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4804:Preceded by 4794: 4793:14 February 1400 4787: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4745: 4734: 4719: 4702:British monarchy 4686: 4662: 4640: 4621: 4609: 4590: 4556: 4530: 4508: 4496: 4474: 4448: 4426: 4396: 4374: 4351: 4330:Goodman, Anthony 4325: 4303: 4284: 4267:Goodman, Anthony 4261: 4239: 4216: 4197: 4166: 4144: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4053:(104): 223–239. 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3768: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3690:. Luminarium.org 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3494: 3488: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2618: 2561: 2560: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2510: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2408: 2402: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2288: 2201: 2200: 2199: 1413–1422 2198: 2181: 2170: 2165:Alianore Holland 2159: 2078: 2067: 2066: 2065: 1399–1413 2064: 2047: 2036: 2035: 2034: 1377–1399 2033: 2018: 2007: 1902: 1891: 1880: 1869: 1868:Duke of Clarence 1858: 1857:The Black Prince 1847: 1846:Countess of Kent 1836: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1327–1377 1710: 1677: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1520:Dominican friary 1395:. The policy of 1317:The King's Works 1313:Geoffrey Chaucer 1278:Westminster Hall 1211:National Gallery 1203:John the Baptist 1076:Duke of Hereford 880:Nicholas Brembre 865:Robert Tresilian 671:William Walworth 584:Peasants' Revolt 554:Peasants' Revolt 457:Virgin and Child 445:King of Portugal 325:Peasants' Revolt 271: 268: 256: 207: 205: 187: 185: 146:Dominican Friary 130: 127: 70: 40: 28: 27: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7642:Royal reburials 7522: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7513:king of England 7501: 7476: 7474:House of Valois 7468: 7427: 7419: 7410: 7402: 7340: 7332: 7323: 7293: 7288: 7285:Cornwall Portal 7277: 7271: 7266: 7171:Henry Frederick 7066: 7061: 7031: 7026: 7013: 7002: 6992: 6982: 6972: 6962: 6952: 6942: 6932: 6922: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6882: 6874:Henry Frederick 6872: 6862: 6852: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6812: 6802: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6764: 6759: 6729: 6724: 6707: 6634: 6610: 6575:Oliver Cromwell 6551: 6526: 6521: 6368:Constantine III 6277: 6102:Harold Harefoot 6092:Edmund Ironside 6003: 5998: and 5989: 5959: 5954: 5937: 5900: 5883: 5870: 5853: 5836:Bridget of York 5774: 5757: 5736: 5719: 5698: 5681: 5625: 5608: 5599:Anne of Bohemia 5589: 5572: 5544:Mary of Waltham 5524:Joan of England 5497: 5480: 5436: 5419: 5348: 5331: 5290: 5273: 5270:William de Forz 5236:Richard FitzRoy 5186: 5169: 5147: 5130: 5108: 5091: 5022: 5009: 4994: 4955:Empress Matilda 4945: 4932: 4927: 4888: 4879: 4876:Prince of Wales 4866: 4849: 4840: 4830: 4821: 4818:Lord of Ireland 4816: 4814:King of England 4809: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4737: 4722: 4706: 4694: 4689: 4659: 4637: 4606: 4579: 4553: 4527: 4493: 4479:Knighton, Henry 4471: 4445: 4415: 4393: 4379:Harriss, Gerald 4371: 4348: 4322: 4300: 4281: 4269:, eds. (1997). 4258: 4244:Froissart, Jean 4236: 4213: 4186: 4163: 4139:, eds. (1987). 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4087:Hambledon Press 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4041:Galbraith, V.H. 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4018:Clarendon Press 4010:Stubbs, William 4007: 4003: 3996: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3955:. 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H. Galbraith 1532: 1507:Stirling Castle 1484:Epiphany Rising 1479: 1373: 1368: 1346:topics such as 1254:panel paintings 1250: 1183: 1132:, who was made 1083:Duke of Norfolk 1074:, who was made 1017: 1000:attributed arms 929: 927:A fragile peace 924: 900:Lords Appellant 814: 764:Duke of Ireland 752:Earl of Suffolk 720:Anne of Bohemia 695: 647:Tower of London 632:Lord Chancellor 630:, who was also 556: 551: 526:Simon de Burley 503:British Library 441:King of Navarre 437:King of Castile 386: 353:Lords Appellant 298:King Edward III 278:King of England 269: 212: 209: 206: 1396) 201: 197: 189: 181: 177: 174: 172:Anne of Bohemia 158: 153: 132: 128: 113: 68: 59: 53:King of England 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7655: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7517: 7516: 7509:count of Rouen 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7480: 7478: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7408:House of Blois 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7342: 7334: 7333: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7290: 7289: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7262:(2022–present) 7256: 7248: 7240: 7232: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7136: 7128: 7120: 7112: 7104: 7096: 7088: 7080: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7005: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6997:(2022–present) 6990: 6980: 6970: 6960: 6950: 6940: 6930: 6920: 6910: 6900: 6890: 6880: 6870: 6860: 6850: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6810: 6800: 6790: 