689:
98:
460:
80:
571:
403:
1800:
40:
289:, that tactical action alone, the mere killing of enemy soldiers, was a sufficient means to achieve the strategic goal. The second was the idea, emerging from experience of countless "limited target attacks" and forays into the trenches, that combat had become such a difficult task that operational considerations had to be subordinated to tactical ones. The promoter for this last thesis was
1238:
440:. In 1915, Laffargue published a pamphlet, "The attack in trench warfare", based upon his experiences in combat that same year. He advocated that the first wave of an attack identify hard-to-defeat defenses but not attack them; subsequent waves would do this. The French published his pamphlet "for information", but did not implement it. The
1030:, close to the capital. The first troops to arrive for training were deemed to be too old and many were barefoot, so more suitable recruits were selected from other units. With the aid of German instructors, the troops were trained in the use of weapons such as flamethrowers, known to the Turks as "hellfire machines", and
792:, a major offensive, using the new tactics. Four successive German offensives followed and for the first time in four years the stalemate of trench warfare was broken. However, the German advance failed to achieve the complete breakthrough necessary for a decisive result and in July the Allies began their
930:, which were largely made up of World War I veterans and younger recruits whom they trained. For example, the formal barrier between officers and enlisted men was largely broken down and replaced by a fierce loyalty. There was also a "brutalization" process owing to the uniquely violent conditions of
640:
In
December 1915, the Assault Detachment started training men of other German units in the new assault tactics. Around this time the Assault Detachment also changed some of its equipment to better fit its new requirements. Lighter footwear was issued, and uniforms were reinforced with leather patches
455:
The
Germans captured copies of Laffargue's pamphlet in 1916, translating and issuing it to units, but by this point they already had their own, more sophisticated infiltration tactics, over two months before Laffargue's pamphlet was published. The distinction between the German and French tactics was
764:
for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward. The new tactics, which were intended to achieve tactical surprise, were to attack the weakest parts of an enemy's line, bypass his strongpoints and to abandon the futile attempt to have a grand and detailed plan of operations controlled from
867:
teams. The officers assigned to the assault detachments were hand–picked from within the division by the division staff. The assault detachment was given a four–week course in German–style stormtrooper tactics, to which the division sent an additional officer and five NCOs. Eventually the assault
277:
and the rational exploitation of railways, rather than concentrating on the conduct of battles. This attitude made a direct contribution to operational victories of
Germany in Russia, Romania, Serbia and Italy, but it resulted in failure in the West. Thus the German officers on the Western Front
672:
in
February 1916. Stormtroops were in the first wave, leading some units into the French trenches, attacking seconds after the barrage had lifted. This generally worked very well, even though it worked much better against the first trenchline than against the less well-known enemy rear-area.
389:
all along the line, attempting to smash the enemy positions, followed by a rush forward of infantry in massed lines to overwhelm any remaining defenders. This process either failed, or at most gained only a short distance, while incurring enormous casualties, and the armies settled into
321:
and to break through enemy lines in predefined points in order to allow subsequent waves to liquidate the now confused and isolated opponent, opening large gaps in its defensive systems and then resuming maneuver warfare, which would have allowed
Germany to win the conflict.
862:
The assault troops were organised into combined arms assault detachments ... The assault detachment of the 23rd
Infantry Division was composed of one infantry company (about 100 men), one engineer (pioneer) platoon (one officer, four NCOs and thirty men), and seven
471:
Soldiers were trained to consider fire as a means to facilitate movement in progress. Movement would be a call for fire. N. R. McMahon advocated using combined arms in the attack, particularly light machine guns (some six light and two heavy MGs per
877:
With the 3rd
Battalion 145th Infantry Regiment (24th Infantry Division) and the 8th and 9th Cavalry Regiments (3rd Cavalry Division), the 24th Assault Company (24th Infantry Division) pushed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force back from
657:, was also used in concert with an extended 32-round drum magazine to increase the close-range firepower of the unit. The long and impractical épée-style Seitengewehr 98 bayonet was replaced by shorter models, and supplemented with
268:
entered the war certain that the conflict would be won in the course of great military campaigns, thus relegating results obtained during individual clashes to the background; consequently the best officers, concentrated in the
371:(1899–1902) fanned an enthusiasm for "Boer tactics": open order tactics reliant more on achieving fire superiority and moving quickly when enemy fire was ineffective than on positioning oneself for the final bayonet charge.
