725:
31:
901:, the passions are evaluative judgements. A person experiencing such an emotion has incorrectly valued an indifferent thing. A fault of judgement, some false notion of good or evil, lies at the root of each passion. Incorrect judgement as to a present good gives rise to delight, while lust is a wrong estimate about the future. Unreal imaginings of evil cause distress about the present, or fear for the future. The ideal Stoic would instead measure things at their real value, and see that the passions are not natural. To be free of the passions is to have a happiness which is self-contained. There would be nothing to fear—for unreason is the only evil; no cause for anger—for others cannot harm you.
864:
9616:
7885:
353:
4068:
3820:
4085:
4051:
9604:
7872:
4023:
1316:". But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology. Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world, a belief in human kinship with Nature or God, a sense of the innate depravity—or "persistent evil"—of humankind, and the futility and temporary nature of worldly possessions and attachments. Both encourage
1393:, particularly as mediated by Albert Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), the major precursor of CBT. The original cognitive therapy treatment manual for depression by Aaron T. Beck et al. states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers". A well-known quotation from
707:
The universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul; it is this same world's guiding principle, operating in mind and reason, together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future; then fire and
584:
states the categories as: "Some things in the world are up to us, while others are not. Up to us are our faculties of judgment, motivation, desire, and aversion. In short, whatever is our own doing." These suggest a space that is up to us or within our power. A simple example of the Stoic categories
303:
ethics. These three ideals constitute virtue which is necessary for 'living a well reasoned life', seeing as they are all parts of a logos, or philosophical discourse, which includes the mind's rational dialogue with itself. Of them, the Stoics emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge,
589:
I am a certain lump of matter, and thereby a substance, an existent something (and thus far that is all); I am a man, and this individual man that I am, and thereby qualified by a common quality and a peculiar one; I am sitting or standing, disposed in a certain way; I am the father of my children,
1263:
attraction as equivalent in this regard, and condemned only the kind of desire that led one to act against judgement. However, contemporaneous positions generally advanced towards equating sexuality with passion, and although they were still not hostile to sexual relationships by themselves, they
1047:
Two of these passions (distress and delight) refer to emotions currently present, and two of these (fear and lust) refer to emotions directed at the future. Thus there are just two states directed at the prospect of good and evil, but subdivided as to whether they are present or future: Numerous
743:
Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things that
1422:
have been suggested as well, and individual reports of its potency in treating depression have been published. There has also been interest in applying the tenets of ancient
Stoicism to the human origin story, environmental education, vegetarianism and the modern challenges of sustainable
273:
Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man, otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject-matter. For as the material of the carpenter is wood, and that of statuary bronze, so the subject-matter of the art of living is each person's own
1207:
The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life, such as if they fell victim to severe pain or disease, but otherwise suicide would usually be seen as a rejection of one's social duty. For example,
341:, "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy", thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly deterministic single whole". This viewpoint was later described as "
893:
was a wide-ranging term indicating an infliction one suffers. The Stoics used the word to discuss many common emotions such as anger, fear and excessive joy. A passion is a disturbing and misleading force in the mind which occurs because of a failure to reason correctly.
290:
Of all the schools of ancient philosophy, Stoicism made the greatest claim to being utterly systematic. In the view of the Stoics, philosophy is the practice of virtue, and virtue, the highest form of which is utility, is generally speaking, constructed from ideals of
120:". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature.
193:, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space. Stoicism was originally known as Zenonism. However, this name was soon dropped, likely because the Stoics did not consider their founders to be perfectly wise and to avoid the risk of the philosophy becoming a
638:)—approve or reject—an impression, enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false. Some impressions can be assented to immediately, but others can achieve only varying degrees of hesitant approval, which can be labeled
695:), which was divided into two classes: the active and the passive. The passive substance is matter, which "lies sluggish, a substance ready for any use, but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion". The active substance is an intelligent
325:
that is in agreement with Nature". This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships; "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy", and to accept even slaves as "equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature".
224:
as leader of the school, and was responsible for molding what is now called
Stoicism. Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire to the point where, in the words of
1285:, however, defended Aristotle's scheme. He justified this by arguing that they be interpreted strictly as expressions, rather than as metaphysical realities. The approach can be justified, at least in part, by Aristotle's own words in
708:
the principle of aether; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition, such as water, earth, and air; then the sun, the moon, the stars; and the universal existence in which all things are contained.
1163:) which are clear-headed. These emotional impulses are not excessive, but nor are they diminished emotions. Instead they are the correct rational emotions. The Stoics listed the good-feelings under the headings of joy (
1402:
This subsequently became a common element in the socialization phase of many other approaches to CBT. The question of
Stoicism's influence on modern psychotherapy, particularly REBT and CBT, was described in detail in
494:. Besides the existing beings they admitted four incorporeals (asomata): time, place, void, and sayable. They were held to be just 'subsisting' while such a status was denied to universals. Thus, they accepted
1365:. Contemporary Stoicism draws from the late 20th- and early 21st-century spike in publications of scholarly works on ancient Stoicism. Beyond that, the current Stoicist movement traces its roots to the work of
3810:
1320:
with respect to the passions and inferior emotions, such as lust, and envy, so that the higher possibilities of one's humanity can be awakened and developed. Stoic influence can also be seen in the works of
337:
once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes". A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of
110:
would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called
88:. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (
1407:
by Donald
Robertson. Several early 20th-century psychotherapists were influenced by Stoicism, most notably the "rational persuasion" school founded by the Swiss neurologist and psychotherapist
1448:, distinguished between three types of act: judgment, desire, and inclination. which Hadot identifies these three acts with logic, physics and ethics respectively. Hadot writes that in the
3808:
498:'s idea (as did Aristotle) that if an object is hot, it is because some part of a universal heat body had entered the object. But, unlike Aristotle, they extended the idea to cover all
2240:
1308:
regarded
Stoicism as a "pagan philosophy"; nonetheless, early Christian writers employed some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism. Examples include the terms "logos", "
359:, the third leader of the Stoic school, wrote over 300 books on logic. His works were lost, but an outline of his logical system can be reconstructed from fragments and testimony.
2918:
807:
have neither start nor end, rather they are cyclical. The current
Universe is a phase in the present cycle, preceded by an infinite number of Universes, doomed to be destroyed ("
8549:
1399:
was taught to most clients during the initial session of traditional REBT by Ellis and his followers: "It's not the events that upset us, but our judgments about the events."
4492:
3809:
909:
The Stoics arranged the passions under four headings: distress, pleasure, fear and lust. One report of the Stoic definitions of these passions appears in the treatise
9655:
389:
developed a system that became known as Stoic logic and included a deductive system, Stoic
Syllogistic, which was considered a rival to Aristotle's Syllogistic (see
1252:
positively, and maintained that wise men should "have carnal knowledge no less and no more of a favorite than of a non-favorite, nor of a female than of a male."
664:), achievable by the Stoic sage, can be attained only by verifying the conviction with the expertise of one's peers and the collective judgment of humankind.
887:. For the Stoics, reason meant using logic and understanding the processes of nature—the logos or universal reason, inherent in all things. The Greek word
883:
The foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself, in wisdom and self-control. One must therefore strive to be free of the
1268:, defending a companionate form of marriage between man and woman, and considered relationships solely undergone for pleasure or affection as unnatural.
1255:
Zeno favored love over desire, clarifying that the ultimate goal of sexuality should be virtue and friendship. Among later stoics, Epictetus maintained
844:
pervading and animating the entire
Universe. It was conceived as material and is usually identified with God or Nature. The Stoics also referred to the
3375:
233:
professed themselves Stoics". Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe within which we are active participants.
4485:
1530:
7922:
735:
Everything is subject to the laws of Fate, for the
Universe acts according to its own nature, and the nature of the passive matter it governs. The
8777:
2547:
Christianity, Social
Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century
1244:
would be abolished, wives would be held in common, and eroticism would be practiced with both boys and girls with educative purposes, to develop
1875:
1729:
Sedley, D. (2003) The School, from Zeno to Arius Didymus. In: B. Inwood (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. Cambridge University Press.
1264:
nonetheless believed those should be limited in order to retain self-control. Musonius espoused the only natural kind of sex was that meant for
1350:
s entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective 'stoical' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins".
4478:
2203:
1438:, philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims; it is a way of life involving constant practice and training (or "
69:
in everyday life—wisdom, courage, temperance or moderation, and justice—as well as living in accordance with nature. It was founded in the
5826:
2034:
3925:
3523:
8639:
6669:
3509:
2914:
404:
Bobzien also notes that, "Chrysippus wrote over 300 books on logic, on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with, including
393:). New interest in Stoic logic came in the 20th century, when important developments in logic were based on propositional logic.
9396:
8739:
6947:
377:, who was one of Zeno's teachers, is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as
3031:
8833:
8501:
760:
Individual souls are perishable by nature, and can be "transmuted and diffused, assuming a fiery nature by being received into the
3557:
9062:
724:
3972:
3121:
3093:
7584:
2983:"Education for the Sustainable Global Citizen: What Can We Learn from Stoic Philosophy and Freirean Environmental Pedagogies?"
994:): Delight is an irrational swelling, or a fresh opinion that something good is present, at which people think it right to be
9233:
8744:
5497:
5401:
2589:
2555:
574:
Characteristics related to other phenomena, such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects
2891:
2700:
1588:
7915:
3664:
3142:
Mac Suibhne, S. (2009). "'Wrestle to be the man philosophy wished to make you': Marcus Aurelius, reflective practitioner".
2634:
791:
personalize God as a world-creating entity, but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe; according to Stoic
2731:
9055:
8770:
4860:
4039:
3905:
3891:
3877:
3863:
3479:
3344:
1343:
1248:
in the loved ones. However, he did not condemn marriage per se, considering it equally a natural occurrence. He regarded
8805:
6153:
4122:
3702:
3653:
3577:
3543:
3425:
2885:
2669:
2639:
2528:
2498:
2150:
2028:
1951:
1689:
1619:
1582:
1505:
578:
The Stoics outlined that our own actions, thoughts, and reactions are within our control. The opening paragraph of the
7210:
3568:
Inwood, Brad (1999), "Stoic Ethics", in Algra, Keimpe; Barnes, Johnathan; Mansfield, Jaap; Schofield, Malcolm (eds.),
9416:
9411:
9364:
9045:
7235:
5345:
1785:
1370:
1175:). Thus if something is present which is a genuine good, then the wise person experiences an uplift in the soul—joy (
7948:
7767:
3936:
30:
683:
264:. No complete works survived from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survived.
9426:
8734:
7908:
7797:
5819:
3759:
311:; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (
7405:
852:"), or the law of generation in the Universe, which was the principle of the active reason working in inanimate
9596:
8763:
8714:
8579:
7823:
6983:
5522:
5126:
3736:
3722:
3683:
3638:
3621:
3604:
3459:
3442:
3340:
3332:
3265:
2981:
Carmona, Luis Gabriel; Simpson, Edward; Misiaszek, Greg; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Whiting, Kai (December 2018).