6780: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6471:Edward Balliol 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6331:Constantine II 6328: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6123:Edgar Ætheling 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6005: 6004: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5927: 5923:Illegitimate: 5920: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:Cecily of York 5798: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566:Jane Northland 5564: 5560:Illegitimate: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474:Illegitimate: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267:Philip FitzRoy 5265: 5264:Isabel FitzRoy 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5252:Osbert Gifford 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5240:Oliver FitzRoy 5238: 5233: 5229:Illegitimate: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5163:Illegitimate: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5080:Illegitimate: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4978:Illegitimate: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4895: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4799:Regnal titles 4796: 4795: 4786:6 January 1367 4775: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4752: 4751:at BBC History 4746: 4735: 4720: 4704: 4693: 4692:External links 4690: 4688: 4687: 4663: 4657: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4614:Steel, Anthony 4610: 4604: 4591: 4577: 4557: 4551: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4501:Levey, Michael 4497: 4491: 4475: 4469: 4449: 4443: 4433:, ed. (2000). 4431:Jones, Michael 4427: 4413: 4401:Hilton, Rodney 4397: 4391: 4375: 4369: 4352: 4346: 4326: 4320: 4310:, ed. (1993). 4304: 4298: 4285: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4217: 4211: 4198: 4184: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4114: 4102: 4095: 4089:. p. 49. 4073: 4064: 4032: 4023: 4020:. p. 490. 4001: 3994: 3988:. p. 20. 3972: 3965: 3959:. p. 12. 3940: 3933: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3788: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3701: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3618: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3557: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3508: 3489: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3293: 3284: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3077: 3068: 3037: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2668: 2659: 2640: 2562: 2530: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2478: 2454:Duke of Aumale 2452:, was created 2429: 2420: 2403: 2386: 2377: 2369:Avignon Papacy 2356: 2347: 2334: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2184: 2182: 2176:Roger Mortimer 2173: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2158:Duke of Surrey 2154:Thomas Holland 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2037: 2021: 2019: 2013:Thomas Holland 2010: 2008: 2006:Duke of Exeter 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1831:Thomas Holland 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1531: 1528: 1478: 1475: 1422:Chester Castle 1387:In June 1399, 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1262:Wilton Diptych 1249: 1246: 1222:", now "royal 1191:Wilton Diptych 1182: 1179: 1156: 1155: 1145: 1140: 1126: 1124:Duke of Aumale 1117: 1115:Duke of Surrey 1107:Thomas Holland 1104: 1102:Duke of Exeter 1087: 1086: 1079: 1029:Thomas Arundel 1016: 1013: 975:, daughter of 928: 925: 923: 920: 833:Jean Froissart 821:Robert de Vere 813: 810: 728:Western Schism 722:, daughter of 694: 691: 578:(c. 1475) 555: 552: 550: 547: 513:on 16 July at 499:Jean de Wavrin 453:Wilton Diptych 385: 382: 258: 257: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 211: 210: 199: 193: 192: 190: 179: 175: 170: 169: 166: 164: 160: 159: 144: 142: 138: 137: 123: 119: 118: 112:6 January 1367 110: 106: 105: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 72: 71: 65: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7654: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7398:William (III) 7396: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7287: 7286: 7280: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227:Albert Edward 7225: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198:(1688–1701/2) 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7046: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7009: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6954:Albert Edward 6951: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6443:Alexander III 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6299:Constantine I 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5635:Mary de Bohun 5632: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255:Eudes FitzRoy 5254: 5251: 5249:Henry FitzRoy 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985:Emma of Anjou 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:John of Gaunt 4839: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669:(1862–1864). 