343:
were coming to an end. For a time, up to the turn of the 19th century, armies tried to circumvent the problem by moving into range in dispersed formations and charging only the last metres, as the French did in the
737:
would then move forward, in dispersed order. They would avoid combat whenever possible, infiltrate the Allied defenses at previously identified weak points, and destroy or capture enemy headquarters and artillery
603:
Captain Rohr (later promoted to Major), at first experimented with the
Assault Detachment's body armor and shields, but realized that speed was better protection than armor. The only item of armor kept was the
979:. These squads were named after the specially trained forces of Russian army formed in 1886 and were used to protect against ambushes, to perform reconnaissance and for low intensity fights in no-man's-land.
489:
In
February 1917, the British Army issued "Manual SS 143" on the subject. The British made the platoon the basic tactical unit rather than the company as in 1916. The platoon was made up of four sections,
221:
1242:
833:
With three infantry battalions, the German 703rd
Infantry Battalion, some machine-gun, cavalry, and artillery units, the 3rd Assault Company, and the 46th Assault Company counterattacked the
990:
and decided to draw on German experience. Starting in September–October 1916, about 120 officers and 300 NCOs were trained in the German training area in Beuville (near the village of
562:
attacks. By June, the unit had already lost half its men. Major Calsow was relieved for this, against his protests that it was not his fault that the unit was not used as intended.
1835:
753:, would attack on narrow fronts against any Allied strongpoints the shock troops missed. Mortars and field guns would be in place to fire as needed to accelerate the breakthrough.
676:
On 1 April 1916, the Assault Detachment was redesignated "Assault Battalion Rohr". Around this time it was expanded from two to four pioneer companies. At the same time, several
824:
The capture of British stores which contained large quantities of alcohol—"not for lack of German fighting spirit, but on account of the abundance of Scottish drinking spirit!"
416:. These methods further evolved war tactics originally developed by the Prussians, to form the basis of German infiltration tactics. The troops involved were identified as
412:
The first experimental pioneer assault unit of the German army formed in the spring of 1915, founded by Major Calsow and later commanded and refined by Hauptmann
1780:
506:. The new organisation allowed the platoon to make best use of the trench-fighting equipment that had arrived in adequate quantities since the beginning of the
883:
641:
on knees and elbows to protect them when crawling. Special bags designed to carry grenades replaced the old belts and ammunition pouches, and the standard
617:
The new tactics developed by Captain Rohr, building much on his own previous experiences from the front, was based on the use of squad sized stormtroops ("
430:
1350:
1830:
1820:
769:. Any enemy strong points which had not been overrun by stormtroopers could be attacked by the second echelon troops following the stormtroopers.
558:
However, SA Calsow was never employed in its intended role. Instead it was sent into the line in France as emergency reinforcements during heavy
1840:
1774:
1228:
1284:
1216:
973:
switched to trench warfare. To cope with the new situation many Austro-Hungarian regiments spontaneously formed infantry squads called
1038:
were ordered but with the visors and neck-guards removed because they were thought to make it difficult to hear orders in the field.
584:(Captain) Willy Rohr, previously commander of the Guard Rifle Battalion. The Assault Detachment was reinforced with a machine gun
661:, clubs, and other melee weapons. While continuing to train other units, the Assault Detachment also participated in many small
610:, a new model of steel helmet. It later became the standard in all German units by the end of the war, and was used throughout
1756:
1680:
1042:
518:, something the German Army never perfected, instead relying on the aural method with ever more accurate measuring devices.