2784:
2762:
1640:
863:
409:
3948:
8460:
8239:
8201:
8151:
6397:
5982:
4384:
1658:
9286:
9279:
8709:
8609:
7802:
7707:
7355:
6072:
5689:
3825:
1431:
1419:
1378:
502:. Thus, if an object is red, it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object.
236:
Scholars usually divide the history of Stoicism into three phases: the Early Stoa, from Zeno's founding to
3987:
65:: a well-lived life. The Stoics identified the path to achieving it with a life spent practicing the four
9138:
9113:
9098:
8450:
8400:
7606:
7320:
5949:
5789:
5039:
4976:
4869:
4668:
4432:
3237:
The Hellenistic Philosophers: vol. 1. translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary
2142:
1527:
8589:
8329:
8209:
7940:
7473:
7142:
6448:
6224:
5812:
5746:
5618:
5560:
5474:
5297:
5083:
5027:
4933:
4843:
4600:
4591:
4217:
4207:
4139:
4013:
2093:
1574:
696:
417:
5858:
1411:, who drew heavily on Stoicism in his clinical work and encouraged his clients to study passages from
381:, which is based on statements or propositions, rather than terms, differing greatly from Aristotle's
9311:
9291:
9199:
9195:
9118:
8810:
8674:
8274:
8181:
8021:
7679:
5891:
5881:
5661:
3844:
3232:(Loeb Classical Library, No. 141) 2nd ed. trans. by J. E. King. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP.
2834:
1867:
981:
4402:
3783:
2812:
739:
of humans and animals are emanations from this primordial Fire, and are, likewise, subject to Fate:
9316:
8956:
8941:
8930:
8907:
8599:
7782:
7345:
6595:
6435:
6432:
6158:
5992:
5977:
5340:
4770:
4735:
4501:
4418:
4397:
4282:
3962:
3117:
A Conversation with Kai Whiting On Stoicism and Sustainability | Ideas That Matter Interview Series
3053:
Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Carrasco, Angeles; Carmona, Luis Gabriel (10 February 2018).
1988:
1395:
1138:
580:
562:
Particular characteristics, not present within the object, such as size, shape, action, and posture
544:
The way matter is organized to form an individual object; in Stoic physics, a physical ingredient (
590:
the fellow citizen of my fellow citizens, disposed in a certain way in relation to something else.
189:
and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas, near the end of the 4th century BC. Unlike the
139:
became the state religion in the 4th century AD. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the
9645:
9554:
9301:
9296:
9269:
9204:
9158:
9153:
9088:
8981:
8244:
8171:
8026:
7360:
7301:
7254:
7112:
7075:
6443:
6358:
6348:
6272:
6138:
6110:
5449:
5182:
4855:
4582:
4411:
4187:
3631:
3363:
2877:
The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
1444:
1390:
300:
281:
178:
103:
70:
3773:
3646:
The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
317:). Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: "
9509:
9499:
8917:
8843:
8800:
8490:
8334:
8269:
7931:
7493:
7425:
6505:
6343:
5921:
5896:
5886:
5701:
5608:
5359:
5250:
5240:
5106:
4999:
4834:
4115:
4057:
1282:
776:
140:
46:
17:
4392:
3378:
in 1924 added a fourth, containing general indices. Teubner reprinted the whole work in 1964.
2004:
1426:
Seamus Mac Suibhne has described the practices of spiritual exercises as influencing those of
9650:
9359:
9354:
9306:
9274:
9264:
9223:
9003:
8880:
8786:
8465:
8445:
8380:
8264:
8046:
7730:
7669:
7649:
7483:
7395:
7375:
7365:
6998:
6847:
6480:
6412:
6320:
6287:
6115:
6095:
5901:
5741:
5583:
5154:
5111:
5055:
4760:
4755:
4654:
4618:
4530:
4515:
3520:
3277:
1326:
1305:
1237:
768:") of the Universe". Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe.
499:
201:
81:
3506:
1853:
Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4
9339:
9334:
9209:
9093:
8998:
8971:
8853:
8629:
8539:
8338:
8299:
8031:
7747:
7702:
7664:
7611:
7540:
7296:
7092:
7003:
6826:
6796:
6537:
6065:
5911:
5906:
5578:
5517:
4720:
4558:
4548:
4192:
3840:
1128:
619:
constantly receive sensations: pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the
533:
249:
1980:
799:, there is no absolute start to time, as it is considered infinite and cyclic. Similarly,
8:
9401:
9083:
8976:
8951:
8936:
8865:
8679:
8669:
8519:
8475:
8309:
8086:
8001:
7888:
7843:
7833:
7792:
7740:
7725:
7654:
7634:
7616:
7448:
7415:
7276:
7263:
7070:
6867:
6778:
6733:
6639:
6525:
6338:
6186:
5641:
5598:
5532:
5391:
5330:
5004:
4994:
4887:
4824:
4730:
4563:
4520:
4167:
4162:
3710:
3507:
Everything is Something: Why the Stoic ontology is principled, coherent and comprehensive
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3362:
of fragments and testimonia of the earlier Stoics, published in 1903–1905 as part of the
3023:
1427:
1408:
830:
Stoicism does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe. According to the Stoics, the
788:
445:
437:
429:
397:
wrote, "The many close similarities between Chrysippus's philosophical logic and that of
378:
342:
237:
194:
117:
6600:
9549:
9504:
9391:
9214:
9035:
8870:
8860:
8529:
8425:
8420:
8344:
8319:
8121:
8106:
8071:
7838:
7807:
7787:
7735:
7717:
7692:
7687:
7639:
7626:
7593:
7488:
7390:
7325:
7281:
7225:
7065:
6894:
6788:
6696:
6500:
6379:
6370:
6333:
6328:
6234:
6229:
6206:
6125:
5939:
5866:
5716:
5656:
5646:
5444:
5307:
5202:
5197:
5116:
4725:
4710:
4378:
4182:
3691:
3552:
3447:
3324:
3159:
3004:
2963:
2940:
Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Sadler, Greg; Gill, Christopher (21 April 2018).
2800:
2462:
2232:
1564:
1412:
868:
615:—even if, in practice, only an approximation can be made. According to the Stoics, the
461:
421:
253:
95:
4470:
3919:
3374:
and their immediate followers. At first the work consisted of three volumes, to which
744:
exist; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web.
307:
Stoicism teaches the development of self-control as a means of overcoming destructive
9640:
9608:
9381:
9238:
9028:
8993:
8887:
8826:
8495:
8415:
8254:
8136:
7876:
7777:
7772:
7757:
7697:
7659:
7644:
7601:
7172:
7132:
7050:
6978:
6961:
6939:
6567:
6542:
6353:
6173:
5916:
5764:
5628:
5230:
5009:
4966:
4811:
4740:
4608:
4538:
4348:
4108:
4027:
3968:
3914:
3732:
3718:
3698:
3679:
3649:
3634:
3617:
3600:
3573:
3539:
3455:
3438:
3421:
3336:
3328:
3261:
3163:
2967:
2881:
2758:
2585:
2551:
2524:
2494:
2466:
2236:
2224:
2156:
2146:
2024:
1947:
1791:
1781:
1695:
1685:
1615:
1578:
1281:
Plotinus criticized both Aristotle's Categories and those of the Stoics. His student
1146:
1048:
subdivisions of the same class were brought under the head of the separate passions:
941:
929:
849:
819:, and to be followed by another infinite number of Universes. Stoicism considers all
765:
433:
107:
9479:
3115:
3087:
3008:
9579:
9534:
9514:
9050:
9040:
9023:
8559:
8470:
8294:
8289:
8091:
7828:
7762:
7752:
7453:
7400:
7350:
7330:
7291:
7286:
7127:
7055:
6773:
6684:
6575:
6547:
6532:
6495:
6201:
6181:
6148:
6053:
6015:
5756:
5731:
5711:
5636:
5570:
5550:
5396:
5207:
5172:
5073:
4568:
4454:
3151:
3066:
2994:
2953:
2454:
2216:
1912:
1322:
1213:
860:, which is the primordial Fire and reason that controls and sustains the Universe.
715:
514:
506:
465:
441:
205:
3055:"Sustainable Development, Wellbeing and Material Consumption: A Stoic Perspective"
9569:
9529:
9451:
9406:
9243:
9148:
9133:
9108:
8922:
8902:
8704:
8619:
8375:
8354:
8304:
8284:
8224:
8191:
8146:
8141:
8101:
7986:
7534:
7503:
7468:
7433:
7311:
7162:
7060:
7018:
6929:
6917:
6902:
6877:
6852:
6622:
6490:
6485:
6402:
6387:
6060:
5944:
5679:
5469:
5381:
5319:
5245:
5217:
5164:
5136:
4961:
4543:
4202:
3957:
3952:
3940:
3858:
3668:
3659:
3561:
3527:
3513:
3483:
3314:
2875:
2692:
2579:
2545:
2081:
1568:
1534:
1260:
823:
as cyclical, the cosmos as eternally self-creating and self-destroying (see also
796:
728:
457:
394:
374:
261:
148:
132:
6674:
1353:
The revival of Stoicism in the 20th century can be traced to the publication of
1341:
The modern usage is a "person who represses feelings or endures patiently". The
9620:
9489:
9349:
8988:
8897:
8455:
8410:
8234:
8166:
8036:
7443:
7438:
7306:
7271:
7203:
7177:
7013:
6862:
6801:
6714:
6557:
6453:
6196:
5876:
5769:
5454:
5419:
5144:
4677:
4553:
4306:
4147:
3854:
3778:
3616:(Cambridge University Press, 1996; repr. University of California Press, 2001)
3435:
Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Analysis and Fragments
3367:
3359:
1442:"), an active process of constant practice and self-reminder. Epictetus in his
1116:
884:
824:
546:
346:
226:
186:
74:
50:
35:
8041:
6884:
6659:
3476:
3155:
2723:
2458:
2220:
2204:"Learning from Seneca: A Stoic perspective on the art of living and education"
648:). It is only through reason that we gain clear comprehension and conviction (
9634:
9539:
9474:
9446:
9374:
9103:
9018:
8699:
8314:
8219:
8214:
8176:
8096:
8076:
8051:
8016:
7498:
7410:
7340:
7082:
6872:
6806:
6763:
6632:
6257:
6043:
6025:
5502:
5335:
4267:
3828:
was created from a revision of this article dated 30 September 2019
3741:
2228:
2160:
2012:
1476:
1374:
1362:
1293:
1256:
1249:
1233:
959:
933:
673:
398:
170:
85:
2661:
2629:
1795:
1497:
304:
though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers.
