725:
31:
901:, the passions are evaluative judgements. A person experiencing such an emotion has incorrectly valued an indifferent thing. A fault of judgement, some false notion of good or evil, lies at the root of each passion. Incorrect judgement as to a present good gives rise to delight, while lust is a wrong estimate about the future. Unreal imaginings of evil cause distress about the present, or fear for the future. The ideal Stoic would instead measure things at their real value, and see that the passions are not natural. To be free of the passions is to have a happiness which is self-contained. There would be nothing to fear—for unreason is the only evil; no cause for anger—for others cannot harm you.
864:
9620:
7889:
353:
4072:
3824:
4089:
4055:
9608:
7876:
4027:
1317:". But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology. Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world, a belief in human kinship with Nature or God, a sense of the innate depravity—or "persistent evil"—of humankind, and the futility and temporary nature of worldly possessions and attachments. Both encourage
1394:, particularly as mediated by Albert Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), the major precursor of CBT. The original cognitive therapy treatment manual for depression by Aaron T. Beck et al. states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers". A well-known quotation from
707:
The universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul; it is this same world's guiding principle, operating in mind and reason, together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future; then fire and
584:
states the categories as: "Some things in the world are up to us, while others are not. Up to us are our faculties of judgment, motivation, desire, and aversion. In short, whatever is our own doing." These suggest a space that is up to us or within our power. A simple example of the Stoic categories
303:
ethics. These three ideals constitute virtue which is necessary for 'living a well reasoned life', seeing as they are all parts of a logos, or philosophical discourse, which includes the mind's rational dialogue with itself. Of them, the Stoics emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge,
589:
I am a certain lump of matter, and thereby a substance, an existent something (and thus far that is all); I am a man, and this individual man that I am, and thereby qualified by a common quality and a peculiar one; I am sitting or standing, disposed in a certain way; I am the father of my children,
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attraction as equivalent in this regard, and condemned only the kind of desire that led one to act against judgement. However, contemporaneous positions generally advanced towards equating sexuality with passion, and although they were still not hostile to sexual relationships by themselves, they
1047:
Two of these passions (distress and delight) refer to emotions currently present, and two of these (fear and lust) refer to emotions directed at the future. Thus there are just two states directed at the prospect of good and evil, but subdivided as to whether they are present or future: Numerous
743:
Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things that
1423:
have been suggested as well, and individual reports of its potency in treating depression have been published. There has also been interest in applying the tenets of ancient
Stoicism to the human origin story, environmental education, vegetarianism and the modern challenges of sustainable
273:
Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man, otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject-matter. For as the material of the carpenter is wood, and that of statuary bronze, so the subject-matter of the art of living is each person's own
1207:
The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life, such as if they fell victim to severe pain or disease, but otherwise suicide would usually be seen as a rejection of one's social duty. For example,
341:, "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy", thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly deterministic single whole". This viewpoint was later described as "
1252:
positively, and maintained that wise men should "have carnal knowledge no less and no more of a favorite than of a non-favorite, nor of a female than of a male." Zeno favored love over desire, clarifying that the ultimate goal of sexuality should be virtue and friendship.
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was a wide-ranging term indicating an infliction one suffers. The Stoics used the word to discuss many common emotions such as anger, fear and excessive joy. A passion is a disturbing and misleading force in the mind which occurs because of a failure to reason correctly.
290:
Of all the schools of ancient philosophy, Stoicism made the greatest claim to being utterly systematic. In the view of the Stoics, philosophy is the practice of virtue, and virtue, the highest form of which is utility, is generally speaking, constructed from ideals of
120:". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature.
193:, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space. Stoicism was originally known as Zenonism. However, this name was soon dropped, likely because the Stoics did not consider their founders to be perfectly wise and to avoid the risk of the philosophy becoming a
638:)—approve or reject—an impression, enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false. Some impressions can be assented to immediately, but others can achieve only varying degrees of hesitant approval, which can be labeled
695:), which was divided into two classes: the active and the passive. The passive substance is matter, which "lies sluggish, a substance ready for any use, but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion". The active substance is an intelligent
325:
that is in agreement with Nature". This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships; "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy", and to accept even slaves as "equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature".
224:
as leader of the school, and was responsible for molding what is now called
Stoicism. Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire to the point where, in the words of
1286:, however, defended Aristotle's scheme. He justified this by arguing that they be interpreted strictly as expressions, rather than as metaphysical realities. The approach can be justified, at least in part, by Aristotle's own words in
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the principle of aether; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition, such as water, earth, and air; then the sun, the moon, the stars; and the universal existence in which all things are contained.
1163:) which are clear-headed. These emotional impulses are not excessive, but nor are they diminished emotions. Instead they are the correct rational emotions. The Stoics listed the good-feelings under the headings of joy (
1403:
This subsequently became a common element in the socialization phase of many other approaches to CBT. The question of
Stoicism's influence on modern psychotherapy, particularly REBT and CBT, was described in detail in
494:. Besides the existing beings they admitted four incorporeals (asomata): time, place, void, and sayable. They were held to be just 'subsisting' while such a status was denied to universals. Thus, they accepted
1366:. Contemporary Stoicism draws from the late 20th- and early 21st-century spike in publications of scholarly works on ancient Stoicism. Beyond that, the current Stoicist movement traces its roots to the work of
3814:
1321:
with respect to the passions and inferior emotions, such as lust, and envy, so that the higher possibilities of one's humanity can be awakened and developed. Stoic influence can also be seen in the works of
337:
once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes". A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of
110:
would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called
88:. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (
1408:
by Donald
Robertson. Several early 20th-century psychotherapists were influenced by Stoicism, most notably the "rational persuasion" school founded by the Swiss neurologist and psychotherapist
1449:, distinguished between three types of act: judgment, desire, and inclination. which Hadot identifies these three acts with logic, physics and ethics respectively. Hadot writes that in the
3812:
498:'s idea (as did Aristotle) that if an object is hot, it is because some part of a universal heat body had entered the object. But, unlike Aristotle, they extended the idea to cover all
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1309:
regarded
Stoicism as a "pagan philosophy"; nonetheless, early Christian writers employed some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism. Examples include the terms "logos", "
359:, the third leader of the Stoic school, wrote over 300 books on logic. His works were lost, but an outline of his logical system can be reconstructed from fragments and testimony.
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807:
have neither start nor end, rather they are cyclical. The current
Universe is a phase in the present cycle, preceded by an infinite number of Universes, doomed to be destroyed ("
8553:
1400:
was taught to most clients during the initial session of traditional REBT by Ellis and his followers: "It's not the events that upset us, but our judgments about the events."
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3813:
909:
The Stoics arranged the passions under four headings: distress, pleasure, fear and lust. One report of the Stoic definitions of these passions appears in the treatise
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389:
developed a system that became known as Stoic logic and included a deductive system, Stoic
Syllogistic, which was considered a rival to Aristotle's Syllogistic (see
664:), achievable by the Stoic sage, can be attained only by verifying the conviction with the expertise of one's peers and the collective judgment of humankind.
887:. For the Stoics, reason meant using logic and understanding the processes of nature—the logos or universal reason, inherent in all things. The Greek word
883:
The foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself, in wisdom and self-control. One must therefore strive to be free of the
1269:, defending a companionate form of marriage between man and woman, and considered relationships solely undergone for pleasure or affection as unnatural.
844:
pervading and animating the entire
Universe. It was conceived as material and is usually identified with God or Nature. The Stoics also referred to the
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professed themselves Stoics". Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe within which we are active participants.
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Everything is subject to the laws of Fate, for the
Universe acts according to its own nature, and the nature of the passive matter it governs. The
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Christianity, Social
Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century
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would be abolished, wives would be held in common, and eroticism would be practiced with both boys and girls with educative purposes, to develop
1876:
1730:
Sedley, D. (2003) The School, from Zeno to Arius Didymus. In: B. Inwood (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. Cambridge University Press.
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nonetheless believed those should be limited in order to retain self-control. Musonius espoused the only natural kind of sex was that meant for
1351:
s entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective 'stoical' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins".
4482:
2204:
1439:, philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims; it is a way of life involving constant practice and training (or "
69:
in everyday life—wisdom, courage, temperance or moderation, and justice—as well as living in accordance with nature. It was founded in the
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Bobzien also notes that, "Chrysippus wrote over 300 books on logic, on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with, including
393:). New interest in Stoic logic came in the 20th century, when important developments in logic were based on propositional logic.
9400:
8743:
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377:, who was one of Zeno's teachers, is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as
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Individual souls are perishable by nature, and can be "transmuted and diffused, assuming a fiery nature by being received into the
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2987:"Education for the Sustainable Global Citizen: What Can We Learn from Stoic Philosophy and Freirean Environmental Pedagogies?"