285:
Two concepts can be identified with the attempt to find a solution to the problem. The first was the belief, mainly held by
596:
had been shown to be too difficult to move across the battlefield, and a new model was developed based on captured Russian
1594:
1176:
1577:
345:
309:
The creation of these units was the first, and perhaps most innovative, attempt by the German army to break out of the
1850:
1737:
1718:
1699:
1661:
1631:
1604:
1500:
1476:
1451:
1426:
1401:
1373:
1135:
939:
846:
804:
Apart from suffering heavy casualties, several other reasons for the failure of the stormtroops have been suggested.
290:
868:
detachment was expanded into an assault battalion, giving the 23rd Infantry Division additional combat capability.
760:
The new assault method had men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down
688:
633:. These tactics were tested the first time in October 1915 in a successful assault on a French position in the
718:
Hutier suggested an alternative approach, combining some previous and some new attacks in a complex strategy:
654:
629:
that was to be coordinated at the lowest level possible and rolling up enemy trenches using troops armed with
448:
continued to emphasise fire power, although Laffargue's proposals were gradually adopted informally. The U.S.
1260:
1065:
from their defensive positions on a ridge, but were halted and isolated when British reinforcements arrived.
1046:
838:
834:
456:
that Laffargue recommended using waves of infantry to attack despite the high casualties that would ensue.
306:, gave decisive support to the development of assault battalions as a solution to resume maneuver warfare.
1261:"Study on the attack in the present period of the war: Impressions and reflections of a company commander"
1825:
970:
782:
778:
697:
184:
1569:
The "German Spirit" in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A history of military knowledge transfer
1050:
1790:
948:
919:
918:, some of the psychological and social aspects of the Stormtrooper experience found their way into the
597:
360:
723:
1057:
gear with concentrated fire of artillery and machine guns. A notable action by this unit was at the
944:
1224:
536:
532:
314:
21:
991:
808:
The initial attack was against the British section of the front, which was the most strongly held.
1845:
1151:
464:
994:) to be the main cadre of the newly raised Austro-Hungarian army assault battalions. The former
756:
In the last stage of the assault, regular infantry would mop up any remaining Allied resistance.
1062:
793:
459:
1621:
1775:"The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Change in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War"
1567:
1366:
Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918
1281:
1213:
842:
668:
The first major offensive led by the new Assault Detachment was the initial German attack at
559:
340:
1730:
Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918
1444:
Command or control? Command, training and tactics in the British and German armies 1888-1918
435:
1623:
Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI
712:
593:
385:
In the first part of the war, the standard assault on a trench line consisted of a lengthy
286:
270:
257:
241:
103:
1291:(Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth).
711:, now commanding Eighth Army, became a champion of the new tactics, which became known as
8:
1031:
543:("Calsow's Assault Detachment" or SA Calsow). SA Calsow consisted of a headquarters, two
507:
386:
353:
349:
677:
422:(literally: "thrust-troops"), and the term was translated as "storm troops" in English.
1246:
907:
544:
128:
814:
The terrain contained many rivers, towns, forests and canals which slowed the advance.
127:
Intervene when regular infantry fails, clear the way for infantry on the battlefield,
1752:
1733:
1714:
1695:
1676:
1657:
1627:
1600:
1573:
1496:
1472:
1447:
1422:
1397:
1369:
1131:
1058:
1027:
864:
818:
789:
766:
742:
380:
1026:, prior to the establishment of the "Constantinople Assault battalion" on 1 July at
1232:
1015:
785:. This allowed them to take units out of the line for retraining as stormtroopers.
761:
730:
708:
669:
646:
634:
318:
303:
293:
274:
174:
1512:
Delany, J., The Blitzkrieg campaigns: Germany's "lightning war" strategy in action
811:
The leading units were not relieved or rotated out of action and became exhausted.
1749:
Storm Troops: Austro-Hungarian Assault Units and Commandos in the First World War
1288:
1220:
927:
923:
915:
746:
626:
368:
225:
894:
This assault company remained in reserve at Amman during the attack on Es Salt.
201:
1804:
1018:
of officers and NCOs were given introductory training in assault techniques at
1011:
987:
953:
931:
662:
570:
552:
511:
482:
in German). These methods, suggested in 1909, bore a strong resemblance to the
478:
441:
391:
279:
261:
113:
1692:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack, 1916–18
1394:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack, 1916–18
1035:
726:
projectiles, to neutralize the enemy front lines, and not try to destroy them.