177:
decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes on the north side of the
9584:
9564:
9519:
9494:
9484:
9456:
9386:
9344:
9218:
9172:
9143:
9123:
8440:
8435:
8390:
8349:
8259:
8161:
8116:
8111:
8081:
8066:
8061:
7529:
7519:
7478:
7458:
7230:
7193:
7152:
7038:
6988:
6649:
6627:
6605:
6552:
6520:
6392:
6252:
6163:
5959:
5784:
5671:
5484:
5325:
4956:
4806:
4449:
2999:
2982:
1699:
1435:
1366:
1220:) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices.
816:
413:
165:
136:
128:
124:
94:) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as
54:
4334:
3661:
How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
3473:
Philosophic Pride: Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau
2445:
Zadorojnyi, Alexei V. (2007). "Cato's suicide in Plutarch AV Zadorojnyi".
1240:. Zeno first advocated for a republic ruled by love and not by law, where
131:
world until the 3rd century AD, and among its adherents was Roman Emperor
9574:
9559:
9544:
9524:
9441:
9369:
9186:
9176:
9163:
9128:
9078:
9008:
8961:
8848:
8838:
8684:
8649:
8569:
8395:
8186:
8126:
8011:
7996:
7900:
7524:
7463:
7335:
7315:
7220:
7157:
7117:
7097:
7023:
6993:
6654:
6590:
6282:
6267:
6143:
6133:
6082:
6048:
5987:
5386:
5225:
5063:
4613:
4459:
4424:
4369:
4341:
4226:
3995:
3900:
3490:
3319:
1465:
1292:' acceptance of Porphyry's interpretation led to their being accepted by
1265:
840:
751:
624:
453:
449:
369:
330:
209:
144:
112:
8755:
4074:
3933:
3886:
3872:
2662:"Stoicism | Definition, History, & Influence | Britannica"
1361:
in 1971, and also as part of the late 20th-century surge of interest in
871:, a Stoic philosopher from the Roman empire who served as an adviser to
9461:
9190:
9181:
9168:
8912:
8875:
8689:
8480:
8324:
8279:
8156:
8131:
8056:
7991:
7370:
7198:
7147:
7137:
7008:
6912:
6857:
6664:
6644:
6510:
6277:
6191:
6020:
5967:
5931:
5835:
5706:
5651:
5540:
5507:
5439:
5429:
5368:
5292:
5287:
5260:
5101:
4941:
4914:
4877:
4850:
4801:
4778:
4685:
4636:
4628:
4320:
4249:
4177:
4157:
3693:
Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation
3609:
3592:
3371:
3071:
3054:
1874:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
1439:
1389:
Stoic philosophy was the original philosophical inspiration for modern
1358:
1330:
1313:
1228:
Early Stoics differed significantly from late Stoics in their views of
1068:
914:
898:
650:
628:
495:
405:
386:
382:
356:
245:
217:
190:
62:
9615:
9228:
8821:
8721:
8430:
8370:
8249:
8229:
7981:
7976:
7956:
7385:
7380:
7240:
7167:
7102:
6973:
6907:
6719:
6709:
6704:
6679:
6475:
6035:
5997:
5774:
5736:
5545:
5512:
5459:
5434:
5424:
5315:
5274:
5235:
5187:
5149:
5121:
5093:
4989:
4909:
4715:
4695:
4256:
4242:
4197:
4172:
4152:
2958:
2941:
2827:"REBT Network: Albert Ellis | Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy"
2020:
1966:
Jacques Brunschwig "Stoic Metaphysics", p. 228 in Brad Inwood (ed.),
1946:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 3.
1932:, The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Jun., 2001), pp. 723–752
1470:
1229:
820:
808:
792:
780:
655:
600:
408:
theory, sentence analysis, singular and plural expressions, types of
390:
352:
338:
334:
257:
241:
221:
174:
99:
90:
6610:
4091:
2778:
940:
that something bad is present, at which people think it right to be
84:, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to
9248:
8966:
8694:
8385:
8006:
7966:
7215:
7122:
7087:
7045:
7033:
6821:
6615:
6458:
6262:
6216:
6100:
5721:
5684:
5603:
5593:
5492:
5255:
5177:
5078:
5068:
5045:
5035:
4946:
4793:
4783:
4745:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4641:
4327:
4313:
3945:
3516:. Paper presented to Department of Philosophy, Berkeley University.
2980:
2611:
1289:
1241:
1209:
1155:
1105:, Consternation, Pusillanimity, Bewilderment, and Faintheartedness.
1102:
1076:
1064:
804:
772:
679:
660:
425:
230:
213:
3530:. PhD dissertation, Department of Philosophy, Berkeley University.
3397:– Ethical fragments of Chrysippus and some fragments of his pupils
3052:
1654:
8946:
8405:
7961:
6842:
6816:
6811:
6753:
6748:
6580:
6468:
6463:
6422:
6244:
6090:
5972:
5726:
4984:
4951:
4924:
4901:
1212:
reports that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised
1080:
1072:
1060:
937:
612:
469:
308:
3195:
La Citadelle intérieure. Introduction aux Pensées de Marc Aurèle
631:) (an impression arising from the mind was called a phantasma).
9013:
8550:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
8485:
7107:
7028:
6758:
6417:
6407:
6105:
6007:
5779:
5696:
5555:
5464:
5376:
5192:
4288:
4276:
3178:
Pierre Hadot and the Spiritual Phenomenon of Ancient Philosophy
2016:
1452:, "Each maxim develops either one of these very characteristic
1309:
1245:
889:
853:
835:
784:
686:
639:
604:
491:
296:
182:
58:
4002:
The Stoic Registry (formerly New Stoa) :Online Stoic Community
4001:
3345:
Also Available on wikisource translated by various translators
2826:
1430:. Many parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern
7971:
6923:
6585:
5871:
5804:
5613:
5588:
5282:
4882:
4235:
4033:
4006:
3918:
2939:
1377:, who is regarded by many as the father of early versions of
1124:
1112:
1094:
1084:
995:
800:
691:
616:
608:
567:
555:
537:
518:
485:
481:
313:
292:
3256:
Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (transl. Robin Campbell),
8892:
4750:
4100:
3626:
Menn, Stephen (1999). 'The Stoic Theory of Categories', in
1120:
1098:
1056:
977:
963:
955:
872:
736:
700:
644:
620:
3283:
by Epictetus, Prometheus Books, Reprint ed., January 1955.
6768:
3491:
The mutual influence of Christianity and the Stoic school
3089:
Stoicon 2018: Kai Whiting on Stoicism and Sustainability
4500:
3468:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; paperback 2006)
333:
perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue,
2433:
A guide to the good life: the ancient art of Stoic joy
1780:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 161.
4011:
1756:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
3969:"A bibliography on Stoicism by the Stoic Foundation"
2200:
856:. Humans, too, each possess a portion of the divine
3258:
Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium
3244:
The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia
1944:
How to Be Free – An Ancient Guide to the Stoic Life
1423:development, material consumption and consumerism.
980:is an irrational desire, or pursuit of an expected
102:—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for
3958:Stoic Logic: The Dialectic from Zeno to Chrysippus
3690:
2202:
1655:"Chrysippus | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
1192:Good intent, Goodwill, Welcoming, Cherishing, Love
3963:Annotated Bibliography on Ancient Stoic Dialectic
3678:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006)
3239:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3113:
2869:
2867:
2865:
1979:
1179:). The Stoics also subdivided the good-feelings:
634:The mind has the ability to judge (συγκατάθεσις,
9656:Schools and traditions in hellenistic philosophy
9632:
3715:Stoic Ethics: Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom
1970:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 206–232.
1495:
3570:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
3141:
3085:
1434:have been identified. According to philosopher
1418:Similarities of modern Stoicism and third-wave
1405:The Philosophy of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy
1384:
1159:). Instead the sage experiences good-feelings (
1087:, Lamenting, Depression, Vexation, Despondency.
917:(trans. Long & Sedley, pg. 411, modified):
3391:– Logical and physical fragments of Chrysippus
3366:. It includes the fragments and testimonia of
2942:"Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach"
2862:
2414:
2412:
8771:
7916:
5820:
4486:
4116:
3589:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
1903:, ed. B. Inwood, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 206–232
779:: God is never fully transcendent but always
5216:
3403:– Indices of words, proper names and sources
3304:, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 218, June 1928.
3297:, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 131, June 1925.
2873:
2550:. University of Chicago Press. p. 130.
2523:. Harvard University Press. pp. 66–67.
2311:
2309:
1153:) is someone who is free from the passions (
3208:Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique
2697:etymonline.com, Online Etymology Dictionary
2409:
2375:
2373:
2260:
2258:
2201:Groenendijk, L.F.; de Ruyter, D.J. (2009).
2172:
2170:
2002:
1823:
1821:
566:Somehow disposed in relation to something (
57:. The Stoics believed that the practice of
8778:
8764:
8640:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
7930:
7923:
7909:
5827:
5813:
4529:
4493:
4479:
4123:
4109:
3242:Inwood, Brad & Gerson Lloyd P. (eds.)
2915:"Anxious? Depressed? Try Greek philosophy"
2577:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2491:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities
2444:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
1807:
1805:
1775:
1751:
585:in use is provided by Jacques Brunschwig:
550:: air or breath), which informs the matter
9434:
9397:Relationship between religion and science
8785:
3731:(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004)
3454:(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1998)
3070:
2998:
2957:
2425:
2385:
2346:
2306:
1766:Aetius, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 2.35
1634:
525:The primary matter, formless substance, (
200:Zeno's ideas developed from those of the
173:: ἡ ποικίλη στοά), or "painted porch", a
4007:Modern Stoicism (Stoic Week and Stoicon)
3836:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3819:
3729:Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations
2605:
2518:
2397:
2370:
2358:
2321:
2255:
2167:
2127:, pp. 37–38. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1834:
1818:
862:
723:
623:, where they leave an impression in the
351:
345:" (and was adopted by Dutch philosopher
216:. Zeno's most influential successor was
29:
3688:
3350:
3228:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1945 c. 1927).
3184:, Hadot, P. Oxford Blackwells, pp. 9–10
3021:
2721:
2543:
2507:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2315:
2289:
2270:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2011:. Ancient Philosophies (1st ed.).
1919:10.218. (chronos, topos, kenon, lekton)
1872:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1865:
1802:
267:
14:
9633:
4667:
3671:. 'New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.
3567:
3554:Secundum Naturam (According to Nature)
3533:
2855:Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery (1979)
2690:
2621:
2584:. Yale University Press. p. 190.
2403:
2391:
2379:
2352:
2327:
2136:
2125:Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age
1861:
1859:
1609:
1563:
285:1.15.2, Robin Hard revised translation
8759:
7904:
7566:
6308:
5846:
5808:
4590:
4474:
4104:
3913:
3587:The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics
3496:
3415:
3385:– Fragments of Zeno and his followers
3114:Gregory B. Sadler (2 November 2018),
2912:
2837:from the original on 14 November 2020
2819:
2703:from the original on 19 November 2016
2364:
2300:
2283:
2264:
2188:
2176:
1968:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
1930:The Stoics on Bodies and Incorporeals
1223:
1186:Enjoyment, Cheerfulness, Good spirits
4040:
3975:from the original on 1 November 2012
3628:Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy
3034:from the original on 13 January 2023
2752:
2642:from the original on 11 October 2014
2635:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2473:
2243:from the original on 2 December 2022
2099:
2009:The Philosophy of Early Christianity
1941:
1716:(1915), p. 25. In Bertrand Russell,
1684:. Chester Springs: Dufour Editions.