994:): Delight is an irrational swelling, or a fresh opinion that something good is present, at which people think it right to be
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5501:
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Characteristics related to other phenomena, such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects
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Mac Suibhne, S. (2009). "'Wrestle to be the man philosophy wished to make you': Marcus Aurelius, reflective practitioner".
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personalize God as a world-creating entity, but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe; according to Stoic
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in the loved ones. However, he did not condemn marriage per se, considering it equally a natural occurrence. He regarded
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The Stoics outlined that our own actions, thoughts, and reactions are within our control. The opening paragraph of the
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Inwood, Brad (1999), "Stoic Ethics", in Algra, Keimpe; Barnes, Johnathan; Mansfield, Jaap; Schofield, Malcolm (eds.),
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1175:). Thus if something is present which is a genuine good, then the wise person experiences an uplift in the soul—joy (
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30:
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264:. No complete works survived from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survived.
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311:; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (
7409:
852:"), or the law of generation in the Universe, which was the principle of the active reason working in inanimate
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Carmona, Luis Gabriel; Simpson, Edward; Misiaszek, Greg; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Whiting, Kai (December 2018).
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409:
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502:. Thus, if an object is red, it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object.
236:
Scholars usually divide the history of Stoicism into three phases: the Early Stoa, from Zeno's founding to
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65:: a well-lived life. The Stoics identified the path to achieving it with a life spent practicing the four
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The Hellenistic Philosophers: vol. 1. translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary
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4604:
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1412:, who drew heavily on Stoicism in his clinical work and encouraged his clients to study passages from
381:, which is based on statements or propositions, rather than terms, differing greatly from Aristotle's
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3236:(Loeb Classical Library, No. 141) 2nd ed. trans. by J. E. King. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP.
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of humans and animals are emanations from this primordial Fire, and are, likewise, subject to Fate:
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A Conversation with Kai Whiting On Stoicism and Sustainability | Ideas That Matter Interview Series
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Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Carrasco, Angeles; Carmona, Luis Gabriel (10 February 2018).
1989:
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Particular characteristics, not present within the object, such as size, shape, action, and posture
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The way matter is organized to form an individual object; in Stoic physics, a physical ingredient (
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the fellow citizen of my fellow citizens, disposed in a certain way in relation to something else.
189:
and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas, near the end of the 4th century BC. Unlike the
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became the state religion in the 4th century AD. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the
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The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
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The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
317:). Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: "
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in 1924 added a fourth, containing general indices. Teubner reprinted the whole work in 1964.
2005:
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Seamus Mac Suibhne has described the practices of spiritual exercises as influencing those of
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768:") of the Universe". Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe.
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Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4
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constantly receive sensations: pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the
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1981:
799:, there is no absolute start to time, as it is considered infinite and cyclic. Similarly,
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Everything is Something: Why the Stoic ontology is principled, coherent and comprehensive
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of fragments and testimonia of the earlier Stoics, published in 1903–1905 as part of the
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Stoicism does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe. According to the Stoics, the
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wrote, "The many close similarities between Chrysippus's philosophical logic and that of
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Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Sadler, Greg; Gill, Christopher (21 April 2018).
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615:—even if, in practice, only an approximation can be made. According to the Stoics, the
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and their immediate followers. At first the work consisted of three volumes, to which
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exist; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web.
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Stoicism teaches the development of self-control as a means of overcoming destructive
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Plotinus criticized both Aristotle's Categories and those of the Stoics. His student
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subdivisions of the same class were brought under the head of the separate passions:
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819:, and to be followed by another infinite number of Universes. Stoicism considers all
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860:, which is the primordial Fire and reason that controls and sustains the Universe.
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205:
3059:"Sustainable Development, Wellbeing and Material Consumption: A Stoic Perspective"
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as cyclical, the cosmos as eternally self-creating and self-destroying (see also
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132:
6678:
1354:
The revival of Stoicism in the 20th century can be traced to the publication of
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The modern usage is a "person who represses feelings or endures patiently". The
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3620:(Cambridge University Press, 1996; repr. University of California Press, 2001)
3439:
Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Analysis and Fragments
3371:
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2579:
1443:"), an active process of constant practice and self-reminder. Epictetus in his
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2205:"Learning from Seneca: A Stoic perspective on the art of living and education"
648:). It is only through reason that we gain clear comprehension and conviction (
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was created from a revision of this article dated 30 September 2019
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2013:
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though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers.
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decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes on the north side of the
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1220:) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices.
816:
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165:
136:
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94:) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as
54:
4338:
3665:
How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
3477:
Philosophic Pride: Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau
2446:
Zadorojnyi, Alexei V. (2007). "Cato's suicide in Plutarch AV Zadorojnyi".
1240:. Zeno first advocated for a republic ruled by love and not by law, where
131:
world until the 3rd century AD, and among its adherents was Roman Emperor
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1293:' acceptance of Porphyry's interpretation led to their being accepted by
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369:
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209:
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112:
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2666:"Stoicism | Definition, History, & Influence | Britannica"
1362:
in 1971, and also as part of the late 20th-century surge of interest in
871:, a Stoic philosopher from the Roman empire who served as an adviser to
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3697:
Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation
3613:
3596:
3375:
3075:
3058:
1875:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
1440:
1390:
Stoic philosophy was the original philosophical inspiration for modern
1359:
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1314:
1228:
Early Stoics differed significantly from late Stoics in their views of
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4260:
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4201:
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4156:
2962:
2945:
2831:"REBT Network: Albert Ellis | Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy"
2021:
1967:
Jacques Brunschwig "Stoic Metaphysics", p. 228 in Brad Inwood (ed.),
1947:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 3.
1933:, The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Jun., 2001), pp. 723–752
1471:
1229:
820:
808:
792:
780:
655:
600:
408:
theory, sentence analysis, singular and plural expressions, types of
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352:
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257:
241:
221:
174:
99:
90:
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that something bad is present, at which people think it right to be
84:, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to
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8698:
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8010:
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4317:
3949:
3520:. Paper presented to Department of Philosophy, Berkeley University.
2984:
2615:
1290:
1241:
1209:
1155:
1105:, Consternation, Pusillanimity, Bewilderment, and Faintheartedness.
1102:
1076:
1064:
804:
772:
679:
660:
425:
230:
213:
3534:. PhD dissertation, Department of Philosophy, Berkeley University.
3401:– Ethical fragments of Chrysippus and some fragments of his pupils
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1655:
8950:
8409:
7965:
6846:
6820:
6815:
6757:
6752:
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6472:
6467:
6426:
6248:
6094:
5976:
5730:
4988:
4955:
4928:
4905:
1212:
reports that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised
1080:
1072:
1060:
937:
612:
469:
308:
3199:
La Citadelle intérieure. Introduction aux Pensées de Marc Aurèle
631:) (an impression arising from the mind was called a phantasma).
9017:
8554:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
8489:
7111:
7032:
6762:
6421:
6411:
6109:
6011:
5783:
5700:
5559:
5468:
5380:
5196:
4292:
4280:
3182:
Pierre Hadot and the Spiritual Phenomenon of Ancient Philosophy
2017:
1453:, "Each maxim develops either one of these very characteristic
1310:
1245:
889:
853:
835:
784:
686:
639:
604:
491:
296:
182:
58:
4006:
The Stoic Registry (formerly New Stoa) :Online Stoic Community
4005:
3349:
Also Available on wikisource translated by various translators
2830:
1431:. Many parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern
7975:
6927:
6589:
5875:
5808:
5617:
5592:
5286:
4886:
4239:
4037:
4010:
3922:
2943:
1378:, who is regarded by many as the father of early versions of
1124:
1112:
1094:
1084:
995:
800:
691:
616:
608:
567:
555:
537:
518:
485:
481:
313:
292:
3260:
Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (transl. Robin Campbell),
8896:
4754:
4104:
3630:
Menn, Stephen (1999). 'The Stoic Theory of Categories', in
1120:
1098:
1056:
977:
963:
955:
872:
736:
700:
644:
620:
3287:
by Epictetus, Prometheus Books, Reprint ed., January 1955.
6772:
3495:
The mutual influence of Christianity and the Stoic school
3093:
Stoicon 2018: Kai Whiting on Stoicism and Sustainability
4504:
3472:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; paperback 2006)
333:
perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue,
2434:
A guide to the good life: the ancient art of Stoic joy
1781:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 161.
4015:
1757:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
3973:"A bibliography on Stoicism by the Stoic Foundation"
2201:
856:. Humans, too, each possess a portion of the divine
3262:
Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium
3248:
The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia
1945:
How to Be Free – An Ancient Guide to the Stoic Life
1424:development, material consumption and consumerism.
980:is an irrational desire, or pursuit of an expected
102:—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for
3962:Stoic Logic: The Dialectic from Zeno to Chrysippus
3694:
2203:
1656:"Chrysippus | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
1192:Good intent, Goodwill, Welcoming, Cherishing, Love
3967:Annotated Bibliography on Ancient Stoic Dialectic
3682:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006)
3243:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3117:
2873:
2871:
2869:
1980:
1179:). The Stoics also subdivided the good-feelings:
634:The mind has the ability to judge (συγκατάθεσις,
9660:Schools and traditions in hellenistic philosophy
9636:
3719:Stoic Ethics: Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom
1971:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 206–232.