4668: 4664: 4660: 4658:0-0068-6084-2 4654: 4650: 4646: 4645:Tuck, Anthony 4642: 4638: 4636:0-8122-7718-X 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4605:1-8528-5286-0 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4578:0-3000-7003-9 4574: 4570: 4567:. New Haven: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4543:Jonathan Cape 4540: 4536: 4535:Mortimer, Ian 4532: 4528: 4526:0-1982-1712-9 4522: 4518: 4514: 4513:McKisack, May 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4492:0-1982-0503-1 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4470:0-4167-5990-4 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4453:Keen, Maurice 4450: 4446: 4444:0-5213-6290-3 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4414:0-8511-7039-0 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4392:0-1982-2816-3 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4370:0-5820-9813-0 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4347:0-7100-7074-8 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4321:0-7190-3526-0 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4299:0-1982-0189-3 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4280:0-7509-1452-1 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4257:0-1404-4200-6 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4235:0-7524-1797-5 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4212:0-1982-0622-4 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4185:0-7509-2283-4 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4162:0-5213-1923-4 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4096:1-8528-5133-3 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3995:0-5213-1874-2 3991: 3987: 3984:. 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Oxford: 2523:17 October 2501:References 2399:common law 2026:Richard II 1702:Edward III 1621:Nigel Saul 1572:Richard II 1402:Ravenspurn 1371:Deposition 1352:philosophy 1333:wrote his 1331:John Gower 1294:Romanesque 1242:White Hart 1207:White Hart 1043:Murder of 829:Chroniques 687:absolutist 683:Billericay 667:Smithfield 616:Jack Straw 604:Blackheath 576:Chroniques 542:poll taxes 406:Edward III 384:Early life 369:Richard II 263:Richard II 89:Edward III 76:Coronation 31:Richard II 7463:Henry III 7428:1144–1259 7411:1135–1144 7387:Robert II 7360:Richard I 7354:William I 7211:Frederick 6924:Frederick 6693:George VI 6663:George IV 6653:George II 6565:Charles I 6547:from 1603 6497:James III 6477:Robert II 6433:William I 6408:Duncan II 6336:Malcolm I 6326:Donald II 6250:Edward VI 6240:Henry VII 6225:Edward IV 6195:Edward II 6185:Henry III 6168:Richard I 6129:William I 6050:Æthelstan 5772:Edward IV 4683:15966037W 4423:21441508M 4338:Routledge 4194:15298680M 3694:17 August 3483:See also 3061:25 August 3047:"appeal, 2470:Edward II 2458:his uncle 1637:Edward IV 1585:Henry VII 1542:with the 1298:Henry III 1240:with his 1213:, London. 1033:retainers 964:Aquitaine 760:favourite 659:Greenwich 612:John Ball 608:Wat Tyler 572:Froissart 564:Wat Tyler 505:, London. 433:Aquitaine 422:dysentery 345:courtiers 249:Signature 131:(aged 33) 95:Successor 57:(more...) 7440:Henry II 7435:Geoffrey 7376:Robert I 7341:911–1135 7330:Normandy 7020:See also 6683:George V 6673:Victoria 6648:George I 6517:James VI 6502:James IV 6492:James II 6465:David II 6460:Robert I 6449:Margaret 6383:Duncan I 6292:Donald I 6230:Edward V 6220:Henry VI 6210:Henry IV 6190:Edward I 6156:Henry II 6055:Edmund I 6044:Ælfweard 6002:monarchs 5996:Scottish 5950:Category 5868:Edward V 5806:Edward V 4828:Henry IV 4647:(1985). 4616:(1941). 4563:(1997). 4537:(2007). 4515:(1959). 4503:(1971). 4455:(1973). 4403:(1973). 4381:(2005). 4332:(1971). 4151:(1988). 4012:(1875). 3951:(1988). 3602:(2003). 3519:left it. 3477:Archived 2446:marquess 2303:See also 2056:Henry IV 1383:in Wales 1366:Downfall 1360:alchemic 1348:geomancy 1220:highness 1008:impaling 1002:of King 956:Isabella 858:Cheshire 845:scullion 734:and the 663:Mile End 538:taxation 478:, would 449:Epiphany 443:and the 349:nobility 117:, France 115:Bordeaux 99:Henry IV 7496:Charles 7490:Charles 7416:Stephen 7392:Henry I 7259:William 7251:Charles 7187:Charles 7179:Charles 7115:Richard 7083:Richard 6994:William 6984:Charles 6894:Charles 6884:Charles 6601:Mary II 6507:James V 6487:James I 6423:David I 6388:Macbeth 6320:Eochaid 6215:Henry V 6150:Matilda 6144:Stephen 6139:Henry I 6000:British 5994:, 5992:English 5633:Wives: 5597:Wives: 5356:Wives: 4757:at the 4673:(ed.). 4587:997357M 4461:Methuen 4361:Longman 4128:Sources 4046:History 2414:, also 2190:Henry V 1540:impaled 1524:Henry V 1511:Lollard 1356:science 1327:Blanche 1224:majesty 1209:badge. 1051:in 1397 914:at the 801:Castile 778:led by 776:crusade 732:Bohemia 643:serfdom 511:crowned 470:in the 468:Commons 338:retinue 317:England 305:regency 282:deposed 208: 200: 188: 180: 176: 163:Spouses 7243:Edward 7235:George 7219:George 7203:George 7163:Edward 7158:(1511) 7139:Arthur 7131:Edward 7123:Edward 7107:Edward 7075:Edward 6974:Edward 6964:George 6944:George 6934:George 6914:George 6907:(1688) 6864:Edward 6844:Arthur 6824:Edward 6512:Mary I 6393:Lulach 6357:Amlaíb 6351:Cuilén 6341:Indulf 6267:Philip 6262:Mary I 6065:Eadwig 6060:Eadred 5908:Wife: 5782:Wife: 5744:Wife: 5706:Wife: 5505:Wife: 5444:Wife: 5298:Wife: 5194:Wife: 5155:Wife: 5116:Wife: 5030:Wife: 4953:Wife: 4884:Vacant 4862:Vacant 4789: 4710:. 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Richard II of England

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