1679:
1456:, or two of them or three of them."
703:, which acts on the passive matter:
38:, considered the founder of Stoicism
4502:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
3906:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3892:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3878:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3864:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3852:
3746:The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics
3235:Long, A. A., Sedley, D. N. (1987).
3230:Cicero : Tusculan Disputations
3086:Modern Stoicism (8 November 2018),
2728:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1856:
1661:from the original on 9 October 2023
1614:. New York: Routledge. p. 27.
1344:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
603:can be attained through the use of
490:)—though not all things (τινά)—are
123:Stoicism flourished throughout the
27:Virtue-focused philosophical system
24:
3806:
3420:, University of California Press,
3308:
3302:Epictetus Discourses Books 3 and 4
3295:Epictetus Discourses Books 1 and 2
3221:
3216:
3124:from the original on 26 March 2023
3096:from the original on 26 March 2023
2921:from the original on 26 March 2023
2787:from the original on 28 March 2023
2722:Baltzly, Dirk (13 December 2004).
2578:Cantarella, Eva (1 January 2002).
2544:Boswell, John (15 February 2009).
2420:Introduction to ancient philosophy
1878:from the original on 26 March 2022
25:
9667:
9417:Sociology of scientific knowledge
9412:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9365:History and philosophy of science
3753:
3599:(Indiana University Press, 2012)
3335:, or translated by Gregory Hays;
3022:Whiting, Kai (11 February 2019).
2691:Harper, Douglas (November 2001).
2672:from the original on 28 June 2023
2627:
2435:, p. 200. Oxford University Press
2112:Backgrounds of Early Christianity
2005:"Free will and divine providence"
1901:The Cambridge Companion to Stoics
1776:Long, A.A.; Sedley, D.N. (1987).
1752:Long, A.A.; Sedley, D.N. (1987).
1637:Stoicism and the Art of Happiness
1628:
1508:from the original on 28 June 2023
1371:rational emotive behavior therapy
135:. It experienced a decline after
9614:
9602:
7884:
7883:
7870:
4083:
4066:
4049:
4021:
3818:
3748:, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892
2894:from the original on 8 July 2023
2581:Bisexuality in the Ancient World
2431:William Braxton Irvine, (2009),
2037:from the original on 8 July 2023
1813:A History of Western Philosophy,
1591:from the original on 8 July 2023
3538:, University of Chicago Press,
3521:The Coherence of Stoic Ontology
3200:
3187:
3170:
3135:
3107:
3079:
3046:
3015:
2974:
2933:
2906:
2857:Cognitive Therapy of Depression
2849:
2771:
2746:
2734:from the original on 4 May 2019
2715:
2684:
2654:
2571:
2537:
2438:
2333:
2194:
2182:
2130:
2117:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2003:Karamanolis, George E. (2013).
1996:
1973:
1960:
1935:
1922:
1906:
1889:
1847:
1842:A History of Western Philosophy
1829:A History of Western Philosophy
1769:
1760:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1718:A History of Western Philosophy
1299:
1276:
795:, which is very similar to the
594:
505:They held that there were four
248:; and the Late Stoa, including
147:) and in the contemporary era (
8806:Analytic–synthetic distinction
8580:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
5834:
4426:Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
3572:, Cambridge University Press,
3418:Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind
2521:Homosexuality and Civilization
1706:
1673:
1647:
1603:
1557:
1544:
1520:
1489:
962:, or avoidance of an expected
116:) that is "in accordance with
13:
1:
8461:Principle of compositionality
7567:
3497:Capes, William Wolfe (1880),
3437:, Trafford Publishing, 2005,
2913:Evans, Jules (29 June 2013).
1985:Lives of eminent philosophers
1870:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1483:
797:Hindu conception of existence
678:According to the Stoics, the
475:
240:; the Middle Stoa, including
8610:Philosophical Investigations
7356:Ordinary language philosophy
5847:
4130:
3784:Resources in other libraries
3488:Bryant, James Henry (1866),
3271:
3197:. Paris, Fayard, pp. 106–115
1778:The Hellenistic Philosophers
1754:The Hellenistic Philosophers
1432:cognitive behavioral therapy
1385:Psychology and psychotherapy
1379:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
9139:Hypothetico-deductive model
9114:Deductive-nomological model
9099:Constructivist epistemology
8451:Modality (natural language)
7406:Contemporary utilitarianism
7321:Internalism and externalism
4433:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
3697:, Oxford University Press,
3564:. Stoic Therapy, LLC, 2021.
3519:de Harven, Vanessa (2012).
3505:de Harven, Vanessa (2010).
3356:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
3246:Indianapolis: Hackett 2008.
3182:Philosophy as a Way of Life
2489:Hubbard, Thomas K. (2013).
2143:University of Chicago Press
1612:A History of Western Ethics
1459:
904:
599:The Stoics propounded that
329:The Stoic ethic espouses a
66:
10:
9672:
8590:Language, Truth, and Logic
8330:Theological noncognitivism
8215:Contrast theory of meaning
8210:Causal theory of reference
7941:Index of language articles
6670:Svatantrika and Prasangika
6309:
3934:The Stoic Therapy eLibrary
3901:"Stoic Philosophy of Mind"
3717:(London: Continuum, 2007)
3408:
2094:Cambridge University Press
1635:Robertson, Donald (2018).
1575:Princeton University Press
1202:
671:
667:
611:can be distinguished from
568:
556:
538:
519:
486:
401:are especially striking".
367:
208:), whose founding father,
154:
9593:
9425:
9327:
9257:
9200:Semantic view of theories
9119:Epistemological anarchism
9071:
9056:dependent and independent
8793:
8730:
8675:Philosophy of information
8662:
8511:
8363:
8275:Mediated reference theory
8200:
7947:
7938:
7864:
7816:
7716:
7678:
7625:
7592:
7583:
7579:
7562:
7512:
7424:
7262:
7253:
7186:
6969:
6960:
6938:
6893:
6835:
6787:
6741:
6732:
6695:
6566:
6431:
6378:
6369:
6319:
6315:
6304:
6243:
6215:
6172:
6124:
6081:
6034:
6006:
5958:
5930:
5892:Philosophy of mathematics
5882:Philosophy of information
5857:
5853:
5842:
5755:
5670:
5627:
5569:
5531:
5483:
5410:
5367:
5358:
5306:
5273:
5163:
5135:
5092:
5054:
5026:
4975:
4932:
4923:
4900:
4868:
4842:
4833:
4792:
4769:
4676:
4627:
4599:
4581:
4508:
4442:
4362:
4298:
4266:
4225:
4216:
4138:
3779:Resources in your library
3689:Sorabji, Richard (2000),
3534:Graver, Margaret (2007),
3300:Harvard University Press
3293:Harvard University Press
3288:Epictetus, The Discourses
3250:
3210:. Paris, 2nd ed., p. 135.
3156:10.1080/14623940903138266
2757:. London: Athlone Press.
2493:. John Wiley & Sons.
2459:10.1017/S0009838807000195
2418:Don E. Marietta, (1998),
2221:10.1080/17449640902816277
2137:Graver, Margaret (2009).
1866:Bobzien, Susanne (2020),
1610:Becker, Lawrence (2003).
1539:Handbook of Virtue Ethics
1415:as homework assignments.
1336:
1271:
878:
731:, the Stoic Roman emperor
529:) that things are made of
480:The Stoics held that all
212:, had been a disciple of
8942:Intertheoretic reduction
8931:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
8908:Functional contextualism
8600:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
5341:Alexander of Aphrodisias
4419:Enchiridion of Epictetus
3951:25 December 2014 at the
3939:28 February 2021 at the
3501:, Pott, Young, & Co.
2519:Crompton, Louis (2009).
1989:Harvard University Press
1533:13 November 2018 at the
1396:Enchiridion of Epictetus
936:contraction, or a fresh
468:, ambiguity and logical
418:existential propositions
363:
9427:Philosophers of science
9205:Scientific essentialism
9154:Model-dependent realism
9089:Constructive empiricism
8982:Evidence-based practice
8401:Use–mention distinction
8245:Direct reference theory
7361:Postanalytic philosophy
7302:Experimental philosophy
5450:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
5183:Thrasymachus of Corinth
4861:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
4412:Discourses of Epictetus
3926:Encyclopædia Britannica
3727:Strange, Steven (ed.),
3648:(London: Karnac, 2010)
3632:Oxford University Press
3364:Bibliotheca Teubneriana
3024:"The Sustainable Stoic"
2783:. Athlone Press. 1971.
2447:The Classical Quarterly
1391:cognitive psychotherapy
713:Chrysippus, in Cicero,
448:, propositional logic,
231:successors of Alexander
71:ancient Agora of Athens
9510:Alfred North Whitehead
9500:Charles Sanders Peirce
8335:Theory of descriptions
8270:Linguistic determinism
7932:Philosophy of language
7494:Social constructionism
6506:Hellenistic philosophy
5922:Theoretical philosophy
5897:Philosophy of religion
5887:Philosophy of language
5107:Aristippus the Younger
4218:Philosophical concepts
3814:
3794:Listen to this article
3744:; Reichel, Oswald J.,
3176:Davidson, A.I. (1995)
3000:10.3390/educsci8040204
1942:Long, Anthony (2018).
1740:Hellenistic Philosophy
1496:Jason Lewis Saunders.
1250:same sex relationships
1198:Moral shame, Reverence
875:
783:, and identified with
777:naturalistic pantheism
758:
732:
722:
592:
422:sentential connectives
360:
288:
47:Hellenistic philosophy
39:
9609:Philosophy portal
9360:Hard and soft science
9355:Faith and rationality
9224:Scientific skepticism
9004:Scientific Revolution
8787:Philosophy of science
8446:Mental representation
8381:Linguistic relativity
8265:Inquisitive semantics
7877:Philosophy portal
7396:Scientific skepticism
7376:Reformed epistemology
5902:Philosophy of science
5584:Eudorus of Alexandria
5155:Asclepiades of Phlius
5112:Theodorus the Atheist
4398:Seneca's Consolations
3992:programme on Stoicism
3813:
3667:4 August 2019 at the
3512:26 March 2023 at the
3482:29 April 2014 at the
3475:(Princeton UP, 2012)
3471:Brooke, Christopher.
3416:Annas, Julia (1994),
3260:(1969, reprint 2004)
2874:Robertson, D (2010).
2632:. In E. Craig (ed.).