1496:
3574:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
3145:
3089:
1435:have been identified. According to philosopher
1419:Similarities of modern Stoicism and third-wave
1406:The Philosophy of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy
1385:
1159:). Instead the sage experiences good-feelings (
1087:, Lamenting, Depression, Vexation, Despondency.
917:(trans. Long & Sedley, pg. 411, modified):
3395:– Logical and physical fragments of Chrysippus
3370:. It includes the fragments and testimonia of
2946:"Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach"
2866:
2415:
2413:
8775:
7920:
5824:
4490:
4120:
3593:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
1904:, ed. B. Inwood, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 206–232
779:: God is never fully transcendent but always
5220:
3407:– Indices of words, proper names and sources
3308:, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 218, June 1928.
3301:, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 131, June 1925.
2877:
2551:. University of Chicago Press. p. 130.
2524:. Harvard University Press. pp. 66–67.
2312:
2310:
1153:) is someone who is free from the passions (
3212:Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique
2701:etymonline.com, Online Etymology Dictionary
2410:
2376:
2374:
2261:
2259:
2202:Groenendijk, L.F.; de Ruyter, D.J. (2009).
2173:
2171:
2003:
1824:
1822:
566:Somehow disposed in relation to something (
57:. The Stoics believed that the practice of
8782:
8768:
8644:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
7934:
7927:
7913:
5831:
5817:
4533:
4497:
4483:
4127:
4113:
3246:Inwood, Brad & Gerson Lloyd P. (eds.)
2919:"Anxious? Depressed? Try Greek philosophy"
2578:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities
2445:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
1808:
1806:
1776:
1752:
585:in use is provided by Jacques Brunschwig:
550:: air or breath), which informs the matter
9438:
9401:Relationship between religion and science
8789:
3735:(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004)
3458:(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1998)
3074:
3002:
2961:
2426:
2386:
2347:
2307:
1767:Aetius, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 2.35
1635:
1256:Among later stoics, Epictetus maintained
525:The primary matter, formless substance, (
200:Zeno's ideas developed from those of the
173:: ἡ ποικίλη στοά), or "painted porch", a
4011:Modern Stoicism (Stoic Week and Stoicon)
3840:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3823:
3733:Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations
2609:
2519:
2398:
2371:
2359:
2322:
2256:
2168:
2128:, pp. 37–38. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1835:
1819:
862:
723:
623:, where they leave an impression in the
351:
345:" (and was adopted by Dutch philosopher
216:. Zeno's most influential successor was
29:
3692:
3354:
3232:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1945 c. 1927).
3188:, Hadot, P. Oxford Blackwells, pp. 9–10
3025:
2725:
2544:
2508:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2316:
2290:
2271:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2012:. Ancient Philosophies (1st ed.).
1920:10.218. (chronos, topos, kenon, lekton)
1873:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1866:
1803:
267:
14:
9637:
4671:
3675:. 'New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.
3571:
3558:Secundum Naturam (According to Nature)
3537:
2859:Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery (1979)
2694:
2625:
2588:. Yale University Press. p. 190.
2404:
2392:
2380:
2353:
2328:
2137:
2126:Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age
1862:
1860:
1610:
1564:
285:1.15.2, Robin Hard revised translation
8763:
7908:
7570:
6312:
5850:
5812:
4594:
4478:
4108:
3917:
3591:The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics
3500:
3419:
3389:– Fragments of Zeno and his followers
3118:Gregory B. Sadler (2 November 2018),
2916:
2841:from the original on 14 November 2020
2823:
2707:from the original on 19 November 2016
2365:
2301:
2284:
2265:
2189:
2177:
1969:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
1931:The Stoics on Bodies and Incorporeals
1223:
1186:Enjoyment, Cheerfulness, Good spirits
4044:
3979:from the original on 1 November 2012
3632:Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy
3038:from the original on 13 January 2023
2756:
2646:from the original on 11 October 2014
2639:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2474:
2244:from the original on 2 December 2022
2100:
2010:The Philosophy of Early Christianity
1942:
1717:(1915), p. 25. In Bertrand Russell,
1685:. Chester Springs: Dufour Editions.
1680:
1457:, or two of them or three of them."
703:, which acts on the passive matter:
38:, considered the founder of Stoicism
4506:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
3910:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3896:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3882:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3868:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3856:
3750:The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics
3239:Long, A. A., Sedley, D. N. (1987).
3234:Cicero : Tusculan Disputations
3090:Modern Stoicism (8 November 2018),
2732:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1857:
1662:from the original on 9 October 2023
1615:. New York: Routledge. p. 27.
1345:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
603:can be attained through the use of
490:)—though not all things (τινά)—are
123:Stoicism flourished throughout the
27:Virtue-focused philosophical system
24:
3810:
3424:, University of California Press,
3312:
3306:Epictetus Discourses Books 3 and 4
3299:Epictetus Discourses Books 1 and 2
3225:
3220:
3128:from the original on 26 March 2023
3100:from the original on 26 March 2023
2925:from the original on 26 March 2023
2791:from the original on 28 March 2023
2726:Baltzly, Dirk (13 December 2004).
2545:Boswell, John (15 February 2009).
2421:Introduction to ancient philosophy
1879:from the original on 26 March 2022
25:
9671:
9421:Sociology of scientific knowledge
9416:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9369:History and philosophy of science
3757:
3603:(Indiana University Press, 2012)
3339:, or translated by Gregory Hays;
3026:Whiting, Kai (11 February 2019).
2695:Harper, Douglas (November 2001).
2676:from the original on 28 June 2023
2631:
2436:, p. 200. Oxford University Press
2113:Backgrounds of Early Christianity
2006:"Free will and divine providence"
1902:The Cambridge Companion to Stoics
1777:Long, A.A.; Sedley, D.N. (1987).
1753:Long, A.A.; Sedley, D.N. (1987).
1638:Stoicism and the Art of Happiness
1629:
1509:from the original on 28 June 2023
1372:rational emotive behavior therapy
135:. It experienced a decline after
9618:
9606:
7888:
7887:
7874:
4087:
4070:
4053:
4025:
3822:
3752:, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892
2898:from the original on 8 July 2023
2585:Bisexuality in the Ancient World
2432:William Braxton Irvine, (2009),
2038:from the original on 8 July 2023
1814:A History of Western Philosophy,
1592:from the original on 8 July 2023
3542:, University of Chicago Press,
3525:The Coherence of Stoic Ontology
3204:
3191:
3174:
3139:
3111:
3083:
3050:
3019:
2978:
2937:
2910:
2861:Cognitive Therapy of Depression
2853:
2775:
2750:
2738:from the original on 4 May 2019
2719:
2688:
2658:
2572:
2538:
2439:
2334:
2195:
2183:
2131:
2118:
2076:
2063:
2050:
2004:Karamanolis, George E. (2013).
1997:
1974:
1961:
1936:
1923:
1907:
1890:
1848:
1843:A History of Western Philosophy
1830:A History of Western Philosophy
1770:
1761:
1746:
1733:
1724:
1719:A History of Western Philosophy
1300:
1277:
795:, which is very similar to the
594:
505:They held that there were four
248:; and the Late Stoa, including
147:) and in the contemporary era (
8810:Analytic–synthetic distinction
8584:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
5838:
4430:Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
3576:, Cambridge University Press,
3422:Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind
2522:Homosexuality and Civilization
1707:
1674:
1648:
1604:
1558:
1545:
1521:
1490:
962:, or avoidance of an expected
116:) that is "in accordance with
13:
1:
8465:Principle of compositionality
7571:
3501:Capes, William Wolfe (1880),
3441:, Trafford Publishing, 2005,
2917:Evans, Jules (29 June 2013).
1986:Lives of eminent philosophers
1871:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1484:
797:Hindu conception of existence
678:According to the Stoics, the
475:
240:; the Middle Stoa, including
8614:Philosophical Investigations
7360:Ordinary language philosophy
5851:
4134:
3788:Resources in other libraries
3492:Bryant, James Henry (1866),
3275:
3201:. Paris, Fayard, pp. 106–115
1779:The Hellenistic Philosophers
1755:The Hellenistic Philosophers
1433:cognitive behavioral therapy
1386:Psychology and psychotherapy
1380:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
9143:Hypothetico-deductive model
9118:Deductive-nomological model
9103:Constructivist epistemology
8455:Modality (natural language)
7410:Contemporary utilitarianism
7325:Internalism and externalism
4437:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
3701:, Oxford University Press,
3568:. Stoic Therapy, LLC, 2021.
3523:de Harven, Vanessa (2012).
