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1102:
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The next step after making the casts was to have been reducing them to skeletons. Neither of those steps, making the casts nor reducing the corpses to skeletons, was carried out. In 1944, with the approach of the Allies, there was concern over the possibility that the corpses could be discovered. In
September 1944, Sievers telegrammed Brandt: "The collection can be defleshed and rendered unrecognizable. This, however, would mean that the whole work had been done for nothing – at least in part – and that this singular collection would be lost to science, since it would be impossible to make plaster casts afterwards." And so it was left, as the camp was evacuated in September 1944, and the human remains were left at a room in the Reichs University of Strasbourg.
1429:
469:
58:
571:
579:
587:
734:
742:
1323:
1335:
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1207:
1299:). Rachel Gordon and Joachim Zepelin translated the introduction to the book to English, at the web site where the whole book, including the biographies of the 86 people, is posted in German. Lang recounts in detail the story of how he determined the identities of the 86 victims gassed for Hirt's project of the Jewish skull collection. Forty-six of these individuals were originally from
1364:, from 9 April to 5 May 1946. All of the accused were found guilty; of these, three were sentenced to death and two hanged. Hartjenstein's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment on 1 June 1946. However, he was tried a second time by the British for hanging a POW who was a member of the Royal Air Force. He died of a heart attack while awaiting execution on 20 October 1954.
693:
executed under the supervision of Dr. Plaza and Dr. Rhode, in his section on
Capital Punishment (Les exécutions capitales), as to the intent of the RSHA of Berlin, Reichssicherheitshauptamt, to have them disappear with no trace, as their names were not recorded as being at this camp. Stonehouse later sketched the four women which aided in their identification.
768:
England with the help of the resistance, and Mr
Habgood was hanged on 31 July 1944. His death was acknowledged as a war crime in 1947 and his family was informed, but the most personal evidence of his presence there, a silver bracelet with his name on it, emerged from the soil in July 2018, as an area with flowers was being watered by a volunteer.
1314:, indicated that it did not want to: "celebrate the inauguration of this morbid place", having " nothing to do with those intended for mass murder", specifying that "it is a symbolic place for the camp and its activities in connection with the Reichsuniversität Straßburg" which is perceived as a lack of sensitivity towards mourners.
1945:
il est envoyé au camp de
Natzwiller-Struthof, en Alsace, et devient un déporté "Nacht und Nebel", de la catégorie de ceux que l'on doit faire disparaître dans "la nuit et le brouillard". . . . Les alliés approchant, il est transféré au début du mois de septembre 1944 à Dachau, près de Munich. Mais un
1194:
at
Natzweiler-Struthof on several days in August and their corpses, 57 men and 29 women, were sent to Strasbourg for study. Natzweiler-Struthof was considered the better place for gassing the selected victims (better than at Auschwitz), as they would die one by one, with no damage to the corpses, and
651:
The camp became a war zone in late summer 1944, and was evacuated in early
September 1944. Prior to the evacuation of the camp, 141 prisoners were shot dead on 31 August – 1 September 1944. The 70th anniversary of this execution of those who resisted Nazi occupation was commemorated at the museum in
533:
prisoners, in most cases, people of the resistance movements. It was a labor camp and a transit camp, as many prisoners were sent to other Nazi concentration camps before the final evacuation. As the war continued, it became a death camp as well. Some people died of exhaustion from the work they had
1448:
burned the camp museum, with the loss of important artifacts. Structures were rebuilt, placing the artifacts that survived the fire as they were found originally. The reconstructed camp museum was officially opened on 29 June 1980. The
European Centre of Deported Resistance Members, a new structure
1221:
The next part of the process for this "collection" was to bring the corpses to the Reichs
University, where Hirt's plan was to make anatomical casts of the bodies. Photos of the corpses as found by the Allies who saw them in the Reichs University make the totality of the strange project quite real.
409:
The camp is preserved as a museum in memory of those held or killed there. The
European Centre of Deported Resistance Members is located at this museum, focusing on those held. A monument to the departed stands at the site. The present museum was restored in 1980 after damage by neo-Nazis in 1976.
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Hartjenstein's postwar fate consisted of many trials. First, he was arrested by the
British and sentenced to life imprisonment on June 1, 1946, at Wuppertal for executing four resistance members. Then he was again tried by the British for hanging a POW who was a member of the Royal Air Force and
767:
British bomber Sergeant Frederic ("Freddie") Habgood was hanged at this camp, after his Lancaster bomber crashed in Alsace on 27 July 1944 and he was betrayed to the Nazis by a local woman. Two died as a result of the crash, three survived as prisoners of war in a camp in Poland, one returned to
617:
was also stationed in this camp for a time. August Hirt committed suicide in June 1945; his suicide was unknown for many years, and he was tried in absentia in 1953 at Metz for his war crimes, including the Jewish skull collection, begun at Auschwitz, continued at Natzweiler-Struthof, and at the
541:
war industry, through contracts with private industry. The work was done mainly at the numerous annex camps, some of them located in mines or tunnels to protect them from Allied air raids. Work, hunger, darkness and lack of health care caused many epidemics; mortality rates could reach 80%. Some
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In 1951, the remains of the 86 victims were reinterred in one location in the Cronenbourg-Strasbourg Jewish Cemetery. On 11 December 2005, memorial stones engraved with the names of the 86 victims were placed at the cemetery. One is at the site of the mass grave, the other along the wall of the
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leader, witnessed the arrival of the four women and the events leading up to their execution and cremation; both men testified to the executions of the four women in post-war trials. The two men were sent to Dachau, where they were liberated. Roger Boulanger writes of the four British SOE women
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succeeded in identifying all the victims, by comparing a list of inmate numbers of the 86 corpses at the Reichs University in Strasbourg, surreptitiously recorded by Hirt's French assistant Henri Henrypierre, with a list of numbers of inmates vaccinated at Auschwitz. The names and biographical
625:
Some prisoners were executed directly, by hanging, by gunshot or by gas. The female prisoner-population in the camp was small, and only seven SS women served in Natzweiler-Struthof camp (compared to more than 600 SS men) and 15 in the Natzweiler complex of subcamps. The main duty of the female
375:. It was a labor camp, a transit camp and, as the war went on, a place of execution. Some died of exhaustion and starvation – there were an estimated 22,000 deaths at the camp and its network of subcamps. Many prisoners were moved to other camps; in particular, in 1944 the former head of
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In 1943, the inmates selected at Auschwitz were transported to Natzweiler-Struthof. They spent two weeks eating well in barracks there in Block 13, so they would be good specimens of normal size. The deaths of 86 inmates were, in the words of Hirt, "induced" at a jury rigged
406:, whose purpose was to portray Jews as racially inferior, at the camp. A documentary movie was made about the 86 named men and women who were killed there for that project. Some of the people responsible for atrocities in this camp were brought to trial after the war ended.
367:
basis in 1940. It operated from 21 May 1941 to September 1944, and was the only concentration camp established by the Germans in the territory of pre-war France. The camp was located in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft).
1946:
ordre, probablement signé Kaltenbrünner, le condamne à disparaître avant l'arrivée des alliés. Le 19 avril 1945, dix jours seulement avant l'arrivée des Américains, il est lâchement abattu d'une balle dans la nuque avant d'être incinéré au crématoire du camp.
1488:). Its goal was to explain what happened at Reich University of Strasbourg, at Natzweiler-Struthof, in the strange use of science in this Nazi project to eliminate the Jews, but keeping some remains for history and science, the project never fully completed.
1795:
As a means of further camouflage so that the SS at large would not suspect the purpose of these experiments, the preliminary tests for the efficacy of this method were performed exclusively on children imprisoned in the Natzweiler concentration
1263:. August Hirt, who conceived the project, was sentenced to death in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953. It was unknown at the time that Hirt had shot himself in the head on 2 June 1945 while in hiding in the
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sentenced to death by firing squad on June 5 of that year. He was then extradited to France, where he was tried for his crimes at Natzweiler and sentenced to death. He died of a heart attack while awaiting execution on October 20, 1954.
1303:, Greece. The 86 were from eight countries in German-occupied Europe: Austria, Netherlands, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Belgium and Poland. The biographies of all 86 people are described in English on a web site set up by Lang.
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was established in February 1944 to extract crude oil from oil shale. The total number of prisoners at all of the Natzweiler subcamps was an estimated 19,000 of whom between 7,000 and 8,000 were in the main camp at Natzweiler.
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A documentary film was shown in 2014 about the 86 people who were murdered in the camp and whose remains were later identified by name, as described above in The Jewish skull collection section. The film "The names of the 86"
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outside the main camp, which was not used for mass extermination but for selective extermination, as part of the human experimentation programs, in particular on the problems of fighting a war, like typhus among the troops.
3757:
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644:, stated that some children were murdered at Natzweiler-Struthof for the sole purpose of testing poisons for inconspicuous executions of Nazi officials and prisoners. Such executions of took place at
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480:
in the spring of 1941, in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft). The camp operated between 21 May 1941 and the beginning of September 1944, when the
519:
The total number of prisoners reached 52,000 over the three years, of 32 nationalities. Inmates originated from various countries, including Poland, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, France,
1386:
Fritz Hartjenstein (commandant): death sentence, commuted to life (Wuppertal), death sentence by British (Rastatt), death sentence by French Court (Metz), died before sentence was carried out
2485:"[Victims of medical research at Natzweiler, from "Die Namen der Nummern: Eine Initiative zur Erinnerung an 86 jĂĽdische Opfer eines Verbrechens von NS-Wissenschaftlern"] (ID: 20733)"
707:, a member of the French Resistance who was interned at Struthof between April and September 1944, documented his ordeal in drawings which are now in the Struthof Concentration Camp Museum.
4897:
2647:
1398:, adjutant and deputy of commander Fritz Hartjenstein, committed suicide in Wuppertal prison in April 1946 before his trial. He was accused of having murdered four British female spies.
1349:
Josef Kramer, the former commandant of the camp during the time of the Jewish skull collection project, was arrested at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 17 April 1945 and tried at
3301:
1449:
at the site, opened in November 2005, and at the same time, "the museum was entirely redesigned to focus solely on the history of Natzweiler concentration camp and its subcamps."
3747:
1171:). In a 2013 documentary by Sonia Rolley and others, two historians remark that "Hirt is one of the most absolutely criminal of National Socialist ideology," adds the historian
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supervisors in Natzweiler was to guard the few women who came to the camp for medical experiments or to be executed. The camp also trained several female guards who went to the
1140:) in the annexed region of Alsace, a project of great scope. Some initial study of the corpses was performed, but the progress of the war stalled completion of the collection.
1726:
3442:
3289:
3104:– A Project of Hans-Joachim Lang. List of all 86 victims of the Jewish Skeleton Collection (in German – also in English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Dutch, Norwegian and Polish)
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The commandant of Natzweiler at the time that four female resistance agents were executed, Fritz Hartjenstein and five others were tried by a British war crimes court at
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was an attempt by the Nazis to create an anthropological display to showcase the alleged racial inferiority of the "Jewish race" and to emphasize the status of Jews as
4000:
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75:
1040:
1601:
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which existed throughout the war but was never part of the concentration camp system. The Natzweiler-Struthof main camp on 1 May 1941 was established nearby at
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camp, then brought to Natzweiler-Struthof both to eat well and then to be murdered by gas, and their corpses brought to the Anatomy Institute of at the Reich
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1241:. Beger was found guilty, although he was credited for pre-trial imprisonment and served no time. Also named as associated with this project are doctor
4827:
3174:
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2533:
1176:
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1237:, were accused of making selections at Auschwitz of Jewish prisoners for Hirt's collection of 'racial types', the man who devised the project of the
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in the British-occupied sector for other crimes committed in Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. He was sentenced on 16–17 November 1945 and was hanged at
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4697:
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Lang, Hans-Joachim, The names of the numbers. How I succeeded in identifying the 86 victims of a NAZI crime. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 2004,
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Present-day appearance: the crematorium was in the building on the right, while the flat, bare spaces are where the barracks were located.
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703:, was detained at Natzweiler-Struthof, then was executed by the Gestapo in Dachau days before that camp was liberated and the war ended.
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2614:
3325:
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2042:"Family of World War Two Lancaster bomber reunited with his bracelet 74 years after it rose to surface of concentration camp ash pit"
1928:
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1734:
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traces the story of 106-year-old Boris Pahor, believed to be the oldest known survivor of the Nazi concentration camps at the time.
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by the Allies. Through 1945, Natzweiler-Struthof had a complex of about 70 subcamps or annex camps. (For the system of subcamps see
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2619:
A Biographical Dictionary of War Crimes Proceedings, Collaboration Trials and Similar Proceedings Involving France in World War II
1782:
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1958:
1511:
689:
508:
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384:
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Mitscherlich, Fred Mielke: Medicine without humanity: documents of the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, Frankfurt am Main 1995, p. 216
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2985:
2759:"Even in Auschwitz . . . Humanity Could Prevail:British POWs and Jewish Concentration-Camp Inmates at IG Auschwitz 1943–1945"
1757:
1310:
In 2022, the gas chamber was reopened to the public, but the European Center for Deported Resistance Fighters (CERD), led by
4812:
1307:
cemetery. Another plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital.
783:, tells that he took part in the construction of the Struthof concentration camp, in the context of his forced labor tasks.
4421:
4358:
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2896:
Struthof : le KL-Natzweiler et ses kommandos : une nébuleuse concentrationnaire des deux côtés du Rhin; 1941–1945
1809:
1633:
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2350:
1636:[Commemoration of the executions of 141 resistance fighters at Struthof] (in French). Natzwiler, France: l'Alsace
2422:[Skeletons for Strasbourg: One of the most gruesome crimes of science in the "Third Reich" is finally cleared].
1853:
Case No. 31. Trial Of Werner Rohde And Eight Others, British Military Court, Wuppertal, Germany, 29th May-1st June, 1946
371:
About 52,000 prisoners were estimated to be held there during its time of operation. The prisoners were mainly from the
3932:
3678:
3036:
2079:
1605:
3406:
3255:
1984:
1810:"2 SAS Regiments, War Crimes Investigations, and British Intelligence: Intelligence Officers and the Natzweiler Trial"
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3011:
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The first camp commandant, Hans HĂĽttig, was sentenced to life in prison on 2 July 1954 by a French military court in
1128:" (master race). The people who were to serve as best examples of the "Jewish race" were selected from people at the
3401:
3250:
468:
57:
3947:
3465:
3413:
3274:
3214:
2420:"Skelette für Straßburg Eines der grausigsten Wissenschaftsverbrechen des "Dritten Reiches" ist endlich aufgeklärt"
1516:
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1024:
619:
429:
1783:"War Crimes and Their Motivation: The SocioPsychological Structure of the SS and the Criminalization of a Society"
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In memory; Honneur et Patrie (Honor and country) / Ossa Humiliata from Psalm 50-51 (bones which have been humbled)
570:
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2272:[A documentary about a misunderstood Nazi crime winning at Waterloo] (in French). RFI les voix du monde
2140:
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500:
392:
372:
237:
2388:[The names of the numbers]. Translated by Rachel Gordon; Joachim Zepelin. Berlin. 2007. Archived from
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524:
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3337:
3202:
2673:
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661:
68:
2094:
1199:, acting commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof (who was a LagerfĂĽhrer at Auschwitz and the last commandant of
831:
about his experiences in the camp. The novel was later translated into numerous other European languages.
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Today's Best Military Writing: The Finest Articles on the Past, Present, and Future of the U.S. Military
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in connection with atrocities committed during his tenure as commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof. He was
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2206:
1574:
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4592:
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3449:
3313:
3238:
2322:
2010:
1687:
1279:
489:
380:
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2562:[Bas-Rhin: The gas chamber of the Struthof concentration camp, witness to the Nazi horror].
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1851:
1287:
586:
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The Belsen Trial: Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 Others from 'Law Reports of Trials of·War Criminals'
1186:, is an example of this investment of politics by science, or science by politics that is Nazism."
1133:
827:
795:
631:
504:
416:
304:
291:
17:
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2560:"Bas-Rhin : La chambre à gaz du camp de concentration du Struthof, témoin de l'horreur nazie"
2511:"The Names of the Numbers: In Memoriam of 86 Jewish People who Fell Victim to the Nazi Scientists"
2484:
1888:
C'était une fonction spécifique du camp. Les victimes devaient disparaître sans laisser de traces.
1009:
The following private firms used Natzweiler-Struthof camp's inmates for labor in their factories:
562:
Aircraft Company which eventually employed 3,000 prisoners in forced labor. Another annex camp at
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scientific institute that researched the archaeological and cultural history of the hypothesized
1113:
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614:
403:
336:
114:
49:
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4352:
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810:. In total, 504 Norwegians were imprisoned at Natzweiler. Only 266 of them returned home alive.
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approached. Only a small staff of Nazi SS personnel remained when the camp was liberated by the
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3922:
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2622:
2309:
Under cross-examination he admitted having gassed 80 prisoners previously at Natzweiller camp.
1440:
Memorial to the Struthof Concentration Camp and its experiments, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
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to do while starving. Deaths have been estimated at 22,000 at the main camp and the subcamps.
4923:
4727:
4529:
4268:
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3643:
2111:"How a once-neglected Slovenian writer survived the Nazis camps to live to 108 – The Forward"
1874:[The history of the Natzweiler-Struthof camp]. CRDP Champagne-Ardenne. Archived from
1311:
1159:
who was responsible for procuring and preparing the corpses as part of his management of the
787:
4792:
2598:[Racial murders were also committed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp].
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Unterlagen zu den Röchling-Prozessen: Urteile des General-Gerichts und des Obersten Gerichts
4747:
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2359:] (documentary) (in French). Alsace, France: Temps Noir. 10 minutes in. Archived from
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Militärregierung der Französischen Besatzungszone in Deutschland, Oberstes Gericht (1949).
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Die Namen der Nummern: Wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren
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The names of the numbers: How it was possible to identify the 86 victims of a Nazi crime
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730:, Israel's Holocaust Memorial, for hiding Jewish children in Catholic boarding schools.
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On 23 November 1944, this camp with its small staff was discovered and liberated by the
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3018:, written as an historical account by a former inmate, based on interviews and research
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2299:. Vol. II. London: The United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1947. pp. 39–40
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concentration camp was brought in to evacuate the prisoners of Natzweiler-Struthof to
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3126:
History of the Natzweiler-Struthof Camp by Roger Boulanger, camp survivor (in French)
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1203:) personally carried out the gassing of 80 of the 86 victims at Natzweiler-Struthof.
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280:
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1931:(in French). Le Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération. December 14, 2001. Archived from
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in Natzweiler-Struthof examines an urn used to hold the ashes of cremated prisoners.
1090:
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and murdered by the Gestapo after re-capture, were cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof.
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1346:. In 1956, he was released from detention after being imprisoned for eleven years.
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2182:"In Re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposal"
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Recent research identified the 86 people murdered for the Jewish skull collection
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2207:"Elenco delle aziende e dei campi di concentramento ricorrendo al lavoro forzato"
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252:
110:
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2580:[Alsace: The Struthof concentration camp until the end of its history].
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A dramatic monument (including a bronze figure supine and emaciated) stands in
1354:
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806:. Both were imprisoned at Natzweiler for distribution of illegal newspapers in
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711:
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3130:
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1270:
For many years only a single victim, Menachem Taffel (prisoner no. 107969), a
563:
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worked in quarries, but many worked in the arms industry at various subcamps.
477:
160:
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Nacht und Nebel; mijn verhaal uit Duitse gevangenissen en concentratiekampen
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2578:"Alsace: Le camp de concentration du Struthof jusqu'au bout de son histoire"
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4298:
4234:
4229:
4174:
4123:
3607:
3558:
3152:
2181:
1413:
1300:
1264:
1210:
1196:
1164:
1052:
873:
803:
665:
543:
520:
352:
268:
260:
170:
124:
4559:
3831:
2419:
4622:
4459:
4179:
4113:
3568:
3505:
3022:
1499:
1417:
1230:
1191:
1172:
1148:
854:
814:
776:
757:
602:
595:
485:
411:
399:
248:
3100:
2209:[List of companies and concentration camps using forced labor].
2133:
The camp men: the SS officers who ran the Nazi concentration camp system
2008:
1350:
546:
moved its aircraft engine factory from Berlin to a gypsum mine near the
4802:
4742:
4239:
4159:
1168:
1125:
910:
786:
Notable Norwegian prisoners at Natzweiler include newspaper editor and
727:
669:
627:
453:
445:
356:
344:
272:
2596:"Im KZ Natzweiler-Struthof wurden auch Morde des Rassenwahns begangen"
1849:
1217:
at Belsen before being removed to the POW cage at Celle, 17 April 1945
4504:
4396:
3819:
3619:
2349:
Rolley, Sonia; Ramonet, Axel and Tancrède (directors) (May 2, 2013).
1480:
Another documentary was made about the skull project in 2013, titled
1361:
1214:
1160:
1129:
865:
780:
547:
538:
449:
376:
165:
2842:
2928:
Nacht und Nebel; my story in German prisons and concentration camps
1859:. London, UK: The United Nations War Crimes Commission. p. 54.
1477:) was directed by Emmanuel Heyd and Raphael Toledano (Dora Films).
1445:
839:
The camp had five commandants and numerous doctors in its history.
817:
was imprisoned at the camp in 1944. Pahor was later transported to
599:
555:
362:
128:
35:
2462:] (in German) (hardback ed.). Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH.
1380:
Peter Straub: death sentence (executed by hanging 11 October 1946)
1124:("super-humans") Aryan race which the Nazis considered to be the "
590:
French resistance members inspect the crematorium after liberation
436:. That region, adjacent to the German border, was chosen for full
3515:
1492:
1405:
1072:
444:. On 2 July 1940, two weeks after the fall of the nearby city of
31:
1758:"A French University Confronts Medical Crimes and Its Nazi Past"
1371:
Franz Berg: death sentence (executed by hanging 11 October 1946)
4287:
3143:
Au Nom De La Race Et De La Science Documentaire Entier Français
2819:[The Names of the 86]. Dora Films. 2014. Archived from
2795:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
2652:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1963:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1731:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1571:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1275:
1066:
818:
613:
and Helmut RĂĽhl were accused of crimes committed at this camp.
574:
Gate of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation
472:
View of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation
433:
132:
315:
2018:. London, UK: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 41–42
1457:
1206:
718:, was interned at Natzweiler before being transferred to the
3114:
Memoir by KLNA Survivor Joseph Scheinmann aka Andre Peulevey
2270:"Un documentaire sur un crime nazi méconnu primé à Waterloo"
3730:
3095:
2820:
2068:
Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel (English translation:
1343:
492:, with only a small SS unit keeping the camp's operations.
2971:
1634:"Struthof: Commémoration des exécutions de 141 résistants"
1602:"Introduction to the history of the camp | STRUTHOF"
1031:
209:
mainly resistance fighters from occupied European nations
1482:
Au nom de la race et de la science, Strasbourg 1941–1944
1423:
1143:
The collection was sanctioned by ReichsfĂĽhrer of the SS
745:
The crematorium at Natzweiler-Struthof as it looks today
476:
The construction of Natzweiler-Struthof was overseen by
414:
was interned in Natzweiler-Struthof and wrote his novel
1850:
Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Vol. V (1948).
3006:] (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug.
1733:. Centre européen du résistant déporté. Archived from
1661:. Centre européen du résistant déporté. Archived from
1573:. Centre européen du résistant déporté. Archived from
1291:
information of the victims were published in the book
1225:
Two anthropologists, who were both members of the SS,
582:
Border fence at Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
1526:
1486:
In the name of Race and Science, Strasbourg 1941–1945
2845:[The Names of the 86, DVD]. Dora Films. 2014
2534:"The Names of the Numbers: The Courses of 86 Lives"
1807:
1631:
1338:
The Monument to the Departed at Natzweiler-Struthof
1278:, was positively identified through the efforts of
1004:
779:, who served a sentence at the neighboring camp of
373:
resistance movements in German-occupied territories
30:"Struthof" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4828:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France
3132:Au nom de la race et de la science 1941–1944 (1/4)
2956:] (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tiden.
2352:Au nom de la race et de la science 1941–1944 (3/4)
2321:
1713:volume one, Natzweiler-Struthof main camp, p. 1004
514:
2642:
2640:
2009:The United Nations War Crimes Commission (1949).
1690:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
537:Interned prisoners provided forced labor for the
4915:
2968:, memoirs of the former prime minister of Norway
2621:. Grace Dangberg Foundation, Inc. Archived from
1869:
821:camp and other camps until finally liberated in
3004:Night and fog - History of Natzweiler prisoners
2666:
2612:
2357:In the name of Race and Science 1941–1944 (3/4)
2035:
2033:
2012:Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, vol. XI
1951:
1213:, former commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof, in
3109:Independent researcher Diana Mara Henry's site
3000:Natt og tĂĄke - Historien om Natzweiler-fangene
2921:
2706:
2637:
2531:
2508:
1780:
664:agents were executed together on 6 July 1944:
527:and Norway. The camp was specially set up for
3847:
3168:
3031:. Champaign, Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press.
2108:
1872:"L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof"
1075:Flugzeugwerke, aircraft factory, Zuffenhausen
3182:
2769:(First ed.). Forge Books. p. 179.
2284:
2267:
2030:
1845:
1843:
1195:Natzweiler-Struthof was at Hirt's disposal.
1120:("sub-humans"), in contrast to the Germanic
720:Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp
4822:Fondation pour la MĂ©moire de la DĂ©portation
4132:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3861:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
1921:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1317:
1175:. "The project itself, continues Professor
842:
360:
3854:
3840:
3471:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
3175:
3161:
2733:"Nazi War Crimes Trials: Natzweiler Trial"
2702:
2700:
2698:
2380:
2378:
2246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2002:
1561:
1559:
1390:Magnus Wochner was also implicated in the
1096:
2893:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
1907:. New York: Doubleday. pp. 216–219.
1840:
1688:"Natzweiler-Struthoff Concentration Camp"
1632:Buonasorte, Alvezio (September 1, 2014).
802:who had previously played in Germany for
484:evacuated the surviving prisoners on a "
2944:
2757:White, Joseph Robert (August 26, 2004).
2404:
2135:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.
2039:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1589:
1435:
1427:
1333:
1321:
1205:
1100:
740:
732:
585:
577:
569:
467:
4860:List of Holocaust memorials and museums
4142:Timeline of deportations to death camps
3045:
2994:
2695:
2375:
2130:
2040:Nicholls, Dominic (December 25, 2018).
1898:
1896:
1787:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
1755:
1721:
1719:
1682:
1680:
1556:
1512:List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof
1013:Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft (
509:List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof
14:
4934:Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
4916:
4841:MĂ©morial des Martyrs de la DĂ©portation
4347:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
2797:. Centre européen du résistant déporté
2654:. Centre européen du résistant déporté
2454:Lang, Hans-Joachim (August 31, 2004).
2418:Lang, Hans-Joachim (August 19, 2004).
2342:
2254:
1965:. Centre européen du résistant déporté
1959:"The historical sources: the drawings"
1653:
1651:
3835:
3156:
3021:
2898:(in French). Strasbourg: Nuée Bleue.
2756:
2750:
1727:"KL-Natzweiler annex camps 1942–1945"
1620:
1424:Post-war history, museum and monument
1383:Magnus Wochner: 10 years imprisonment
448:, an internment camp was set up near
27:Second World War Nazi internment camp
4422:Police collaboration in Vichy France
2865:"BBC One – The Man Who Saw Too Much"
2606:
2453:
2417:
1902:
1893:
1716:
1677:
1463:
1444:During the night of 12–13 May 1976,
1374:Kurt Geigling: 10 years imprisonment
1105:Menachem Taffel's body, part of the
834:
773:Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel
749:Two British Royal Air Force airmen (
655:
525:Slovene-speaking parts of Yugoslavia
460:, due to its proximity to a quarry.
410:Among notable prisoners, the writer
4848:Mémorial national de la déportation
2972:Harthoorn, Willem Lodewijk (2007).
2536:. TĂĽbingen, Germany. Archived from
2070:I, Pierre Seel, deported homosexual
1814:The Journal of Intelligence History
1808:Charlesworth, Lorie (Winter 2006).
1770:from the original on July 24, 2022.
1756:Breeden, Aurelien (July 24, 2022).
1648:
825:. After the war he wrote the novel
503:, on the same day that the city of
430:Germany invaded and occupied France
24:
4939:Nazi concentration camps in France
2887:
2323:"Kramer Persists in Denying Guilt"
2236:(in German). Mannheim. p. 44.
1394:and was listed among the accused.
558:, near Stuttgart, was used by the
25:
4950:
3814:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
3089:
2268:Bernas, Anne (October 24, 2014).
1985:"The Righteous Among The Nations"
1710:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1377:Josef Muth: 15 years imprisonment
550:annex camp. The disused autobahn
62:View of the camp after liberation
3466:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2674:"Friedrich "Fritz" Hartjenstein"
2482:
1536:
1517:List of Nazi concentration camps
1025:Adlerwerke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer
1005:Private firms using inmate labor
56:
4693:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier
2857:
2835:
2809:
2783:
2725:
2588:
2570:
2552:
2525:
2502:
2476:
2447:
2438:
2314:
2225:
2199:
2174:
2149:
2124:
2102:
2088:
2059:
1977:
1863:
1801:
1367:Those tried at Wuppertal were:
515:Initial focus and later actions
127:1941–44 (de facto) (modern-day
2211:Centro studi Schiavi di Hitler
2066:Seel, Pierre (April 1, 1994).
1826:10.1080/16161262.2006.10555131
1774:
1749:
1702:
13:
1:
4903:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
4893:History of the Jews in France
4137:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
2954:Prisoner in the night and fog
2330:. October 10, 1945. p. 8
2109:Benjamin Ivry (2 June 2022).
2095:Kronikk: Den glemte generalen
1604:. Struthof.fr. Archived from
1549:
1147:, and under the direction of
895:
640:, the medical advisor at the
634:subcamps in western Germany.
463:
423:
4281:Jeunesse Populaire Française
4245:Carl-Heinrich von StĂĽlpnagel
3482:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3476:German Earth and Stone Works
2489:US Holocaust Memorial Museum
1286:, a German professor at the
1030:Bayerische Motorenwerke AG (
794:who later went on to become
7:
4387:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
4327:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
3627:Disciplinary and Penal Code
2131:MacLean, French L. (1999).
2074:(in French). Calmann-LĂ©vy.
1505:
1412:and subsequently shot by a
1138:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
758:Anthony "Tony" R. H. Hayter
724:Righteous Among the Nations
620:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
10:
4955:
2894:Steegmann, Robert (2005).
2791:"The KL-Natzweiler museum"
716:Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand
29:
4868:
4811:
4706:
4636:
4583:
4430:
4367:
4297:
4258:
4150:
4122:
4039:
3986:
3869:
3801:
3721:
3714:
3671:
3579:Identification of inmates
3551:
3498:
3458:
3190:
2065:
1870:Boulanger, Roger (2000).
1280:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld
1059:Friedrich Krupp Ironworks
420:based on his experience.
391:under the command of the
343:close to the villages of
310:
286:
244:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
193:May 1941 – September 1944
189:
153:
139:
120:
106:
67:
55:
48:
43:
4275:Parti Populaire Français
3184:Nazi concentration camps
3102:The Names of the Numbers
2613:Thompson, David (2002).
1567:"The deportees of KL-Na"
1497:The Man Who Saw Too Much
1404:was tried separately at
1318:Post-war criminal trials
1297:The Names of the Numbers
1134:University of Strasbourg
843:Commanders (Commandants)
798:, and former footballer
796:Prime Minister of Norway
505:Strasbourg was liberated
297:The Names of the Numbers
4407:Charles du Paty de Clam
4307:Anti-Jewish legislation
4016:French Riviera roundups
3863:The Holocaust in France
3789:Soviet prisoners of war
3521:SS construction brigade
3046:Piersma, Hinke (2006).
2922:Bakels, Floris (1977).
2914:Inmate accounts include
2707:Andrews, Allen (1976).
2600:www.badische-zeitung.de
2386:"Die Namen Der Nummern"
1781:Alexander, Leo (1948).
1392:Stalag Luft III murders
1274:who had been living in
1239:Jewish skull collection
1114:Jewish skull collection
1107:Jewish skull collection
1097:Jewish skull collection
760:) who were involved in
753:Dennis H. Cochran, and
684:of the British SOE and
404:Jewish skull collection
337:Nazi concentration camp
115:Jewish skull collection
50:Nazi concentration camp
4878:Antisemitism in France
4798:André and Magda Trocmé
4603:Antoinette Feuerwerker
4382:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
3096:Struthof official site
2737:Jewish Virtual Library
2678:Jewish Virtual Library
1474:
1454:Pere Lachaise Cemetery
1441:
1433:
1339:
1331:
1288:University of TĂĽbingen
1218:
1109:
1041:Bergwerks Industrie AG
808:German-occupied Norway
771:In his memoirs titled
746:
738:
591:
583:
575:
473:
361:
198:Number of gas chambers
4728:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4269:Devisenschutzkommando
3771:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
3689:SchutzhaftlagerfĂĽhrer
3054:]. Walburg Pers.
3052:Death penalty in time
1929:"Charles Delestraint"
1659:"Struthof: Some data"
1439:
1431:
1357:on 13 December 1945.
1337:
1325:
1293:Die Namen der Nummern
1209:
1104:
1063:Gruen & Bulfinger
813:The Slovene novelist
744:
736:
722:. He is honored as a
714:, the Roman Catholic
589:
581:
573:
501:U.S. Sixth Army Group
471:
395:on 23 November 1944.
393:U.S. Sixth Army Group
113:resistance fighters,
4834:MĂ©morial de la Shoah
4788:Jules-Géraud Saliège
4748:Pierre-Marie Gerlier
4733:Château de Chabannes
4470:Messaoud El Mediouni
4353:RĂ©volution nationale
3726:Prisoner functionary
3533:Politische Abteilung
3488:SS-Totenkopfverbände
3048:Doodstraf op termijn
2980:]. Van Gruting.
2950:Fange i natt og tĂĄke
2843:"Le Nom des 86, DVD"
2823:on February 20, 2015
2532:Lang, Hans-Joachim.
2509:Lang, Hans-Joachim.
2483:Lang, Hans-Joachim.
2187:. September 11, 2000
1903:Helm, Sarah (2005).
1878:on November 23, 2007
1665:on November 16, 2018
994:Gerhard Schiedlausky
660:Four female British
347:and Struthof in the
91:48.45472°N 7.25444°E
4855:Rivesaltes Memorial
4210:Hans-Dietrich Ernst
4099:Royallieu-Compiègne
4069:Natzweiler-Struthof
3809:Der Ort des Terrors
3758:Political prisoners
3748:Jehovah's Witnesses
3373:Natzweiler-Struthof
2974:Verboden te sterven
2625:on October 29, 2009
2602:. 25 November 2022.
2584:. 28 November 2022.
2566:. 25 November 2022.
2513:. TĂĽbingen, Germany
2392:on February 8, 2015
2363:on February 2, 2017
2157:"KZ-Katzweiler Men"
1577:on December 3, 2020
1235:Wolf-Dietrich Wolff
992:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
977:SS-UntersturmfĂĽhrer
971:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
965:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
922:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
916:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
908:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
902:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
887:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
871:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
697:Charles Delestraint
440:and was annexed to
333:Natzweiler-Struthof
257:Charles Delestraint
238:U.S. 6th Army Group
201:one from April 1943
87: /
44:Natzweiler-Struthof
4793:Pierre-Marie Théas
4250:Carltheo Zeitschel
4220:Ernst Heinrichsohn
3119:2021-07-26 at the
2328:The New York Times
2161:Axis History Forum
1763:The New York Times
1442:
1434:
1420:on 20 March 1947.
1410:sentenced to death
1396:Heinrich Ganninger
1340:
1332:
1312:Guillaume d'Andlau
1252:and the anatomist
1227:Hans Fleischhacker
1219:
1165:National Socialist
1110:
998:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
959:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
953:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
947:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
939:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
904:Kurt aus dem Bruch
882:Fritz Hartjenstein
879:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
762:"The Great Escape"
747:
739:
592:
584:
576:
474:
240:, 23 November 1944
176:Fritz Hartjenstein
4911:
4910:
4768:Père Marie-Benoît
4608:David Feuerwerker
4565:Charlotte Salomon
4540:Sonia Olschanezky
4495:Maurice Halbwachs
4377:Robert Brasillach
4261:and organizations
4205:Theodor Dannecker
4049:Beaune-la-Rolande
3829:
3828:
3797:
3796:
3653:Arbeit macht frei
3083:978-3-455-09464-0
2996:Ottosen, Kristian
2987:978-90-75879-37-7
2930:]. Elsevier.
2709:Exemplary Justice
2564:www.leparisien.fr
1905:A Life in Secrets
1522:Hans-Joachim Lang
1464:Documentary films
1284:Hans-Joachim Lang
1254:Anton Kiesselbach
1000:Siegfried Schwela
934:Franz von Bodmann
835:List of personnel
800:Asbjørn Halvorsen
755:Flight Lieutenant
678:Sonya Olschanezky
656:Notable prisoners
497:French First Army
389:French First Army
359:from France on a
330:
329:
281:Sonya Olschanezky
265:Asbjørn Halvorsen
214:Number of inmates
96:48.45472; 7.25444
16:(Redirected from
4946:
4888:Battle of France
4874:
4814:
4783:Germaine Ribière
4641:
4598:Jean Elleinstein
4586:
4550:BĂ©atrice Reinach
4535:Casimir Oberfeld
4530:Irène Némirovsky
4480:Benjamin Fondane
4433:
4153:
4125:
4001:Clermont-Ferrand
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3719:
3718:
3704:Luftwaffe guards
3177:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3133:
3065:
3042:
3017:
2991:
2978:Forbidden to die
2967:
2946:Bratteli, Trygve
2941:
2909:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
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2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2763:Boyne, Walter J.
2754:
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2729:
2723:
2722:
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2415:
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2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1723:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1563:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1402:Heinrich Schwarz
1328:American soldier
1262:
1251:
1192:gassing facility
1185:
1177:Johann Chapoutot
1145:Heinrich Himmler
1081:Koch & Mayer
1049:
985:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
918:Heinz Baumköther
890:Heinrich Schwarz
851:HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
699:, leader of the
682:Brian Stonehouse
646:Bullenhuser Damm
642:Nuremberg trials
594:The camp held a
552:Engelberg Tunnel
442:Gau Baden-Alsace
366:
349:Gau Baden-Alsace
341:Vosges Mountains
326:
323:
321:
319:
317:
301:The Nazi Hunters
225:22,000 estimated
217:52,000 estimated
181:Heinrich Schwarz
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
60:
41:
40:
21:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4898:Occupied France
4872:
4864:
4807:
4773:René de Naurois
4709:
4708:Righteous Among
4702:
4673:Denise Holstein
4639:
4632:
4579:
4570:Sascha Schapiro
4485:Otto Freundlich
4475:Jacques Feldbau
4426:
4363:
4337:Philippe PĂ©tain
4317:François Darlan
4293:
4260:
4259:Nazi occupation
4254:
4165:Ernst Achenbach
4146:
4118:
4035:
3982:
3865:
3860:
3830:
3825:
3793:
3779:"Race defilers"
3764:Nacht und Nebel
3710:
3667:
3660:Jedem das Seine
3547:
3494:
3454:
3186:
3181:
3142:
3131:
3121:Wayback Machine
3092:
3062:
3039:
3014:
2988:
2964:
2938:
2906:
2890:
2888:Further reading
2885:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2817:"Le Nom des 86"
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:. Corgi Books.
2705:
2696:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2615:"Huettig, Hans"
2611:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2582:www.lefigaro.fr
2576:
2575:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2540:on June 3, 2020
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2255:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1938:
1936:
1935:on May 22, 2009
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1894:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1806:
1802:
1779:
1775:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1737:on June 3, 2018
1725:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1608:on June 3, 2018
1600:
1599:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1508:
1466:
1426:
1320:
1272:Polish-born Jew
1256:
1245:
1179:
1157:Wolfram Sievers
1099:
1078:Kessler Factory
1043:
1007:
955:Richard Krieger
930:ObersturmfĂĽhrer
898:
862:SturmbannfĂĽhrer
845:
837:
792:Trygve Bratteli
686:Albert Guérisse
658:
611:Otto Bickenbach
530:Nacht und Nebel
517:
499:as part of the
466:
426:
355:, on territory
339:located in the
314:
253:Trygve Bratteli
245:Notable inmates
234:French 1st Army
185:
111:Nacht und Nebel
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
63:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4817:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:Nadine Heftler
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Hélène Metzger
4517:
4515:Georges Mandel
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Joseph Darnand
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Helmut Knochen
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Karl Bömelburg
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3802:Historiography
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3784:Roma and Sinti
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3361:Mittelbau-Dora
3358:
3357:
3356:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3321:KrakĂłw-PĹ‚aszĂłw
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3128:
3123:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3090:External links
3088:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3043:
3038:978-1564786111
3037:
3019:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2969:
2962:
2942:
2936:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2856:
2834:
2808:
2782:
2775:
2749:
2724:
2717:
2694:
2665:
2636:
2605:
2587:
2569:
2551:
2524:
2501:
2475:
2468:
2446:
2437:
2403:
2374:
2341:
2313:
2283:
2253:
2224:
2198:
2173:
2148:
2141:
2123:
2101:
2098:(in Norwegian)
2087:
2081:978-2702122778
2080:
2058:
2029:
2001:
1976:
1950:
1920:
1913:
1892:
1862:
1839:
1800:
1773:
1748:
1715:
1701:
1676:
1647:
1619:
1588:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1465:
1462:
1425:
1422:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1355:Hamelin prison
1319:
1316:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:Röchling Group
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
989:
980:
974:
968:
967:Heinrich Plaza
962:
956:
950:
949:Herbert Graefe
944:
936:
925:
919:
913:
905:
897:
894:
893:
892:
884:
876:
868:
857:
844:
841:
836:
833:
751:Flying Officer
712:Gabriel Piguet
657:
654:
516:
513:
465:
462:
425:
422:
398:The anatomist
328:
327:
312:
308:
307:
288:
284:
283:
246:
242:
241:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
157:
155:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
122:
118:
117:
108:
104:
103:
71:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Alsatian Jews
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Paul Ramadier
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Justin Godart
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Jacques Ellul
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Albert Bedane
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:André Rogerie
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Henry Bulawko
4661:
4659:
4658:Henri Borlant
4656:
4654:
4653:Joseph Bialot
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Guy Deutscher
4591:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Claude Rodier
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Bernard Natan
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Bereck Kofman
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Salomon Gluck
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Marianne Cohn
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Henri Abraham
4438:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Xavier Vallat
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Maurice Papon
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4369:Collaborators
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:René Bousquet
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Herbert Hagen
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Alois Brunner
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4124:Documentation
4121:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
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3941:
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3936:
3934:
3931:
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3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:The Holocaust
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Female guards
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:Postenpflicht
3635:
3633:
3632:Death marches
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3543:Strafkompanie
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Camp brothels
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Sanitätswesen
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:Sachsenhausen
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:Herzogenbusch
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:Bergen-Belsen
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3061:90-5730-442-2
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:82-03-26076-4
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:82-10-03172-4
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:90-435-0366-5
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:2-7165-0632-9
2901:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2871:. 27 Jan 2022
2870:
2866:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2778:
2776:0-7653-0887-8
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2742:September 18,
2738:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2718:0-552-10800-6
2714:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2683:September 18,
2679:
2675:
2669:
2658:September 20,
2653:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2469:3-455-09464-3
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2334:September 19,
2329:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2166:September 19,
2162:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2047:
2046:The Telegraph
2043:
2036:
2034:
2022:September 18,
2014:
2013:
2005:
1994:September 20,
1990:
1989:YadVashem.org
1986:
1980:
1969:September 20,
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1939:September 20,
1934:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1914:9780385508452
1910:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1882:September 19,
1877:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1741:September 20,
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1694:September 20,
1689:
1683:
1681:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1581:September 15,
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:Le nom des 86
1472:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:, along with
1232:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:Bergen Belsen
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:Rudolf Brandt
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Untermenschen
1115:
1108:
1103:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:Messerschmitt
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:AG (formerly
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
981:
978:
975:
973:Elimar Precht
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
858:
856:
853:
852:
847:
846:
840:
832:
830:
829:
824:
823:Bergen-Belsen
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
763:
759:
756:
752:
743:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:Armée Secrète
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:Andrée Borrel
671:
667:
663:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:Leo Alexander
635:
633:
629:
623:
621:
616:
612:
607:
604:
601:
597:
588:
580:
572:
568:
565:
561:
560:Messerschmitt
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
535:
532:
531:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
470:
461:
459:
458:Bruche valley
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Germanization
435:
431:
421:
419:
418:
413:
407:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
385:Allied armies
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
364:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
325:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
289:
287:Notable books
285:
282:
278:
277:Andrée Borrel
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
156:
152:
148:
147:
146:Schutzstaffel
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
72:
70:
66:
59:
54:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4924:Vichy France
4846:
4839:
4832:
4820:
4758:Père Jacques
4723:Marc Boegner
4683:Sarah Kofman
4648:Louise Alcan
4628:Rose Warfman
4545:Victor Perez
4500:Paul Hermann
4445:Victor Basch
4412:Paul Touvier
4359:Vichy Police
4351:
4342:André Tulard
4332:Pierre Laval
4299:Vichy France
4286:
4279:
4267:
4235:Kurt Lischka
4230:Josef Kramer
4195:Heinz Röthke
4175:Klaus Barbie
4170:Horst Ahnert
4152:Perpetrators
4068:
4031:Villeurbanne
3996:Green ticket
3876:by country:
3818:
3769:
3762:
3658:
3651:
3636:
3574:Forced labor
3564:Action 14f14
3559:Action 14f13
3499:Subdivisions
3486:
3372:
3101:
3051:
3047:
3026:
3023:Pahor, Boris
3003:
2999:
2977:
2973:
2953:
2949:
2927:
2923:
2895:
2873:. Retrieved
2868:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:the original
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2794:
2785:
2766:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:
2727:
2708:
2688:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2651:
2648:"The trials"
2627:. Retrieved
2623:the original
2618:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2423:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2356:
2351:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2316:
2308:
2301:. Retrieved
2292:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2233:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2213:(in Italian)
2210:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2132:
2126:
2116:27 September
2114:. Retrieved
2104:
2090:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2020:. Retrieved
2011:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1944:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:the original
1923:
1904:
1887:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1865:
1852:
1820:(2): 13–60.
1817:
1813:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1761:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1730:
1708:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1667:. Retrieved
1663:the original
1638:. Retrieved
1610:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1570:
1496:
1495:documentary
1491:In the 2019
1490:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1451:
1443:
1414:firing squad
1400:
1389:
1366:
1359:
1348:
1341:
1309:
1305:
1301:Thessaloniki
1296:
1292:
1269:
1265:Black Forest
1224:
1220:
1211:Josef Kramer
1197:Josef Kramer
1188:
1142:
1122:Ăśbermenschen
1111:
1053:Daimler-Benz
1008:
997:
991:
988:Werner Rohde
982:
979:Andreas Rett
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
938:
927:
921:
915:
907:
901:
886:
878:
874:Josef Kramer
870:
859:
848:
838:
826:
812:
804:Hamburger SV
788:Labour Party
785:
772:
770:
766:
748:
709:
695:
688:, a Belgian
666:Diana Rowden
659:
650:
636:
624:
608:
593:
544:Daimler-Benz
536:
528:
521:Nazi Germany
518:
494:
475:
432:, including
427:
415:
408:
397:
370:
332:
331:
305:Damien Lewis
300:
296:
290:
269:Diana Rowden
261:Per Jacobsen
230:Liberated by
171:Josef Kramer
144:
125:Nazi Germany
4883:Armée Juive
4763:Henri Manen
4710:the Nations
4698:LĂ©on Zyguel
4623:Simone Veil
4618:LĂ©on Schwab
4613:David Olère
4575:David Vogel
4460:Kadmi Cohen
4450:Hélène Berr
4392:René Gérard
4185:Kurt Blanke
4180:Werner Best
4094:Romainville
3948:Netherlands
3743:Homosexuals
3684:LagerfĂĽhrer
3569:Early camps
3506:Appellplatz
3402:RavensbrĂĽck
3397:Niederhagen
3263:Gross-Rosen
3251:FlossenbĂĽrg
3198:Arbeitsdorf
2849:January 30,
2827:January 30,
2801:February 8,
2426:(in German)
2396:February 8,
2303:October 15,
2217:October 14,
2191:October 14,
1669:October 14,
1612:January 10,
1500:Alan Yentob
1418:Baden-Baden
1282:. In 2003,
1257: [
1246: [
1243:Karl Wimmer
1231:Bruno Beger
1180: [
1173:Yves Ternon
1149:August Hirt
1044: [
961:Georg Meyer
942:Hans Eisele
924:Max Blancke
855:Hans Huttig
815:Boris Pahor
790:politician
777:Pierre Seel
705:Henri Gayot
690:escape line
615:Hans Eisele
603:gas chamber
600:jury rigged
596:crematorium
564:Schörzingen
486:death march
478:Hans HĂĽttig
412:Boris Pahor
400:August Hirt
249:Boris Pahor
190:Operational
161:Hans HĂĽttig
140:Operated by
94: /
69:Coordinates
4918:Categories
4803:Varian Fry
4743:Mary Elmes
4678:René Kapel
4240:Carl Oberg
4160:Otto Abetz
4104:Rivesaltes
4079:Pithiviers
4026:Vel' d'Hiv
3943:Luxembourg
3738:"Asocials"
3679:Commandant
3385:Neuengamme
3345:Mauthausen
3297:Kaiserwald
3227:Buchenwald
3191:Main camps
3028:Necropolis
2875:15 October
2142:0764306367
2051:January 6,
1793:(3): 326.
1550:References
1484:(English:
1169:Aryan race
1126:Herrenvolk
1021:Adlerwerke
911:Karl Babor
896:SS Doctors
828:Necropolis
728:Yad Vashem
670:Vera Leigh
632:Geislingen
628:Geisenheim
464:Operations
454:Natzweiler
446:Strasbourg
424:Background
417:Necropolis
345:Natzweiler
292:Necropolis
273:Vera Leigh
154:Commandant
79:48°27′17″N
4813:Memorials
4640:testimony
4585:Survivors
4560:Alma Rosé
4505:Max Jacob
4455:René Blum
4397:Jean Mamy
4109:Septfonds
4084:Récébédou
4011:Marseille
3938:Lithuania
3715:Prisoners
3699:Wehrmacht
3672:Personnel
3644:Selection
3620:Muselmann
3491:(Camp SS)
3203:Auschwitz
3025:(2010) .
2998:(1995) .
2948:(1995) .
2242:cite book
1834:156655154
1446:neo-Nazis
1362:Wuppertal
1215:leg irons
1161:Ahnenerbe
1130:Auschwitz
1069:& Cie
866:Egon Zill
781:Schirmeck
548:Neckarelz
539:Wehrmacht
450:Schirmeck
428:In 1940,
377:Auschwitz
318:.struthof
166:Egon Zill
143:the Nazi
107:Known for
82:7°15′16″E
4873:See also
4089:Rieucros
4073:subcamps
3988:Roundups
3898:Bulgaria
3648:Slogans
3615:Language
3459:Agencies
3443:subcamps
3431:subcamps
3426:Stutthof
3419:subcamps
3407:subcamps
3390:subcamps
3378:subcamps
3366:subcamps
3354:subcamps
3338:subcamps
3333:Majdanek
3326:subcamps
3314:subcamps
3302:subcamps
3290:subcamps
3279:subcamps
3268:subcamps
3256:subcamps
3244:subcamps
3232:subcamps
3220:subcamps
3208:subcamps
3117:Archived
2629:June 19,
2544:April 4,
2517:April 4,
2494:April 3,
2430:April 3,
2424:Die Zeit
2367:March 8,
2276:March 8,
1768:Archived
1640:June 18,
1506:See also
1351:LĂĽneburg
609:Doctors
556:Leonberg
363:de facto
129:Bas-Rhin
121:Location
36:Stutthof
18:Struthof
4850:
4638:Witness
4432:Victims
3978:Ukraine
3963:Romania
3918:Hungary
3908:Estonia
3903:Croatia
3893:Belgium
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3878:Albania
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