2422:, pp. 153–154. Sharpe
2341:Tusculan Disputations
1917:Adversus Mathematicos
1682:These Were the Greeks
1327:Marcus Minucius Felix
1306:Fathers of the Church
1216:'s self-consistency (
866:
741:
727:
705:
587:
462:logic of suppositions
355:
271:
61:is enough to achieve
33:
9335:Criticism of science
9210:Scientific formalism
9094:Constructive realism
8999:Scientific pluralism
8972:Problem of induction
8630:Naming and Necessity
8540:De Arte Combinatoria
8339:Definite description
8300:Semantic externalism
7297:Critical rationalism
7004:Edo neo-Confucianism
6848:Acintya bheda abheda
6827:Renaissance humanism
6538:School of the Sextii
5912:Practical philosophy
5907:Political philosophy
5518:Diogenes of Oenoanda
3845:More spoken articles
3711:Stephens, William O.
3585:Inwood, Brad (ed.),
3536:Stoicism and Emotion
3351:Fragment collections
2780:Problems in Stoicism
2755:Problems in Stoicism
2630:"Ancient philosophy"
2209:Ethics and Education
2139:Stoicism and Emotion
2096:, 1978, pp. 182–183.
2088:, in: John M. Rist,
1895:Jacques Brunschwig,
1714:The Stoic Philosophy
1355:Problems in Stoicism
1238:sexual relationships
771:Stoic theology is a
658:and true knowledge (
466:logic of imperatives
268:Philosophical system
9402:Rhetoric of science
9340:Descriptive science
9084:Confirmation holism
8977:Scientific evidence
8937:Inductive reasoning
8866:Demarcation problem
8680:Philosophical logic
8670:Analytic philosophy
8476:Sense and reference
8355:Verification theory
8310:Situation semantics
6868:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6779:Korean Confucianism
6526:Academic Skepticism
5642:Apollonius of Tyana
5589:Philo of Alexandria
5392:Agrippa the Skeptic
5331:Strato of Lampsacus
4386:Letters to Lucilius
4168:Antipater of Tarsus
4163:Diogenes of Babylon
3658:Robertson, Donald,
3644:Robertson, Donald,
3641:, pp. 215–247.
3560:8 July 2023 at the
3526:22 May 2023 at the
3448:Becker, Lawrence C.
3433:Bakalis, Nikolaos,
3358:is a collection by
3144:Reflective Practice
2831:www.rebtnetwork.org
2110:Ferguson, Everett.
1840:Russell, Bertrand.
1827:Russell, Bertrand.
1811:Russell, Bertrand.
1565:Becker, Lawrence C.
1528:Stoic Virtue Ethics
1428:reflective practice
984:but in reality bad.
789:Abrahamic religions
687:reasoning substance
446:theory of deduction
438:logical consequence
379:propositional logic
343:Classical Pantheism
204:(brought to him by
195:cult of personality
49:that flourished in
9621:Science portal
9550:Carl Gustav Hempel
9505:Wilhelm Windelband
9392:Questionable cause
9215:Scientific realism
9036:Underdetermination
8871:Empirical evidence
8861:Creative synthesis
8530:Port-Royal Grammar
8426:Family resemblance
8345:Theory of language
8320:Supposition theory
7489:Post-structuralism
7391:Scientific realism
7346:Quinean naturalism
7326:Logical positivism
7282:Analytical Marxism
6501:Peripatetic school
6413:Chinese naturalism
5940:Aesthetic response
5867:Applied philosophy
5717:Plutarch of Athens
5657:Numenius of Apamea
5647:Moderatus of Gades
5117:Hegesias of Cyrene
4379:Paradoxa Stoicorum
3915:Hicks, Robert Drew
3815:
3325:Maxwell Staniforth
3072:10.3390/su10020474
2987:Education Sciences
2880:. London: Karnac.
2753:Long, A A (1971).
2666:www.britannica.com
2191:, pp. 103–104
1928:Marcelo D. Boeri,
1413:Seneca the Younger
1312:", "Spirit", and "
1224:Love and sexuality
1141:, and Ostentation.
876:
733:
554:Somehow disposed (
361:
229:, "nearly all the
82:Aristotle's ethics
40:
9628:
9627:
9470:
9469:
9382:Normative science
9239:Uniformitarianism
8994:Scientific method
8888:Explanatory power
8753:
8752:
8255:Dynamic semantics
7898:
7897:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7277:Analytic feminism
7249:
7248:
7211:Kierkegaardianism
7173:Transcendentalism
7133:Neo-scholasticism
6979:Classical Realism
6956:
6955:
6728:
6727:
6543:Neopythagoreanism
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
5917:Social philosophy
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5765:Nicetes of Smyrna
5354:
5353:
5269:
5268:
5231:Apollonius Cronus
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
4896:
4895:
4820:
4819:
4741:Metrodorus of Cos
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4577:
4576:
4468:
4467:
4358:
4357:
3946:The Stoic Library
3811:
3760:Library resources
3206:Hadot, P. (1987)
3193:Hadot, P. (1992)
2591:978-0-300-09302-5
2557:978-0-226-06714-8
2068:Marcus Aurelius,
1987:. Cambridge, MA:
1981:Diogenes Laërtius
1897:Stoic Metaphysics
1680:Amos, H. (1982).
1639:. Great Britain:
1526:Sharpe, Matthew,
1045:
1044:
958:is an irrational
850:logos spermatikos
766:logos spermatikos
749:Marcus Aurelius,
163:derives from the
16:(Redirected from
9663:
9619:
9618:
9607:
9606:
9605:
9580:Bas van Fraassen
9535:Hans Reichenbach
9515:Bertrand Russell
9432:
9431:
9258:Philosophy of...
9041:Unity of science
8834:Commensurability
8780:
8773:
8766:
8757:
8756:
8715:Formal semantics
8663:Related articles
8655:
8645:
8635:
8625:
8615:
8605:
8595:
8585:
8575:
8565:
8555:
8545:
8535:
8525:
8295:Relevance theory
8290:Phallogocentrism
7925:
7918:
7911:
7902:
7901:
7887:
7886:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7590:
7589:
7581:
7580:
7564:
7563:
7454:Frankfurt School
7401:Transactionalism
7351:Normative ethics
7331:Legal positivism
7307:Falsificationism
7292:Consequentialism
7287:Communitarianism
7260:
7259:
7128:New Confucianism
6967:
6966:
6774:Neo-Confucianism
6739:
6738:
6548:Second Sophistic
6533:Middle Platonism
6376:
6375:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6305:
6149:Epiphenomenalism
6016:Consequentialism
5950:Institutionalism
5855:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5806:
5805:
5757:Second Sophistic
5732:Ammonius Hermiae
5637:Nigidius Figulus
5551:Philo of Larissa
5533:Academic Skeptic
5397:Sextus Empiricus
5365:
5364:
5214:
5213:
5173:Euclid of Megara
5052:
5051:
4930:
4929:
4840:
4839:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4527:
4526:
4509:Proto-philosophy
4495:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4455:Stoic Opposition
4443:Related articles
4406:(Musonius Rufus)
4223:
4222:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4017:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3930:
3929:(11th ed.).
3922:
3910:
3896:
3882:
3868:
3859:Zalta, Edward N.
3835:
3833:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3707:
3696:
3597:Stoic Pragmatism
3582:
3548:
3502:
3430:
3376:Maximilian Adler
3323:, translated by
3290:, Everyman 1995.
3211:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2959:10.3390/h7020039
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2871:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2625:
2619:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2134:
2128:
2123:Tripolitis, A.,
2121:
2115:
2108:
2097:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1913:Sextus Empiricus
1910:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1712:Gilbert Murray,
1710:
1704:
1703:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1493:
1369:, who developed
1349:
1323:Ambrose of Milan
1171:), and caution (
1093:: Sluggishness,
1002:
1001:
817:re-created again
756:
720:
716:De Natura Deorum
571:
570:
569:πρός τί πως ἔχον
559:
558:
541:
540:
522:
521:
489:
488:
286:
206:Crates of Thebes
77:around 300 BC.
21:
9671:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9624:
9613:
9603:
9601:
9589:
9570:Paul Feyerabend
9530:Michael Polanyi
9466:
9452:Galileo Galilei
9421:
9407:Science studies
9323:
9253:
9244:Verificationism
9149:Instrumentalism
9134:Foundationalism
9109:Conventionalism
9067:
8903:Feminist method
8789:
8784:
8754:
8749:
8726:
8705:School of Names
8658:
8653:
8643:
8633:
8623:
8620:Of Grammatology
8613:
8603:
8593:
8583:
8573:
8563:
8553:
8543:
8533:
8523:
8507:
8359:
8305:Semantic holism
8285:Non-cognitivism
8225:Conventionalism
8196:
7943:
7934:
7929:
7899:
7894:
7871:
7869:
7848:
7812:
7712:
7674:
7621:
7575:
7574:
7546:
7535:Russian cosmism
7508:
7504:Western Marxism
7469:New Historicism
7434:Critical theory
7420:
7416:Wittgensteinian
7312:Foundationalism
7245:
7182:
7163:Social contract
7019:Foundationalism
6952:
6934:
6918:Illuminationism
6903:Aristotelianism
6889:
6878:Vishishtadvaita
6831:
6783:
6724:
6691:
6562:
6491:Megarian school
6486:Eretrian school
6427:
6388:Agriculturalism
6365:
6311:
6292:
6239:
6211:
6168:
6120:
6077:
6061:Incompatibilism
6030:
6002:
5954:
5926:
5849:
5838:
5833:
5803:
5794:
5751:
5680:Ammonius Saccas
5666:
5623:
5571:Middle Platonic
5565:
5527:
5479:
5470:Marcus Aurelius
5406:
5382:Timon of Phlius
5350:
5320:Aristotelianism
5302:
5265:
5246:Diodorus Cronus
5212:
5159:
5131:
5088:
5050:
5014:
4971:
4919:
4892:
4864:
4829:
4816:
4788:
4765:
4659:
4646:
4623:
4573:
4525:
4504:
4499:
4469:
4464:
4438:
4393:Seneca's Essays
4354:
4294:
4262:
4212:
4203:Marcus Aurelius
4134:
4129:
4099:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:sister projects
4038:at Knowledge's
4032:
4022:
4020:
4012:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3953:Wayback Machine
3941:Wayback Machine
3899:
3885:
3871:
3853:Baltzly, Dirk.
3849:
3848:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3826:This audio file
3823:
3816:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3705:
3674:Sellars, John,
3669:Wayback Machine
3630:, Volume XVII.
3580:
3562:Wayback Machine
3546:
3528:Wayback Machine
3514:Wayback Machine
3484:Wayback Machine
3428:
3411:
3406:
3353:
3315:Marcus Aurelius
3311:
3309:Marcus Aurelius
3274:
3253:
3224:
3222:Primary sources
3219:
3217:Further reading
3214:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3175:
3171:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3016:
2979:
2975:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2628:David, Sedley.
2626:
2622:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2474:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2282:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2114:. 2003, p. 368.