3509:de Harven, Vanessa (2010).
3360:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
3250:Indianapolis: Hackett 2008.
3186:Philosophy as a Way of Life
2490:Hubbard, Thomas K. (2013).
2144:University of Chicago Press
1613:A History of Western Ethics
1460:
904:
599:The Stoics propounded that
329:The Stoic ethic espouses a
66:
10:
9676:
8594:Language, Truth, and Logic
8334:Theological noncognitivism
8219:Contrast theory of meaning
8214:Causal theory of reference
7945:Index of language articles
6674:Svatantrika and Prasangika
6313:
3938:The Stoic Therapy eLibrary
3905:"Stoic Philosophy of Mind"
3721:(London: Continuum, 2007)
3412:
2095:Cambridge University Press
1636:Robertson, Donald (2018).
1576:Princeton University Press
1202:
671:
667:
611:can be distinguished from
568:
556:
538:
519:
486:
401:are especially striking".
367:
208:), whose founding father,
154:
9597:
9429:
9331:
9261:
9204:Semantic view of theories
9123:Epistemological anarchism
9075:
9060:dependent and independent
8797:
8734:
8679:Philosophy of information
8666:
8515:
8367:
8279:Mediated reference theory
8204:
7951:
7942:
7868:
7820:
7720:
7682:
7629:
7596:
7587:
7583:
7566:
7516:
7428:
7266:
7257:
7190:
6973:
6964:
6942:
6897:
6839:
6791:
6745:
6736:
6699:
6570:
6435:
6382:
6373:
6323:
6319:
6308:
6247:
6219:
6176:
6128:
6085:
6038:
6010:
5962:
5934:
5896:Philosophy of mathematics
5886:Philosophy of information
5861:
5857:
5846:
5759:
5674:
5631:
5573:
5535:
5487:
5414:
5371:
5362:
5310:
5277:
5167:
5139:
5096:
5058:
5030:
4979:
4936:
4927:
4904:
4872:
4846:
4837:
4796:
4773:
4680:
4631:
4603:
4585:
4512:
4446:
4366:
4302:
4270:
4229:
4220:
4142:
3783:Resources in your library
3693:Sorabji, Richard (2000),
3538:Graver, Margaret (2007),
3304:Harvard University Press
3297:Harvard University Press
3292:Epictetus, The Discourses
3254:
3214:. Paris, 2nd ed., p. 135.
3160:10.1080/14623940903138266
2761:. London: Athlone Press.
2494:. John Wiley & Sons.
2460:10.1017/S0009838807000195
2419:Don E. Marietta, (1998),
2222:10.1080/17449640902816277
2138:Graver, Margaret (2009).
1867:Bobzien, Susanne (2020),
1611:Becker, Lawrence (2003).
1540:Handbook of Virtue Ethics
1416:as homework assignments.
1337:
1272:
878:
731:, the Stoic Roman emperor
529:) that things are made of
480:The Stoics held that all
212:, had been a disciple of
8946:Intertheoretic reduction
8935:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
8912:Functional contextualism
8604:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
5345:Alexander of Aphrodisias
4423:Enchiridion of Epictetus
3955:25 December 2014 at the
3943:28 February 2021 at the
3505:, Pott, Young, & Co.
2520:Crompton, Louis (2009).
1990:Harvard University Press
1534:13 November 2018 at the
1397:Enchiridion of Epictetus
936:contraction, or a fresh
468:, ambiguity and logical
418:existential propositions
363:
9431:Philosophers of science
9209:Scientific essentialism
9158:Model-dependent realism
9093:Constructive empiricism
8986:Evidence-based practice
8405:Use–mention distinction
8249:Direct reference theory
7365:Postanalytic philosophy
7306:Experimental philosophy
5454:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
5187:Thrasymachus of Corinth
4865:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
4416:Discourses of Epictetus
3930:Encyclopædia Britannica
3731:Strange, Steven (ed.),
3652:(London: Karnac, 2010)
3636:Oxford University Press
3368:Bibliotheca Teubneriana
3028:"The Sustainable Stoic"
2787:. Athlone Press. 1971.
2448:The Classical Quarterly
1392:cognitive psychotherapy
713:Chrysippus, in Cicero,
448:, propositional logic,
231:successors of Alexander
71:ancient Agora of Athens
9514:Alfred North Whitehead
9504:Charles Sanders Peirce
8339:Theory of descriptions
8274:Linguistic determinism
7936:Philosophy of language
7498:Social constructionism
6510:Hellenistic philosophy
5926:Theoretical philosophy
5901:Philosophy of religion
5891:Philosophy of language
5111:Aristippus the Younger
4222:Philosophical concepts
3818:
3798:Listen to this article
3748:; Reichel, Oswald J.,
3180:Davidson, A.I. (1995)
3004:10.3390/educsci8040204
1943:Long, Anthony (2018).
1741:Hellenistic Philosophy
1497:Jason Lewis Saunders.
1250:same sex relationships
1198:Moral shame, Reverence
875:
783:, and identified with
777:naturalistic pantheism
758:
732:
722:
592:
422:sentential connectives
360:
288:
47:Hellenistic philosophy
39:
9613:Philosophy portal
9364:Hard and soft science
9359:Faith and rationality
9228:Scientific skepticism
9008:Scientific Revolution
8791:Philosophy of science
8450:Mental representation
8385:Linguistic relativity
8269:Inquisitive semantics
7881:Philosophy portal
7400:Scientific skepticism
7380:Reformed epistemology
5906:Philosophy of science
5588:Eudorus of Alexandria
5159:Asclepiades of Phlius
5116:Theodorus the Atheist
4402:Seneca's Consolations
3996:programme on Stoicism
3817:
3671:4 August 2019 at the
3516:26 March 2023 at the
3486:29 April 2014 at the
3479:(Princeton UP, 2012)
3475:Brooke, Christopher.
3420:Annas, Julia (1994),
3264:(1969, reprint 2004)
2878:Robertson, D (2010).
2636:. In E. Craig (ed.).
2423:, pp. 153–154. Sharpe
2342:Tusculan Disputations
1918:Adversus Mathematicos
1683:These Were the Greeks
1328:Marcus Minucius Felix
1307:Fathers of the Church
1216:'s self-consistency (
866:
741:
727:
705:
587:
462:logic of suppositions
355:
271:
61:is enough to achieve
33:
9339:Criticism of science
9214:Scientific formalism
9098:Constructive realism
9003:Scientific pluralism
8976:Problem of induction
8634:Naming and Necessity
8544:De Arte Combinatoria
8343:Definite description
8304:Semantic externalism
7301:Critical rationalism
7008:Edo neo-Confucianism
6852:Acintya bheda abheda
6831:Renaissance humanism
6542:School of the Sextii
5916:Practical philosophy
5911:Political philosophy
5522:Diogenes of Oenoanda
3849:More spoken articles
3715:Stephens, William O.
3589:Inwood, Brad (ed.),
3540:Stoicism and Emotion
3355:Fragment collections
2784:Problems in Stoicism
2759:Problems in Stoicism
2634:"Ancient philosophy"
2210:Ethics and Education
2140:Stoicism and Emotion
2097:, 1978, pp. 182–183.
2089:, in: John M. Rist,
1896:Jacques Brunschwig,
1715:The Stoic Philosophy
1356:Problems in Stoicism
1238:sexual relationships
771:Stoic theology is a
658:and true knowledge (
466:logic of imperatives
268:Philosophical system
9406:Rhetoric of science
9344:Descriptive science
9088:Confirmation holism
8981:Scientific evidence
8941:Inductive reasoning
8870:Demarcation problem
8684:Philosophical logic
8674:Analytic philosophy
8480:Sense and reference
8359:Verification theory
8314:Situation semantics
6872:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6783:Korean Confucianism
6530:Academic Skepticism
5646:Apollonius of Tyana
5593:Philo of Alexandria
5396:Agrippa the Skeptic
5335:Strato of Lampsacus
4390:Letters to Lucilius
4172:Antipater of Tarsus
4167:Diogenes of Babylon
3662:Robertson, Donald,
3648:Robertson, Donald,
3645:, pp. 215–247.
3564:8 July 2023 at the
3530:22 May 2023 at the
3452:Becker, Lawrence C.
3437:Bakalis, Nikolaos,
3362:is a collection by
3148:Reflective Practice
2835:www.rebtnetwork.org
2111:Ferguson, Everett.
1841:Russell, Bertrand.
1828:Russell, Bertrand.
1812:Russell, Bertrand.
1566:Becker, Lawrence C.
1529:Stoic Virtue Ethics
1429:reflective practice
984:but in reality bad.