317:
with autonomous decision-making capacity, an attempt was made to overcome the
1814:
1214:
CSI Report No. 13: Tactical responses to concentrated artillery: Introduction
658:
515:
495:
265:
162:
85:
1034:
mortars. Ottoman troops had never been issued with steel helmets, so German
606:
402:
1351:"Infiltration by Close Order: André Laffargue and the Attack of 9 May 1915"
1054:
975:
879:
850:
750:
630:
611:
589:
476:) using a decentralised fire control and tactical command system (known as
445:
336:
253:
166:
117:
49:
722:
A short artillery bombardment, employing heavy shells mixed with numerous
56:, modified uniform with reinforcement patches on the elbows and knees and
1782:
Infiltration by Close Order: André Laffargue and the Attack of 9 May 1915
1007:
426:
245:
425:
Allied versions of infiltration tactics were first formally proposed by
1654:
Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders of Battle
1469:
Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders of Battle
958:
935:
413:
406:
313:
of trench warfare. With the use of well-trained soldiers, commanded by
205:
578:
The new commander of the Assault Detachment from 8 September 1915 was
531:
The concept of "stormtroopers" first appeared in March 1915, when the
1282:
CSI Report No. 13: Tactical responses to concentrated artillery: Ch 2
642:
580:
491:
473:
302:
commander of the Imperial German Army after the German defeat at the
278:
found themselves in need of resolving the static situation caused by
170:
139:
53:
1671:
Erickson, Edward J. (2007). Gooch, John; Holden Reid, Brian (eds.).
363:
artillery was a further setback for close order. The showing of the
1019:
298:
237:
1049:, Ottomans utilized this storm battalion which formed part of the
1061:
on 1 December 1917, when they dislodged two squadrons of the 3rd
1023:
650:
585:
499:
310:
1596:
From Gaza to Jerusalem: The Campaign for Southern Palestine 1917
1522:
The Myth of the Great War: A New Military History of World War I
849:
at the end of March 1918, the attackers were forced back to the
1075:
57:
1673:
Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study
1466:
777:
With the withdrawal of Russia, Germany moved troops from the
503:
364:
158:
45:
39:
1396:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 194–195.
1128:
Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918
799:
1675:. Cass: Military History and Policy. Abingdon: Routledge.
260:– part of the Germans' improved method of attack on enemy
1053:
using the latest Western Front infiltration tactics and
339:, there had been a growing realization that the days of
1836:
Military units and formations of Germany in World War I
1181:
International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)
1156:
International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)
683:
680:
battalions began retraining as new Assault Battalions.
625:"), supported by a number of heavy support weapons and
1202:
Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Welkriege 1914-1918
884:
Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt
510:. They were also supported by sophisticated artillery
1788:
1125:
653:. The stocked artilleryman's pistol/carbine, the 9mm
1014:'s Minister of War, in 1917. In May of that year, a
969:During the winter of 1914–1915, large parts of the
1006:The formation of a storm battalion was ordered by
359:The advent of the machine gun and the adoption of
1572:. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 85–88.
964:
551:) battery. The unit was to use heavy shields and
352:(1866), or the Germans against the French in the
1812:
897:
1441:
1391:
1363:
828:
444:armies did not translate the pamphlet, and the
1543:
1541:
1539:
1416:
374:
957:, the name of which was commandeered by the
526:
417:
1536:
1229:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
256:" or "shove troopers") were trained to use
1651:
856:
574:Stormtrooper of the Assault Bataillon Rohr
38:
1652:Cron, Hermann; Rogers, Duncan F. (2002).
1565:
1467:Rogers, Duncan F.; Cron, Hermann (2002).
1258:
998:were incorporated into these battalions.
565:
397:
1831:Infantry units and formations of Germany
1821:Army reconnaissance units and formations
1694:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1689:
1670:
1619:
1387:
1385:
1368:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 100–101.
