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A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight. There may be a period of heightened awareness, during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other. Signs such as paling, piloerection, immobility, sounds, and body language communicate the status and
695:, but, in order to fit the model of fight or flight, the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way. Thus, flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place, and fight and flight are often combined in a given situation.
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relates to an individual's thoughts about control over situations and events. Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities. Therefore, overestimation or underestimation of perceived control
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Originally understood as the "fight-or-flight" response in Cannon's research, the state of hyperarousal results in several responses beyond fighting or fleeing. This has led people to calling it the "fight, flight, freeze" response, "fight-flight-freeze-fawn" or "fight-flight-faint-or-freeze", among
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The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative. These negative cognitions may be characterised by: attention to negative stimuli, the perception of ambiguous situations as negative, and the recurrence of recalling negative words. There also may be
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The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts. The attribution of hostility, especially in ambiguous situations, seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the
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Animals respond to threats in many complex ways. Rats, for instance, try to escape when threatened but will fight when cornered. Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them. Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest.
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intentions of each animal. There may be a sort of negotiation, after which fight or flight may ensue, but which might also result in playing, mating, or nothing at all. An example of this is kittens playing: each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal, but they never inflict real damage.
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and its main function is to activate the arousal responses that occur during the fight-or-flight response. The sympathetic nervous system transfers signals from the dorsal hypothalamus, which activates the heart, increases vascular resistance, and increases blood flow, especially to the muscle,
264:, physically surrounding the sympathetic origin, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system. It is known as the calming portion of the autonomic nervous system. While the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the parasympathetic nervous system decreases its response. Efferent
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originating from the nucleus ambiguous fire in parallel to the respiratory system, decreasing the vagal cardiac parasympathetic tone. After the fight or flight response, the parasympathetic system's main function is to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to
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explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves. The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival.
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The fight or flight actions also have polarity – the individual can either fight against or flee from something that is threatening, such as a hungry lion, or fight for or fly towards something that is needed, such as the safety of the shore from a raging river.
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The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include:
561:(i.e. inspecting the predator, hiding, or swimming away) after which the guppies were left in a tank with the bass. After 60 hours, 40 percent of the timid guppies and 15 percent of the ordinary guppies survived while none of the bold guppies did.
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Valiente, C; Eisenberg N; Smith CL; Reiser M; Fabes RA; Losoya S; Guthrie IK; Murphy BC (December 2003). "The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children's externalising problems: A longitudinal assessment".
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heart, and brain tissues. It activates the adrenal medulla, releasing catecholamines that amplify the sympathetic response. Additionally, this component of the autonomic nervous system utilizes and activates the release of
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During the reaction, the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response. Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity (Such as an
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Brendgen, M; Vitaro F; Turgeon L; Poulin F; Wanner B (June 2004). "Is there a dark side of positive illusions? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children".
223:. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and its role is mediated by two different components: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M (27 October 1995). "Central
Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response".
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180:, fainting, fleeing, or experiencing fright, has led researchers to use more neutral or accommodating terminology such as "hyperarousal" or the "acute stress response".
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Reid, Sophie C.; Salmon, Karen; Peter F. Lovibond (October 2006). "Cognitive Biases in
Childhood Anxiety, Depression, and Aggression: Are They Pervasive or Specific?".
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Weems, CF; Silverman, WK (April 2006). "An integrative model of control: implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety".
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In the context of the fight or flight response, emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal.
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The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy. This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to
536:'s activation provides for these needs. A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog. The cat shows accelerated heartbeat,
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Crick, Nicki; Dodge, Kenneth (January 1994). "A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment".
2033:"The Effects of Stress Hormones on Immune Function May be Vital for the Adaptive Reconfiguration of the Immune System During Fight-or-Flight Behavior"
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Avero, Pedro; Calvo, M (1 July 1999). "Emotional reactivity to social-evaluative stress: genderdifferences in response systems concordance".
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in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength, which can result in trembling or shaking until the tension is released.
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Carthy, T; Horesh N; Apter A; Edge MD; Gross JJ (May 2010). "Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children".
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540:(hair standing on end), and pupil dilation, all signs of sympathetic arousal. Note that the zebra and cat still maintain
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Bodily
Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement
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to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body to make taking quick action easier.