2109:
2100:
2086:Stoic Cosmology
2082:Michael Lapidge
2080:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2023:. p. 151.
2001:
1997:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1868:"Ancient Logic"
1864:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1692:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1535:Wayback Machine
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1462:
1387:
1347:
1339:
1302:
1287:The Categories.
1279:
1274:
1226:
1205:
907:
881:
834:was the active
757:
748:
729:Marcus Aurelius
721:
712:
676:
670:
597:
478:
458:epistemic logic
395:Susanne Bobzien
375:Diodorus Cronus
372:
366:
287:
278:
270:
262:Marcus Aurelius
220:, who followed
157:
149:modern Stoicism
133:Marcus Aurelius
45:is a school of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9669:
9659:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9646:Ancient Greece
9643:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9611:
9599:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9555:W. V. O. Quine
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9490:Rudolf Steiner
9487:
9482:
9480:Henri Poincaré
9477:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9438:
9436:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9350:Exact sciences
9347:
9342:
9337:
9331:
9329:
9328:Related topics
9325:
9324:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9287:Social science
9284:
9283:
9282:
9280:Space and time
9272:
9267:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9193:
9184:
9179:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9075:
9073:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8989:Scientific law
8986:
8985:
8984:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8898:Falsifiability
8895:
8890:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8827:Mill's Methods
8819:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8790:
8783:
8782:
8775:
8768:
8760:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8636:
8626:
8616:
8606:
8596:
8586:
8576:
8566:
8556:
8546:
8536:
8526:
8515:
8513:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8456:Presupposition
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8235:Deconstruction
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8206:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7928:
7927:
7920:
7913:
7905:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7880:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7733:
7728:
7722:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7680:Middle Eastern
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7587:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7444:Existentialism
7441:
7439:Deconstruction
7436:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7272:Applied ethics
7268:
7266:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7236:Nietzscheanism
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7178:Utilitarianism
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7076:Transcendental
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7014:Existentialism
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:Augustinianism
6799:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6715:Zoroastrianism
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6558:Church Fathers
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6440:
6438:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6313:
6312:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6073:Libertarianism
6070:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5877:Metaphilosophy
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5770:Dio Chrysostom
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5629:Neopythagorean
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5455:Musonius Rufus
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5420:Zeno of Citium
5416:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5145:Phaedo of Elis
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4231:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Musonius Rufus
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4148:Zeno of Citium
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4080:
4078:from Wikiquote
4063:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3988:BBC Radio 4's
3985:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3920:"Stoics"
3911:
3897:
3887:"Stoic Ethics"
3883:
3869:
3838:
3824:
3817:
3805:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:External links
3752:
3750:
3749:
3742:Zeller, Eduard
3739:
3725:
3708:
3704:978-0198250050
3703:
3686:
3672:
3656:
3654:978-1855757561
3642:
3624:
3607:
3590:
3583:
3579:978-0521250283
3578:
3565:
3549:
3545:978-0226305578
3544:
3531:
3517:
3503:
3494:
3486:
3469:
3466:The Stoic Life
3464:Brennan, Tad,
3462:
3452:A New Stoicism
3445:
3431:
3427:978-0520076594
3426:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3368:Zeno of Citium
3360:Hans von Arnim
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3169:
3134:
3106:
3078:
3059:Sustainability
3045:
3014:
2973:
2932:
2905:
2887:978-1855757561
2886:
2861:
2848:
2818:
2809:|website=
2770:
2763:
2745:
2714:
2683:
2653:
2620:
2604:
2590:
2570:
2556:
2536:
2530:978-0674030060
2529:
2506:
2500:978-1118610688
2499:
2472:
2453:(1): 216–230.
2437:
2424:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2343:by J. E. King.
2332:
2320:
2305:
2288:
2269:
2254:
2193:
2181:
2166:
2152:978-0226305585
2151:
2129:
2116:
2098:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2030:978-1844655670
2029:
1995:
1972:
1959:
1953:978-0691177717
1952:
1934:
1921:
1905:
1888:
1855:
1846:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1744:
1731:
1722:
1705:
1691:978-0802312754
1690:
1672:
1646:
1627:
1621:978-0415968256
1620:
1602:
1584:978-1400822447
1583:
1570:A New Stoicism
1556:
1554:, 2006, p. 32.
1550:John Sellars.
1543:
1519:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1386:
1383:
1338:
1335:
1301:
1298:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1225:
1222:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:, and Longing.
1106:
1088:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
985:
967:
945:
906:
903:
897:For the Stoic
880:
877:
846:seminal reason
825:Eternal return
762:seminal reason
746:
710:
699:or primordial
672:Main article:
669:
666:
596:
593:
576:
575:
563:
551:
530:
477:
474:
442:valid argument
368:Main article:
365:
362:
347:Baruch Spinoza
321:consists in a
276:
269:
266:
250:Musonius Rufus
227:Gilbert Murray
187:Zeno of Citium
156:
153:
75:Zeno of Citium
51:Ancient Greece
36:Zeno of Citium
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9668:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9610:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9592:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9540:Rudolf Carnap
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9475:Auguste Comte
9473:
9472:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9447:Francis Bacon
9445:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9375:Pseudoscience
9373:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9326:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9234:Structuralism
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9197:
9196:Received view
9194:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9104:Contextualism
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9070:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8781:
8776:
8774:
8769:
8767:
8762:
8761:
8758:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8700:Scholasticism
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8652:
8651:
8647:
8642:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8587:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8315:Structuralism
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8240:Descriptivism
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8220:Contrastivism
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7921:
7919:
7914:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7891:
7890:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:Miscellaneous
7815:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:Miscellaneous
7511:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7499:Structuralism
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7484:Postmodernism
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7474:Phenomenology
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:Vienna Circle
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:Moral realism
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:Phenomenology
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7083:Individualism
7081:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6948:Judeo-Islamic
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6924:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6873:Shuddhadvaita
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Scholasticism
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6303:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:Conceptualism
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:Particularism
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6154:Functionalism
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6139:Eliminativism
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:Compatibilism
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Particularism
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Zeno of Sidon
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Lyco of Troas
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5218:Dialecticians
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4095:from Wikidata
4094:
4093:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3827:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:Stoic Studies
3611:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:(4): 429–36.
3149:
3145:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2394:, p. 701
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2367:, p. 115
2366:
2361:
2355:, p. 705
2354:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2267:, p. 114
2266:
2261:
2259:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2179:, p. 103
2178:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:9780521255615
1783:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1573:. Princeton:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1541:, 2013, 28–41
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1477:A Man in Full
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:Aaron T. Beck
1373:, as well as
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:virtue ethics
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:romantic love
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:, Troubling,
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
916:
912:
902:
900:
895:
892:
891:
886:
874:
870:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:conflagration
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
754:
753:
745:
740:
738:
730:
726:
718:
717:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
685:
681:
675:
674:Stoic physics
665:
663:
662:
657:
653:
652:
647:
646:
641:
637:
636:synkatathesis
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
591:
586:
583:
582:
573:
564:
561:
552:
549:
548:
543:
535:
531:
528:
524:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:Gottlob Frege
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:deterministic
327:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
305:
302:
299:physics, and
298:
294:
284:
283:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Ancient Greek
168:
167:
162:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:virtue ethics
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
9651:Ancient Rome
9585:Larry Laudan
9565:Imre Lakatos
9520:Otto Neurath
9495:Karl Pearson
9485:Pierre Duhem
9457:Isaac Newton
9387:Protoscience
9345:Epistemology
9219:Anti-realism
9217: /
9198: /
9189: /
9175: /
9173:Reductionism
9171: /
9144:Inductionism
9124:Evolutionism
8929:
8816:a posteriori
8815:
8811:
8648:
8638:
8628:
8618:
8608:
8598:
8588:
8578:
8558:
8548:
8538:
8528:
8518:
8500:
8441:Metalanguage
8436:Logical form
8391:Truth-bearer
8350:Unilalianism
8260:Expressivism
8087:Wittgenstein
8032:von Humboldt
7949:Philosophers
7882:
7868:
7539:
7530:Postcritique
7520:Kyoto School
7479:Posthumanism
7459:Hermeneutics
7314: /
7255:Contemporary
7231:Newtonianism
7194:Cartesianism
7153:Reductionism
6989:Conservatism
6984:Collectivism
6922:
6650:Sarvāstivadā
6628:Anekantavada
6553:Neoplatonism
6521:Epicureanism
6515:
6454:Pythagoreans
6393:Confucianism
6359:Contemporary
6349:Early modern
6253:Anti-realism
6207:Universalism
6164:Subjectivism
5960:Epistemology
5785:Philostratus
5672:Neoplatonist
5411:
5326:Theophrastus
5000:Dionysodorus
4957:Thrasymachus
4583:Pre-Socratic
4450:Stoa Poikile
4431:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4385:
4377:
4373:(Chrysippus)
4370:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4287:
4275:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4140:Philosophers
4131:
4090:
4073:
4061:from Commons
4056:
4035:
3989:
3979:14 September
3977:. Retrieved
3924:
3904:
3890:
3876:
3862:
3774:Online books
3764:
3745:
3728:
3714:
3692:
3675:
3660:
3645:
3627:
3613:
3596:
3586:
3569:
3553:
3535:
3498:
3489:
3472:
3465:
3451:
3434:
3417:
3355:
3354:
3318:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3278:Long, George
3257:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3126:, retrieved
3116:
3109:
3098:, retrieved
3088:
3081:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2876:
2856:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2789:. Retrieved
2779:
2773:
2754:
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2727:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2665:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2633:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2580:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2546:
2539:
2520:
2490:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2406:, p. 58
2399:
2387:
2382:, p. 52
2360:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2330:, p. 54
2323:
2318:, p. 29
2316:Sorabji 2000
2303:, p. 48
2286:, p. 47
2245:. Retrieved
2212:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1880:, retrieved
1871:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1812:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1681:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1649:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1475:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1436:Pierre Hadot
1425:
1417:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1367:Albert Ellis
1354:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1317:
1303:
1300:Christianity
1296:philosophy.
