Strike action - Knowledge

2622:) about 9 workdays per worker were lost due to strikes. In 1979, the loss due to strikes was a little more than one day per worker. These are the extreme cases. In the 79 years following 1926, the number of workdays lost in Britain was less than 2 hours per year per worker. In the U.S., idleness due to strikes never exceeded one half of one percent of total working days in any year during the period 1948-2005; the average loss was 0.1% per year. Similarly, in Canada over the period 1980-2005, the annual number of work days lost due to strikes never exceeded one day per worker; on average over this period lost worktime due to strikes was about one-third of a day per worker. Although the data are not readily available for a broad sample of developed countries, the pattern described above seems quite general: days lost due to strikes amount to only a fraction of a day per worker per annum, on average, exceeding one day only in a few exceptional years. 3273: 4028: 2306: 2603: 2630:) made possible by computerization and rising personal indebtedness, which increases the cost of job loss for striking workers. In the United States, the number of workers involved in major work stoppages (including strikes and, less commonly, lockouts) that involved at least a thousand workers for at least one full shift generally declined from 1973 to 2017 (coinciding with a general decrease in overall union membership), before substantially increasing in 2018 and 2019. In the 2018 and 2019 period, 3.1% of union members were involved in a work stoppage each year on average, these strikes also contained more workers than ever recorded with an average of 20,000 workers participating in each major work stoppage in 2018 and 2019. 3137: 3261: 2786: 2739: 2400: 3750: 3696: 2766: 3972: 2267: 2117: 2490: 3898: 40: 3583:, do not allow teachers in public schools to strike. Workers have sometimes circumvented these restrictions by falsely claiming inability to work due to illness – this is sometimes called a "sickout" or "blue flu", the latter receiving its name from the uniforms worn by police officers, who are traditionally prohibited from striking. The term "red flu" has sometimes been used to describe this action when undertaken by firefighters. 2932: 4072: 2470:. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the mutinous masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. As much as half of the then industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshaled a growing working class tradition to politically organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist, political establishment. 3778: 3200: 671: 80: 3516: 3992:

are public or private sector. Laws also vary country to country. In the UK, "It is important to understand that there is no right to strike in UK law." Employees who strike risk dismissal, unless it is an official strike (one called or endorsed by their union) in which case they are protected from unlawful dismissal, and cannot be fired for at least 12 weeks. UK laws regarding work stoppages and strikes are defined within the

2755: 4546: 2129: 2100: 2566:. A 1936 study of strikes in the United States indicated that about one third of the total number of strikes between 1927 and 1928, and over 40 percent in 1929, were due to "demands for union recognition, closed shop, and protest against union discrimination and violation of union agreements". A 1988 study of strike activity and unionization in non-union municipal 4063:, a form of work stoppage in which an employer refuses to allow employees to work. Two of the three employers involved in the Caravan park grocery workers strike of 2003–2004 locked out their employees in response to a strike against the third member of the employer bargaining group. Lockouts are, with certain exceptions, lawful under United States labor law. 3862:

picket line is crossed. For example, striking workers in manufacturing or mining produce a product which must be transported. In a situation where the factory or mine owners have replaced the strikers, unionized transport workers may feel inclined to refuse to haul any product that is produced by strikebreakers, yet their own contract obligates them to do so.

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time that the strike may last could cause many workers to cease striking, which would likely cause it to fail. They may also be concerned that they will lose their jobs entirely. Companies that hire strikebreakers typically use these concerns to attempt to convince union members to abandon the strike and cross the union's

4048:(ULP), the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could result in the firing of all striking employees which could result in dissolution of that union. 4409:, 1970 film starring Sean Connery and Richard Harris. Frustrated by the failure of strike action to achieve their industrial objectives, a secret society among Pennsylvania coal miners sabotages the mine with explosives to try to get what their industrial action failed to obtain. A Pinkerton agent infiltrates them. 2849:

In many countries, wildcat strikes do not enjoy the same legal protections as recognized union strikes, and may result in penalties for the union members who participate, or for their union. The same often applies in the case of strikes conducted without an official ballot of the union membership, as

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became important in factories and mines. As striking became a more common practice, governments were often pushed to act (either by private business or by union workers). When government intervention occurred, it was rarely neutral or amicable. Early strikes were often deemed unlawful conspiracies or

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Gang means any … formal or informal organization, association or group of three or more persons which has a common name or identifying sign or symbol whose members and/or associates, individually or collectively, engage or have engaged, on behalf of that organization, association or group, in two or

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One method of inhibiting or ending a strike is firing union members who are striking which can result in elimination of the union. Although this has happened, it is rare due to laws regarding firing and "right to strike" having a wide range of differences in the US depending on whether union members

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Strikes may be specific to a particular workplace, employer, or unit within a workplace, or they may encompass an entire industry, or every worker within a city or country. Strikes that involve all workers, or a number of large and important groups of workers, in a particular community or region are

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When established unions commence strike action, some companies may decline entirely to negotiate with the union, and respond to the strike by hiring replacement workers. For strikers, this may be concerning for multiple reasons. For example, they may fear that the strike will be lost. The length of

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In Germany, the Basic Law bans civil servants from going on strike, and the Federal Constitutional Court confirmed that teachers were not permitted to strike. As of December 2023, the matter whether the decision violated teachers' human rights under the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) is

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of life, health, freedom and security, movements, assistance and welfare, education, and communications". These limitations provide a minimum guarantee for these services and punish violations. Similar limitations are applied to workers in the private sector whose strike can affect public services.

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is a strike action in which one group of workers refuses to cross a picket line established by another as a means of supporting the striking workers. Sympathy strikes, once the norm in the construction industry in the United States, have been made much more difficult to conduct, due to decisions of

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A significant case of mass-dismissals in the UK in 2005 involved the sacking of over 600 Gate Gourmet employees at Heathrow Airport. The sacking prompted a walkout by British Airways ground staff leading to cancelled flights and thousands of delayed passengers. The walkout was illegal under UK law

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Unions faced with a strikebreaking situation may try to inhibit the use of strikebreakers by a variety of methods – establishing picket lines where strikebreakers enter the workplace; discouraging strike breakers from taking, or from keeping, strikebreaking jobs; raising the cost of

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Unionized workers are sometimes required to cross the picket lines established by other unions due to their organizations having signed contracts which include no-strike clauses. The no-strike clause typically requires that members of the union not conduct any strike action for the duration of the

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Irwin, Jones, McGovern (2008) believe that the term "scab" is part of a larger metaphor involving strikes. They argue that the picket line is symbolic of a wound and those who break its borders to return to work are the scabs who bond that wound. Others have argued that the word is not a part of a

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Companies which produce products for sale will frequently increase inventories prior to a strike. Salaried employees may be called upon to take the place of strikers, which may entail advance training. If the company has multiple locations, personnel may be redeployed to meet the needs of reduced

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involves students (sometimes supported by faculty) refusing to attend classes. In some cases, the strike is intended to draw media attention to the institution so that the grievances that are causing the students to strike can be aired before the public; this usually damages the institution's (or

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during collective bargaining as a last resort. The object of collective bargaining is for the employer and the union to come to an agreement over wages, benefits, and working conditions. A collective bargaining agreement may include a clause (a contractual "no-strike clause") which prohibits the

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Therefore, any union conducting a strike action typically seeks to include a provision of amnesty for all who honored the picket line in the agreement that settles the strike. No-strike clauses may also prevent unionized workers from engaging in solidarity actions for other workers even when no

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But if the strike is due to unfair labor practices, the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could result in the firing of all

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there is a legally protected right for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (i.e., protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire

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or a new contract on the disputing parties. Back-to-work legislation was first used in 1950 during a railway strike, and as of 2012 had been used 33 times by the federal government for those parts of the economy that are regulated federally (grain handling, rail and air travel, and the postal

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ruled that "long with their right to associate, speak through a bargaining representative of their choice, and bargain collectively with their employer through that representative, the right of employees to strike is vital to protecting the meaningful process of collective bargaining…" . This

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there is a legally protected right for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (like protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire

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states that "articipation in a strike or work stoppage", "efusal to perform work or participate in a program as ordered or assigned", and "ecurring failure to meet work or program expectations within the inmate's abilities when lesser disciplinary methods failed to correct the misconduct" by

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Most strikes called by unions are somewhat predictable; they typically occur after the contract has expired. However, not all strikes are called by union organizations – some strikes have been called in an effort to pressure employers to recognize unions. Other strikes may be

3934:, observed that union busting agencies helped to "transform economic strikes into a virtually suicidal tactic for US unions". Logan further observed, "as strike rates in the United States have plummeted to historic low levels, the demand for strike management firms has also declined." 2483:

by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, and woe betide the wealthy Englishmen when it becomes conscious of this fact … The English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last

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generally permits strikes, but provides a mechanism to enjoin from striking workers in industries in which a strike would create a national emergency. As of 2021, the federal government most recently invoked these statutory provisions to obtain an injunction requiring the

3312:. Article 415 of the Code declared that participants in an attempted strike action would be subject to an imprisonment of between one and three months and that the organizers of the attempted strike action would be subject to an imprisonment of between two and five years. 4656:"A body of sailors… proceeded… to Sunderland…, and at the cross there read a paper, setting forth their grievances… After this they went on board the several ships in that harbour, and struck (lowered down) their yards, in order to prevent them from proceeding to sea." ( 2534:

as the legitimate collective bargaining agent for a company's workers. In 1949, their use in the United States was described as "a weapon used with varying results by labor for the last forty years or more". One example cited was the successful formation of the

2383:; the plebeians seem to have invented the strike, which now makes its first appearance in history." Their first strike occurred because they "saw with indignation their friends, who had often served the state bravely in the legions, thrown into chains and 2215:

Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Occasionally, strikes destabilize the rule of a particular political party or ruler; in such cases, strikes are often part of a broader social movement taking the form of a campaign of

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strike, thus effectively ending the strikes. In 2016, the government's use of back-to-work legislation during the 2011 Canada Post lockout was ruled unconstitutional, with the judge specifically referencing the Supreme Court of Canada's 2015 decision in

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refers to a strike where only some employees in key departments or locations go on strike. These strikes are performed in order to increase stakes as negotiations draw on and to be unpredictable to the employer. Rolling strikes also serve to conserve

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anti-competitive cartel action and many were subject to massive legal repression by state police, federal military power, and federal courts. Many Western nations legalized striking under certain conditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Occasionally, workers decide to strike without the sanction of a labor union, either because the union refuses to endorse such a tactic, or because the workers involved are non-unionized. Strikes without formal union authorization are also known as

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in United States labor law refers to a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a union to assert its members' right to particular job assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of another union or to unorganized workers.