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Increased blood pressure and heart rate enhance cardiac output in order to supply the body with more energy.
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1167:"Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum"
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were sorted into "bold", "ordinary", and "timid" groups based upon their reactions when confronted by a
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Revision of the Indo-Pacific dottyback fish subfamily
Pseudochrominae (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae)
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Complex PTSD: From
Surviving to Thriving : a Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma
355:(norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent
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2257:"Microbial Colonization Activates an Immune Fight-and-Flight Response via Neuroendocrine Signaling"
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Donahue, J.J. (2020). "Fight-Flight-Freeze System". In
Zeigler-Hill, V.; Shackelford, T.K. (eds.).
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Increased blood sugar (glucose) and fats secreted by the liver to provide the body with extra fuel.
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Gross, James (1998). "Sharpening the Focus: Emotion
Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence".
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is activated almost simultaneously, via the sympathetic nervous system, and releases the hormone
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The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates
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The pupils dilate to let in more light, allowing for better vision of the body's surroundings.
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in 1915. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the
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Padgett, David; Glaser, R (August 2003). "How stress influences the immune response".
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Dodge, Kenneth (March 1980). "Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior".
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Cannon referred to "the necessities of fighting or flight." in the first edition of
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Increased respiration to supply the oxygen necessary to help burn the extra glucose.
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closing in for the kill, the stress response is activated as a means to escape its
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specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction.
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1035:"Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained"
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859:(1915), p. 211. Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in
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into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response.
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Cistler, Josh; Bunmi O. Olatunji; Matthew T. Feldner; John P. Forsyth (2010).
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309:. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone
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published experimental research conducted by biologist Lee A. Dugatkin where
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Schmidt, A; Thews, G (1989). "Autonomic
Nervous System". In Janig, W (ed.).
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The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and
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Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal (2015).
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Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal (2015).
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fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression.
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273:. This system utilizes and activates the release of the neurotransmitter
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Other animals have alternative self-protection methods. Some species of
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swiftly to camouflage themselves. These responses are triggered by the
599: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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108:, preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the
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expressing the fight (top) and flight (bottom) response simultaneously
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1981:
1954:
1652:"Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review"
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92:) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived
2158:"Tendency to inspect predators predicts mortality risk in the guppy
2001:
1351:"Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management"
1254:"Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management"
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1226:(2 ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 333–370.
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336:. Additionally, the circulation of cortisol functions to turn
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produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of
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Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event
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1523:"HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE"
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Gozhenko, A; Gurkalova, I.P.; Zukow, W; Kwasnik, Z (2009).
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144:, also affect how organisms react to stress. The hormone
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in the event of an injury sustained during the response.
293:. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the
1086:"Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response"
2213:
Why We Get Sick: The New
Science of Darwinian Medicine
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1014:
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A typical example of the stress response is a grazing
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other variants. The wider array of responses, such as
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This response is recognised as the first stage of the
30:"Fight or flight" redirects here. For other uses, see
2248:
2082:"What's the purpose of the fight or flight response?"
1431:
Margioris, Andrew; Tsatsanis, Christos (April 2011).
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1656:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
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1960:
392:function of the body speeds up in order to prevent
100:, or threat to survival. It was first described by
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1639:(13 ed.). MacMillan Publishing. p. 422.
1338:(13 ed.). MacMillan Publishing. p. 422.
1241:(13 ed.). MacMillan Publishing. p. 422.
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237:The sympathetic nervous system originates in the
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947:Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage
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1869:Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
1725:
1111:PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library
857:Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage
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918:. United States: W.W. Norton & Company.
2379:
1635:Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan (2021).
1634:
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1334:Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan (2021).
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1237:Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan (2021).
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289:, which triggers a neural response in the
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659:Learn how and when to remove this message
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489:Social information processing (cognition)
3536:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
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1613:. Weber State University. Archived from
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2244:. Smithiana Monographs. pp. 1–123.
1123:
450:
429:
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246:by the adrenal glands in the reaction.
14:
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2255:Singh, J; Aballay, A (April 8, 2019).
1728:Personality and Individual Differences
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3028:Psychological effects of Internet use
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1587:Stress Management for Health Course.