789:Abrahamic religions
687:reasoning substance
446:theory of deduction
438:logical consequence
379:propositional logic
343:Classical Pantheism
204:(brought to him by
195:cult of personality
49:that flourished in
9625:Science portal
9554:Carl Gustav Hempel
9509:Wilhelm Windelband
9396:Questionable cause
9219:Scientific realism
9040:Underdetermination
8875:Empirical evidence
8865:Creative synthesis
8534:Port-Royal Grammar
8430:Family resemblance
8349:Theory of language
8324:Supposition theory
7493:Post-structuralism
7395:Scientific realism
7350:Quinean naturalism
7330:Logical positivism
7286:Analytical Marxism
6505:Peripatetic school
6417:Chinese naturalism
5944:Aesthetic response
5871:Applied philosophy
5721:Plutarch of Athens
5661:Numenius of Apamea
5651:Moderatus of Gades
5121:Hegesias of Cyrene
4383:Paradoxa Stoicorum
3919:Hicks, Robert Drew
3819:
3329:Maxwell Staniforth
3076:10.3390/su10020474
2991:Education Sciences
2884:. London: Karnac.
2757:Long, A A (1971).
2670:www.britannica.com
2582:(1 January 2002).
2192:, pp. 103–104
1929:Marcelo D. Boeri,
1414:Seneca the Younger
1313:", "Spirit", and "
1224:Love and sexuality
1141:, and Ostentation.
876:
733:
554:Somehow disposed (
361:
229:, "nearly all the
82:Aristotle's ethics
40:
9632:
9631:
9474:
9473:
9386:Normative science
9243:Uniformitarianism
8998:Scientific method
8892:Explanatory power
8757:
8756:
8259:Dynamic semantics
7902:
7901:
7864:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7281:Analytic feminism
7253:
7252:
7215:Kierkegaardianism
7177:Transcendentalism
7137:Neo-scholasticism
6983:Classical Realism
6960:
6959:
6732:
6731:
6547:Neopythagoreanism
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
5921:Social philosophy
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5769:Nicetes of Smyrna
5358:
5357:
5273:
5272:
5235:Apollonius Cronus
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
4900:
4899:
4824:
4823:
4745:Metrodorus of Cos
4667:
4666:
4654:
4653:
4581:
4580:
4472:
4471:
4362:
4361:
3950:The Stoic Library
3815:
3764:Library resources
3210:Hadot, P. (1987)
3197:Hadot, P. (1992)
2595:978-0-300-09302-5
2558:978-0-226-06714-8
2069:Marcus Aurelius,
1988:. Cambridge, MA:
1982:Diogenes Laërtius
1898:Stoic Metaphysics
1681:Amos, H. (1982).
1640:. Great Britain:
1527:Sharpe, Matthew,
1045:
1044:
958:is an irrational
850:logos spermatikos
766:logos spermatikos
749:Marcus Aurelius,
163:derives from the
16:(Redirected from
9667:
9623:
9622:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9584:Bas van Fraassen
9539:Hans Reichenbach
9519:Bertrand Russell
9436:
9435:
9262:Philosophy of...
9045:Unity of science
8838:Commensurability
8784:
8777:
8770:
8761:
8760:
8719:Formal semantics
8667:Related articles
8659:
8649:
8639:
8629:
8619:
8609:
8599:
8589:
8579:
8569:
8559:
8549:
8539:
8529:
8299:Relevance theory
8294:Phallogocentrism
7929:
7922:
7915:
7906:
7905:
7891:
7890:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7594:
7593:
7585:
7584:
7568:
7567:
7458:Frankfurt School
7405:Transactionalism
7355:Normative ethics
7335:Legal positivism
7311:Falsificationism
7296:Consequentialism
7291:Communitarianism
7264:
7263:
7132:New Confucianism
6971:
6970:
6778:Neo-Confucianism
6743:
6742:
6552:Second Sophistic
6537:Middle Platonism
6380:
6379:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6309:
6153:Epiphenomenalism
6020:Consequentialism
5954:Institutionalism
5859:
5858:
5848:
5847:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5761:Second Sophistic
5736:Ammonius Hermiae
5641:Nigidius Figulus
5555:Philo of Larissa
5537:Academic Skeptic
5401:Sextus Empiricus
5369:
5368:
5218:
5217:
5177:Euclid of Megara
5056:
5055:
4934:
4933:
4844:
4843:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4531:
4530:
4513:Proto-philosophy
4499:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4459:Stoic Opposition
4447:Related articles
4410:(Musonius Rufus)
4227:
4226:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4021:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3934:
3933:(11th ed.).
3926:
3914:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3863:Zalta, Edward N.
3839:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3711:
3700:
3601:Stoic Pragmatism
3586:
3552:
3506:
3434:
3380:Maximilian Adler
3327:, translated by
3294:, Everyman 1995.
3215:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3115:
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3087:
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3048:
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3023:
3017:
3016:
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2976:
2975:
2965:
2963:10.3390/h7020039
2941:
2935:
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2914:
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2269:
2263:
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2251:
2249:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2135:
2129:
2124:Tripolitis, A.,
2122:
2116:
2109:
2098:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1914:Sextus Empiricus
1911:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1833:
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1800:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1713:Gilbert Murray,
1711:
1705:
1704:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1627:
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1608:
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1599:
1597:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1494:
1370:, who developed
1350:
1324:Ambrose of Milan
1171:), and caution (
1093:: Sluggishness,
1002:
1001:
817:re-created again
756:
720:
716:De Natura Deorum
571:
570:
569:πρός τί πως ἔχον
559:
558:
541:
540:
522:
521:
489:
488:
286:
206:Crates of Thebes
77:around 300 BC.
21:
9675:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9617:
9607:
9605:
9593:
9574:Paul Feyerabend
9534:Michael Polanyi
9470:
9456:Galileo Galilei
9425:
9411:Science studies
9327:
9257:
9248:Verificationism
9153:Instrumentalism
9138:Foundationalism
9113:Conventionalism
9071:
8907:Feminist method
8793:
8788:
8758:
8753:
8730:
8709:School of Names
8662:
8657:
8647:
8637:
8627:
8624:Of Grammatology
8617:
8607:
8597:
8587:
8577:
8567:
8557:
8547:
8537:
8527:
8511:
8363:
8309:Semantic holism
8289:Non-cognitivism
8229:Conventionalism
8200:
7947:
7938:
7933:
7903:
7898:
7875:
7873:
7852:
7816:
7716:
7678:
7625:
7579:
7578:
7550:
7539:Russian cosmism
7512:
7508:Western Marxism
7473:New Historicism
7438:Critical theory
7424:
7420:Wittgensteinian
7316:Foundationalism
7249:
7186:
7167:Social contract
7023:Foundationalism
6956:
6938:
6922:Illuminationism
6907:Aristotelianism
6893:
6882:Vishishtadvaita
6835:
6787:
6728:
6695:
6566:
6495:Megarian school
6490:Eretrian school
6431:
6392:Agriculturalism
6369:
6315:
6296:
6243:
6215:
6172:
6124:
6081:
6065:Incompatibilism
6034:
6006:
5958:
5930:
5853:
5842:
5837:
5807:
5798:
5755:
5684:Ammonius Saccas
5670:
5627:
5575:Middle Platonic
5569:
5531:
5483:
5474:Marcus Aurelius
5410:
5386:Timon of Phlius
5354:
5324:Aristotelianism
5306:
5269:
5250:Diodorus Cronus
5216:
5163:
5135:
5092:
5054:
5018:
4975:
4923:
4896:
4868:
4833:
4820:
4792:
4769:
4663:
4650:
4627:
4577:
4529:
4508:
4503:
4473:
4468:
4442:
4397:Seneca's Essays
4358:
4298:
4266:
4216:
4207:Marcus Aurelius
4138:
4133:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:sister projects
4042:at Knowledge's
4036:
4026:
4024:
4016:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3957:Wayback Machine
3945:Wayback Machine
3903:
3889:
3875:
3857:Baltzly, Dirk.
3853:
3852:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3830:This audio file
3827:
3820:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3709:
3678:Sellars, John,
3673:Wayback Machine
3634:, Volume XVII.
3584:
3566:Wayback Machine
3550:
3532:Wayback Machine
3518:Wayback Machine
3488:Wayback Machine
3432:
3415:
3410:
3357:
3319:Marcus Aurelius
3315:
3313:Marcus Aurelius
3278:
3257:
3228:
3226:Primary sources
3223:
3221:Further reading
3218:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3179:
3175:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3020:
2983:
2979:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2632:David, Sedley.
2630:
2626:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2580:Cantarella, Eva
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2518:
2509:
2502:
2488:
2475:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2291:
2283:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2154:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2115:. 2003, p. 368.
2110:
2101:
2087:Stoic Cosmology
2083:Michael Lapidge
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2024:. p. 151.
2002:
1998:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1869:"Ancient Logic"
1865:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1789:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1693:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1536:Wayback Machine
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1463:
1388:
1348:
1340:
1303:
1288:The Categories.