4386:, in which women took over the picket line to circumvent an injunction barring "striking miners" from company property. The striking women were largely played by real members of the strike, and one woman was deported to Mexico while filming. The 4004:

and the T&GWU quickly brought it to an end. A subsequent court case ruled that demonstrations on a grass verge approaching the Gate Gourmet premises were not illegal, but limited the number and made the T&G responsible for their action.

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during his campaign for the French presidential election. A law "on social dialogue and continuity of public service in regular terrestrial transports of passengers" was adopted on 12 August 2007, and it took effect on 1 January 2008.

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contracts often protect members from disciplinary action if a member refuses to cross a picket line. Sympathy strikes may be undertaken by a union as an organization, or by individual union members choosing not to cross a picket line.

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have determined that a collective bargaining agreement's no-strike clause has the same scope as the agreement's arbitration clauses, such that "the union cannot strike over an arbitrable issue." The U.S. Supreme Court held in

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issued Executive Order #10988 which permitted federal employees to form trade unions but prohibited strikes (codified in 1966 at 5 U.S.C. 7311 – Loyalty and Striking). In 1981, after public sector union PATCO

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explained that it "must be without a doubt permitted for all citizens to assemble," but he maintained that it "must not be permitted for citizens from certain professions to assemble for their so-called common interests."

2899:), in which workers perform their tasks exactly as they are required to but no better. For example, workers might follow all safety regulations in such a way that it impedes their productivity or they might refuse to work 3355:). The law number 146 of 1990 and law number 83 of 2000 regulate the strike actions. In particular, they impose limitations for the strikes of workers in public essential services, i.e., the ones that "guarantee the 5681: 3680:

and philosophy, with issues being raised such as whether people have a right to strike, the interaction of strikes with other rights, civil order, coercion, justice and the interplay between striking and contracts.

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outside the workplace to prevent or dissuade people from working in their place or conducting business with their employer. Less frequently, workers may occupy the workplace, but refuse to work. This is known as a

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It shall not be a violation of this Agreement and it shall not be cause for discharge or disciplinary action in the event an employee refuses to enter upon any property involved in a primary labor dispute

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Some companies negotiate with the union during a strike; other companies may see a strike as an opportunity to eliminate the union. This is sometimes accomplished by the importation of replacement workers,

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Historically the practice of union strikebreaking has been a contentious issue in the union movement, and a point of contention between adherents of different union philosophies. For example, supporters of

2924:, between "economic" and "unfair labor practice" strikes. An employer may not fire, but may permanently replace, workers who engage in a strike over economic issues. On the other hand, employers who commit 3003:

government's) public image. In other cases, especially in government-supported institutions, the student strike can cause a budgetary imbalance and have actual economic repercussions for the institution.

2577:. The number of major strikes and lockouts in the U.S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010. Companies countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant. 3044:, to disrupt the workplace or another aspect of capitalist production: supporting other strikers or unemployed workers, participating in protests against globalization, or opposing abusive landlords. 4675: 3454:

in a defense of his conduct regarding an illegal strike: that the Attorney-General "is not to be put, and is not put, under pressure by his colleagues in the matter" of whether or not to establish

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known as general strikes. Under some circumstances, strikes may take place in order to put pressure on the State or other authorities or may be a response to unsafe conditions in the workplace.

2419:. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the industrial working class; they lived in towns and cities, exchanging their labor for payment. By the 1830s, when the 4592: 3010:

is a deliberate refusal to eat. Hunger strikes are often used in prisons as a form of political protest. Like student strikes, a hunger strike aims to worsen the public image of the target.

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Since the 1990s, strike actions have generally further declined, a phenomenon that might be attributable to lower information costs (and thus more readily available access to information on

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Mather, F.C. (1974). "The General Strike of 1842: A Study in Leadership, Organisation and the Threat of Revolution during the Plug Plot Disturbance". In Quinault, R.; Stevenson, J. (eds.).

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has been rarely applied, usually after several days of strikes affecting transport or fuel services or extraordinary events. Recent cases include the cancellation of the 2015 strike of the

3167:, which guaranteed the right to unions and striking, but Chinese officials declared that they had no interest in allowing these liberties. In June 2008, the municipal government in the 2830:, that a no-strike clause does not bar unions from refusing to work as a political protest (since that is not an "arbitrable" issue), although such activity may lead to damages for a 880: 3498:

Prison officers have gained and lost the right to strike over the years; in the 2010s, despite it being illegal, they walked out on 15 November 2016, and again on 14 September 2018.

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or conservationist purposes. This developed from the black ban, strike action taken against a particular job or employer in order to protect the economic interests of the strikers.

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for organizing workplaces into separate unions according to skill, a circumstance that makes union strikebreaking more common. Union strikebreaking is not unique to craft unions.

3653: 3164: 2581: 4599:, pp. 127–43. This book contains accounts on certain other strike movements in other countries around the world aimed at overthrowing a regime or a foreign military presence. 6183: 5672: 4572: 2427:

committee "used the first written questionnaire… The committee prepared and printed a list of questions 'designed to elicit the complete and impartial history of strikes.'"

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Under federal law, federal employees who participate in a strike, or who assert the right to strike against the US government, are barred from retaining their employment.

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takes effect may be subject of a sanction or even a penal action (for a maximum of 4 years of prison) if the illegal strike causes the suspension of an essential service.

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for a union to establish a picket line at any gate other than the one reserved for the employer it is picketing. Still, the practice continues to occur; for example, some

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For the period from 1996 to 2000, the ten countries with the most strike action (measured by average number of days not worked for every 1000 employees) were as follows:

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In the Soviet Union, strikes occurred throughout the existence of the USSR, most notably in the 1930s. After World War II, they diminished both in number and in scale.

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was developed by certain unions described by some as more socially conscious. This is a form of strike action taken by a trade union or other organized labor group for

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Whatever the cause of the strike, employers are generally motivated to take measures to prevent them, mitigate the impact, or to undermine strikes when they do occur.

3858:. Members who honor the picket line in spite of the contract frequently face discipline, for their action may be viewed as a violation of provisions of the contract. 5082: 3360:

The employer is explicitly forbidden to apply sanctions to employees participating to the strikes, with the exception of the aforementioned essential services cases.

6222: 6095: 3997: 3080: 2928:(ULPs) may not replace employees who strike over them, and must fire any strikebreakers they have hired as replacements in order to reinstate the striking workers. 4013: 3727:

dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. "Strikebreakers" may also refer to workers (union members or not) who cross

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hiring strikebreakers for the company; or employing public relations tactics. Companies may respond by increasing security forces and seeking court injunctions.

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declares "encouraging others to refuse to work, or to participate in a work stoppage" by prisoners to be a "High Severity Level Prohibited Act" and authorizes

4991: 4449:, 1987 – critically acclaimed account of a coal mine-workers' strike and attempt to unionize in 1920 in Matewan, a small town in the hills of 2838:

depends on the context. Some in the labor movement consider no-strike clauses to be an unnecessary detriment to unions in the collective bargaining process.

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permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the striking worker must wait for a vacancy. But if the strike is due to

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between 1972 and 1978 found that recognition strikes were carried out "primarily where bargaining laws little or no protection of bargaining rights."

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As the 19th century progressed, strikes became a fixture of industrial relations across the industrialized world, as workers organized themselves to

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are among the groups commonly barred from striking usually by state and federal laws meant to ensure the safety or security of the general public.

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Adavbiele, J. A. (16 April 2015). "Implications of Incessant Strike Actions on the Implementation of Technical Education Programme in Nigeria".