1062:"Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones"
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1920:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
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1525:. University of Utah. Archived from
1165:Bracha, H. Stefan (September 2004).
597:adding citations to reliable sources
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479:can lead to anxiety and aggression.
3008:Digital media use and mental health
2107:Goldstein, David; Kopin, I (2007).
2037:Integrative and Comparative Biology
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779:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
136:, as well as the neurotransmitters
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2639:Automatic and controlled processes
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1932:10.1023/B:JACP.0000026144.08470.cd
1509:Washington University in St. Louis
1505:"PATHWAYS: GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE"
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862:The American Journal of Physiology
25:
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3048:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
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2109:"Evolution of concepts of stress"
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363:Function of physiological changes
332:and the subsequent production of
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2320: This article incorporates
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343:Catecholamine hormones, such as
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32:Fight or flight (disambiguation)
2976:Computer-mediated communication
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1871:. United States: Penguin Books.
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1117:
1015:Walter Bradford Cannon (1915).
584:needs additional citations for
3253:Empathising–systemising theory
2556:female intrasexual competition
2493:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1884:Journal of Affective Disorders
1834:Cognitive Therapy and Research
1755:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1435:. Endotext.org. Archived from
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256:Parasympathetic nervous system
250:Parasympathetic nervous system
13:
1:
3613:Standard social science model
2666:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1740:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00229-3
1482:10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00173-X
1134:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_751
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483:Social information processing
297:and secretion of the hormone
183:
3461:Missing heritability problem
3053:Social aspects of television
2676:Evolution of nervous systems
2644:Computational theory of mind
2274:10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.001
1990:Journal of Child Development
1433:"ACTH Action on the Adrenal"
1369:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065
1356:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
1272:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065
1259:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
986:10.1126/science.270.5236.644
769:Generalized anxiety disorder
7:
3707:Evolutionary biology portal
2156:Dugatkin, Lee Alan (1992).
2031:Adamo, S. A. (2014-09-01).
1589:"The Fight Flight Response"
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515:
285:The reaction begins in the
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153:general adaptation syndrome
82:fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn
10:
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3729:Sympathetic nervous system
3668:Evolutionary psychologists
3541:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3456:Human–animal communication
3168:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3018:Imprinted brain hypothesis
2986:Human–computer interaction
1975:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
1767:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.013
1713:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_8
1564:W. W. Norton & Company
1412:. University of Washington
1315:. University of Washington
1113:. Radom. pp. 270–275.
693:sympathetic nervous system
608:"Fight-or-flight response"
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227:Sympathetic nervous system
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1896:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.009
1846:10.1007/s10608-006-9077-y
1811:10.1111/1467-6494.7106011
1668:10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1
1186:10.1017/S1092852900001954
422:Emotional self-regulation
3481:Cultural group selection
3365:Biocultural anthropology
3058:Societal impacts of cars
2991:Media naturalness theory
2681:Fight-or-flight response
2344:Fight-or-Flight Response
2326:United States Government
893:. An Azure Coyote Book.
842:
749:Domestication of the dog
503:Evolutionary perspective
195:Autonomic nervous system
189:Autonomic nervous system
148:might also play a part.
3749:Evolutionary psychology
3681:Evolutionary psychology
3645:Sociocultural evolution
3486:Dual inheritance theory
2943:Personality development
2404:Theoretical foundations
2381:Evolutionary psychology
2176:Oxford University Press
1611:"The Science of Stress"
1554:, Alan J. Fridlund and
1410:"Neuroscience For Kids"
1313:"Neuroscience For Kids"
1021:Appleton-Century-Crofts
951:Appleton-Century-Crofts
914:Cannon, Walter (1932).
815:The Relaxation Response
804:Social anxiety disorder
754:Emotional dysregulation
509:evolutionary psychology
170:
3744:Psychological theories
3603:Social constructionism
3598:Psychological nativism
3573:Biological determinism
3521:Recent human evolution
3516:Punctuated equilibrium
3339:Behavioral epigenetics
3334:evolutionary economics
3303:Variability hypothesis
3248:Emotional intelligence
2981:Engineering psychology
2671:Evolution of the brain
2322:public domain material
2184:10.1093/beheco/3.2.124
1963:Psychological Bulletin
1128:. pp. 1590–1595.