1286:
1280:
1277:Neoplatonism
1261:heterosexual
1254:
1227:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1108:
1090:
1052:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1013:
1008:
991:
987:
973:
969:
951:
947:
925:
921:
910:
908:
896:
888:
882:
857:
845:
839:
831:
829:
812:
770:
761:
759:
750:
742:
734:
714:
706:
690:
677:
659:
649:
643:
642:or opinion (
635:
633:
598:
595:Epistemology
588:
579:
577:
565:
553:
545:
532:
526:
513:
504:
479:
434:conditionals
430:disjunctions
403:
373:
328:
322:
318:
312:
306:
301:naturalistic
289:
280:
272:
235:
199:
166:Stoa Poikile
164:
160:
158:
137:Christianity
122:
111:
89:
79:
55:Ancient Rome
42:
41:
9575:Ian Hacking
9560:Thomas Kuhn
9545:Karl Popper
9525:C. D. Broad
9442:Roger Bacon
9370:Non-science
9312:Linguistics
9292:Archaeology
9187:Rationalism
9177:Determinism
9164:Physicalism
9129:Fallibilism
9079:Coherentism
9009:Testability
8962:Observation
8957:Objectivity
8918:alternative
8849:Correlation
8839:Consilience
8685:Linguistics
8650:Limited Inc
8570:On Denoting
8396:Proposition
8047:de Saussure
8012:Ibn Khaldun
7525:Objectivism
7464:Neo-Marxism
7426:Continental
7336:Meta-ethics
7316:Coherentism
7221:Hegelianism
7158:Rationalism
7118:Natural law
7098:Materialism
7024:Historicism
6994:Determinism
6885:Navya-Nyāya
6660:Sautrāntika
6655:Pudgalavada
6591:Vaisheshika
6444:Presocratic
6344:Renaissance
6283:Physicalism
6268:Materialism
6174:Normativity
6159:Objectivism
6144:Emergentism
6134:Behaviorism
6083:Metaphysics
6049:Determinism
5988:Rationalism
5387:Aenesidemus
5360:Hellenistic
5308:Peripatetic
5226:Clinomachus
5064:Antisthenes
4678:Pythagorean
4629:Heraclitean
4614:Anaximander
4531:Seven Sages
4460:Neostoicism
4371:On Passions
4342:Prohairesis
3990:In Our Time
3610:Long, A. A.
3593:Lachs, John
3551:Hall, Ron,
3320:Meditations
3281:Enchiridion
3038:18 February
2738:2 September
2707:2 September
2404:Graver 2007
2392:Inwood 1999
2380:Graver 2007
2353:Inwood 1999
2328:Graver 2007
2141:. Chicago:
2070:Meditations
2041:18 November
1641:John Murray
1466:4 Maccabees
1450:Meditations
1409:Paul Dubois
1266:procreation
1147:wise person
911:On Passions
841:anima mundi
752:Meditations
625:imagination
581:Enchiridion
520:ὑποκείμενον
454:tense logic
450:modal logic
370:Stoic logic
279:Epictetus,
210:Antisthenes
145:Neostoicism
141:Renaissance
113:prohairesis
9635:Categories
9462:David Hume
9435:Precursors
9317:Psychology
9297:Economics
9191:Empiricism
9182:Pragmatism
9169:Positivism
9159:Naturalism
9029:scientific
8913:Hypothesis
8876:Experiment
8745:Discussion
8740:Task Force
8690:Pragmatics
8481:Speech act
8411:Categories
8325:Symbiosism
8280:Nominalism
8192:Watzlawick
8072:Bloomfield
7992:Chrysippus
7824:Amerindian
7731:Australian
7670:Vietnamese
7650:Indonesian
7199:Kantianism
7148:Positivism
7138:Pragmatism
7113:Naturalism
7093:Liberalism
7071:Subjective
7009:Empiricism
6913:Avicennism
6858:Bhedabheda
6742:East Asian
6665:Madhyamaka
6645:Abhidharma
6511:Pyrrhonism
6278:Nominalism
6273:Naturalism
6202:Skepticism
6192:Relativism
6182:Absolutism
6111:Naturalism
6021:Deontology
5993:Skepticism
5978:Naturalism
5968:Empiricism
5932:Aesthetics
5836:Philosophy
5742:Simplicius
5707:Iamblichus
5652:Nicomachus
5541:Arcesilaus
5508:Philodemus
5498:Metrodorus
5440:Posidonius
5430:Chrysippus
5369:Pyrrhonist
5293:Xenocrates
5288:Speusippus
5261:Panthoides
5102:Aristippus
5005:Euthydemus
4942:Protagoras
4915:Democritus
4878:Empedocles
4851:Anaxagoras
4802:Parmenides
4779:Xenophanes
4736:Hermotimus
4686:Pythagoras
4637:Heraclitus
4619:Anaximenes
4521:Pherecydes
4516:Epimenides
4321:Eudaimonia
4250:Katalepsis
4178:Posidonius
4158:Chrysippus
4075:Quotations
4028:Philosophy
3994:(requires
3873:"Stoicism"
3855:"Stoicism"
3841:Audio help
3832:2019-09-30
3737:0521827094
3723:0826496083
3684:1844650537
3639:0198250193
3622:0520229746
3605:0253223768
3460:0691016607
3443:1412048435
3372:Chrysippus
3341:0679642609
3333:0140441409
3266:0140442103
3128:29 January
3100:29 January
3065:(2): 474.
2993:(4): 204.
2946:Humanities
2925:13 January
2898:27 January
2841:13 January
2791:13 January
2764:0485111187
2724:"Stoicism"
2646:18 October
2616:Histories,
2365:Annas 1994
2301:Capes 1880
2284:Capes 1880
2265:Annas 1994
2189:Annas 1994
2177:Annas 1994
2090:The Stoics
1738:A.A.Long,
1502:Britannica
1498:"Stoicism"
1484:References
1445:Discourses
1359:A. A. Long
1331:Tertullian
1314:conscience
1294:Scholastic
1257:homosexual
1218:constantia
1137:: Malice,
1123:, Enmity,
1069:Compassion
934:irrational
915:Chrysippus
899:Chrysippus
867:A bust of
773:fatalistic
651:katalepsis
629:phantasiai
507:categories
496:Anaxagoras
476:Categories
414:indexicals
410:predicates
406:speech act
387:Chrysippus
383:term logic
357:Chrysippus
282:Discourses
246:Posidonius
218:Chrysippus
191:Epicureans
80:Alongside
63:eudaimonia
34:A bust of
9302:Geography
9270:Chemistry
9229:Scientism
9024:ladenness
8844:Construct
8822:Causality
8722:Semiotics
8710:Semantics
8560:Alciphron
8496:Statement
8431:Intension
8371:Ambiguity
8250:Dramatism
8230:Cratylism
7982:Eubulides
7977:Aristotle
7957:Confucius
7703:Pakistani
7665:Taiwanese
7612:Ethiopian
7585:By region
7571:By region
7386:Scientism
7381:Systemics
7241:Spinozism
7168:Socialism
7103:Modernism
7066:Objective
6974:Anarchism
6908:Averroism
6797:Christian
6749:Neotaoism
6720:Zurvanism
6710:Mithraism
6705:Mazdakism
6476:Cyrenaics
6403:Logicians
6036:Free will
5998:Solipsism
5945:Formalism
5775:Favorinus
5737:Damascius
5579:Antiochus
5546:Carneades
5513:Lucretius
5485:Epicurean
5460:Epictetus
5435:Panaetius
5425:Cleanthes
5316:Aristotle
5241:Dionysius
5236:Euphantus
5188:Eubulides
5150:Menedemus
5122:Anniceris
5028:Classical
4995:Lycophron
4990:Callicles
4910:Leucippus
4888:Pausanias
4856:Archelaus
4835:Pluralist
4731:Calliphon
4716:Brontinus
4696:Philolaus
4564:Cleobulus
4559:Periander
4335:Oikeiôsis
4257:Diairesis
4243:Adiaphora
4198:Epictetus
4173:Panaetius
4153:Cleanthes
3272:Epictetus
3164:219711815
2968:150380363
2952:(2): 39.
2811:ignored (
2801:cite book
2676:2 January
2467:170834913
2339:Cicero's
2237:143758851
2229:1744-9642
2215:: 81–92.
2161:430497127
2072:, iv. 21.
2059:, lxv. 2.
2021:Routledge
1844:, p. 253.
1742:, p. 115.
1665:31 August
1595:10 August
1512:2 January
1471:Amor fati
1230:sexuality
1167:), wish (
1161:eupatheia
974:epithumia
942:depressed
821:existence
809:ekpyrōsis
793:cosmology
601:knowledge
515:Substance
500:accidents
470:paradoxes
426:negations
391:Syllogism
385:. Later,
339:Epictetus
335:Cleanthes
258:Epictetus
242:Panaetius
238:Antipater
222:Cleanthes
175:colonnade
159:The name
104:happiness
100:Epictetus
91:adiaphora
9641:Stoicism
9597:Category
9249:Vitalism
9072:Theories
9046:Variable
8967:Paradigm
8854:function
8812:A priori
8801:Analysis
8794:Concepts
8735:Category
8695:Rhetoric
8520:Cratylus
8491:Sentence
8466:Property
8386:Language
8364:Concepts
8202:Theories
8167:Strawson
8152:Davidson
8142:Hintikka
8137:Anscombe
8082:Vygotsky
8037:Mauthner
8007:Averroes
7997:Zhuangzi
7987:Diodorus
7967:Cratylus
7889:Category
7844:Yugoslav
7834:Romanian
7741:Scottish
7726:American
7655:Japanese
7635:Buddhist
7617:Africana
7607:Egyptian
7449:Feminist
7371:Rawlsian
7366:Quietism
7264:Analytic
7216:Krausism
7123:Nihilism
7088:Kokugaku
7051:Absolute
7046:Idealism
7034:Humanism
6822:Occamism
6789:European
6734:Medieval
6680:Yogacara
6640:Buddhist
6633:Syādvāda
6516:Stoicism
6481:Cynicism
6469:Sophists
6464:Atomists
6459:Eleatics
6398:Legalism
6339:Medieval
6263:Idealism
6217:Ontology
6197:Nihilism
6101:Idealism
5859:Branches
5848:Branches
5722:Syrianus
5702:Porphyry
5690:students
5685:Plotinus
5609:Alcinous
5604:Apuleius
5594:Plutarch
5493:Epicurus
5275:Platonic
5256:Alexinus
5203:Pasicles
5198:Nicarete
5178:Ichthyas
5165:Megarian
5137:Eretrian
5094:Cyrenaic
5079:Menippus
5069:Diogenes
5046:Xenophon
5040:students
5036:Socrates
4947:Prodicus
4812:Melissus
4784:Xeniades
4746:Arignote
4711:Alcmaeon
4706:Lamiskos
4701:Archytas
4691:Hippasus
4655:Diogenes
4642:Cratylus
4601:Milesian
4549:Pittacus
4404:Lectures
4388:(Seneca)
4328:Kathekon
4314:Apatheia
4188:Cornutus
4132:Stoicism
4036:Stoicism
3973:Archived
3949:Archived
3937:Archived
3917:(1911).
3843: ·
3765:Stoicism
3676:Stoicism
3665:Archived
3558:Archived
3524:Archived
3510:Archived
3499:Stoicism
3480:Archived
3477:excerpts
3401:Volume 4
3395:Volume 3
3389:Volume 2
3383:Volume 1
3286:Gill C.
3122:archived
3094:archived
3032:Archived
3009:96445619
2919:Archived
2892:Archived
2835:Archived
2785:Archived
2732:Archived
2701:Archived
2670:Archived
2640:Archived
2612:Agathias
2241:Archived
2057:Epistles
2055:Seneca,
2035:Archived
2013:New York
1983:(2000).
