577:
640:
169:
facility to be built outside of Russia proper, and one of the few ever visited officially by
Western experts. As of 1998 the site conducted civilian biological research overseen by director Vladimir Bugreyev. At the time the
662:
202:, almost 300 tons annually, in order to fill the production gap caused by a potential shutdown of their Sverdlovsk facility. Soviet leadership placed Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov (a.k.a.
542:
41:
757:
301:
767:
175:
635:
511:
657:
516:
435:
594:
572:
567:
772:
234:, permission to visit the still-operational site in 1995, the first time an American intelligence team had ever been allowed to do so.
294:
210:
721:
731:
752:
369:
287:
213:
in 1991, the
Stepnogorsk base fell under the purview of the nascent Kazakh government, who, having little interest in
547:
490:
430:
310:
171:
762:
589:
726:
711:
630:
685:
625:
405:
214:
610:
450:
410:
227:
552:
680:
251:
220:
195:
460:
716:
584:
223:
8:
706:
620:
384:
359:
279:
158:
475:
701:
652:
647:
415:
231:
455:
334:
252:"Stepnogorsk / Stepnagorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology"
746:
374:
56:
43:
495:
425:
389:
162:
92:
532:
465:
445:
440:
420:
344:
187:
166:
28:
178:
provided significant funds supporting civilian research at
Stepnogorsk.
615:
480:
203:
191:
140:
98:
379:
364:
198:. It was built to develop and produce large quantities of weaponized
349:
339:
324:
562:
354:
329:
199:
557:
485:
151:
Stepnogorsk
Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology
22:
Stepnogorsk
Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology
206:) in charge of the base until his transfer to Moscow in 1987.
470:
309:
269:
Miller, Judith; Engelberg, Stephen; and Broad, William.
226:
personally granted a team of
American experts, led by
186:
The facility was built in 1982, ten kilometers from
176:
U.S. Civilian
Research & Development Foundation
271:Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War
744:
758:Medical research institutes in the Soviet Union
295:
265:
263:
261:
538:Scientific Experimental and Production Base
273:. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2002.
217:, let the secret city fall into disrepair.
155:Scientific Experimental and Production Base
768:Military installations of the Soviet Union
302:
288:
258:
76:Biological weapons research and production
732:Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance
745:
283:
311:Soviet program of biological weapons
13:
244:
16:Soviet biological warfare facility
14:
784:
773:Soviet biological weapons program
548:Institute of Applied Biochemistry
172:United States Department of State
722:U.S. biological weapons program
590:Institute of Virus Preparations
211:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1:
753:Biological warfare facilities
727:History of biological warfare
712:Biological Weapons Convention
237:
360:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
7:
254:. Globalsecurity.org. 1998.
215:weapons of mass destruction
161:facilities operated by the
10:
789:
611:Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky
228:U.S. Department of Defense
181:
694:
673:
603:
526:Facilities and test sites
525:
504:
398:
317:
157:, was one of the premier
134:
129:
121:
113:
108:
85:
80:
72:
35:
26:
21:
763:Microbiology institutes
707:Biological warfare (BW)
681:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
505:Operations and projects
29:Stepnogorsk, Kazakhstan
686:Aral smallpox incident
196:accident at Sverdlovsk
717:Entomological warfare
194:, in the wake of the
57:52.44639°N 72.02611°E
224:Nursultan Nazarbayev
153:, also known as the
130:Garrison information
143:, Vladimir Bugreyev
53: /
621:Vladimir Pasechnik
165:. It was the only
159:biological warfare
86:Controlled by
62:52.44639; 72.02611
740:
739:
616:Kanatjan Alibekov
399:Researched agents
318:Weaponized agents
147:
146:
780:
702:Biological agent
666:
653:Alexander Catsch
644:
631:Yuri Ovchinnikov
595:Laboratory No. 1
581:
304:
297:
290:
281:
280:
274:
267:
256:
255:
248:
221:Kazakh President
81:Site information
68:
67:
65:
64:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
49:
46:
31:
19:
18:
788:
787:
783:
782:
781:
779:
778:
777:
743:
742:
741:
736:
690:
669:
660:
648:Nikolai Ustinov
638:
636:Igor Domaradsky
599:
575:
521:
512:Project Bonfire
500:
394:
380:Wheat stem rust
313:
308:
278:
277:
268:
259:
250:
249:
245:
240:
184:
136:
104:
61:
59:
55:
52:
47:
44:
42:
40:
39:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
786:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
738:
737:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
696:
695:Related topics
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
677:
675:
671:
670:
668:
667:
658:Pyotr Burgasov
655:
650:
645:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
605:
601:
600:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:
520:
519:
517:Project Factor
514:
508:
506:
502:
501:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
400:
396:
395:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
319:
315:
314:
307:
306:
299:
292:
284:
276:
275:
257:
242:
241:
239:
236:
209:Following the
183:
180:
145:
144:
138:
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:(1991–present)
96:
89:
87:
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
785:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
693:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
672:
664:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
642:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
602:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
574:
573:Sverdlovsk-19
571:
569:
568:NPO Biosintez
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
524:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
507:
503:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Potato blight
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
397:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
316:
312:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
285:
282:
272:
266:
264:
262:
253:
247:
243:
235:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
179:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
142:
139:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
626:Sergei Popov
553:Laboratory B
537:
496:Yellow fever
426:Dengue fever
270:
246:
219:
208:
185:
163:Soviet Union
154:
150:
148:
125:1982–present
109:Site history
93:Soviet Union
661: [
639: [
576: [
533:BIOPREPARAT
466:Psittacosis
446:Melioidosis
441:Lassa fever
345:Brucellosis
188:Stepnogorsk
167:Biopreparat
122:In use
95:(1982–1991)
60: /
36:Coordinates
747:Categories
604:Scientists
481:Rinderpest
436:Hantavirus
385:Rice blast
238:References
232:Andy Weber
204:Ken Alibek
192:Kazakhstan
141:Ken Alibek
137:commanders
99:Kazakhstan
45:52°26′47″N
674:Accidents
365:Tularemia
230:diplomat
48:72°1′34″E
585:Aralsk-7
416:Bird flu
350:Glanders
340:Botulism
325:Smallpox
174:and the
563:Zagorsk
390:Polonia
375:Marburg
355:Q fever
330:Anthrax
200:anthrax
182:History
558:Berdsk
543:VECTOR
486:Typhus
456:Plague
335:Plague
665:]
643:]
580:]
471:Ricin
421:CHIKV
114:Built
149:The
135:Past
117:1982
73:Type
491:WEE
476:RVF
451:VND
431:EEE
411:BHF
406:AHF
370:VEE
749::
663:ru
641:ru
578:ru
260:^
190:,
303:e
296:t
289:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.