943:Walter Bradford Cannon
889:Walker, Peter (2013).
676:
565:Varieties of responses
524:. If the zebra sees a
102:Walter Bradford Cannon
3630:Multilineal evolution
3593:Nature versus nurture
3552:Theoretical positions
3400:Functional psychology
3395:Evolutionary medicine
3370:Biological psychiatry
3078:Texting while driving
3068:Lead–crime hypothesis
2928:Cognitive development
2913:Caregiver deprivation
2424:Gene selection theory
2160:(Poecilia reticulata)
1701:Psychological Inquiry
714:Acute stress reaction
674:
465:Perception of control
321:, and suppresses the
90:acute stress response
3583:Cultural determinism
3390:Evolutionary biology
3375:Cognitive psychology
3323:Academic disciplines
2971:Cognitive ergonomics
2938:Language acquisition
2918:Childhood attachment
2731:Wason selection task
2625:Behavioral modernity
2414:Cognitive revolution
2397:Evolutionary thought
2346:at Wikimedia Commons
1867:Beck, Aaron (1979).
1460:Trends in Immunology
675:Bison hunted by dogs
593:improve this article
471:Control (psychology)
451:Cognitive components
430:Emotional reactivity
411:Emotional components
394:excessive blood loss
3650:Unilineal evolution
3415:Population genetics
3200:Sexy son hypothesis
3138:Hormonal motivation
3118:Concealed ovulation
2659:Dual process theory
2530:Parental investment
2310:Sapolsky, Robert M.
2240:Gill, A.C. (2004).
2209:Williams, George C.
1066:Scientific American
978:1995Sci...270..644J
739:Coping (psychology)
456:Content specificity
3608:Social determinism
3491:Fisher's principle
3451:Great ape language
3441:Cultural evolution
3410:Philosophy of mind
3243:Division of labour
3205:Westermarck effect
3153:Mating preferences
3063:Distracted driving
2797:Literary criticism
2654:Domain specificity
2634:modularity of mind
2261:Developmental Cell
2167:Behavioral Ecology
2050:10.1093/icb/icu005
916:Wisdom of the Body
744:Defense physiology
677:
550:Behavioral Ecology
439:) may be prone to
416:Emotion regulation
313:, which increases
213:pupillary response
3716:
3715:
3694:Psychology portal
3658:
3657:
3501:Hologenome theory
3471:Unit of selection
3466:Primate cognition
3380:Cognitive science
3311:
3310:
3182:Sexual attraction
3158:Mating strategies
2923:Cinderella effect
2853:Moral foundations
2757:Visual perception
2649:Domain generality
2618:Facial expression
2566:Sexual dimorphism
2525:Natural selection
2471:Hamiltonian spite
2342:Media related to
2226:978-0-679-74674-4
1573:978-0-393-97767-7
1143:978-3-319-24610-9
925:978-0-393-00205-8
900:978-1-4928-7184-2
826:Yerkes–Dodson law
809:Tend and befriend
764:Freezing behavior
669:
668:
661:
643:
476:Perceived control
16:(Redirected from
3756:
3703:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3320:
3319:
3316:Related subjects
3103:Adult attachment
2630:Cognitive module
2586:
2585:
2573:Social selection
2547:Costly signaling
2542:Sexual selection
2429:Modern synthesis
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2319:
2318:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2088:on 23 March 2013
2084:. Archived from
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1805:(6): 1171–1196.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1609:Olpin, Michael.
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1529:on 8 August 2013
1519:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:Human Physiology
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1041:. April 19, 2014
1031:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1006:
1005:
966:Science Magazine
961:
955:
954:
939:
930:
929:
911:
905:
904:
886:
866:
853:
821:Vasoconstriction
724:Anxiety disorder
664:
657:
653:
650:
644:
642:
601:
577:
569:
437:anxiety disorder
209:respiratory rate
159:responses among
56:
45:
21:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3654:
3640:Neoevolutionism
3547:
3531:Species complex
3496:Group selection
3434:Research topics
3429:
3405:Neuropsychology
3307:
3293:Substance abuse
3215:Sex differences
3209:
3123:Coolidge effect
3084:
2996:Neuroergonomics
2961:
2952:
2876:
2778:
2712:Folk psychology
2593:
2577:
2447:
2440:
2383:
2378:
2334:
2316:
2306:
2304:Further reading
2301:
2300:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:. p. 213.
