Sub-Saharan Africa

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shared with other extended family members. Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community. This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community. "An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle. Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt. Cousins will be called brother or sister". This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand; however, it is no less important. "Also reflecting their communal ethic, Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbors or colleagues, a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions." Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children. Traditionally, in many cultures "men do the heavy work of clearing and ploughing the land, women sow the seeds, tend the fields, harvest the crops, haul the water, and bear the major burden for growing the family's food". Despite their work in the fields, women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures. "When young women migrate to cities, this imbalance between the sexes, as well as financial need, often causes young women of lower economic status, who lack education and job training, to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two".

6484:, with 80% of the total world's annual mine production and 88% of the world's platinum reserve. Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33% of the world's bauxite, with Guinea as the major supplier. Zambia is a major producer of copper. The Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan. Production from DR Congo is very small, but the country has 80% of the proven reserves in Africa, which are 80% of those worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa is a major producer of gold, producing up to 30% of global production. Major suppliers are South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Guinea, and Mali. South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905, but in 2007 it moved to second place, according to GFMS, the precious metals consultancy. Uranium is major commodity from the region. Significant suppliers are Niger, Namibia, and South Africa. Namibia was the number one supplier from sub-Saharan Africa in 2008. The region produces 49% of the world's 6275: 2210: 6290: 6985: 9091: 2801: 9014: 2381: 19130: 1769: 355: 11530: 9174: 2465: 6877: 6943:

children) in the region benefit from school meal programs, and about 82% of the funding for these programs is provided by governments. Nonetheless, a lot must yet happen for this region to catch up. The statistics show that the literacy rate for sub-Saharan Africa was 65% in 2017. In other words, one-third of the people aged 15 and above were unable to read and write. The comparative figure for 1984 was an illiteracy rate of 49%. In 2017, only about 22% of Africans were internet users at all, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

6802: 9249: 2549: 1307: 47: 6496:. All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves' economic benefits. Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia. Almost all reserves are offshore, so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations. Sub-Saharan oil is viscous, with a very low sulfur content. This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs. New sources of oil are being located in sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else. Of all new sources of oil, 11339: 11015: 3881: 763: 6542: 7702:. Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions, not two. A house is meant to be experienced from all angles. Third, art is meant to be performed. Sub-Saharan Africans have a specific name for masks. The name incorporates the sculpture, the dance, and the spirit that incorporates the mask. The name denotes all three elements. Fourth, art that serves a practical function. The artist and craftsman are not separate. A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool. Fifth, the use of 5818: 9285: 2591: 1062: 8459: 7666: 4358: 4397: 2199: 7711:, a British art historian, has compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D'Arcy Thompson. Lastly, sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract, instead of naturalistic. Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions, social norms, ideas, values, etc. An artist might exaggerate the head of a sculpture in relation to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom. 11493: 4241: 296: 11373: 4025: 11309: 11238: 10805: 4205: 3803: 3551: 10466: 10085: 9449: 8888: 3215: 2969: 11169: 10766: 4097: 3845: 3509: 11049: 10694: 10583: 7229: 3917: 3425: 3299: 8852: 10658: 7051: 3383: 10887: 10427: 9938: 3677: 3173: 3089: 10505: 10266: 9844: 9789: 9653: 9138: 3593: 3005: 2843: 2423: 8639: 4366: 6758:, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, aid, the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending. The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased from $ 7 billion (2002) to $ 27 billion (2009). China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor. 11207: 11139: 10142: 9887: 9738: 9693: 8972: 4061: 3047: 2717: 2339: 11463: 10730: 10544: 9992: 9492: 8069: 6639: 4169: 3467: 3257: 3131: 7079:(UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retro viral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone. The number of AIDS-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 per cent less than the number in 2005. The number of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 per cent less than the number in 2001. 6939:

education. In Rwanda, the first year of secondary school was attached to primary education in 2009, which significantly increased the number of pupils enrolled at this level of education. In 2012, the primary completion rate (PCR) – which measures the proportion of children reaching the final year of primary school – was 70%, meaning that more than three out of ten children entering primary school do not reach the final primary year.