1001:
800:Reasons for the failure of the offensive
772:
687:
569:
458:
401:
52:(France, 1918). Note the characteristic
1727:
1592:
889:
872:
521:
330:
1813:
1746:
1177:"Military Developments of World War I"
1121:
1119:
1117:
600:and issued to the Assault Detachment.
1708:
1471:. Helion & Company. p. 119.
1382:
1348:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1043:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
741:Next, infantry battalions with extra
665:and attacks with limited objectives.
486:used by the Germans six years later.
1460:
982:Austro-Hungarian High army command (
882:at the end of April 1918 during the
765:afar. Instead, junior leaders could
684:Hutier and the last German offensive
645:rifle was replaced with the lighter
1841:Special forces units and formations
1533:Firing Line - Richard Holmes - 1985
1421:. Crowood Press (UK). p. 136.
1324:Stormtroop Tactics, Appendix C and
788:On 21 March 1918, Germany launched
13:
1446:. London: Frank Cass. p. 89.
1245:from websites or documents of the
1094:
346:Second Italian War of Independence
14:
1862:
1767:
1711:German Artillery of World War One
1419:German Artillery of World War One
847:First Transjordan attack on Amman
463:German stormtroopers training in
452:published a translation in 1916.
1798:
1241: This article incorporates
1236:
96:
78:
1644:
1613:
1586:
1559:
1550:
1527:
1515:
1506:
1485:
1435:
1410:
1357:
1342:
1330:
1318:
961:for its own paramilitary wing.
767:exercise initiative on the spot
335:Ever since the introduction of
1713:. Marlborough: Crowood Press.
1593:Hadaway, Stuart (2015-10-01).
1306:
1294:
1275:
1252:
1207:
1194:
1169:
1144:
1126:Gudmundsson, Bruce I. (1995).
965:Austro-Hungarian assault units
715:in Britain and by the allies.
44:A stormtrooper poses with his
1:
1620:Faulkner, Neil (2016-05-24).
1349:Jones, Simon (5 March 2014).
1082:
986:, AOK) realised the need for
898:Effect on the Weimar Republic
348:(1859), the Prussians in the
60:to replace the boots of 1914.
1751:. Vienna: Militaria Verlag.
1047:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
839:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
835:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
829:3rd and 46th Assault Company
341:close-order infantry assault
273:, placed their attention on
185:Western Front of World War I
7:
1566:GrĂĽĂźhaber, Gerhard (2018).
1314:Command or Control?, passim
1068:
375:World War I assault tactics
367:against the British in the
10:
1867:
1747:Ortner, Christian (2006).
1302:Doctrine and Dogma, passim
949:Communist Party of Germany
934:. Such units included the
555:as protection in attacks.
547:companies and a 37mm gun (
378:
325:
15:
1626:. Yale University Press.
1259:Laffargue, André (1916).
527:Calsow Assault Detachment
195:
190:
180:
154:
146:
134:
123:
109:
91:
73:
65:
37:
32:
1851:Types of military forces
1728:Samuels, Martin (1995).
1690:Griffith, Paddy (1994).
1442:Samuels, Martin (1995).
1392:Griffith, Paddy (1994).
1364:Samuels, Martin (1995).
1225:Combat Studies Institute
1087:
692:1916 World War I German
22:Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
1709:Jäger, Herbert (2001).
1417:Jäger, Herbert (2001).
857:23rd Assault Detachment
819:1918 influenza epidemic
244:. In the last years of
27:German WWI shock troops
1732:. London: Frank Cass.
1493:World War I Day by Day
1338:Doctrine and Dogma, 55
1243:public domain material
1063:Australian Light Horse
945:Roter Frontkämpferbund
870:
794:Hundred Days Offensive
704:
575:
566:Rohr Assault Battalion
468:
418:
409:
398:Development of tactics
291:General der Infanterie
229:
1491:Westwell ,I. (2000).
1130:. Praeger Paperback.
1002:Ottoman stormtroopers
860:
843:First Battle of Amman
773:Stormtroopers in 1918
691:
594:infantry support guns
573:
541:Sturmabteilung Calsow
462:
405:
1556:Erickson 2007 p. 133
1547:Erickson 2007 p. 134
1204:; Berlin 1937, p. 23
890:46th Assault Company
873:24th Assault Company
598:76.2mm fortress guns
522:German stormtroopers
331:Prior to World War I
287:Erich von Falkenhayn
282:on the battlefield.
271:German General Staff
258:infiltration tactics
242:Imperial German Army
104:Imperial German Army
1773:Lupfer, Timothy T.
1524:, John Mosier, 2002
1051:Yıldırım Army Group
1032:7.58 cm Minenwerfer
943:, the paramilitary
649:previously used by
508:Battle of the Somme
354:Franco-Prussian War
350:Austro-Prussian War
296:who, having become
1826:Combat occupations
1287:2011-06-02 at the
1247:United States Army
1219:2011-06-02 at the
920:paramilitary wings
908:Robert G. L. Waite
904:Vanguard of Nazism
743:light machine guns
705:
576:
469:
410:
236:) were specialist
129:special operations
1758:978-3-9501642-8-2
1682:978-0-203-96456-9
1599:. History Press.
1059:Battle of El Burj
984:Armeeoberkommando
865:light machine gun
790:Operation Michael
781:to reinforce the
592:platoon. The old
387:artillery barrage
381:Eingreif division
211:
210:
1858:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1762:
1743:
1724:
1705:
1686:
1667:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1336:Samuels, Martin
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1312:Samuels, Martin
1310:
1304:
1300:Samuels, Martin
1298:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:Infantry Journal
1256:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1233:Fort Leavenworth
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1045:, especially in
762:suppressive fire
731:creeping barrage
709:Oskar von Hutier
655:Lange Pistole 08
635:Vosges Mountains
467:, France (1917).
450:Infantry Journal
439:
421:
361:hydraulic-recoil
304:Battle of Verdun
294:Erich Ludendorff
275:maneuver warfare
224:
175:Stielhandgranate
102:
100:
99:
84:
82:
81:
42:
30:
29:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
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627:field artillery
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1184:. Retrieved
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1155:
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1040:
1022:in occupied
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202:Ernst JĂĽnger
167:Luger pistol
142:(as of 1917)
118:shock troops
50:Luger pistol
33:Sturmtruppen
17:
1041:During the
1008:Enver Pasha
926:during the
837:during the
735:StoĂźtruppen
623:StoĂźtruppen
549:Sturmkanone
537:Eighth Army
434: [
427:French Army
419:StoĂźtruppen
356:(1870–71).
250:StoĂźtruppen
246:World War I
238:infantrymen
234:StoĂźtruppen
181:Engagements
150:Green, Grey
1815:Categories
1656:. Helion.
1083:References
959:Nazi Party
951:, and the
936:monarchist
724:poison gas
651:cavalrymen
553:body armor
414:Willy Rohr
407:Willy Rohr
379:See also:
206:Willy Rohr
198:commanders
191:Commanders
140:battalions
940:Stahlhelm
922:of every
841:. At the
702:Stahlhelm
643:Gewehr 98
607:Stahlhelm
581:Hauptmann
492:Lewis Gun
474:battalion
222:‹See Tfd›
171:Stahlhelm
155:Equipment
69:1916–1918
54:Stahlhelm
18:Star Wars
1285:Archived
1217:Archived
1069:See also
1020:Dubliany
992:Doncourt
729:Under a
707:General
539:to form
429:captain
299:de facto
262:trenches
16:For the
1805:Germany
1028:Maltepe
1024:Ukraine
880:Es Salt
747:mortars
696:on the
586:platoon
545:pioneer
500:grenade
326:History
311:impasse
240:of the
196:Notable
74:Country
58:puttees
1791:Portal
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621:" or "
560:Allied
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48:and a
1088:Notes
1016:cadre
678:Jäger
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465:Sedan
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365:Boers
159:MP 18
46:MP 18
1753:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1715:ISBN
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1497:ISBN
1473:ISBN
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910:and
817:The
749:and
588:and
514:and
315:NCOs
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124:Role
110:Type
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