2205:Nesse, Randolph
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2154:
2150:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2029:
2025:
2002:10.2307/1129603
1986:
1982:
1959:
1955:
1915:
1911:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1830:
1826:
1794:
1790:
1751:
1747:
1724:
1720:
1697:
1693:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1556:Daniel Reisberg
1549:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1503:King, Michael.
1501:
1497:
1473:10.1.1.467.1386
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1439:on 6 March 2013
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1408:Chudler, Eric.
1406:
1402:
1347:
1343:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1311:Chudler, Eric.
1309:
1305:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1144:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1039:Huffington Post
1033:
1032:
1028:
1013:
1009:
962:
958:
940:
933:
926:
912:
908:
901:
887:
880:
875:
870:
869:
854:
850:
845:
840:
794:Rest and digest
774:Escape distance
734:Body reactivity
709:
665:
654:
648:
645:
602:
600:
590:
578:
567:
559:smallmouth bass
544:in all states.
518:
505:
500:
491:
485:
473:
467:
458:
453:
432:
424:
418:
413:
365:
295:pituitary gland
283:
258:
252:
235:
229:
197:
191:
186:
173:
155:that regulates
124:. The hormones
110:adrenal medulla
78:fight-or-flight
74:
73:
72:
71:
59:
58:
57:
48:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Stress response
15:
12:
11:
5:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3714:
3713:
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3697:
3684:
3671:
3663:
3660:
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3428:
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3422:
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3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3345:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
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3184:
3175:
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3145:
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3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Mind-blindness
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
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2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
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2874:
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2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2788:
2786:
2780:
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2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2716:theory of mind
2709:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Baldwin effect
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2333:
2332:External links
2330:
2329:
2328:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2247:
2232:
2225:
2196:
2148:
2099:
2080:Grohol, John.
2072:
2043:(3): 419–426.
2023:
1996:(1): 162–170.
1980:
1953:
1926:(3): 305–320.
1909:
1890:(2): 113–124.
1874:
1859:
1840:(5): 531–549.
1824:
1788:
1761:(5): 384–393.
1745:
1734:(1): 155–170.
1718:
1707:(4): 287–290.
1691:
1642:
1627:
1601:
1579:
1572:
1562:(6 ed.).
1552:Henry Gleitman
1540:
1514:
1495:
1466:(8): 444–448.
1450:
1423:
1400:
1363:(4): 263–287.
1341:
1326:
1303:
1266:(4): 263–287.
1244:
1229:
1214:
1180:(9): 679–685.
1157:
1142:
1116:
1101:
1077:
1052:
1026:
1007:
972:(270): 644–6.
956:
953:. p. 211.
931:
924:
906:
899:
877:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
847:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:
836:Hypervigilance
833:
831:Reflex syncope
828:
823:
818:
811:
806:
801:
799:Social anxiety
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
729:Apparent death
726:
721:
716:
710:
708:
705:
667:
666:
581:
579:
572:
566:
563:
547:In July 1992,
517:
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501:
499:
496:
484:
481:
466:
463:
457:
454:
452:
449:
431:
428:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
401:muscle tension
397:
390:blood clotting
386:
383:
380:
377:
364:
361:
315:blood pressure
282:
279:
251:
248:
244:norepinephrine
228:
225:
221:sexual arousal
190:
187:
185:
182:
172:
169:
118:norepinephrine
114:catecholamines
61:
60:
51:
50:
49:
40:
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38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3737:
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3724:
3709:
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3696:
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3682:
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3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Neo-Darwinism
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Functionalism
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Connectionism
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:indeterminism
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3542:
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3537:
3534:
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3509:
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3499:
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3479:
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3472:
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3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
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3442:
3439:
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3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
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3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
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3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Schizophrenia
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Mental health
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
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3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
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3218:
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3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
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3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Mate guarding
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Age disparity
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
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3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Schizophrenia
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2963:Mental health
2959:
2958:Human factors
2955:
2949:
2948:Socialization
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:paternal bond
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
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2858:
2854:
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2849:
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2828:
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2819:
2815:
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2811:
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2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2772:NaĂŻve physics
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:Motor control
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:Ophidiophobia
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Arachnophobia
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
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2613:Display rules
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2516:
2515:Kin selection
2513:
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2501:
2499:
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2409:Adaptationism
2407:
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2324:from the
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2275:
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2222:
2218:
2217:Vintage Books
2214:
2210:
2206:
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2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2144:
2140:
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2127:
2122:
2119:(2): 109–20.
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1969:(1): 74–101.
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1901:
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1631:
1617:on 2017-11-20
1616:
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1199:
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1187:
1183:
1179:
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1174:CNS Spectrums
1168:
1161:
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1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1091:
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1063:
1060:Kwon, Diana.
1056:
1040:
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987:
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624:
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613:
610: –
609:
605:
604:Find sources:
598:
594:
588:
587:
582:This section
580:
576:
571:
570:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
510:
498:Other animals
495:
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398:
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358:
354:
353:noradrenaline
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:immune system
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:adrenal gland
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
275:acetylcholine
272:
267:
263:
257:
247:
245:
240:
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224:
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196:
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143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:, especially
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:harmful event
91:
87:
84:(also called
83:
79:
69:
65:
55:
44:
33:
19:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3425:Sociobiology
3283:Neuroscience
3263:Intelligence
2809:Anthropology
2762:Color vision
2747:Multitasking
2726:Flynn effect
2721:Intelligence
2703:Folk biology
2680:
2446:Evolutionary
2267:(1): 89–99.
2264:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2215:. New York:
2212:
2199:
2189:September 9,
2187:. Retrieved
2171:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2075:
2040:
2036:
2026:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1662:(1): 68–82.
1659:
1655:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1582:
1559:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1517:
1498:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1403:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1306:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1177:
1173:
1160:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1016:
1010:
969:
965:
959:
949:. New York:
946:
915:
909:
890:
860:
856:
851:
813:
784:Panic attack
701:
697:
689:change color
685:cold-blooded
682:
678:
655:
649:October 2016
646:
636:
629:
622:
615:
603:
591:Please help
586:verification
583:
548:
546:
538:piloerection
519:
506:
492:
474:
459:
433:
425:
366:
342:
327:
291:hypothalamus
284:
266:vagal fibers
259:
236:
198:
174:
150:
130:testosterone
89:
86:hyperarousal
85:
81:
77:
75:
3564:Determinism
3476:Coevolution
3420:Primatology
3258:Gender role
3163:Orientation
3043:Screen time
2900:Affectional
2882:Development
2561:Mate choice
2488:By-products
2456:Adaptations
2419:Cognitivism
2178:: 125–127.
1799:Personality
542:homeostasis
349:epinephrine
338:fatty acids
330:liver cells
319:blood sugar
307:epinephrine
271:homeostasis
239:spinal cord
161:vertebrates
146:osteocalcin
122:epinephrine
3734:Aggression
3723:Categories
3511:Population
3506:Lamarckism
3352:behavioral
3330:Behavioral
3278:Narcissism
3223:Aggression
3013:Hypophobia
3003:Depression
2890:Attachment
2872:Universals
2836:Psychology
2814:Biological
2802:Musicology
2792:Aesthetics
2691:Basophobia
2498:Exaptation
2476:Reciprocal
1637:Psychology
1621:2013-04-25
1560:Psychology
1336:Psychology
1239:Psychology
1095:2020-06-22
1071:2020-06-22
873:References
619:newspapers
487:See also:
469:See also:
445:aggression
420:See also:
399:Increased
374:blood flow
372:Increased
345:adrenaline
254:See also:
231:See also:
201:heart rate
193:See also:
184:Physiology
163:and other
3356:cognitive
3348:Affective
3233:Cognition
3187:Sexuality
3173:Pair bond
2933:Education
2590:Cognition
2508:Inclusive
2448:processes
2436:Criticism
2059:1540-7063
1468:CiteSeerX
1377:1067-3229
1280:1067-3229
1152:240856695
1045:16 August
217:urination
205:digestion
165:organisms
142:serotonin
3625:Memetics
3385:Ethology
3343:genetics
3178:Physical
3143:Jealousy
3098:Activity
2904:maternal
2860:Religion
2848:Morality
2826:Language
2707:taxonomy
2520:Mismatch
2466:Cheating
2461:Altruism
2293:30827896
2211:(1994).