1280:
1275:
1226:
1205:
907:
881:
834:was the active
757:
748:
729:Marcus Aurelius
721:
712:
676:
670:
597:
478:
458:epistemic logic
395:Susanne Bobzien
375:Diodorus Cronus
372:
366:
287:
278:
270:
262:Marcus Aurelius
220:, who followed
157:
149:modern Stoicism
133:Marcus Aurelius
45:is a school of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9673:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9650:Ancient Greece
9647:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9615:
9603:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9559:W. V. O. Quine
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9494:Rudolf Steiner
9491:
9486:
9484:Henri Poincaré
9481:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9442:
9440:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9382:
9381:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9354:Exact sciences
9351:
9346:
9341:
9335:
9333:
9332:Related topics
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9291:Social science
9288:
9287:
9286:
9284:Space and time
9276:
9271:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9183:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8993:Scientific law
8990:
8989:
8988:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8902:Falsifiability
8899:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8831:Mill's Methods
8823:
8812:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8795:
8794:
8787:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8764:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8650:
8640:
8630:
8620:
8610:
8600:
8590:
8580:
8570:
8560:
8550:
8540:
8530:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8460:Presupposition
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8239:Deconstruction
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7909:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7884:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7688:
7686:
7684:Middle Eastern
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7591:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7448:Existentialism
7445:
7443:Deconstruction
7440:
7434:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7276:Applied ethics
7272:
7270:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7240:Nietzscheanism
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7182:Utilitarianism
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7080:Transcendental
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7018:Existentialism
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6806:Augustinianism
6803:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6747:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6719:Zoroastrianism
6716:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6562:Church Fathers
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6444:
6442:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6077:Libertarianism
6074:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:Metaphilosophy
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5774:Dio Chrysostom
5771:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5633:Neopythagorean
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5459:Musonius Rufus
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:Zeno of Citium
5420:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Phaedo of Elis
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4197:Musonius Rufus
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Zeno of Citium
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4084:
4082:from Wikiquote
4067:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3992:BBC Radio 4's
3989:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3924:"Stoics"
3915:
3901:
3891:"Stoic Ethics"
3887:
3873:
3842:
3828:
3821:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:External links
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:Zeller, Eduard
3743:
3729:
3712:
3708:978-0198250050
3707:
3690:
3676:
3660:
3658:978-1855757561
3646:
3628:
3611:
3594:
3587:
3583:978-0521250283
3582:
3569:
3553:
3549:978-0226305578
3548:
3535:
3521:
3507:
3498:
3490:
3473:
3470:The Stoic Life
3468:Brennan, Tad,
3466:
3456:A New Stoicism
3449:
3435:
3431:978-0520076594
3430:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3372:Zeno of Citium
3364:Hans von Arnim
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3173:
3138:
3110:
3082:
3063:Sustainability
3049:
3018:
2977:
2936:
2909:
2891:978-1855757561
2890:
2865:
2852:
2822:
2813:|website=
2774:
2767:
2749:
2718:
2687:
2657:
2624:
2608:
2594:
2571:
2557:
2537:
2531:978-0674030060
2530:
2507:
2501:978-1118610688
2500:
2473:
2454:(1): 216–230.
2438:
2425:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2344:by J. E. King.
2333:
2321:
2306:
2289:
2270:
2255:
2194:
2182:
2167:
2153:978-0226305585
2152:
2130:
2117:
2099:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2031:978-1844655670
2030:
1996:
1973:
1960:
1954:978-0691177717
1953:
1935:
1922:
1906:
1889:
1856:
1847:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1787:
1769:
1760:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1706:
1692:978-0802312754
1691:
1673:
1647:
1628:
1622:978-0415968256
1621:
1603:
1585:978-1400822447
1584:
1571:A New Stoicism
1557:
1555:, 2006, p. 32.
1551:John Sellars.
1544:
1520:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1387:
1384:
1339:
1336:
1302:
1299:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1225:
1222:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:, and Longing.
1106:
1088:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
985:
967:
945:
906:
903:
897:For the Stoic
880:
877:
846:seminal reason
825:Eternal return
762:seminal reason
746:
710:
699:or primordial
672:Main article:
669:
666:
596:
593:
576:
575:
563:
551:
530:
477:
474:
442:valid argument
368:Main article:
365:
362:
347:Baruch Spinoza
321:consists in a
276:
269:
266:
250:Musonius Rufus
227:Gilbert Murray
187:Zeno of Citium
156:
153:
75:Zeno of Citium
51:Ancient Greece
36:Zeno of Citium
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9672:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9614:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9544:Rudolf Carnap
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9479:Auguste Comte
9477:
9476:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9451:Francis Bacon
9449:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9379:Pseudoscience
9377:
9376:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9238:Structuralism
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9200:Received view
9198:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9108:Contextualism
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8785:
8780:
8778:
8773:
8771:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8704:Scholasticism
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8646:
8645:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8626:
8625:
8621:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8565:
8561:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8546:
8545:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8319:Structuralism
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8244:Descriptivism
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8224:Contrastivism
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7925:
7923:
7918:
7916:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7895:
7894:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:Miscellaneous
7819:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:Miscellaneous
7515:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7503:Structuralism
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:Postmodernism
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7478:Phenomenology
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7415:Vienna Circle
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:Moral realism
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7147:Phenomenology
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7087:Individualism
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6953:
6952:Judeo-Islamic
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6928:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6877:Shuddhadvaita
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6811:Scholasticism
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6307:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:Conceptualism
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:Particularism
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Functionalism
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:Eliminativism
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:Compatibilism
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Particularism
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Zeno of Sidon
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Lyco of Troas
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5222:Dialecticians
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4099:from Wikidata
4098:
4097:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3831:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:Stoic Studies
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:(4): 429–36.
3153:
3149:
3142:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2395:, p. 701
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2368:, p. 115
2367:
2362:
2356:, p. 705
2355:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2268:, p. 114
2267:
2262:
2260:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2180:, p. 103
2179:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:9780521255615
1784:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1574:. Princeton:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1542:, 2013, 28–41
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1478:A Man in Full
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:Aaron T. Beck
1374:, as well as
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:virtue ethics
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:romantic love
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:, Troubling,
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
916:
912:
902:
900:
895:
892:
891:
886:
874:
870:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:conflagration
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
754:
753:
745:
740:
738:
730:
726:
718:
717:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
685:
681:
675:
674:Stoic physics
665:
663:
662:
657:
653:
652:
647:
646:
641:
637:
636:synkatathesis
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
591:
586:
583:
582:
573:
564:
561:
552:
549:
548:
543:
535:
531:
528:
524:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:Gottlob Frege
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:deterministic
327:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
305:
302:
299:physics, and
298:
294:
284:
283:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Ancient Greek
168:
167:
162:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:virtue ethics
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
9655:Ancient Rome
9589:Larry Laudan
9569:Imre Lakatos
9524:Otto Neurath
9499:Karl Pearson
9489:Pierre Duhem
9461:Isaac Newton
9391:Protoscience
9349:Epistemology
9223:Anti-realism
9221: /
9202: /
9193: /
9179: /
9177:Reductionism
9175: /
9148:Inductionism
9128:Evolutionism
8933:
8820:a posteriori
8819:
8815:
8652:
8642:
8632:
8622:
8612:
8602:
8592:
8582:
8562:
8552:
8542:
8532:
8522:
8504:
8445:Metalanguage
8440:Logical form
8395:Truth-bearer
8354:Unilalianism
8264:Expressivism
8091:Wittgenstein
8036:von Humboldt
7953:Philosophers
7886:
7872:
7543:
7534:Postcritique
7524:Kyoto School
7483:Posthumanism
7463:Hermeneutics
7318: /
7259:Contemporary
7235:Newtonianism
7198:Cartesianism
7157:Reductionism
6993:Conservatism
6988:Collectivism
6926:
6654:Sarvāstivadā
6632:Anekantavada
6557:Neoplatonism
6525:Epicureanism
6519:
6458:Pythagoreans
6397:Confucianism
6363:Contemporary
6353:Early modern
6257:Anti-realism
6211:Universalism
6168:Subjectivism
5964:Epistemology
5789:Philostratus
5676:Neoplatonist
5415:
5330:Theophrastus
5004:Dionysodorus
4961:Thrasymachus
4587:Pre-Socratic
4454:Stoa Poikile
4435:
4429:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4389:
4381:
4377:(Chrysippus)
4374:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4291:
4279:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4144:Philosophers
4135:
4094:
4077:
4065:from Commons
4060:
4039:
3993:
3983:14 September
3981:. Retrieved
3928:
3908:
3894:
3880:
3866:
3778:Online books
3768:
3749:
3732:
3718:
3696:
3679:
3664:
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3631:
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3600:
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3476:
3469:
3455:
3438:
3421:
3359:
3358:
3322:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3282:Long, George
3261:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3130:, retrieved
3120:
3113:
3102:, retrieved
3092:
3085:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3031:
3021:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2880:
2860:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2834:
2825:
2793:. Retrieved
2783:
2777:
2758:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2731:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2700:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2637:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2584:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2547:
2540:
2521:
2491:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2407:, p. 58
2400:
2388:
2383:, p. 52
2361:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2331:, p. 54
2324:
2319:, p. 29
2317:Sorabji 2000
2304:, p. 48
2287:, p. 47
2246:. Retrieved
2213:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2009:
1999:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1881:, retrieved
1872:
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1842:
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1772:
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1754:
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1740:
1735:
1726:
1718:
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1709:
1682:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1650:
1637:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1476:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1437:Pierre Hadot
1426:
1418:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1368:Albert Ellis
1355:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1318:
1304:
1301:Christianity
1297:philosophy.
1287:
1281:
1278:Neoplatonism
1262:heterosexual
1255:
1227:
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770:
761:
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750:
742:
734:
714:
706:
690:
677:
659:
649:
643:
642:or opinion (
635:
633:
598:
595:Epistemology
588:
579:
577:
565:
553:
545:
532:
526:
513:
504:
479:
434:conditionals
430:disjunctions
403:
373:
328:
322:
318:
312:
306:
301:naturalistic
289:
280:
272:
235:
199:
166:Stoa Poikile
164:
160:
158:
137:Christianity
122:
111:
89:
79:
55:Ancient Rome
42:
41:
9579:Ian Hacking
9564:Thomas Kuhn
9549:Karl Popper
9529:C. D. Broad
9446:Roger Bacon
9374:Non-science
9316:Linguistics
9296:Archaeology
9191:Rationalism
9181:Determinism
9168:Physicalism
9133:Fallibilism
9083:Coherentism
9013:Testability
8966:Observation
8961:Objectivity
8922:alternative
8853:Correlation
8843:Consilience
8689:Linguistics
8654:Limited Inc
8574:On Denoting
8400:Proposition
8051:de Saussure
8016:Ibn Khaldun
7529:Objectivism
7468:Neo-Marxism
7430:Continental
7340:Meta-ethics
7320:Coherentism
7225:Hegelianism
7162:Rationalism
7122:Natural law
7102:Materialism
7028:Historicism
6998:Determinism
6889:Navya-Nyāya
6664:Sautrāntika
6659:Pudgalavada
6595:Vaisheshika
6448:Presocratic
6348:Renaissance
6287:Physicalism
6272:Materialism
6178:Normativity
6163:Objectivism
6148:Emergentism
6138:Behaviorism
6087:Metaphysics
6053:Determinism
5992:Rationalism
5391:Aenesidemus
5364:Hellenistic
5312:Peripatetic
5230:Clinomachus
5068:Antisthenes
4682:Pythagorean
4633:Heraclitean
4618:Anaximander
4535:Seven Sages
4464:Neostoicism
4375:On Passions
4346:Prohairesis
3994:In Our Time
3614:Long, A. A.
3597:Lachs, John
3555:Hall, Ron,
3324:Meditations
3285:Enchiridion
3042:18 February
2742:2 September
2711:2 September
2405:Graver 2007
2393:Inwood 1999
2381:Graver 2007
2354:Inwood 1999
2329:Graver 2007
2142:. Chicago:
2071:Meditations
2042:18 November
1642:John Murray
1467:4 Maccabees
1451:Meditations
1410:Paul Dubois
1267:procreation
1147:wise person
911:On Passions
841:anima mundi
752:Meditations
625:imagination
581:Enchiridion
520:ὑποκείμενον
454:tense logic
450:modal logic
370:Stoic logic
279:Epictetus,
210:Antisthenes
145:Neostoicism
141:Renaissance
113:prohairesis
9639:Categories
9466:David Hume
9439:Precursors
9321:Psychology
9301:Economics
9195:Empiricism
9186:Pragmatism
9173:Positivism
9163:Naturalism
9033:scientific
8917:Hypothesis
8880:Experiment
8749:Discussion
8744:Task Force
8694:Pragmatics
8485:Speech act
8415:Categories
8329:Symbiosism
8284:Nominalism
8196:Watzlawick
8076:Bloomfield
7996:Chrysippus
7828:Amerindian
7735:Australian
7674:Vietnamese
7654:Indonesian
7203:Kantianism
7152:Positivism
7142:Pragmatism
7117:Naturalism
7097:Liberalism
7075:Subjective
7013:Empiricism
6917:Avicennism
6862:Bhedabheda
6746:East Asian
6669:Madhyamaka
6649:Abhidharma
6515:Pyrrhonism
6282:Nominalism
6277:Naturalism
6206:Skepticism
6196:Relativism
6186:Absolutism
6115:Naturalism
6025:Deontology
5997:Skepticism
5982:Naturalism
5972:Empiricism
5936:Aesthetics
5840:Philosophy
5746:Simplicius
5711:Iamblichus
5656:Nicomachus
5545:Arcesilaus
5512:Philodemus
5502:Metrodorus
5444:Posidonius
5434:Chrysippus
5373:Pyrrhonist
5297:Xenocrates
5292:Speusippus
5265:Panthoides
5106:Aristippus
5009:Euthydemus
4946:Protagoras
4919:Democritus
4882:Empedocles
4855:Anaxagoras
4806:Parmenides
4783:Xenophanes
4740:Hermotimus
4690:Pythagoras
4641:Heraclitus
4623:Anaximenes
4525:Pherecydes
4520:Epimenides
4325:Eudaimonia
4254:Katalepsis
4182:Posidonius
4162:Chrysippus
4079:Quotations
4032:Philosophy
3998:(requires
3877:"Stoicism"
3859:"Stoicism"
3845:Audio help
3836:2019-09-30
3741:0521827094
3727:0826496083
3688:1844650537
3643:0198250193
3626:0520229746
3609:0253223768
3464:0691016607
3447:1412048435
3376:Chrysippus
3345:0679642609
3337:0140441409
3270:0140442103
3132:29 January
3104:29 January
3069:(2): 474.
2997:(4): 204.
2950:Humanities
2929:13 January
2902:27 January
2845:13 January
2795:13 January
2768:0485111187
2728:"Stoicism"
2650:18 October
2620:Histories,
2366:Annas 1994
2302:Capes 1880
2285:Capes 1880
2266:Annas 1994
2190:Annas 1994
2178:Annas 1994
2091:The Stoics
1739:A.A.Long,
1503:Britannica
1499:"Stoicism"
1485:References
1446:Discourses
1360:A. A. Long
1332:Tertullian
1315:conscience
1295:Scholastic
1258:homosexual
1218:constantia
1137:: Malice,
1123:, Enmity,
1069:Compassion
934:irrational
915:Chrysippus
899:Chrysippus
867:A bust of
773:fatalistic
651:katalepsis
629:phantasiai
507:categories
496:Anaxagoras
476:Categories
414:indexicals
410:predicates
406:speech act
387:Chrysippus
383:term logic
357:Chrysippus
282:Discourses
246:Posidonius
218:Chrysippus
191:Epicureans
80:Alongside
63:eudaimonia
34:A bust of
9306:Geography
9274:Chemistry
9233:Scientism
9028:ladenness
8848:Construct
8826:Causality
8726:Semiotics
8714:Semantics
8564:Alciphron
8500:Statement
8435:Intension
8375:Ambiguity
8254:Dramatism
8234:Cratylism
7986:Eubulides
7981:Aristotle
7961:Confucius
7707:Pakistani
7669:Taiwanese
7616:Ethiopian
7589:By region
7575:By region
7390:Scientism
7385:Systemics
7245:Spinozism
7172:Socialism
7107:Modernism
7070:Objective
6978:Anarchism
6912:Averroism
6801:Christian
6753:Neotaoism
6724:Zurvanism
6714:Mithraism
6709:Mazdakism
6480:Cyrenaics
6407:Logicians
6040:Free will
6002:Solipsism
5949:Formalism
5779:Favorinus
5741:Damascius
5583:Antiochus
5550:Carneades
5517:Lucretius
5489:Epicurean
5464:Epictetus
5439:Panaetius
5429:Cleanthes
5320:Aristotle
5245:Dionysius
5240:Euphantus
5192:Eubulides
5154:Menedemus
5126:Anniceris
5032:Classical
4999:Lycophron
4994:Callicles
4914:Leucippus
4892:Pausanias
4860:Archelaus
4839:Pluralist
4735:Calliphon
4720:Brontinus
4700:Philolaus
4568:Cleobulus
4563:Periander
4339:Oikeiôsis
4261:Diairesis
4247:Adiaphora
4202:Epictetus
4177:Panaetius
4157:Cleanthes
3276:Epictetus
3168:219711815
2972:150380363
2956:(2): 39.
2815:ignored (
2805:cite book
2680:2 January
2468:170834913
2340:Cicero's
2238:143758851
2230:1744-9642
2216:: 81–92.
2162:430497127
2073:, iv. 21.
2060:, lxv. 2.
2022:Routledge
1845:, p. 253.
1743:, p. 115.
1666:31 August
1596:10 August
1513:2 January
1472:Amor fati
1230:sexuality
1167:), wish (
1161:eupatheia
974:epithumia
942:depressed
821:existence
809:ekpyrōsis
793:cosmology
601:knowledge
515:Substance
500:accidents
470:paradoxes
426:negations
391:Syllogism
385:. Later,
339:Epictetus
335:Cleanthes
258:Epictetus
242:Panaetius
238:Antipater
222:Cleanthes
175:colonnade
159:The name
104:happiness
100:Epictetus
91:adiaphora
9645:Stoicism
9601:Category
9253:Vitalism
9076:Theories
9050:Variable
8971:Paradigm
8858:function
8816:A priori
8805:Analysis
8798:Concepts
8739:Category
8699:Rhetoric
8524:Cratylus
8495:Sentence
8470:Property
8390:Language
8368:Concepts
8206:Theories
8171:Strawson
8156:Davidson
8146:Hintikka
8141:Anscombe
8086:Vygotsky
8041:Mauthner
8011:Averroes
8001:Zhuangzi
7991:Diodorus
7971:Cratylus
7893:Category
7848:Yugoslav
7838:Romanian
7745:Scottish
7730:American
7659:Japanese
7639:Buddhist
7621:Africana
7611:Egyptian
7453:Feminist
7375:Rawlsian
7370:Quietism
7268:Analytic
7220:Krausism
7127:Nihilism
7092:Kokugaku
7055:Absolute
7050:Idealism
7038:Humanism
6826:Occamism
6793:European
6738:Medieval
6684:Yogacara
6644:Buddhist
6637:Syādvāda
6520:Stoicism
6485:Cynicism
6473:Sophists
6468:Atomists
6463:Eleatics
6402:Legalism
6343:Medieval
6267:Idealism
6221:Ontology
6201:Nihilism
6105:Idealism
5863:Branches
5852:Branches
5726:Syrianus
5706:Porphyry
5694:students
5689:Plotinus
5613:Alcinous
5608:Apuleius
5598:Plutarch
5497:Epicurus
5279:Platonic
5260:Alexinus
5207:Pasicles
5202:Nicarete
5182:Ichthyas
5169:Megarian
5141:Eretrian
5098:Cyrenaic
5083:Menippus
5073:Diogenes
5050:Xenophon
5044:students
5040:Socrates
4951:Prodicus
4816:Melissus
4788:Xeniades
4750:Arignote
4715:Alcmaeon
4710:Lamiskos
4705:Archytas
4695:Hippasus
4659:Diogenes
4646:Cratylus
4605:Milesian
4553:Pittacus
4408:Lectures
4392:(Seneca)
4332:Kathekon
4318:Apatheia
4192:Cornutus
4136:Stoicism
4040:Stoicism
3977:Archived
3953:Archived
3941:Archived
3921:(1911).
3847: ·
3769:Stoicism
3680:Stoicism
3669:Archived
3562:Archived
3528:Archived
3514:Archived
3503:Stoicism
3484:Archived
3481:excerpts
3405:Volume 4
3399:Volume 3
3393:Volume 2
3387:Volume 1
3290:Gill C.
3126:archived
3098:archived
3036:Archived
3013:96445619
2923:Archived
2896:Archived
2839:Archived
2789:Archived
2736:Archived
2705:Archived
2674:Archived
2644:Archived
2616:Agathias
2242:Archived
2058:Epistles
2056:Seneca,
2036:Archived
2014:New York
1984:(2000).
1877:archived
1832:, p. 264
1797:13004576
1660:Archived
1590:Archived
1568:(2001).
1553:Stoicism
1532:Archived
1507:Archived
1461:See also
1291:Boethius
1284:Porphyry
1242:marriage
1210:Plutarch
1196:Caution:
1173:eulabeia
1169:boulesis
1156:apatheia
1103:Timidity
1077:Mourning
1065:Jealousy
1053:Distress
1038:Distress
960:aversion
930:Distress
922:Distress
905:Passions
885:passions
805:Universe
803:and the
781:immanent
755:, iv. 40
747:—
711:—
684:material
680:Universe
661:episteme
557:πως ἔχον
492:material
309:emotions
297:monistic
277:—
214:Socrates
161:Stoicism
43:Stoicism
9311:History
9279:Physics
9269:Biology
9067:more...
9055:control
8951:Inquiry
8506:more...
8410:Concept
8151:Dummett
8126:Gadamer
8121:Chomsky
8106:Derrida
8096:Russell
8081:Bergson
8066:Tillich
8026:Leibniz
7966:Gorgias
7843:Russian
7812:Spanish
7807:Slovene
7797:Maltese
7792:Italian
7772:Finland
7740:British
7722:Western
7712:Turkish
7697:Islamic
7692:Iranian
7644:Chinese
7631:Eastern
7598:African
7545:more...
7230:Marxism
7060:British
7003:Dualism
6899:Islamic
6857:Advaita
6847:Vedanta
6821:Scotism
6816:Thomism
6758:Tiantai
6701:Persian
6689:Tibetan
6679:Śūnyatā
6620:Cārvāka
6610:Ājīvika
6605:Mīmāṃsā
6585:Samkhya
6500:Academy
6453:Ionians
6427:Yangism
6384:Chinese
6375:Ancient
6338:Western
6333:Ancient
6292:Realism
6249:Reality
6239:Process
6120:Realism
6100:Dualism
6095:Atomism
5977:Fideism
5794:more...
5751:more...
5731:Proclus
5666:more...
5623:more...
5565:more...
5527:more...
5479:more...
5406:more...
5350:more...
5302:more...
5131:more...
5088:more...
5014:more...
4989:Gorgias
4981:Italian
4971:more...
4956:Hippias
4929:Sophist
4906:Atomist
4874:Italian
4798:Eleatic
4775:Skeptic
4765:more...
4760:Eurytus
4673:Italian
4272:Physics
4212:more...
3865:(ed.).
3834: (
3805:minutes
3413:Studies
3032:Eidolon
2863:, p. 8.
2697:"Stoic"
2601:12 June
2564:12 June
1883:18 June
1721:(1946).
1701:9048254
1441:askēsis
1382:(CBT).
1319:Ascesis
1203:Suicide
1139:Rapture
1135:Delight
1081:Sadness
1073:Anxiety
1061:Rivalry
1025:Delight
1009:Present
988:Delight
938:opinion
719:, i. 39
668:Physics
656:Certain
613:fallacy
534:Quality
444:forms,
155:History
67:virtues
18:Stoical
9023:choice
9018:Theory
8956:Nature
8885:design
8658:(1988)
8648:(1982)
8638:(1980)
8628:(1967)
8618:(1953)
8608:(1951)
8598:(1936)
8588:(1921)
8578:(1905)
8568:(1732)
8558:(1668)
8548:(1666)
8538:(1660)
8528:(n.d.)
8490:Symbol
8191:Searle
8181:Putnam
8131:Kripke
8116:Austin
8101:Carnap
8046:Ricœur
8031:Herder
8021:Hobbes
7802:Polish
7782:German
7777:French
7762:Danish
7752:Canada
7702:Jewish
7664:Korean
7649:Indian
7191:People
7112:Monism
7065:German
7033:Holism
6966:Modern
6944:Jewish
6867:Dvaita
6840:Indian
6763:Huayan
6615:Ajñana
6572:Indian
6437:Greco-
6422:Taoism
6412:Mohism
6358:Modern
6325:By era
6314:By era
6229:Action
6110:Monism
6030:Virtue
6012:Ethics
5784:Lucian
5716:Julian
5701:Origen
5560:Cicero
5469:Arrian
5449:Seneca
5381:Pyrrho
5212:Bryson
5197:Stilpo
5078:Crates
4938:Ionian
4848:Ionian
4725:Theano
4613:Thales
4596:Ionian
4573:Chilon
4543:Thales
4353:Sophos
4311:Pathos
4303:Ethics
4293:Pneuma
4281:Physis
4187:Seneca
4018:Portal
3766:about
3739:
3725:
3705:
3686:
3656:
3641:
3624:
3607:
3580:
3546:
3462:
3445:
3428:
3343:
3335:
3268:
3255:Seneca
3166:
3011:
2970:
2888:
2765:
2592:
2555:
2528:
2498:
2466:
2248:5 July
2236:
2228:
2160:
2150:
2028:
2018:London
1994:VII.49
1951:
1816:p. 254
1795:
1785:
1699:
1689:
1619:
1582:
1338:Modern
1330:, and
1311:virtue
1273:Legacy
1246:virtue
1151:sophos
1121:Hatred
1099:Fright
1014:Future
1005:
996:elated
992:hēdonē
964:danger
952:phobos
932:is an
890:pathos
879:Ethics
869:Seneca
854:matter
836:reason
815:) and
785:Nature
697:aether
640:belief
617:senses
605:reason
547:pneuma
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