1876:archived
1831:, p. 264
1796:13004576
1659:Archived
1589:Archived
1567:(2001).
1552:Stoicism
1531:Archived
1506:Archived
1460:See also
1290:Boethius
1283:Porphyry
1242:marriage
1210:Plutarch
1196:Caution:
1173:eulabeia
1169:boulesis
1156:apatheia
1103:Timidity
1077:Mourning
1065:Jealousy
1053:Distress
1038:Distress
960:aversion
930:Distress
922:Distress
905:Passions
885:passions
805:Universe
803:and the
781:immanent
755:, iv. 40
747:—
711:—
684:material
680:Universe
661:episteme
557:πως ἔχον
492:material
309:emotions
297:monistic
277:—
214:Socrates
161:Stoicism
43:Stoicism
9307:History
9275:Physics
9265:Biology
9063:more...
9051:control
8947:Inquiry
8502:more...
8406:Concept
8147:Dummett
8122:Gadamer
8117:Chomsky
8102:Derrida
8092:Russell
8077:Bergson
8062:Tillich
8022:Leibniz
7962:Gorgias
7839:Russian
7808:Spanish
7803:Slovene
7793:Maltese
7788:Italian
7768:Finland
7736:British
7718:Western
7708:Turkish
7693:Islamic
7688:Iranian
7640:Chinese
7627:Eastern
7594:African
7541:more...
7226:Marxism
7056:British
6999:Dualism
6895:Islamic
6853:Advaita
6843:Vedanta
6817:Scotism
6812:Thomism
6754:Tiantai
6697:Persian
6685:Tibetan
6675:Śūnyatā
6616:Cārvāka
6606:Ājīvika
6601:Mīmāṃsā
6581:Samkhya
6496:Academy
6449:Ionians
6423:Yangism
6380:Chinese
6371:Ancient
6334:Western
6329:Ancient
6288:Realism
6245:Reality
6235:Process
6116:Realism
6096:Dualism
6091:Atomism
5973:Fideism
5790:more...
5747:more...
5727:Proclus
5662:more...
5619:more...
5561:more...
5523:more...
5475:more...
5402:more...
5346:more...
5298:more...
5127:more...
5084:more...
5010:more...
4985:Gorgias
4977:Italian
4967:more...
4952:Hippias
4925:Sophist
4902:Atomist
4870:Italian
4794:Eleatic
4771:Skeptic
4761:more...
4756:Eurytus
4669:Italian
4268:Physics
4208:more...
3861:(ed.).
3830: (
3801:minutes
3409:Studies
3028:Eidolon
2859:, p. 8.
2693:"Stoic"
2597:12 June
2563:12 June
1882:18 June
1720:(1946).
1700:9048254
1440:askēsis
1381:(CBT).
1318:Ascesis
1203:Suicide
1139:Rapture
1135:Delight
1081:Sadness
1073:Anxiety
1061:Rivalry
1025:Delight
1009:Present
988:Delight
938:opinion
719:, i. 39
668:Physics
656:Certain
613:fallacy
534:Quality
444:forms,
155:History
67:virtues
9019:choice
9014:Theory
8952:Nature
8881:design
8654:(1988)
8644:(1982)
8634:(1980)
8624:(1967)
8614:(1953)
8604:(1951)
8594:(1936)
8584:(1921)
8574:(1905)
8564:(1732)
8554:(1668)
8544:(1666)
8534:(1660)
8524:(n.d.)
8486:Symbol
8187:Searle
8177:Putnam
8127:Kripke
8112:Austin
8097:Carnap
8042:Ricœur
8027:Herder
8017:Hobbes
7798:Polish
7778:German
7773:French
7758:Danish
7748:Canada
7698:Jewish
7660:Korean
7645:Indian
7187:People
7108:Monism
7061:German
7029:Holism
6962:Modern
6940:Jewish
6863:Dvaita
6836:Indian
6759:Huayan
6611:Ajñana
6568:Indian
6433:Greco-
6418:Taoism
6408:Mohism
6354:Modern
6321:By era
6310:By era
6225:Action
6106:Monism
6026:Virtue
6008:Ethics
5780:Lucian
5712:Julian
5697:Origen
5556:Cicero
5465:Arrian
5445:Seneca
5377:Pyrrho
5208:Bryson
5193:Stilpo
5074:Crates
4934:Ionian
4844:Ionian
4721:Theano
4609:Thales
4592:Ionian
4569:Chilon
4539:Thales
4349:Sophos
4307:Pathos
4299:Ethics
4289:Pneuma
4277:Physis
4183:Seneca
4014:Portal
3762:about
3735:
3721:
3701:
3682:
3652:
3637:
3620:
3603:
3576:
3542:
3458:
3441:
3424:
3339:
3331:
3264:
3251:Seneca
3162:
3007:
2966:
2884:
2761:
2588:
2554:
2527:
2497:
2465:
2247:5 July
2235:
2227:
2159:
2149:
2027:
2017:London
1993:VII.49
1950:
1815:p. 254
1794:
1784:
1698:
1688:
1618:
1581:
1337:Modern
1329:, and
1310:virtue
1272:Legacy
1246:virtue
1151:sophos
1121:Hatred
1099:Fright
1014:Future
1005:
996:elated
992:hēdonē
964:danger
952:phobos
932:is an
890:pathos
879:Ethics
869:Seneca
854:matter
836:reason
815:) and
785:Nature
697:aether
640:belief
617:senses
605:reason
547:pneuma
482:beings
319:Virtue
260:, and
254:Seneca
202:Cynics
185:where
183:Athens
118:nature
96:Seneca
59:virtue
18:Stoics
8512:Works
8421:Class
8182:Lewis
8172:Quine
8157:Grice
8107:Whorf
8067:Sapir
8052:Frege
8002:Xunzi
7972:Plato
7829:Aztec
7783:Greek
7763:Dutch
7753:Czech
7602:Bantu
7039:Anti-
6586:Nyaya
6576:Hindu
6436:Roman
6230:Event
5872:Logic
5614:Galen
5599:Gaius
5412:Stoic
5283:Plato
5251:Philo
5056:Cynic
4962:Damon
4883:Acron
4825:Hippo
4544:Solon
4363:Works
4236:Logos
4227:Logic
4058:Media
3996:Flash
3857:. In
3180:, in
3160:S2CID
3005:S2CID
2964:S2CID
2618:2.31.
2463:S2CID
2233:S2CID
1454:topoi
1348:'
1190:Wish:
1177:chara
1165:chara
1129:Greed
1125:Wrath
1113:Anger
1095:Shame
1085:Grief
1041:Fear
1028:Lust
858:logos
832:logos
801:space
737:souls
692:logos
682:is a
609:Truth
539:ποιόν
527:ousia
364:Logic
314:logos
293:logic
274:life.
179:Agora
129:Greek
125:Roman
106:", a
8923:null
8893:Fact
8814:and
8471:Sign
8376:Cant
8162:Ryle
8132:Ayer
8057:Boas
6930:Sufi
6764:Chan
6623:Jain
6596:Yoga
6126:Mind
6066:Hard
6054:Hard
4807:Zeno
4751:Myia
4726:Damo
4554:Bias
4283:Fire
4092:Data
3981:2012
3733:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3680:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3540:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3439:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3130:2019
3102:2019
3040:2019
2927:2023
2900:2016
2882:ISBN
2843:2023
2813:help
2793:2023
2759:ISBN
2740:2006
2709:2006
2678:2022
2648:2008
2599:2024
2586:ISBN
2565:2024
2552:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2249:2023
2225:ISSN
2157:OCLC
2147:ISBN
2043:2021
2025:ISBN
2015:and
1948:ISBN
1884:2023
1792:OCLC
1782:ISBN
1696:OCLC
1686:ISBN
1667:2023
1616:ISBN
1597:2017
1579:ISBN
1514:2022
1304:The
1259:and
1236:and
1214:Cato
1184:Joy:
1145:The
1117:Rage
1109:Lust
1091:Fear
1057:Envy
1034:Evil
1021:Good
982:good
978:Lust
970:Lust
956:Fear
948:Fear
926:lupē
873:Nero
775:and
701:fire
645:doxa
621:mind
487:ὄντα
323:will
244:and
127:and
108:sage
98:and
53:and
8416:Set
7204:Neo
6769:Zen
3152:doi
3067:doi
2995:doi
2954:doi
2455:doi
2217:doi
1899:in
1420:CBT
1357:by
976:):
954:):
928:):
913:by
838:or
827:).
811:",
654:).
472:".
349:).
181:in
151:).
73:by
9637::
8572:"
3971:.
3923:.
3903:.
3889:.
3875:.
3799:43
3713:,
3612:,
3595:,
3450:,
3370:,
3343:.
3327:;
3317:,
3158:.
3148:10
3146:.
3120:,
3092:,
3063:10
3061:.
3057:.
3030:.
3026:.
3003:.
2989:.
2985:.
2962:.
2948:.
2944:.
2917:.
2890:.
2864:^
2833:.
2829:.
2805::
2803:}}
2799:{{
2730:.
2726:.
2699:.
2695:.
2668:.
2664:.
2638:.
2614:.
2509:^
2475:^
2461:.
2451:57
2449:.
2411:^
2372:^
2308:^
2291:^
2272:^
2257:^
2239:.
2231:.
2223:.
2211:.
2207:.
2169:^
2155:.
2145:.
2101:^
2092:,
2084:,
2033:.
2019::
2007:.
1915:,
1858:^
1820:^
1804:^
1790:.
1694:.
1657:.
1587:.
1577:.
1537:,
1504:.
1500:.
1333:.
1325:,
1232:,
1127:,
1119:,
1115:,
1111::
1101:,
1097:,
1079:,
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
1055::
848:("
787:.
764:("
607:.
572:):
560:):
542:):
523:):
509::
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
428:,
424:,
420:,
416:,
412:,
295:,
256:,
252:,
197:.
8779:e
8772:t
8765:v
8568:"
8341:)
8337:(
7924:e
7917:t
7910:v
5828:e
5821:t
5814:v
5322:)
5318:(
5042:)
5038:(
4494:e
4487:t
4480:v
4124:e
4117:t
4110:v
4044::
4016::
3998:)
3983:.
3909:.
3895:.
3881:.
3867:.
3847:)
3839:(
3834:)
3803:)
3796:(
3166:.
3154::
3075:.
3069::
3042:.
3011:.
2997::
2991:8
2970:.
2956::
2950:7
2929:.
2902:.
2845:.
2815:)
2795:.
2767:.
2742:.
2711:.
2680:.
2650:.
2601:.
2567:.
2533:.
2503:.
2469:.
2457::
2251:.
2219::
2213:4
2163:.
2045:.
1991:.
1956:.
1798:.
1702:.
1669:.
1643:.
1624:.
1599:.
1516:.
1149:(
998:.
990:(
972:(
966:.
950:(
944:.
924:(
689:(
627:(
536:(
517:(
484:(
169:(
143:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg)