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of the 9.5 percent unemployment rate at the time could be the result of a mismatch. Other studies argued that a skills mismatch was a minor factor, since unemployment rose for nearly all industries and demographic groups during the "Great
Recession." A Federal Reserve Bank of New York study found no strong evidence of mismatch for construction workers, a group often alleged to be prone to structural unemployment because of the regional nature of construction.
25:
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There has been considerable debate over how much a role structural unemployment plays in the persistently high unemployment rates seen in much of the world since the 2007-09 global recession. , then president of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, said in a 2010 speech that as much as 3 percent
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Large-scale changes in the economy can be particularly challenging. For example, if a large company is the only employer in a given industry for a certain city, when it closes workers will have no competing company to move to, and the local education system and government will be burdened with many
403:
blames poor human resource practices for complaints that not enough qualified job applicants are found, such as replacing skilled HR workers with software that is less capable of matching resumes that exhibit the right combination of skills but without word-for-word alignment with a job posting.
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may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment, since it is a type of unemployment that is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction work, migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from the statistics using "seasonal adjustment"
318:
Structural unemployment is often associated with workers being unable to shift from industry to industry, but it can also happen within industries as technology changes the nature of work within a given field. This is a driver of skills gaps as technology and globalization "hollow out" many
353:. This means that they may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. The implication is that sustained high demand may lower structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of path dependence or "
386:
Some economists posit that the minimum wage is in part to blame for structural unemployment, although structural unemployment does exist even in the absence of a minimum wage. They assert that because the governmentally imposed minimum wage is higher than some individuals'
345:: if an economy suffers from long-lasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, while their skills (including job-searching skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to homelessness and a fall into the
395:
or suffers a debilitating physical condition) it is the responsibility of the state to provide for the citizen in question. When a minimum wage does not exist, more people may be employed, but they may be unemployed and thus unable to fully provide for themselves.
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and hiring from within an organization. Instead, companies attempt to avoid the time and cost of on-the-job training by hiring people from who already have experience doing the same job elsewhere (including at a competitor).
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in any given job, those individuals remain unemployed because employers legally cannot pay them what they are "worth." Others believe that in such cases (for example, when a person is
331:, except to say that for any given individual it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to easily abolish this type of unemployment.
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New technology significantly increases productivity, but requires a smaller number of higher-skilled workers. For example, fewer agricultural workers are needed when the work is
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people who need job re-training all at once (possibly at the same time the local economy fails to create new jobs due to decreased overall demand).
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caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers (also known as the
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Employers may also reject workers for reasons unrelated to skills or geography, so for example structural unemployment can also result from
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makes a specific expertise useless. For example, demand for manual typesetters disappeared with digitization of printing plate production.
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From a larger perspective, there can be a number of reasons for structural unemployment across large numbers of workers:
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Competition causes the same jobs to move to a different location, and workers do not or cannot follow. Examples:
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caused a temporary spike in demand for information technology workers, which was suddenly reversed in 2000–2001.
636:"Inside the FOMC," President's Speeches, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Aug. 17, 2010; accessed 2016-06-17
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if a match will eventually be made, perhaps with a different employer.) Cappelli also points to a decrease in
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Because it requires either migration or re-training, structural unemployment can be long-term and slow to fix.
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572:, Harvard Business School, Accenture, and Burning Glass Technologies, Nov. 14, 2014; accessed 2016-06-17
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Liberty Street
Economics blog, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, March 29, 2012; accessed 2016-06-17
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225:; those that remain must be trained to operate equipment. Another common example is the use of
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Brookings Papers on
Economic Activity, Brookings Institution, Spring 2014; accessed 2016-06-17
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Inability to relocate due to inability to sell a house (for example due to the collapse of a
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The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating
Technology and the Economy of the Future
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increases reduce the number of workers (with the same or similar skills) needed to satisfy
133:
738:
The End of Work: The
Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era
233:
and
Michael Osborne found in 2013 that almost half of U.S. jobs are at risk of automation.
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497:, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report No. 566, June 2013; accessed 2016-06-17
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middle-skill jobs, positions that traditionally have not required a college degree.
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Structural unemployment is one of three categories of unemployment distinguished by
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Lagging Demand, Not
Unemployability, Is Why Long-term Unemployment Remains So High
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Why Good People Can't Get Jobs: The Skills Gap and What
Companies Can Do About It
548:, Macroblog, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, April 9, 2012; accessed 2016-06-17
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has caused many manufacturing jobs to move from high-wage to low-wage countries.
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Decision not to relocate, in order to stay with a spouse, family, friends, etc.
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Education and work exist in two alternative worlds that don’t really connect
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509:"The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?"
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From an individual perspective, structural unemployment can be due to:
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Choice of a field of study which did not produce marketable job skills.
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Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent
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Inability to afford or decision not to pursue further education or
606:"Are the Long-Term Unemployed on the Margins of the Labor Market?"
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649:, Economic Policy Institute, Aug. 19, 2014; accessed 2016-06-17
560:, Burning Glass Technologies, Jan. 8, 2014; accessed 2016-06-17
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659:"Skills Mismatch, Construction Workers, and the Labor Market,"
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Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from
619:"Spain Runs Out of Workers with Almost 5 Million Unemployed"
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While temporary changes in overall demand for labor cause
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cities to lower-cost cities in the South and rural areas.
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can cause jobs to move as competitive advantage changes.
507:
Frey, Carl
Benedikt; Osborne, Michael A. (2017-01-01).
1798:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
478:"Structural unemployment crisis stalking U.S. economy"
168:
Productivity improving technologies (economic history)
584:
Rockefeller Foundation, May 2016; accessed 2016-06-17
546:
The structure of the structural unemployment question
132:). Structural unemployment is often brought about by
374:, emeritus professor at the IESE Business School in
788:
Brainy Robots To Lead To Longer Unemployment Lines?
596:
Urban Institute, Aug. 20, 2013; accessed 2016-06-17
136:that make the job skills of many workers obsolete.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
570:Bridge the Gap: Rebuilding America’s Middle Skills
322:
2710:
683:
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672:CyberEconomics: “Overview: Resource Markets.”
307:after harvesting is complete, and workers in
513:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
506:
816:
802:
2540:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
594:"Consequences of Long-Term Unemployment,"
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2384:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
1066:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
741:, New York: Tarcher–G.P. Putnam's Sons,
2565:Credentialism and educational inflation
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2436:List of countries by unemployment rate
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229:to automate manufacturing. A study by
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797:
1334:Practice-based professional learning
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311:after the tourist season ends. The
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1882:Workers' right to access the toilet
264:Political changes, for example the
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1946:Corporate collapses and scandals
404:(This actually may be a form of
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16:Form of involuntary unemployment
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243:moved from what are now called
186:Inability to afford relocation.
34:needs additional citations for
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1818:Occupational health psychology
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525:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
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323:Relation to other unemployment
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2534:Works Progress Administration
2426:Unemployment Convention, 1919
1838:Personal protective equipment
1391:Occupational Outlook Handbook
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284:and cultural factors such as
2615:Psychopathy in the workplace
1788:Human factors and ergonomics
438:Natural rate of unemployment
266:collapse of the Soviet Union
7:
2600:Narcissism in the workplace
1813:Occupational exposure limit
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10:
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2529:Civil Works Administration
2411:Technological unemployment
1887:Workplace health promotion
1344:Professional certification
1041:Personality–job fit theory
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239:Manufacturing jobs in the
164:Technological unemployment
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777:Resources in your library
688:. Wharton Digital Press.
582:"Long-Term Unemployment,"
193:or of the local economy).
58:"Structural unemployment"
2678:Aspects of organizations
2359:Involuntary unemployment
1920:Equal pay for equal work
1843:Repetitive strain injury
1349:Professional development
1339:Professional association
1021:Letter of recommendation
713:Ford, Martin R. (2009),
433:Involuntary unemployment
389:marginal revenue product
126:involuntary unemployment
2663:Aspects of corporations
2625:Slow movement (culture)
2504:Employer of last resort
2406:Structural unemployment
2344:Frictional unemployment
1783:Epilepsy and employment
1670:Performance-related pay
1604:National average salary
1522:996 working hour system
768:Structural unemployment
717:, Acculant Publishing,
684:Peter Cappelli (2012).
448:Post-industrial society
406:frictional unemployment
393:intellectually disabled
329:frictional unemployment
145:frictional unemployment
122:Structural unemployment
2673:Aspects of occupations
2479:Unemployment insurance
2431:Unemployment extension
2401:Reserve army of labour
2206:Constructive dismissal
2013:Sleeping while on duty
1978:Exploitation of labour
1860:Sick building syndrome
1036:Person–environment fit
906:Independent contractor
674:Accessed June 29, 2012
495:Mismatch. Unemployment
453:Reserve army of labour
423:Classical unemployment
379:
2683:Aspects of workplaces
2421:Unemployment benefits
2416:Types of unemployment
2354:Graduate unemployment
2248:Letter of resignation
1877:Workers' compensation
1870:Occupational fatality
1379:Vocational university
979:Employment counsellor
558:Production Skills Gap
458:Types of unemployment
399:Management professor
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343:cyclical unemployment
335:Seasonal unemployment
301:seasonal unemployment
297:cyclical unemployment
257:Free trade agreements
162:Further information:
149:cyclical unemployment
134:technological changes
2489:Job creation program
2265:Mandatory retirement
2218:Employee offboarding
2038:Workplace incivility
2033:Workplace harassment
1808:Occupational disease
1803:Occupational burnout
1718:Disability insurance
1562:Workweek and weekend
1369:Vocational education
1284:Continuing education
1122:Permanent employment
43:improve this article
2394:Recession-proof job
2389:Lists of recessions
2327:Economic depression
2275:Retirement planning
2156:Work–life interface
1993:Employee monitoring
1961:Corporate behaviour
1951:Accounting scandals
1833:Occupational stress
1823:Occupational injury
1359:Reflective practice
1354:Professional school
1076:Work-at-home scheme
996:Induction programme
974:Employment contract
954:Business networking
428:Deindustrialization
158:Causes and examples
143:, the others being
2657:See also templates
2494:Job creation index
2458:Youth unemployment
2322:Discouraged worker
2211:Wrongful dismissal
2191:At-will employment
2064:Civil conscription
2028:Workplace bullying
1915:Affirmative action
1897:Workplace wellness
1828:Occupational noise
1469:Long service leave
1329:Overspecialization
1309:Induction training
1264:Career development
484:. October 6, 2009.
290:sexual orientation
231:Carl Benedikt Frey
191:real estate bubble
2706:
2705:
2605:Post-work society
2585:Kiss up kick down
2317:Barriers to entry
2282:Severance package
2114:Human trafficking
2008:Sexual harassment
1988:Employee handbook
1907:Equal opportunity
1770:Safety and health
1760:Take-home vehicle
1374:Vocational school
1324:Lifelong learning
1299:Further education
1259:Career counseling
1254:Career assessment
1031:Overqualification
790:October 25, 2008.
786:Ganapati, Priya.
763:Library resources
748:978-0-87477-779-6
227:industrial robots
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2693:Critique of work
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2575:Evil corporation
2441:Employment rates
2364:Jobless recovery
2332:Great Depression
2292:Golden parachute
2287:Golden handshake
2084:Job satisfaction
2074:Critique of work
1892:Workplace phobia
1723:Health insurance
1680:Wage compression
1648:Progressive wage
1507:35-hour workweek
1474:No call, no show
1464:Leave of absence
1314:Knowledge worker
1242:Master craftsman
1046:Personality hire
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1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1738:Parental leave
1735:
1733:Marriage leave
1730:
1728:Life insurance
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
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1657:
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1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Income bracket
1580:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Eight-hour day
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
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1471:
1466:
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1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1274:Creative class
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1232:Apprenticeship
1228:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:Scarlet-collar
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
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1028:
1023:
1018:
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1008:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
916:Temporary work
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
884:Skilled worker
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
829:
828:
821:
820:
813:
806:
798:
792:
791:
780:
779:
773:
772:
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
747:
733:Rifkin, Jeremy
729:
724:978-1448659814
723:
708:
705:
702:
701:
695:978-1613630143
694:
676:
663:
651:
639:
628:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
499:
487:
468:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
418:
415:
401:Peter Cappelli
372:Sandalio Gomez
366:
364:
362:
359:
347:vicious circle
324:
321:
313:dot-com bubble
303:often affects
278:discrimination
270:
269:
262:
261:
260:
254:
248:
234:
219:
209:
204:Technological
198:
197:
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187:
184:
181:
159:
156:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2731:
2720:
2717:
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2699:
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2651:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
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2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Make-work job
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Right to work
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Job guarantee
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Make-work job
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
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2434:
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2409:
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2325:
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2300:
2297:
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2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Restructuring
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Notice period
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
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2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Unfree labour
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Bonded labour
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Whistleblower
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Control fraud
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:Glass ceiling
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
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1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:Work accident
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:United States
1851:
1850:
1849:
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1841:
1839:
1836:
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1779:
1776:
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1767:
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1758:
1754:
1753:United States
1751:
1750:
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1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Casual Friday
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Paid time off
1663:
1661:
1660:Overtime rate
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:United States
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
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1610:
1607:
1606:
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1600:
1597:
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1573:
1569:
1563:
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1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Four-day week
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
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1467:
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1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Practice firm
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
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1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Employability
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
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1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
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1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Orange-collar
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1142:Working class
1139:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Job interview
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
937:
933:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Part-time job
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Full-time job
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
830:
826:
819:
814:
812:
807:
805:
800:
799:
796:
789:
785:
784:
778:
775:
774:
769:
764:
750:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
720:
716:
711:
710:
697:
691:
687:
680:
673:
667:
660:
655:
648:
643:
637:
632:
624:
623:Bloomberg.com
620:
614:
607:
602:
595:
590:
583:
578:
571:
566:
559:
554:
547:
542:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
496:
491:
483:
479:
473:
469:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
414:
411:
407:
402:
397:
394:
390:
384:
377:
373:
369:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
336:
332:
330:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
267:
263:
258:
255:
252:
251:Globalization
249:
246:
242:
241:United States
238:
237:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
202:
201:
195:
192:
188:
185:
182:
179:
175:
174:
173:
169:
165:
155:
152:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:is a form of
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2719:Unemployment
2630:Toxic leader
2610:Presenteeism
2590:Labor rights
2580:Going postal
2555:Bullshit job
2538:
2523:
2518:
2405:
2309:Unemployment
2161:Downshifting
2144:Wage slavery
2124:Penal labour
2079:Dead-end job
2069:Conscription
1848:Right to sit
1703:Annual leave
1685:Working poor
1621:Minimum wage
1599:Maximum wage
1557:Working time
1547:Six-hour day
1449:Career break
1411:Professional
1205:Black-collar
1175:White-collar
1155:Green-collar
1132:Volunteering
969:Drug testing
959:Cover letter
899:Tradesperson
767:
736:
714:
707:Bibliography
685:
679:
666:
654:
642:
631:
625:. July 2016.
622:
613:
601:
589:
577:
565:
553:
541:
516:
512:
502:
490:
481:
472:
398:
385:
381:
371:
367:
340:
338:techniques.
333:
326:
317:
309:resort towns
305:farm workers
294:
280:, including
275:
271:
212:Productivity
206:obsolescence
199:
178:job training
171:
153:
138:
129:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2519:Historical:
2243:Resignation
2183:Termination
2166:Slow living
2134:Truck wages
2119:Labour camp
2047:Willingness
1939:Infractions
1594:Living wage
1542:Remote work
1210:Gold-collar
1165:Pink-collar
1160:Grey-collar
1150:Blue-collar
1117:Labour hire
1092:Cooperative
1056:Recruitment
1011:Job hunting
944:Application
926:Wage labour
911:Labour hire
864:Job sharing
519:: 254–280.
2453:Wage curve
2260:Retirement
2173:Workaholic
2151:Work ethic
2018:Wage theft
2003:Labour law
1998:Evaluation
1983:Dress code
1748:Sick leave
1713:Child care
1675:Salary cap
1589:Income tax
1552:Shift work
1489:Time clock
1484:Sick leave
1479:Sabbatical
1444:Break room
1432:Attendance
1401:Profession
1386:Mentorship
1364:Retraining
1289:E-learning
1185:New-collar
1180:Red-collar
1127:Supervisor
1107:Internship
1026:Onboarding
894:Technician
889:Journeyman
859:Gig worker
825:Employment
464:References
355:hysteresis
223:mechanized
141:economists
130:skills gap
99:March 2010
69:newspapers
2640:Workhouse
2560:Busy work
2374:Recession
2238:Pink slip
2196:Dismissal
2059:Careerism
1653:Singapore
1631:Hong Kong
1499:Schedules
1418:Tradesman
1319:Licensure
1279:Education
1249:Avocation
1190:No-collar
1170:Precariat
1051:Probation
1006:Job fraud
533:0040-1625
245:Rust Belt
2713:Category
2548:See also
2474:Workfare
2299:Turnover
1695:Benefits
1576:salaries
1537:Overtime
1527:Flextime
1459:Gap year
1454:Furlough
1423:Vocation
1406:Operator
1269:Coaching
1224:training
1102:Employer
1097:Employee
1001:Job fair
879:Side job
735:(1995),
417:See also
2524:U.S.A.:
2129:Peonage
2104:Slavery
2054:Boreout
1793:Karoshi
1743:Pension
1532:On-call
1237:Artisan
921:Laborer
482:Reuters
361:Debates
351:poverty
282:ableism
83:scholar
2228:Layoff
1778:Crunch
1636:Europe
1626:Canada
1614:Europe
1220:Career
1061:Résumé
936:Hiring
844:Casual
765:about
745:
721:
692:
531:
376:Madrid
216:demand
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2089:McJob
1609:World
1572:Wages
1439:Break
1085:Roles
90:JSTOR
76:books
1574:and
1222:and
989:list
743:ISBN
719:ISBN
690:ISBN
529:ISSN
286:race
166:and
147:and
62:news
1112:Job
521:doi
517:114
357:."
349:of
288:or
45:by
2715::
621:.
527:.
515:.
511:.
480:.
370:—
292:.
151:.
817:e
810:t
803:v
751:.
727:.
698:.
535:.
523::
268:.
218:.
180:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