3891:; most commonly, they are responses to serious (often life-threatening) safety hazards in the workplace rather than wage or hour disputes, etc. 6203:"Black Workers and the Labor Movement: Toward a Paradigm of Unity in Afro-American Studies." Intro to Afro-American Studies. eBlackStudies.com. 5803: 4715: 1928: 5265: 4135:

in countries which allow conscription. In 2010, the Spanish government invoked emergency powers to conscript air traffic controllers who were

5190: 4346:, England 1939 – Film about a strike over safety standards at a coal mine in North-East England – based on the 5414: 5099: 6031: 4021: 3723:) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the 2778: 5767: 4092:

Historically, some employers have attempted to break union strikes by force. One of the most famous examples of this occurred during the

3541: 2870:, where employees occupy the workplace but still continue work, often without pay, which attempts to show they are still useful, or that 2819: 2159: 3320: 3087:

Prior to this Supreme Court decision, the federal and provincial governments had the ability to introduce "back-to-work legislation", a

4136: 6986: 6259: 4500: 3466: 344: 3555:. Other jurisdictions impose strike bans only on certain categories of workers, particularly those regarded as critical to society: 6878: 4967: 2594:, 1972–1974, labeled the "strike of the century," was organized and led by Mexican American women predominantly in El Paso, Texas. 7089: 4027: 3426: 2802:

union from striking during the term of the agreement. Under U.S. labor law, a strike in violation of a no-strike clause is not a

826: 352: 4846:"British workers strike for better wages and political reform ("The Plug Plot Riots"), 1842 | Global Nonviolent Action Database" 3946:

striking employees which could result in dissolution of that union. Although this is legal it could be viewed as union busting.

5529: 5381: 4218: 3649: 3488: 3328: 1037: 313: 5695: 5657: 5554:[COLLECTIVE LABOR CONFLICTS IN THE USSR IN 1930-1950s: REASONS OF OCCURRENCE, FORMS, WAYS OF RESOLUTION] (in Russian). 3942:

permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the striking worker must wait for a vacancy.

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A recognition strike is an industrial strike implemented in order to force a particular employer or industry to recognize a

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In 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern

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includes description of migrant workers striking, and its violent breaking by employers, assisted by the police. Based on

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Aleksander Smolar, "Towards 'Self-limiting Revolution': Poland 1970–89", in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.),

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that blocks the strike action (or a lockout) from happening or continuing. Canadian governments could also have imposed

2555:), which introduced processes legally compelling an employer to recognize the legitimacy of properly certified unions. 5552:"КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫЕ ТРУДОВЫЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ В СССР В 1930-1950-х гг.: ПРИЧИНЫ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ, ФОРМЫ ПРОТЕКАНИЯ, СПОСОБЫ РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ" 4284: 3296:

on 14 June 1791 and which introduced the "crime of coalition." In his speech in support of the law, the titular author

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The use of the English word "strike" to describe a work protest was first seen in 1768, when sailors, in support of

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Sometimes, "to go on strike" is used figuratively for machinery or equipment not working due to malfunction, e.g. "

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of the strike, i.e., can force the postponement, cancellation or duration reduction of a national-wide strike. The

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fired all of the controllers. His action resulted in the dissolution of the union. PATCO reformed to become the

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to return to work in 2002 after having been locked out by the employer group, the Pacific Maritime Association.

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Examining conditions in the late 1990s, John Logan, professor and director of Labor and Employment Studies at

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to pay their wages on time and in full. The royal government ended the strike by raising the artisans' wages.

7246: 6252: 4374: 4237: 4123:, in an assassination attempt. Frick survived the attack, while Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison. 4116:, steel mill. Two strikers were killed, twelve wounded, along with two Pinkertons killed and eleven wounded. 3993: 3481: 3462: 3175:

advocacy group says would, if implemented and enforced, virtually restore Chinese workers' right to strike.

3152: 2424: 2225: 2074: 997: 943: 918: 786: 761: 545: 3143:, Poland, on strike in August 1980, with the name of the state-controlled trade union crossed out in protest 2966:

permitting employers to establish separate or "reserved" gates for particular trades, making it an unlawful

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staff. Companies may also take out strike insurance, to help offset the losses which a strike would cause.

3536: 3136: 2921: 2803: 2552: 2237: 2031: 2001: 1976: 1057: 861: 718: 520: 4573:""There is No Such Thing as an Illegal Strike": Reconceptualizing the Strike in Law and Political Economy" 1878: 7661: 7082: 6390: 6330: 5362: 4685: 4264: 3590: 1280: 960: 890: 806: 776: 5486: 923: 7682: 6787: 6632: 6277: 6149:

Ross, Arthur M., and Donald Irwin."Strike Experience in Five Countries, 1927-1947: An Interpretation"

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Critical infrastructure workers who are on strike may be forced back to work under military law and/or

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service), and in more cases provincially. In addition, certain parts of the economy can be proclaimed "

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or "scabs". Historically, strike breaking has often coincided with union busting. It was also called "

7332: 6296: 5233: 4887: 4734:: Phoenix Press, 1984, pp. 116–123 See also E.F. Wente, "A letter of complaint to the Vizier To", in 3309: 2518: 2286: 2026: 1698: 841: 821: 550: 278: 218: 5823:"The right to strike as a fundamental human right: recognition and limitations in international law" 4588:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

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was at its peak in Britain, a true and widespread 'workers consciousness' was awakening. In 1838, a

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larger metaphor but, rather, was an old-fashioned English insult whose meaning narrowed over time.

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writers may withhold their names from their stories as a way to protest actions of their employer.

2614:. Strikes that do occur are generally fairly short in duration. Labor economist John Kennan notes: 2388: 1908: 965: 856: 525: 500: 228: 129: 5187: 5110: 2232:. These strikes were significant in the long campaign of civil resistance for political change in 7692: 7542: 7491: 7352: 7347: 6792: 6612: 6436: 6380: 6335: 5855: 5537: 5430: 4551: 4510: 4394: 4383: 4113: 3792: 3372: 3214: 3058: 2917: 2585: 2133: 2084: 1966: 1192: 1182: 1022: 977: 540: 69: 6035: 5623: 5313: 4158: – A look at the 1984 contract negotiations between General Motors and its union. 3567:

are among the groups commonly barred from striking in these jurisdictions. Some states, such as

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and the end of communist party rule in Eastern Europe. Another example is the general strike in

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Examples include when the government of Canada passed back-to-work legislation during the 2011

2871: 2574: 2513: 2371: 1971: 1315: 1077: 913: 811: 801: 505: 475: 467: 238: 6005: 5128: 2438:

was presented to Parliament in April 1842 and rejected, the strike began in the coal mines of

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more acts which include, … acts of misconduct classified as serious pursuant to section 3315.

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In 1937, there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in

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In the aftermath, Frick was shot in the neck and then stabbed by an unaffiliated anarchist,

7501: 6441: 6355: 6345: 5878: 4222: 3594: 3492: 3455: 3288:, the first law aimed at limiting the ability of workers to take collective action was the 3148: 2505: 2310: 1898: 1798: 1733: 1270: 1197: 1052: 796: 746: 703: 686: 681: 584: 515: 334: 169: 139: 5294:

Report: Continued surge in strike activity signals worker dissatisfaction with wage growth

8: 7636: 7322: 7236: 7036: 6890: 6873: 6497: 6456: 6350: 4680: 4379: 4363: 4326: 4087: 3920: 3846:

refers to any circumstance in which union workers themselves cross picket lines to work.

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The strike action only became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the

2200: 2079: 2046: 2006: 1991: 1275: 1187: 1177: 1147: 1042: 928: 895: 741: 723: 713: 670: 630: 510: 164: 7448: 5314:"Countries Compared by Labor > Strikes. International Statistics at NationMaster.com" 5208: 4903: 4051:

Amazon has used the Law firm Wilmerhale to legally end worker strikes at its locations.

1853: 7615: 7557: 7481: 7393: 7383: 7306: 7220: 7198: 7112: 7021: 6823: 6797: 6722: 6602: 6592: 6426: 5960: 5917: 5501:"Ontario judge finds back-to-work legislation aimed at postal workers violates Charter" 5246: 5061: 4930: 4827: 4490: 4462: 4401: 4314: 4162: 4132: 4060: 3888: 3614: 3380: 3356: 3097: 2567: 2069: 2011: 1843: 1768: 1540: 1520: 1505: 1355: 1260: 1117: 1097: 1082: 1032: 1012: 990: 831: 766: 654: 413: 273: 5770: 5209:"What do indebted employees do? Financialisation and the decline of industrial action" 5044:

Ichniowski, Casey (1 June 1988). "Police recognition strikes: Illegal and ill-fated".

4870: 3979: 3749: 3140: 2785: 2738: 2399: 2252:(SPD) and received such broad support that it resulted in the collapse of the putsch. 2221: 1630: 7595: 7413: 7388: 7301: 7208: 7188: 7152: 7132: 7117: 6946: 6941: 6732: 6657: 6566: 6482: 6446: 6167: 6129: 5952: 5422: 5250: 5238: 5134: 5024: 4934: 4831: 4817: 4614: 4319: 4200: 4120: 3867: 3695: 3547:

Some jurisdictions prohibit all strikes by public employees, under laws such as the "

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ruled that there is a constitutional right to strike. In this 5–2 majority decision,

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from both taking industrial action, and discussing the possibility with colleagues.

2765: 7641: 7610: 7563: 7506: 7471: 7443: 7418: 7362: 7296: 7142: 7127: 6951: 6926: 6411: 6057: 5944: 5909: 5834: 5804:"Inspired by West Virginia Strike, Teachers in Oklahoma and Kentucky Plan Walk Out" 5551: 5228: 5220: 5053: 4809: 4790: 4786: 4457: 4291: 4188: 4171: 4105: 4097: 4093: 3622: 3552: 3444: 3289: 2911: 2892: 2835: 2471: 2229: 2217: 2208: 2121: 2104: 1823: 1803: 1723: 1718: 1660: 1620: 1610: 1575: 1495: 1470: 1440: 1425: 1420: 1395: 1340: 1325: 1232: 1207: 1137: 1092: 1062: 950: 938: 866: 851: 791: 756: 589: 579: 134: 7256: 6188: 4295:, A film about the strike by female employees at the Ford Motor company in the UK. 3589:

Often, specific regulations on strike actions exist for employees in prisons. The

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served in part as a means to educate workers about the country's economic system.

1903: 1565: 1295: 7651: 7516: 7486: 7438: 7215: 6767: 6717: 6617: 6587: 6325: 6287: 6231: 6226: 6209: 6083: 6064: 5742: 5565: 5533: 5300: 5194: 5086: 5018: 4596: 4535: 4413: 4387: 4331: 4008: 3960: 3883:

spontaneous actions by working people. Spontaneous strikes are sometimes called "

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also draws a distinction, in the case of private sector employers covered by the

2863: 2843: 2361: 2294: 2261: 2184: 2041: 2036: 1981: 1788: 1748: 1580: 1550: 1535: 1485: 1455: 1390: 1330: 1290: 1212: 1202: 1102: 846: 836: 609: 423: 381: 303: 89: 5606: 5500: 3746:. The term does not necessarily owe its origins to this tune of unknown origin. 2266: 7476: 7458: 7423: 7378: 7357: 7241: 7046: 6931: 6905: 6885: 6863: 6747: 6742: 6727: 6690: 6492: 6320: 5948: 5696:"Prison staff strike ended after union's 'constructive dialogue' with minister" 4738:, 20, 1961 and W.F. Edgerton, "The strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-ninth year", 4520: 4418: 4390: 4367: 4334:, Germany 1929–On the general strike in the port of Hamburg, Germany in 1896/97 4242: 4184: 4167: 3971: 3902: 3884: 3743: 3739: 3699:

A strikebreaking driver and cart being stoned during sanitation worker strike.

3430: 3183: 3071: 3062: 2999: 2987: 2874:

can be successful. For instance, this occurred with factory occupations in the

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The so-called "Strike Papyrus" written by Amunnakht, between 1187 and 1157 BC,

2241: 1996: 1888: 1858: 1848: 1773: 1743: 1738: 1728: 1615: 1595: 1555: 1525: 1465: 1405: 1380: 1320: 1007: 816: 623: 448: 443: 428: 391: 213: 59: 6202: 5913: 2903:. Such strikes may in some cases be a form of "partial strike" or "slowdown". 1893: 7676: 7547: 7122: 7098: 7016: 6981: 6976: 6895: 6853: 6647: 6607: 6487: 6477: 6451: 6416: 6395: 5426: 5242: 4450: 4017: 3986: 3956: 3700: 3690: 3677: 3630: 3618: 3520: 3265: 3067: 3007: 2876: 2790: 2627: 2439: 2322: 2196: 2021: 2016: 1883: 1833: 1813: 1808: 1783: 1758: 1655: 1560: 1480: 1400: 1375: 1300: 1237: 1072: 308: 268: 233: 159: 31: 4813: 2816:

Jacksonville Bulk Terminals Inc. v. International Longshoremen's Association

1305: 7656: 7646: 7428: 7337: 7327: 7193: 7167: 7051: 7011: 7006: 6936: 6712: 6700: 6667: 6561: 6556: 6502: 6340: 6282: 5266:"Strikes: how rising household debt could slow industrial action this year" 4806:

Popular Protest and Public Order: Six Studies in British History, 1790–1920

4505: 4279: 4268: 4247: 4196: 3871: 3626: 3414: 3172: 2992: 2884: 2823: 2798: 2591: 2451: 2384: 2366: 2330: 2314: 1763: 1713: 1708: 1693: 1650: 1635: 1605: 1530: 1515: 1490: 1450: 1410: 1385: 1350: 1265: 453: 418: 401: 298: 283: 248: 198: 193: 185: 119: 5956: 4032: 1753: 7521: 7342: 7279: 7251: 7172: 6996: 6956: 6868: 6662: 6582: 6551: 6541: 6531: 6461: 6385: 6375: 6360: 6292: 6096:"Spanish air traffic controllers marched back to work as airports reopen" 5673:"Prison officers stage unofficial walkout on day of public sector action" 5346: 4530: 4446: 4434: 4406: 4347: 4272: 4232: 4214: 4210: 4154: 4079: 3963:" in the early twentieth century, during the Russian socialist movement. 3724: 3610: 3564: 3121: 3104: 3088: 3018: 2943: 2939: 2880:

strikes – the "two red years" of Italy from 1919 to 1920.

2547:

of 1936-37. They were more common prior to the advent of modern American

2531: 2463: 2376: 2245: 1986: 1868: 1703: 1665: 1645: 1585: 1545: 1510: 1445: 1435: 1415: 1370: 1285: 1255: 1217: 1112: 955: 885: 751: 327: 154: 124: 104: 44: 3738:"Blackleg" is an older word and is found in the 19th-century folk song " 3484:, which concern industrial action notices, commenced on 1 October 2005. 3334:

A "minimum service" during strikes in public transport was a promise of

2489: 2435: 30:"Go on strike" redirects here. For the song by Lower Than Atlantis, see 7600: 7433: 7284: 7157: 7137: 7026: 7001: 6991: 6910: 6900: 6818: 6546: 6365: 6154: 6143: 5057: 4465:

plant in Dagenham, England, UK, which won equal pay for female workers.

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The scope of a no-strike clause varies; generally, the U.S. courts and

1956: 1863: 1600: 1430: 1132: 1087: 599: 293: 288: 5224: 3417:

that was causing food and fuel shortage after several days of strike.

3331:

recognized that document as being invested with constitutional value.

39: 7580: 7289: 7162: 7147: 6858: 6707: 6642: 6627: 6622: 6536: 4676:"Were Modern Ideas—and the American Revolution—Born on Ships at Sea?" 4525: 4429: 4422: 4359: 4204: 4071: 3535:

and railroad employees except in narrowly defined circumstances. The

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walked off their jobs in protest at the failure of the government of

2325:

on 14 November in 1152 BCE, when artisans of the Royal Necropolis at

1951: 1793: 1625: 1335: 1172: 1157: 1047: 1027: 1017: 662: 408: 149: 144: 4774: 4763:

H.G. Wells, Outline of History, Waverly Book Company, 1920, page 225

4382:, US 1953–Fictionalized account of an actual zinc-miners' strike in 3777: 3199: 2610:

Strikes are rare, in part because many workers are not covered by a

7496: 7056: 7041: 6637: 5981:, John Logan, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, December 2006, pp. 651–675. 3602:

prisoners is "serious misconduct" under §3315(a)(3)(L), leading to

3572: 3560: 3515: 3305: 3277: 3014: 2900: 2467: 2380: 2192: 263: 6237: 2588:, adopted in 1961, also ensures the right to strike in Article 6. 79: 7605: 7511: 7466: 6737: 6197: 6164:

Forces of Labor: Workers' Movements and Globalization Since 1870.

4775:"A History of the Questionnaire Method of Research in Psychology" 4441: 4255: 3760: 3580: 3388: 3108: 3075: 2867: 2774: 2754: 2584:, adopted in 1967, ensures the right to strike in Article 8. The 2498: 2494: 2443: 1683: 1162: 1142: 438: 7067: 5900:

Gourevitch, Alex (2018). "The Right to Strike: A Radical View".

3676:

Strike actions have also been discussed from the perspective of

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Jennings, Karen; Western, Glenda (1997). "A Right to Strike?".

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The first historically certain account of strike action was in

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Director: Chris Thomas, Brent Trades Union Council (2007 film)

4174:

about a very long and bitter strike of coal miners in Kentucky

3165:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

2582:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

2236:, and were an important mobilizing effort that contributed to 2128: 2099: 6695: 6128:

Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

3160: 3084:). The exact scope of this right to strike remains unclear. 2770: 2394: 2349: 1500: 396: 6138:

Montgomery, David. "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America,"

5415:"Flying Squads and the Crisis of Workers' Self-Organization" 4759: 4757: 4732:

Ancient Lives; the story of the Pharaoh's Tombmakers. London

4031:

Victims of a clash between striking workers and the army in

3304:

Strike actions were specifically banned with the passage of

5807: 5466:"Finding More "Meaning" in the Future of Labour Law – Slaw" 3603: 3576: 3013:

A "sickout", or (especially by uniformed police officers) "

2906:

During the development boom of the 1970s in Australia, the

2857:

A strike may consist of workers refusing to attend work or

933: 5517:"Still waiting for Nike to do it," by Tim Connor, page 70. 4664:, 2nd ed., s.v. "strike, v.," sense 17; see also sense 24. 6184:

Reconceptualizing the strike in law and political economy

4754: 3998:

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

3478:

Code of Practice on Industrial Action Ballots and Notices

3081:

Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta)

5527:'Factory to the world will soon get the right to strike' 3163:

in most East Asian cultures. In 1976, China signed the

2379:

characterized this event as "the general strike of the

3321:

Preamble to the French Constitution of 27 October 1946

3122:

People's Republic of China and the former Soviet Union

2606:

Female tailors on strike, New York City, February 1910

6032:"Internationale Transportarbeiter-Föderation: Presse" 5977:"The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States", 5717:"The Court to Rule on the Right to Strike in Germany" 3495:

and at the time repeatedly threatened strike action.

2508:

for better wages and standards with their employers.

2340:

source for the idea of a labor strike appears in the

2297:

of merchant ships at port, thus crippling the ships.

5716: 4541: 3597:

for periods of up to a year for each violation. The

3186:

referred to trade unions as "Schools of Communism".

3017:", is a type of strike action in which the strikers 6198:

News and histories of strikes from around the world

5549: 4221:(IBT) union from 1958 until 1971, was portrayed by 3609:Postal workers involved in 1978 wildcat strikes in 3347:In Italy, the right to strike is guaranteed by the 2191:, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of 5671: 5639:"Prosecutions (Attorney-General's Responsibility)" 5363:"No-Strike Clauses Hold Back Unions – Labor Notes" 5347:Bruce S. Feldacker & Michael J. Hayes (2014). 4808:. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 115–140. 4640:ozhistorybytes - Issue Eight: The History of Words 3403:company providing transportation services in Milan 3367:, under exceptional circumstances, can impose the 5351:. Cornell University Press. pp. 231, 244–46. 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5080:Abbreviated Timeline of the Modern Labor Movement 4110:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers 4014:Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization 3040:" groups for strikes or other actions, a form of 7674: 6058:https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4168084.stm 5452:Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan 4950:A Manager's Guide to Labor Relations Terminology 4947: 4871:"Camatte: Origin and Function of the Party Form" 3425:Legislation was enacted in the aftermath of the 3115:Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan 6157:, covers UK, USA, Canada, Australia and Sweden. 5934: 5303:, Economic Policy Institute (11 February 2020). 5130:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History 5102:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 5023:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 60. 4461:, 2010 – based on the strike at 3671: 3507:pending at the European Court of Human Rights. 5331: 4965: 3276:Display of demands during a strike in 2016 at 2822:refusing to work with goods for export to the 2199:. A strike usually takes place in response to 7083: 6676: 6253: 5971: 5820: 5126: 4904:"Recognition Strike Law and Legal Definition" 4646:on 1 March 2006 – via hyperhistory.org. 4421:, 1978 – loosely based on the 2344:, which records that the bakers who prepared 2153: 631: 6166:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 5658:"The real meaning of the SNC-Lavalin affair" 4712:Ägyptische Kultur im Zeitalter der Pharaonen 4022:National Air Traffic Controllers Association 3375:has to justify the decision of applying the 3171:introduced draft labor regulations, which a 2446:, and soon spread through Britain affecting 5879:"The right to work and the right to strike" 5743:"5 U.S. Code § 7311 – Loyalty and striking" 3806:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3542:International Longshore and Warehouse Union 3391:. The employees refusing to work after the 3228:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2403:Agitated workers face the factory owner in 7090: 7076: 6260: 6246: 6088: 5899: 5860:Washington University Law Review Quarterly 5043: 4992:"The Great Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902" 4984: 4898: 4896: 3319:has been recognized and guaranteed by the 2850:is required in some countries such as the 2395:During and after the Industrial Revolution 2160: 2146: 638: 624: 6987:International comparisons of labor unions 5838: 5655: 5636: 5463: 5263: 5234:1983/7ec29ae7-0441-47f7-856f-c68013308c9b 5232: 5206: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 4920: 4914: 4797: 4501:International comparisons of labor unions 3826:Learn how and when to remove this message 3469:, sections of which were repealed by the 3467:Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 3387:can also be applied by a decision of the 3248:Learn how and when to remove this message 3159:, and labor strikes are considered to be 3100:" in which case all strikes are illegal. 2597: 2300: 5618: 5616: 5292:Heidi Shierholz & Margaret Poydock, 5155:"The Best of the Texas Century—Business" 5016: 5010: 4952:. Adams, Nash & Haskell. p. 60. 4070: 4026: 3970: 3896: 3748: 3694: 3514: 3271: 3259: 3135: 2930: 2834:. Whether a no-strike clause applies to 2820:International Longshoremen's Association 2789:Metal workers doing motorized strike in 2784: 2764: 2753: 2737: 2601: 2516:criminalizing strike action in his work 2488: 2398: 2304: 2265: 38: 5979:British Journal of Industrial Relations 5876: 5856:"Is the Right to Strike a Human Right?" 5197:, National Bureau of Economic Research. 5020:Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936 4961: 4959: 4941: 4893: 4673: 4608: 4425:union and former president Jimmy Hoffa. 3887:"; they were the key fighting point in 3767: 3643:air traffic controllers' strike of 1981 3519:A strike leader addressing strikers in 2493:A general strike on 5 November 1905 in 14: 7675: 6050: 6003: 5637:Shawcross, Hartley (29 January 1951). 5570:(in French). Paris. 1841. p. 661. 5400:"A note from the editor – Twin Cities" 5382:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 5264:Gouzoulis, Giorgos (25 January 2023). 5173: 5092: 5037: 4803: 4219:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 4100:sent private security agents from the 4016:) went on strike illegally, President 3650:West Virginia teacher's strike in 2018 3329:decision on the freedom of association 3315:The right to strike under the current 2525: 7071: 6241: 5711: 5709: 5684:from the original on 12 January 2022. 5649: 5613: 5288: 5286: 4772: 4611:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy 3909: 3877: 3452:his name to a Parliamentary principle 3155:, striking was illegal and viewed as 3047: 2560:U.S. Steel recognition strike of 1901 2280: 1929:International socialist organizations 877:To each according to his contribution 5821:Leyton-García, Jorge-Andrés (2017). 5785:California Code of Regulations §3000 5089:", University of Wisconsin-La Crosse 5017:Peterson, Florence (16 April 1938). 4968:"The Primary Strike for Recognition" 4956: 3804:adding citations to reliable sources 3771: 3226:adding citations to reliable sources 3193: 3132:All-China Federation of Trade Unions 3070:in a 1987 Supreme Court ruling on a 6267: 5853: 5630: 5464:Ha-Redeye, Omar (1 February 2015). 5207:Gouzoulis, Giorgos (January 2023). 5127:Aaron Brenner; et al. (2011). 4973:University of Pittsburgh Law Review 4966:Arensberg, Charles C. (1948–1949). 4674:Worrall, Simon (1 September 2014). 4300:The Great Grunwick Strike 1976-1978 4102:Pinkerton National Detective Agency 4039:In the U.S., as established in the 3901:To bring public attention, a giant 3625:were fired under the presidency of 2203:. Strikes became common during the 314:Workers' right to access the toilet 24: 6118: 5706: 5645:. House of Commons Debates (c681). 5412: 5283: 4633: 4285:1998 Australian waterfront dispute 4235:in the 1985 television miniseries 3949: 3850:contract; such actions are called 2539:, which achieved recognition from 25: 7704: 7097: 6177: 5902:American Political Science Review 5883:University of Chicago Legal Forum 5747:LII / Legal Information Institute 5567:Réimpression de l'Ancien Moniteur 4923:Journal of Education and Practice 4191:about the unsuccessful 1985–1986 4059:Another counter to a strike is a 3937:In the US, as established in the 3711:(sometimes derogatorily called a 3684: 3420: 2883:Another unconventional tactic is 2760:2005 New York City transit strike 7586:Concentration of media ownership 6962:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6849:Labor spies in the United States 6146:, includes some comparative data 6126:Strikebreaking and Intimidation. 5656:Heintzman, Ralph (16 May 2020). 5624:"Police in strike action threat" 5133:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 234–35. 4544: 3966: 3776: 3510: 3480:, and sections 22 and 25 of the 3198: 3180:Trade unions in the Soviet Union 3128:Trade unions in the Soviet Union 3066:decision adopted the dissent by 2618:In Britain in 1926 (the year of 2220:. Notable examples are the 1980 2127: 2115: 2098: 669: 209:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 78: 6783:Enterprise bargaining agreement 6220:Strike! Famous Worker Uprisings 6069: 6023: 5997: 5984: 5928: 5893: 5870: 5847: 5840:10.4067/S0718-34372017000300781 5814: 5796: 5776: 5760: 5735: 5688: 5664: 5599: 5574: 5558: 5543: 5520: 5511: 5493: 5487:"FAQ: Back-to-work legislation" 5479: 5457: 5445: 5406: 5392: 5373: 5355: 5306: 5257: 5200: 5147: 5120: 5072: 4881: 4863: 4838: 4766: 4740:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4736:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4590:, Oxford University Press, 2009 4126: 2612:collective bargaining agreement 7032:Occupational safety and health 6006:"What is the right to strike?" 4791:10.1080/08919402.1907.10532551 4745: 4724: 4704: 4667: 4650: 4627: 4602: 4579: 4565: 4516:Occupational safety and health 4245:in the 1992 biographical film 4238:Robert Kennedy & His Times 4147: 3932:San Francisco State University 3599:California Code of Regulations 3169:Shenzhen Special Economic Zone 2964:National Labor Relations Board 2811:National Labor Relations Board 2797:Most strikes are organized by 259:Occupational safety and health 254:Occupational safety and health 13: 1: 6004:Taylor, Byron (6 June 2011). 5607:"Legge 11 Aprile 2000, n. 83" 4558: 4469: 4187:, US 1990 – A 4035:, Austria-Hungary, April 1917 3994:Employment Relations Act 1999 3606:affiliation under CCR §3000. 3482:Employment Relations Act 2004 3463:Industrial Relations Act 1971 2818:(1982), a case involving the 2750:during a strike in March 2006 2733: 2633: 2425:Statistical Society of London 2244:that followed the March 1920 762:Critique of political economy 382:Chronological list of strikes 5582:"France: Penal Code of 1810" 5213:Industrial Relations Journal 4283:, A miniseries based on the 4041:National Labor Relations Act 3939:National Labor Relations Act 3672:Jurisprudence and philosophy 3537:National Labor Relations Act 2922:National Labor Relations Act 2804:protected concerted activity 2553:National Labor Relations Act 2355:An early predecessor of the 2238:the fall of the Iron Curtain 2032:Socialist calculation debate 2002:List of socialist economists 1977:Economic calculation problem 862:Socialist mode of production 719:Socialist calculation debate 7: 6391:Duty of fair representation 6331:National trade union center 6215:Labour Law Profile: Ireland 6142:(1980) 4#1 pp. 81–104 4686:National Geographic Society 4483: 4066: 3591:Code of Federal Regulations 3436:In January 1951 during the 3298:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 3280:, a French security company 3074:brought by the province of 3068:Chief Justice Brian Dickson 2938:wielding pipes, clash with 2742:A rally of the trade union 10: 7709: 6788:Global Framework Agreement 5949:10.1177/096973309700400403 5827:Revista chilena de derecho 5550:Orlov V.N.; Bogdanov S.V. 4307: 4085: 4054: 3984: 3688: 3668:, to take similar action. 3501: 3413:to stop the strike of the 3153:People's Republic of China 3125: 2866:. A similar tactic is the 2293:, "struck" or removed the 2259: 2255: 29: 27:Work stoppage by employees 7629: 7573: 7535: 7457: 7406: 7371: 7315: 7272: 7265: 7229: 7181: 7105: 6919: 6841: 6811: 6760: 6575: 6524: 6515: 6470: 6404: 6313: 6306: 6273: 5914:10.1017/S0003055418000321 5660:. The Globe and Mail Inc. 5626:. BBC News. 28 July 2007. 5046:Journal of Labor Research 5033:– via Google Books. 4948:William R. Adams (1990). 4888:The Poverty of Philosophy 4850:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu 4710:François Daumas, (1969). 4662:Oxford English Dictionary 3465:was repealed through the 3310:French Penal Code of 1810 3189: 3052: 2558:Two examples include the 2519:The Poverty of Philosophy 2027:Socialism and LGBT rights 971:Socialist-oriented market 919:Socialist planned economy 822:Material balance planning 345:International comparisons 279:Right to rest and leisure 219:Employment discrimination 7662:Society of the Spectacle 6967:Equal pay for equal work 6803:Union security agreement 6773:Collaborative bargaining 6422:Social movement unionism 6225:18 February 2011 at the 6153:4#3 (1951), pp. 323-342 5349:Labor Guide to Labor Law 4779:The Pedagogical Seminary 4595:25 November 2022 at the 4397:fame) also participated. 4265:Newsboys' Strike of 1899 4142: 3654:teachers in other states 3342: 3057:On 30 January 2015, the 2512:condemned the theory of 966:Socialist market economy 891:Workers' self-management 857:Socialism in one country 704:Age of the Enlightenment 130:Social movement unionism 7543:Influence of mass media 7348:Narcotizing dysfunction 6613:Occupation of factories 6336:Global union federation 6082:5 February 2012 at the 5877:Weinrib, Laura (2018). 5854:Utz, Arthur F. (1987). 5586:www.napoleon-series.org 5538:Daily News and Analysis 5536:, by Venkatesan Vembu, 5104:(2011) p 428 table 663" 5085:29 October 2012 at the 4908:definitions.uslegal.com 4814:10.4324/9781003186892-3 4552:Organized labour portal 4511:Occupation of factories 4477:My computer's on strike 4395:Jencks v. United States 4384:Silver City, New Mexico 4330:("Brother"), Director: 4114:Homestead, Pennsylvania 4096:of 1892. Industrialist 3635:air traffic controllers 3059:Supreme Court of Canada 2918:United States labor law 2828:invasion of Afghanistan 2826:in protest against its 2793:, Finland in March 1971 2586:European Social Charter 2250:Social Democratic Party 2248:. It was called by the 1967:Criticism of capitalism 978:Participatory economics 812:Labour-time calculation 340:Trade union federations 335:Trade unions by country 7204:Freedom of information 6972:Exploitation of labour 6653:Organizational dissent 6208:8 October 2018 at the 6140:Social Science History 4773:Gault, Robert (1907). 4609:Mommsen, Hans (1996). 4318:("Strike"), Director: 4271:and music composed by 4083: 4046:unfair labor practices 4036: 4007:In 1962, US President 3982: 3906: 3764: 3742:" which originated in 3704: 3524: 3325:Constitutional Council 3281: 3269: 3144: 3141:Lenin Shipyard workers 3063:Justice Rosalie Abella 2950: 2926:unfair labor practices 2896: 2872:worker self-management 2794: 2782: 2769:A teachers' strike in 2762: 2751: 2624: 2607: 2598:Frequency and duration 2575:American labor history 2514:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2501: 2487: 2412: 2372:The Outline of History 2318: 2301:Pre-industrial strikes 2277: 1972:Criticism of socialism 924:Decentralized planning 827:Peer‑to‑peer economics 239:Freedom of association 52: 7591:Exploitation of women 6829:Workers' compensation 6778:Collective bargaining 6432:Members-only unionism 6229: – slideshow by 6076:Executive Order 10988 5609:. Gazzetta Ufficiale. 5193:7 August 2020 at the 5100:"U.S. Census Bureau, 4660:92, 1768), quoted in 4074: 4030: 3974: 3900: 3752: 3698: 3533:United States airline 3518: 3383:. For local strikes, 3317:French Fifth Republic 3275: 3263: 3157:counter-revolutionary 3139: 3107:lockout and the 2012 2980:jurisdictional strike 2934: 2788: 2779:Ministry of Education 2768: 2757: 2741: 2616: 2605: 2562:, and the subsequent 2545:Flint sit-down strike 2492: 2480: 2417:Industrial Revolution 2402: 2308: 2269: 2205:Industrial Revolution 224:Employment protection 204:Collective bargaining 110:Exploitation of labor 42: 6442:Open-source unionism 6356:Father of the chapel 6346:Union representative 6124:Norwood, Stephen H. 6063:6 March 2019 at the 5384:. 2023. p. 30. 5318:www.nationmaster.com 4890:, Part II, Section 5 4225:in the 1983 TV-film 3840:union strikebreaking 3800:improve this section 3768:Union strikebreaking 3595:solitary confinement 3456:criminal proceedings 3222:improve this section 3151:states, such as the 3034:Activists may form " 2781:building, March 2012 2506:collectively bargain 2478:at the time, wrote: 2311:New Kingdom of Egypt 2273:(1879), painting by 2122:Communism portal 2105:Socialism portal 797:Industrial democracy 747:Collective ownership 585:Industrial relations 574:Academic disciplines 170:National-syndicalism 140:Democratic socialism 7637:Advanced capitalism 7323:Cult of personality 7237:Advanced capitalism 7037:Occupational stress 6891:Demarcation dispute 6874:Anti-union violence 6498:Industrial unionism 6457:Solidarity unionism 6371:Vigilance committee 6351:Clerk of the chapel 6162:Silver, Beverly J. 5678:The Daily Telegraph 5532:3 July 2008 at the 5369:. 13 December 2011. 5299:26 May 2020 at the 5116:on 20 October 2011. 4681:National Geographic 4380:Herbert J. Biberman 4355:The Grapes of Wrath 4339:The Stars Look Down 4322:, Soviet Union 1924 4263:movie based on the 4217:leader who ran the 4108:, organised by the 4088:Anti-union violence 3471:Employment Act 1982 3427:1919 police strikes 3093:binding arbitration 2564:coal strike of 1902 2537:United Auto Workers 2526:Recognition strikes 2434:. After the second 2226:1981 Warning Strike 2201:employee grievances 2007:Market abolitionism 1992:Left-libertarianism 929:Inclusive Democracy 896:Workplace democracy 742:Calculation in kind 724:Socialist economics 714:Revolutions of 1848 165:Anarcho-syndicalism 7558:Semiotic democracy 7482:Civil disobedience 7394:Media manipulation 7384:Crowd manipulation 7307:Tabloid journalism 7221:Media transparency 7199:Media independence 7113:24-hour news cycle 7022:Professional abuse 6824:Union wage premium 6798:Pattern bargaining 6733:Solidarity actions 6593:Diversity training 6427:Community unionism 5505:canliiconnects.org 5433:on 19 October 2017 5058:10.1007/BF02685240 4491:Lockout (industry) 4402:The Molly Maguires 4163:Harlan County, USA 4133:civil conscription 4084: 4037: 3983: 3910:Strike preparation 3907: 3889:May 1968 in France 3878:Anti-strike action 3765: 3705: 3615:Kearny, New Jersey 3525: 3357:personality rights 3282: 3270: 3145: 3098:essential services 3048:Legal prohibitions 2951: 2942:in the streets of 2887:(also known as an 2795: 2783: 2763: 2752: 2620:the general strike 2608: 2568:police departments 2502: 2454:in Lancashire and 2413: 2385:reduced to slavery 2359:may have been the 2319: 2281:Origin of the term 2278: 2012:Marxist philosophy 832:Production for use 802:Input–output model 767:Economic democracy 274:Professional abuse 53: 7683:Strikes (protest) 7670: 7669: 7596:Freedom of speech 7414:Theodor W. Adorno 7402: 7401: 7389:Managing the news 7209:Freedom of speech 7189:Media development 7153:News broadcasting 7133:Independent media 7118:Alternative media 7065: 7064: 6947:Conflict theories 6942:Four-day workweek 6837: 6836: 6756: 6755: 6658:Industrial action 6567:Union co-op model 6511: 6510: 6483:Independent union 6447:Business unionism 6102:. 4 December 2010 5990:Arthur Koestler, 5723:. 8 December 2023 5225:10.1111/irj.12391 5161:. 20 January 2013 5140:978-0-7656-2645-5 5030:978-0-403-01148-3 4823:978-1-003-18689-2 4692:on 31 August 2014 4620:978-0-807-82249-4 4375:Salt of the Earth 4320:Sergei Eisenstein 4121:Alexander Berkman 3868:industrial unions 3856:secondary strikes 3836: 3835: 3828: 3753:Strike breakers, 3529:Railway Labor Act 3489:Police Federation 3448:Hartley Shawcross 3294:National Assembly 3258: 3257: 3250: 2968:secondary boycott 2832:secondary boycott 2731: 2730: 2474:, an observer in 2436:Chartist Petition 2421:Chartist movement 2387:at the demand of 2275:Theodor Kittelsen 2170: 2169: 1962:Communist society 1934:Socialist parties 1193:Saint-Simonianism 782:Equal opportunity 772:Economic planning 709:French Revolution 648: 647: 605:Post-work society 434:Solidarity action 244:Legal working age 100:Conflict theories 16:(Redirected from 7700: 7642:Culture industry 7611:Social influence 7564:The Lonely Crowd 7507:Political satire 7472:Call-out culture 7449:Jacques Rancière 7444:Marshall McLuhan 7419:Jean Baudrillard 7363:Viral phenomenon 7297:Public relations 7270: 7269: 7143:Mainstream media 7128:Electronic media 7092: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7068: 6952:Critique of work 6927:35-hour workweek 6718:Pen-down strikes 6674: 6673: 6525:Shops and hiring 6522: 6521: 6412:Organizing model 6311: 6310: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6092: 6086: 6073: 6067: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6034:. Archived from 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5992:Darkness at Noon 5988: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5547: 5541: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5429:. Archived from 5410: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5310: 5304: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5270:The Conversation 5261: 5255: 5254: 5236: 5204: 5198: 5184: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5109:. 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Archived from 4631: 4625: 4624: 4606: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4458:Made in Dagenham 4292:Made in Dagenham 4189:documentary film 4172:documentary film 4098:Henry Clay Frick 4094:Homestead Strike 3831: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3780: 3772: 3641:union after the 3629:, and President 3623:Washington, D.C. 3531:bans strikes by 3445:Attorney-General 3379:in front of the 3292:, passed by the 3290:Le Chapelier Law 3253: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3202: 3194: 3149:Marxist–Leninist 3039: 3038: 2912:environmentalist 2836:sympathy strikes 2777:in front of the 2647:Days not worked 2641: 2640: 2592:The Farah Strike 2472:Friedrich Engels 2352:went on strike. 2295:topgallant sails 2218:civil resistance 2162: 2155: 2148: 2134:Organized Labour 2132: 2131: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2047:Workers' council 1684:Gracchi Brothers 1208:Social democracy 951:Market socialism 939:Project Cybersyn 867:Soviet democracy 852:Social ownership 807:Internationalism 787:Free association 757:Common ownership 673: 650: 649: 640: 633: 626: 580:Critique of work 424:Pen-down strikes 135:Social democracy 82: 72: 62: 55: 54: 21: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7688:Protest tactics 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7652:Media franchise 7625: 7569: 7531: 7487:Culture jamming 7453: 7439:Walter Lippmann 7398: 7367: 7311: 7261: 7225: 7216:Media pluralism 7177: 7101: 7096: 7066: 7061: 6915: 6833: 6807: 6793:Master contract 6768:Bargaining unit 6752: 6748:Wildcat strikes 6672: 6618:Precarious work 6588:Contingent work 6571: 6517: 6507: 6466: 6400: 6326:Union organizer 6302: 6269: 6268:Organized labor 6266: 6227:Wayback Machine 6210:Wayback Machine 6180: 6121: 6119:Further reading 6116: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6100:telegraph.co.uk 6094: 6093: 6089: 6084:Wayback Machine 6074: 6070: 6065:Wayback Machine 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6038:on 2 April 2013 6030: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5976: 5972: 5933: 5929: 5898: 5894: 5875: 5871: 5852: 5848: 5819: 5815: 5810:. 2 April 2018. 5802: 5801: 5797: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5654: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5548: 5544: 5540:, 26 June 2008. 5534:Wayback Machine 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5411: 5407: 5402:. 16 July 2009. 5398: 5397: 5393: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5345: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5301:Wayback Machine 5291: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5262: 5258: 5205: 5201: 5195:Wayback Machine 5185: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5087:Wayback Machine 5077: 5073: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4998:on 21 June 2008 4990: 4989: 4985: 4964: 4957: 4946: 4942: 4919: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4824: 4802: 4798: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4751:Talmud Yoma 38a 4750: 4746: 4729: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4651: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4607: 4603: 4597:Wayback Machine 4584: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4536:The Burke Group 4486: 4472: 4388:union organizer 4358:a 1940 film by 4332:Werner Hochbaum 4310: 4195:strike against 4150: 4145: 4129: 4090: 4069: 4057: 4009:John F. Kennedy 3989: 3980:Stanisław Lentz 3969: 3952: 3950:Strike breaking 3912: 3885:wildcat strikes 3880: 3838:The concept of 3832: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3797: 3781: 3770: 3756:Chicago Tribune 3693: 3687: 3674: 3513: 3504: 3441:Attlee ministry 3423: 3409:, and the 2007 3345: 3336:Nicolas Sarkozy 3323:ever since the 3254: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3219: 3203: 3192: 3134: 3126:Main articles: 3124: 3055: 3050: 3036: 3035: 2959:sympathy strike 2897:Sciopero bianco 2864:sit-down strike 2844:wildcat strikes 2736: 2636: 2600: 2551:(including the 2528: 2397: 2362:secessio plebis 2303: 2283: 2264: 2262:List of strikes 2258: 2222:Gdańsk Shipyard 2185:British English 2166: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2097: 2090: 2089: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2042:Socialist state 2037:Socialist Party 1982:Economic system 1947: 1939: 1938: 1924: 1914: 1913: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1251: 1243: 1242: 1058:Democratic road 993: 983: 982: 909: 901: 900: 847:Social dividend 837:Sharing economy 737: 729: 728: 699: 691: 644: 615: 614: 610:Refusal of work 590:Labor economics 575: 567: 566: 565: 470: 460: 459: 458: 449:Wildcat strikes 444:Whipsaw strikes 429:Sitdown strikes 376: 366: 365: 362: 330: 320: 319: 318: 304:Toxic workplace 188: 178: 177: 174: 92: 71:Organized labor 70: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7706: 7696: 7695: 7693:Labor disputes 7690: 7685: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7477:Cancel culture 7474: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7459:Counterculture 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7424:Edward Bernays 7421: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7379:Catch and kill 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7358:Sensationalism 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7276: 7274: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7247:Bipartisanship 7244: 7242:American Dream 7239: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7047:Social support 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7017:Prison strikes 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6982:Hunger strikes 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6932:Eight-hour day 6929: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6906:Featherbedding 6903: 6898: 6896:Strikebreaking 6893: 6888: 6886:Union violence 6883: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6864:Churn and burn 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6728:Sitdown strike 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6691:General strike 6688: 6682: 6680: 6678:Strike actions 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6493:Craft unionism 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6288:Labor movement 6285: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6217: 6212: 6200: 6195: 6189:Labor Movement 6186: 6179: 6178:External links 6176: 6175: 6174: 6159: 6158: 6147: 6136: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6087: 6068: 6049: 6022: 5996: 5983: 5970: 5943:(4): 277–282. 5937:Nursing Ethics 5927: 5908:(4): 905–917. 5892: 5869: 5846: 5833:(3): 781–804. 5813: 5795: 5775: 5759: 5734: 5705: 5687: 5663: 5648: 5629: 5612: 5598: 5573: 5557: 5542: 5519: 5510: 5492: 5478: 5456: 5444: 5413:Levant, Alex. 5405: 5391: 5372: 5367:labornotes.org 5354: 5330: 5305: 5282: 5256: 5199: 5172: 5146: 5139: 5119: 5091: 5071: 5052:(2): 183–197. 5036: 5029: 5009: 4983: 4955: 4940: 4929:(8): 134–138. 4913: 4892: 4880: 4862: 4837: 4822: 4796: 4785:(3): 366–383. 4765: 4753: 4744: 4723: 4703: 4666: 4649: 4634:Taylor, Tony. 4626: 4619: 4601: 4578: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4521:Sitdown strike 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4454: 4438: 4426: 4419:Norman Jewison 4410: 4398: 4391:Clinton Jencks 4371: 4368:John Steinbeck 4351: 4335: 4323: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4276: 4252: 4243:Jack Nicholson 4208: 4185:Barbara Kopple 4179:American Dream 4175: 4168:Barbara Kopple 4159: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4128: 4125: 4086:Main article: 4068: 4065: 4056: 4053: 3985:Main article: 3978:, painting by 3968: 3965: 3957:strikebreakers 3951: 3948: 3911: 3908: 3903:inflatable rat 3879: 3876: 3844:union scabbing 3834: 3833: 3784: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3759:strike, 1986, 3744:Northumberland 3740:Blackleg Miner 3689:Main article: 3686: 3685:Strikebreakers 3683: 3673: 3670: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3493:Blair ministry 3431:British police 3422: 3421:United Kingdom 3419: 3373:prime minister 3344: 3341: 3256: 3255: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3184:Vladimir Lenin 3123: 3120: 3072:reference case 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3000:student strike 2988:rolling strike 2889:Italian strike 2852:United Kingdom 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2635: 2632: 2628:economic rents 2599: 2596: 2541:General Motors 2527: 2524: 2432:general strike 2409:Robert Koehler 2396: 2393: 2357:general strike 2327:Deir el-Medina 2302: 2299: 2287:demonstrations 2282: 2279: 2257: 2254: 2242:Weimar Germany 2175:, also called 2168: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1997:Libertarianism 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1946:Related topics 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 994: 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 975: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 916: 910: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 817:Labour voucher 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 690: 689: 684: 678: 675: 674: 666: 665: 659: 658: 646: 645: 643: 642: 635: 628: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 564: 563: 558: 556:United Kingdom 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 472: 471: 466: 465: 462: 461: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 405: 404: 399: 392:General strike 389: 384: 378: 377: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 361: 360: 355: 349: 347: 342: 337: 331: 326: 325: 322: 321: 317: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 214:Eight-hour day 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 93: 90:Labor movement 88: 87: 84: 83: 75: 74: 66: 65: 26: 18:Strike actions 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7705: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:Mediatization 7551: 7549: 7548:Media studies 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7527:Strike action 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7492:Demonstration 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7257:Pensée unique 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Digital media 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7099:Media culture 7093: 7088: 7086: 7081: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977:Forced labour 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6879:United States 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:Union busting 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713:Overtime bans 6711: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:Strike notice 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:General union 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Company union 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452:Dual unionism 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6437:One Big Union 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6417:Service model 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6396:Worker center 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6321:Labor council 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6297:public sector 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Labor history 6276: 6275: 6272: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6173: 6172:0-521-52077-0 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6134:0-8078-2705-3 6131: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5769: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5602: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5523: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5482: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419:New Socialist 5416: 5409: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5186:John Kennan, 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5160: 5159:Texas Monthly 5156: 5150: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5123: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4760: 4758: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4451:West Virginia 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4018:Ronald Reagan 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3987:Union busting 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967:Union busting 3964: 3962: 3961:black legging 3958: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3830: 3827: 3819: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3785:This section 3783: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709:strikebreaker 3702: 3701:New York City 3697: 3692: 3691:Strikebreaker 3682: 3679: 3678:jurisprudence 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631:Ronald Reagan 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:San Francisco 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3521:Gary, Indiana 3517: 3511:United States 3508: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3429:, forbidding 3428: 3418: 3416: 3415:truck drivers 3412: 3411:precettazione 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:Precettazione 3396: 3394: 3393:precettazione 3390: 3386: 3385:precettazione 3382: 3378: 3377:precettazione 3374: 3370: 3369:precettazione 3366: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3266:Pas-de-Calais 3262: 3252: 3249: 3241: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207:This section 3205: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3045: 3043: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008:hunger strike 3004: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2877:Biennio Rosso 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440:Staffordshire 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2407:. Painted by 2406: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:ancient Egypt 2316: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2276: 2272: 2271:Strike action 2268: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:labour strike 2178: 2174: 2173:Strike action 2163: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2065:Related lists 2063: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2022:Progressivism 2020: 2018: 2017:Nanosocialism 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922:Organizations 1918: 1917: 1910: 1909:Ocasio-Cortez 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829:van der Lubbe 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1366:Chernyshevsky 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250:Intellectuals 1247: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1183:Revolutionary 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118:Laissez-faire 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023:Authoritarian 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 992: 987: 986: 979: 976: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 905: 904: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 878: 875: 873: 872:Strike action 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 777:Equal liberty 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 695: 694: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 677: 676: 672: 668: 667: 664: 661: 660: 656: 652: 651: 641: 636: 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In 2350:altar 2085:Songs 2059:Lists 1864:Palme 1714:Bebel 1704:Blanc 1666:Saito 1641:Žižek 1621:Wolff 1556:James 1541:Sacco 1531:Serge 1501:Volin 1446:Gorky 1436:Wells 1431:Dewey 1416:Wilde 1401:Sorel 1386:Jones 1296:Cabet 1266:Paine 1213:State 1203:Sewer 1103:Guild 881:needs 736:Ideas 516:Malta 397:Bandh 7517:Punk 7302:Spin 6557:Bump 6381:Salt 6232:Life 6168:ISBN 6130:ISBN 6108:2010 6044:2012 6017:2021 5953:PMID 5887:2017 5808:KTLA 5754:2022 5729:2023 5593:2023 5473:2019 5439:2017 5423:ISSN 5325:2022 5277:2023 5239:ISSN 5167:2018 5135:ISBN 5025:ISBN 5004:2008 4857:2023 4818:ISBN 4698:2014 4615:ISBN 4259:, a 4213:, a 3791:any 3789:cite 3713:scab 3648:The 3604:gang 3577:Iowa 3563:and 3527:The 3487:The 3476:The 3461:The 3363:The 3213:any 3211:cite 3130:and 2962:the 2758:The 2687:135 2679:189 2671:217 2663:244 2655:296 2580:The 2466:and 2197:work 1879:Lula 1794:Nagy 1789:Tito 1754:Blum 1729:Debs 1709:Hong 1694:Roux 1646:West 1601:Ward 1586:Zinn 1336:Marx 1286:Owen 1256:More 1008:Arab 934:OGAS 491:Fiji 358:WFTU 353:ITUC 6191:at 5945:doi 5910:doi 5906:112 5835:doi 5229:hdl 5221:doi 5054:doi 4810:doi 4787:doi 4366:by 4199:in 4078:by 3923:. 3854:or 3842:or 3802:by 3579:or 3308:'s 3284:In 3224:by 2806:. 2746:in 2727:67 2719:76 2711:86 2703:90 2695:95 2462:to 2365:in 2289:in 2195:to 2183:in 1869:Che 1626:Ali 1546:Day 1306:Sue 7679:: 6098:. 6056:, 6029:, 6008:. 5959:. 5951:. 5939:. 5916:. 5904:. 5885:. 5881:. 5864:65 5862:. 5858:. 5831:44 5829:. 5825:. 5806:. 5788:, 5745:. 5719:. 5708:^ 5698:. 5676:. 5641:. 5615:^ 5584:. 5503:. 5417:. 5365:. 5333:^ 5316:. 5285:^ 5268:. 5245:. 5237:. 5227:. 5217:54 5215:. 5211:. 5175:^ 5157:. 5060:. 5048:. 4978:10 4976:. 4970:. 4958:^ 4925:. 4906:. 4895:^ 4873:. 4848:. 4826:. 4816:. 4783:14 4781:. 4777:. 4756:^ 4718:, 4684:. 4678:. 4638:. 4479:". 4231:, 4203:, 4139:. 4024:. 4000:. 3715:, 3707:A 3660:, 3645:. 3617:, 3613:, 3575:, 3571:, 3559:, 3473:. 3458:. 3443:, 3118:. 3006:A 2998:A 2995:. 2986:A 2978:A 2957:A 2895:: 2854:. 2846:. 2773:, 2522:. 2497:, 2450:, 2442:, 2375:, 2313:. 2179:, 657:on 64:on 43:A 7091:e 7084:t 7077:v 6299:) 6295:( 6261:e 6254:t 6247:v 6110:. 6078:, 6046:. 6019:. 5967:. 5947:: 5941:4 5924:. 5912:: 5843:. 5837:: 5756:. 5731:. 5702:. 5595:. 5507:. 5489:. 5475:. 5441:. 5327:. 5279:. 5253:. 5231:: 5223:: 5169:. 5143:. 5078:" 5068:. 5056:: 5050:9 5006:. 4937:. 4927:6 4910:. 4877:. 4859:. 4834:. 4812:: 4793:. 4789:: 4700:. 4623:. 4575:. 4453:. 4370:. 4287:. 4275:. 4251:. 4207:. 4181:, 4012:( 3829:) 3823:( 3818:) 3814:( 3810:. 3796:. 3351:( 3251:) 3245:( 3240:) 3236:( 3232:. 3218:. 3078:( 2161:e 2154:t 2147:v 2111:) 2107:( 879:/ 639:e 632:t 625:v 34:. 20:)

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