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Niger, for example, the number of children entering school increased by more than three-and-a-half times between 1999 and 2011. In Ethiopia, over the same period, over 8.5 million more children were admitted to primary school. The net rate of first-year access in sub-Saharan Africa has thus risen by 19 points in 12 years, from 58% in 1999 to 77% in 2011. Despite the considerable efforts, the latest available data from the

10937: 10349: 10042: 9406: 9321: 2927: 2633: 11433: 11279: 11079: 10187: 9535: 4133: 3953: 3719: 2675: 1642: 4412: 10977: 9361: 11403: 9213: 3761: 2507: 6773: 1711: 4427: 4381: 1910: 13523:: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia 6695: 5364: 5354: 18284: 332: 8378: 1498: 8209: 11544: 582: 7953: 6829:, the South African Minister of Science and Technology, even with the drain enrollments in sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005, expanding at an annual rate of 8.7%, which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world. In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university-level degrees abroad has increased. 7143:. The healthcare system has five levels of providers: health posts which are first-level primary care for rural areas, health centers and clinics, district hospitals, regional hospitals, and tertiary hospitals. These programs are funded by the government of Ghana, financial credits, Internally Generated Fund (IGF), and Donors-pooled Health Fund. 8635:. The most talented sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues. There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs. Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans. FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games. 17954:

and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the

6333:(AfDB) and the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund. These projects must be sustainable, involve a cross-border dimension and/or have a regional impact, involve public and private capital, contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development, and involve at least one country in sub-Saharan Africa. 12859:

Peter Mitchell et al., The Oxford Handbook of African Archeology (2013), p. 855: "The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin (Magnavita et al., 2006) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still

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levels of sub-Saharan Africa and Africa, in general, were higher than numeracy levels in South Asia. In the 1940s more than 75% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa was numerate. The numeracy of the West African countries, Benin and Ghana, was even higher with more than 80% of the population being

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Television is the second major source of information. Because of power shortages, the spread of television viewing has been limited. Eight per cent have television, a total of 62 million. Those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market. Digital television and pay for

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is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers

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Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world. Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile, south of Egypt. The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria, parts of Turkey, and

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ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of

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languages, is rhythmic and centered around the drum. Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic, usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition. Dance involves moving multiple body parts. These aspects of sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved sub-Saharan Africans and

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Literacy rates have gone up in sub-Saharan Africa, and internet access has improved considerably. At least 39 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have some large-scale school feeding programs, which can improve access to education. In aggregate, 16% of school-age children (and 25% of primary school-age

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increased by 5% per year in sub-Saharan Africa, with major variations between countries, with percentages varying from 1.8% in Cameroon to over 6% in Burundi. As of 2015, governments in sub-Saharan Africa spend on average 18% of their total budget on education, against 15% in the rest of the world.

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in 2000, with the aim of achieving universal schooling (MDG2) and eliminating gender disparities, especially in primary and secondary education (MDG3). Since the World Education Forum in Dakar, considerable efforts have been made to respond to these demographic challenges in terms of education. The

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Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil, thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation. Sub-Saharan Africa has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy, of which only 7% has been explored. The failure to exploit its full energy potential is

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In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing. The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth. Cotton cloth is referred to as machira. Xhosa, Tswana, Sotho, and Swazi also made extensive use of hides. Hides come from cattle,

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Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse, with many communities, villages, and cities, each with their own beliefs and traditions. Traditional African Societies are communal, they believe that the needs of the many far outweigh an individual's needs and achievements. Essentially, an individual's keep must be

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estimates that, for 2012, there were still 57.8 million children who were not in school. Of these, 29.6 million were in sub-Saharan Africa alone, a figure which has not changed for several years. Many sub-Saharan countries have notably included the first year of secondary school in basic

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African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix. Hydro Turbine Markets in sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $ 120.0 million in 2007 and was estimated to reach $ 425.0 million. Asian countries, notably China, India, and

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According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 1.1 billion in 2019. The current growth rate is 2.3%. The UN predicts for the region a population between 2 and 2.5 billion by 2050 with a population density of 80 per km compared to 170

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electrical potential. Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential. In 2003, China promised to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years. Training African

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Archeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10,000 years. According to Zangato and Holl, there is evidence of iron-smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3,000 to 2,500 BCE. Extensive walled sites and

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Higher diversity in Sub-Saharan African countries has been found to lead to a poorer economy. Researchers have argued that this is because of ethnic favoritism in their politics. Sub-Saharan leaders are more likely to provide better resources to their coethnic groups when in power. A study found

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produced multiple results in sub-Saharan Africa. The greatest advance was in access to primary education, which governments had made their absolute priority. The number of children in a primary school in sub-Saharan Africa thus rose from 82 million in 1999 to 136.4 million in 2011. In

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Less than 40% of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all-season road, the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world. Spending on roads averages just below 2% of GDP with varying degree among countries. This compares with 1% of GDP that is typical in industrialised

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says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit. There is such international interest in sub-Saharan agriculture, that the World Bank increased its financing of African

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In Africa, it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs, infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $ 93 billion a year). Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas

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highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population, scarce water supplies and climate change. Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame. Aggressive moves by China, South Korea, and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in

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Japan, are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent. The majority of these power projects are hydro-based because of China's vast experience in the construction of hydro-power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme.

1674:. Nubia in her greatest phase is considered sub-Saharan Africa's oldest urban civilisation. Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world. Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids. Sudan, the site of ancient Nubia, has more pyramids than anywhere else in the world. 7788: 7599:

Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication. For example, the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks. A binary system of one or two marks are combined. Random outcomes are generated using a

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Traditional sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region's various populations. The common perception of sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums. This is partially true. A large part of sub-Saharan music, mainly among speakers of

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Traditional religions in sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology, cosmology and metaphysics. Mythologies, for example, demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos. Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos.

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is another challenge, with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there has generally been progress here as well, as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990. Additionally, the

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countries, and 2–3% of GDP found in fast-growing emerging economies. Although the level of expenditure is high relative to the size of Africa's economies, it remains small in absolute terms, with low-income countries spending an average of about US$ 7 per capita per year.

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that, on average, children of the favored ethnic group are 2.25% more likely to attend primary school and 1.80% more likely to complete primary school. A 1% increase in GDP is associated with a 1.5% increase in the ethnic favoritism effect on primary school attendance.

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Sub-Saharan Africa was severely harmed when government revenue declined from 22% of GDP in 2011 to 17% in 2021. 15 African nations were (or are) at significant risk of debt, and 7 were (2021) in financial crisis according to the IMF. The region went on to receive IMF

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Land-based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa accounts for about 80% of the world's identified manganese resources, and Ukraine accounts for

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After the Sahara became a desert, it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water, food, and supplies across the desert. Prior to the introduction of the

2153:. It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterward the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the Dutch (now under French control) and the British found themselves at war again. The British captured the Dutch possession yet again at the 7103:, is also endemic to parts of the region. More than 99% of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein. In response, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease. 8725:

have produced many notable long-distance athletes. Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent. Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold, save for two exceptions, all the men's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the

15787: 18988: 7047:, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost. 1407:

in the 11th century. Nri was famous for having a priest-king who wielded no military power. Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory. Other major states included the kingdoms of

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Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West, China, India, and other emerging economies, even though it holds only 10% of proven oil reserves, less than the Middle East. This race has been referred to as the second

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in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious, spiritual legitimacy. The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian/Congo copper belt.

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Like most of the world, sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western-style clothing. In some countries like Zambia, used Western clothing has flooded markets, causing great angst in the retail community. Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional

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As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara, with the remaining four in East and Central Asia. According to the

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in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy. South Africa, Namibia, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzania and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries.

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and global warming. As of right now Sub-Saharan Africa has degraded land covering one million square kilometres. Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield, pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers. The

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Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa's growth, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average 30–40% returns for

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in the 16th century. The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav. The Mwata Yamyo's legitimacy, like that of the Luba king, came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian. This

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However, Southern Africa is predominantly Christian. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa.

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largely due to significant underinvestment, as at least four times as much (approximately $ 23 billion a year) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure.

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In 2019, 424 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were reportedly living in severe poverty. In 2022, 460 million people—an increase of 36 million in only three years—were anticipated to be living in extreme poverty as a result of the

7372:-speakers is a belief in a creator god or higher deity, along with ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits, and priests of territorial spirits. New world religions such as 327:, though the organization states that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories." 17244:

Onambele, Luc; Ortega-Leon, Wilfrido; Guillen-Aguinaga, Sara; Forjaz, Maria João; Yoseph, Amanuel; Guillen-Aguinaga, Laura; Alas-Brun, Rosa; Arnedo-Pena, Alberto; Aguinaga-Ontoso, Ines; Guillen-Grima, Francisco (12 October 2022).

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Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3% of their GDP on science and technology in 2007. This represents an increase from US$ 1.8 billion in 2002 to US$ 2.8 billion in 2007, a 50% increase in spending.

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As of 2009, 50% of Africa was rural with no access to electricity. In 2021, Africa generated 889 TWh of electricity, amounting to 3.13% of the global market share. Many countries were (as of 2009) affected by power shortages.

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or non-linear scaling. The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales. Before the discovery of fractal geometry, Leopold Sedar Senghor, Senegal's first president, referred to this as "dynamic symmetry".

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Agriculture represents 20% to 30% of GDP and 50% of exports. In some cases, 60% to 90% of the labor force are employed in agriculture. Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming. This has made agricultural activity

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is a major migration movement that originated in West Central Africa (possibly around Cameroon) around 2500 BCE, reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE.

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Africa, Volume 1 of Cities of the world: a compilation of current information on cultural, geographical, and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents, based on the Department of State's "post

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West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the Bilad as-Sūdan, 'Land of the Blacks', of the

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with a five-year goal of improving energy access for at least two million people in sub-Saharan Africa. It has so far invested around $ 45 million to renewable energy projects in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

14077:"The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group." 15784: 13174:

Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian

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agricultural programs to $ 1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year. Recently, there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries. Early in 2009,

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extends across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10° to 15° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include

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is also neither simple or linear. It defines duality, the material and immaterial, male and female, heaven and earth. Common principles of being and becoming are widespread: Among the Dogon, the principle of

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Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE. By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains, wheat, and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile.

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worldwide. In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the

5876:, the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7% in 2013. This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household. 17095: 8447:, kitenge is known as Chitenge. One of the unique materials, which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth, an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda. It came from the Mutuba tree ( 1577:

or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states. Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties.

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referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE. These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration.

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Modern sub-Saharan African music has been influenced by music from the New World (Jazz, Salsa, Rhythm and Blues etc.) vice versa being influenced by enslaved sub-Saharan Africans. Popular styles are

17423: 8835:), and a largely Arabized native Nubian population that represents the majority at 70% hence its inclusion in North Africa, but geographically and culturally Sudan is part of Sub Saharan Africa. 1455:, the British expanded their influence into the Nigerian interior. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition, and in the following year the 16965: 523:, the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier that is interrupted only by the 4504:

branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn, and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region. Additionally, the Semitic branch of the family, in the form of

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The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of

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Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.

18245: 17478: 17475:"UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa—with nearly 1 million added in the last year—while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall" 12932: 18909: 15641: 889: 757: 13428: 6286:

The percentage of residences with access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest in the world. In some remote regions, fewer than one in every 20 households has electricity.

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developed in Southern and East Africa by around 350,000 to 260,000 years ago and gradually migrated across the continent in waves. Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, their expansion

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As can be seen: 800m is Kenya; 5000m is Ethiopia; 10000m is Ethiopia; marathon is Kenya. The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records, though the latter is held by

445:(UN). This is considered a non-standardized geographical region with the number of countries included varying from 46 to 48 depending on the organization describing the region (e.g. 17831: 12548: 8579:. In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent's supremacy by winning the title too. Momentous achievements for sub-Saharan African football. Famous sub-Saharan football stars include 1463:. In 1900, the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria 4666:") have long been present. The San evince unique physical traits, and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa. 19080: 17535: 11596: 4608:, which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family. Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern, central and southeastern Africa, though 18834: 1894:, the mainstream position held within the scientific community, all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa. During the first millennium CE, 441:

that are situated fully in that specified region, the term may also include polities that only have part of their territory located in that region, per the definition of the

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is the first world champion to come out of sub-Saharan Africa. Countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as

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only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within sub-Saharan Africa.

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conquered Egypt in 525 BCE, although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans-saharan trade.

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is an endemic illness in sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur. Routine immunization has been introduced in order to prevent

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sheep, goat, and elephant. Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society. Skins were tanned to form leather, dyed, and embedded with beads.

6722:(MDGs). Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such as areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa. 12808: 13483: 7604:

recursive process. It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks. This system is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa.

16809: 15998: 17390: 16044: 15909: 15438: 13713: 13435: 13406: 2259: 18717:"Prestige Panel [Democratic Republic of Congo; Kuba peoples] (1999.522.15) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art" 16943: 16307: 16693: 15386: 6261: 16308:"From the SelectedWorks of Maheta Matteo: From "Blood Diamond" to "Blood Coltan": Should International Corporations Pay the Price for the Rape of the DR Congo?" 15045: 13864: 19894: 17087: 16778: 8506:

In Central Africa, the Kuba people developed raffia cloth from the raffia plant fibers. It was widely used in the region. Barkcloth was also extensively used.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development (1996). Lost Crops of Africa: Grains. National Academy Press,

15968: 19147:, Agence Française de Développement, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, Orange & UNESCO, Agence Française de Développement & UNESCO. 16831: 16524: 13553: 18944: 6361:

In 2007, Radio was the major source of information in sub-Saharan Africa. Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population. Countries such as

16108: 18968: 17416: 16245: 15814: 15219: 15130: 13665: 8279:

Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat. Traditional society typically focused on raising sheep, goats, and especially cattle. Dishes include

1234:, pottery was independently invented in West Africa, with the earliest pottery there dating to about 9,400 BC from central Mali. It spread throughout the 1017: 17623:

Verguet S, Jassat W, Hedberg C, Tollman S, Jamison DT, Hofman KJ (February 2012). "Measles control in Sub-Saharan Africa: South Africa as a case study".

14518: 2222: 18039: 16282: 15724: 928:

forests, grasslands, and shrublands are found in the high mountains and mountain ranges of eastern Africa, from the Ethiopian Highlands to South Africa.

16969: 15847: 14337: 6742:(ODA) and yet others by private investors. In sub-Saharan Africa, the state spends around $ 9.4 billion out of a total of $ 24.9 billion. In 1568:

Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people, marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the

17989: 15489: 11631:"The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa." 7698:

Although sub-Saharan African art is very diverse, there are some common themes. One is the use of the human figure. Second, there is a preference for

1584:

existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east. During the 15th century, the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at

21183: 20953: 20759: 20529: 16178: 15590: 15104: 13954: 13535:(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, 9127: 7839:

Some forms of sub-Saharan African music use strings, horns, and very little poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern Sahel and along the Nile, among the

6689: 641:

The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj, from the area to their extreme east on the

16992:

Agence Française de Développement, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, Orange, & UNESCO. (2015). Digital Services for Education in Africa.

16715: 13609: 18342: 461:(AU) uses a different regional breakdown, recognizing all 55 member states on the continent—grouping them into five distinct and standard regions. 17575: 16428: 8082:

Southeast African cuisine, especially those of the Swahili people, reflects its Islamic, geographical Indian Ocean cultural links. Dishes include

1118:. They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers. The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE, when primitive 20335: 20105: 18229: 17773: 17474: 16632: 16590: 18884: 17717: 15514: 13257: 12912: 6840:. However, literacy rates in sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries. The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in 4500:

branch are mainly spoken in the north, with its speech area extending into the Sahel (northern Mauritania, northern Mali, northern Niger). The

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speakers is the belief in Divinity; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man. Among

4580:

family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages (1,436) it contains. The vast majority of languages of this family are

18179: 18007: 11886: 8710:

is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries. South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies. In 2003 the

281: 18867: 18691: 18669: 18469: 17507: 16141: 12019: 11908: 7043:, and helped reshape the health policy of sub-Saharan Africa. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based 1157:(upright man) evolved 1.5 million years ago. Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small-brained and used primitive 1096:

at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.

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the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography

8924: 7695:

at the Cape in South Africa, dated 77,000 years. Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world.

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technicians to use solar power is part of the China-Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister

6313:

With electrification numbers, sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar

2276: 936: 870: 17368: 14695: 14365: 6916:, provided the opportunity to reiterate and reinforce these goals. This initiative contributed to having education made a priority of the 4465:, Afroasiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world. Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE. The 19208: 17355:

Knippenberg R, Alihonou E, Soucat A, et al. (June 1997). "Implementation of the Bamako Initiative: strategies in Benin and Guinea".

15197: 14892: 14849: 14771: 14625: 11698: 6952: 6480:. A 2001 estimate is that 42% of the world's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa. South Africa is the largest producer of 6326: 932: 18716: 18643: 17296: 15013: 14974: 14935: 14810: 14714: 11710: 8555:

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons. Major competitions include the

6278:

Energy sources in sub-Saharan Africa. Fossil fuels and hydroelectric power make up the largest share of sub-Saharan African electricity.

19076: 18548:"African Influences in Modern Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 14673: 14642: 14568: 14221: 14156: 13983: 8145:, pork and non-fish seafood are avoided by Christians and Muslims. Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians. 7076: 6747: 6664:

is a strong advocate and donor to this cause. Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups.

1227:

had spread to all corners of the world. This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic, cultural and genetic evidence.

21098: 20674: 19028: 18804: 18746: 17969: 14606: 14587: 13925: 13893: 13796:

Schneider, Edgar Werner and Kortmann, Bernd(2004). A handbook of varieties of English: a multimedia reference tool, Volume 1. Berlin:

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Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.

12421:

Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Thomas, Mark G.; Manica, Andrea; Gunz, Philipp; Stock, Jay T.; Stringer, Chris; Grove, Matt; Groucutt, Huw S.;

20938: 20514: 16997: 16489:"Large scale land investments, household displacement and the effect on land degradation in semiarid agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia" 14418: 14087: 11004: 1428:, whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the well-known city of Eko which was named 18826: 14738: 14442: 6393:

outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive. Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise.

2286: 13165:

Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.

11268: 1436:-speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral, wealth, ancient science and technology and the 20250: 15303: 13516: 12043:

van Zinderen-Bakker, E.M. (14 April 1962). "A Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe".

20090: 17694: 17665: 17601: 7396:, the belief in one's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits. The Semitic 5343: 2193: 1947:

that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many

18551: 18521: 17448: 17018: 15540: 7149:, which was first identified in 1976, occasionally occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. The 2013–2016 4340: 20958: 20875: 20534: 20451: 20027: 18268: 16546: 16333: 13779:

Peek, Philip M. and Yankah, Kwesi (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. London: (Routledge) Taylor & Francis, p. 205,

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Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.

11941: 10373: 8807:. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of North Africa. Although a long-standing member of the 1891: 557: 18128: 16739: 16211: 14116: 19939: 18637: 18577: 18499: 18437: 18278: 18138: 17958: 17936: 17036: 16872: 16449: 16389: 15370: 15191: 15007: 14968: 14886: 14804: 14012: 13846: 13805: 13699: 13540: 13337: 12875: 12636: 11856: 11831: 11808: 11785: 11762: 7068: 5397: 981:

is at Africa's southern tip, and is home to diverse subtropical and temperate forests, woodlands, grasslands, and shrublands.

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Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: University Press.

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were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators, both for their meat and their marrow. In hunting,

20110: 12828: 9388: 7770: 7150: 6341: 5858:, private-sector investment portfolios, and remittances – began to exceed official development assistance. 5465: 509: 16714:

Ken Gwilliam, Vivien Foster, Rodrigo Archondo-Callao, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Alberto Nogales, and Kavita Sethi(2008).

16363: 12010:"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth's Orbit, Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks" 11909:"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks" 11619:"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings" 6274: 19448: 16801: 15615: 11940:

Claussen, Mark; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim (1999).