2143:25072963
2135:17514579
2092:18 April
2067:24691569
1948:11239252
1940:15228179
1904:16487599
1854:28911747
1819:14633062
1783:14382059
1775:20089246
1686:20622981
1594:19 April
1558:(2004).
1533:18 April
1490:12909458
1443:18 April
1416:19 April
1395:26062169
1319:19 April
1298:26062169
1194:15337864
1090:phys.org
1002:38807605
945:(1915).
707:See also
687:animals
530:predator
516:Examples
359:action.
357:muscular
311:cortisol
287:amygdala
281:Reaction
178:freezing
138:dopamine
134:cortisol
126:estrogen
3526:Species
3298:Suicide
3133:Fantasy
3113:Arousal
2895:Bonding
2784:Culture
2608:Display
2595:Emotion
2503:Fitness
2392:History
2284:6456415
2018:7363732
2010:1129603
1677:2901125
1386:4495877
1289:4495877
1202:8430710
994:7570024
974:Bibcode
719:Anxiety
633:scholar
555:guppies
441:anxiety
334:glucose
262:medulla
88:or the
80:or the
3704:
3691:
3678:
3268:Memory
3228:Autism
3195:female
3128:Desire
2865:Origin
2841:Speech
2831:Origin
2603:Affect
2291:
2281:
2223:
2141:
2133:
2113:Stress
2065:
2057:
2016:
2008:
1946:
1938:
1902:
1852:
1817:
1781:
1773:
1684:
1674:
1570:
1488:
1470:
1393:
1383:
1375:
1296:
1286:
1278:
1207:31 May
1200:
1192:
1150:
1140:
1000:
992:
922:
897:
789:Phobia
635:
628:
621:
614:
606:
301:. The
219:, and
157:stress
132:, and
98:attack
66:and a
3238:Crime
2821:Crime
2752:Sleep
2742:skill
2582:Areas
2174:(2).
2139:S2CID
2006:JSTOR
1944:S2CID
1850:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1198:S2CID
1170:(PDF)
1148:S2CID
998:S2CID
843:Notes
640:JSTOR
626:books
522:zebra
351:) or
3739:Fear
3191:male
2552:Male
2289:PMID
2221:ISBN
2191:2020
2131:PMID
2094:2013
2063:PMID
2055:ISSN
2014:PMID
1936:PMID
1900:PMID
1815:PMID
1771:PMID
1682:PMID
1596:2013
1568:ISBN
1535:2013
1486:PMID
1445:2013
1418:2013
1391:PMID
1373:ISSN
1321:2013
1294:PMID
1276:ISSN
1209:2021
1190:PMID
1138:ISBN
1047:2014
990:PMID
970:5236
920:ISBN
895:ISBN
759:Fear
612:news
526:lion
443:and
388:The
299:ACTH
171:Name
140:and
120:and
76:The
3090:Sex
2767:Eye
2279:PMC
2269:doi
2180:doi
2121:doi
2045:doi
1998:doi
1971:doi
1967:115
1928:doi
1892:doi
1842:doi
1807:doi
1763:doi
1736:doi
1709:doi
1672:PMC
1664:doi
1478:doi
1381:PMC
1365:doi
1284:PMC
1268:doi
1182:doi
1130:doi
982:doi
595:by
507:An
68:cat
64:dog
3725::
2287:.
2277:.
2265:49
2263:.
2259:.
2207:;
2170:.
2164:.
2137:.
2129:.
2117:10
2115:.
2111:.
2061:.
2053:.
2041:54
2039:.
2035:.
2012:.
2004:.
1994:51
1992:.
1965:.
1942:.
1934:.
1924:32
1922:.
1898:.
1888:91
1886:.
1848:.
1838:30
1836:.
1813:.
1803:71
1801:.
1777:.
1769:.
1759:48
1757:.
1732:27
1730:.
1703:.
1680:.
1670:.
1660:32
1658:.
1654:.
1566:.
1543:^
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1484:.
1476:.
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1462:.
1389:.
1379:.
1371:.
1361:23
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1353:.
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1196:.
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2960:/
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