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A world map illustrating the proportion of population aged 15-49 infected with HIV in 2019. HIV is endemic especially in

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Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilizations of

1092:

locomotion and freed hands, giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open

442: 17751: 17394: 16040: 15901: 13717: 11731: 9112: 8503:. Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant. Raffia cloth and barkcloth are also utilised in the region. 19010: 17331: 16939: 16685: 16311: 15990: 15565: 15280: 11848: 320: 17: 14300: 13583: 13461: 12556: 7408:

is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance-dance; trance-healers.

6900:

in 1990, delegates from 155 countries and representatives of some 150 organizations gathered with the goal to promote

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within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Languages belonging to the family's

1741:, Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean. Growing from the proto-Aksumite 19117: 18613: 18593: 18414: 18362: 18328: 18239: 18074: 16506: 16412: 15960: 15164: 15035: 14929: 14843: 14765: 13872: 13784: 13389: 13325:

Societies, religion, and history: central-east Tanzanians and the world they created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE

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Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114

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In the 19th and 20th centuries, the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups:

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is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years. South Africa hosted the

6746:, SSA states represent almost all spending; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending; in 6518: 2386: 1762: 907: 806: 513: 485: 18936: 16841: 16520: 13561: 13429:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 6329:(NEPAD) is developing an integrated, continent-wide energy strategy. This has been funded by, amongst others, the 20785: 19201: 17144:"Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden" 16101: 15253: 6935: 6921:

amount of funds raised has been decisive. Between 1999 and 2010, public spending on education as a percentage of

6560:

Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world. These crops included

2254: 184: 18443: 16604: 15387:"Africa might have dodged a bullet, but systemic warnings abound for poverty reduction efforts on the continent" 8240:

and fufu are eaten in the region. Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot. Dominant crops include

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Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series)

14127: 13669: 13258:"The Peoples of the West from the Weilue: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE" 12572: 11754: 8653: 6707: 2173:. During the 1950s and early 1960s, most sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule. 2070:, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants. They reached the 2000:

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged, such as the

1179:

mastered the art of making fire. They were the first hominids to leave Africa, going on to colonize the entire

16271: 16067: 15839: 15699: 14514: 7368:. Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. Among 1749:

4th century BCE), it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE. The Aksumites constructed monolithic

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of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "

4344: 219: 19174: 9096: 8656:

governs rugby games in the region. South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in

2806: 2209: 1761:, established in the 12th century, built churches out of solid rock. These rock-hewn structures include the 21224: 20125: 19914: 19371: 18088: 16167: 15100: 13587: 7907: 7774: 7343: 7213: 7178: 6917: 6767: 6719: 6656: 2158: 1502: 548: 469: 458: 13962: 8236:

Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of sub-Saharan Africa: Its cuisine reflects that.

1416:

in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700–900 and 1400 respectively, and center of

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From Chaos to Cohesion: A Regional Approach to Security, Stability, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Bellwood, Peter S.(2005). First farmers: the origins of agricultural societies. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 218,

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Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 138–39, 142,

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is very diverse. A lot of regional overlapping occurs, but there are dominant elements region by region.

7120:(FGM). Somalia, Guinea, Djibouti, Sierra Leone and Mali have the highest prevalence of FGM in the world. 7072: 7005: 6960: 6929:

In the years immediately after the Dakar Forum, the efforts made by the African States towards achieving

6901: 5885: 2281: 1052: 16662: 8468:

In West Africa, again cotton is the material of choice. In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the

7739: 7308:). West Africa is the only subregion of sub-Saharan Africa which has a Muslim majority population, and 6821:

countries, predominantly in Europe, the United States and Canada. This has been described as an African

1250:, the use of oxen, mule, and horses for desert crossing was common, and trade routes followed chains of 21234: 21013: 20868: 20589: 20444: 20020: 19749: 19194: 17865: 16425: 16384:

Ghazvinian, John (2008). Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 1–16,

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are also commonly practiced across sub-Saharan Africa, with these religions being especially common in

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groups, respectively, can also be found in those regions. Bantu-speakers can also be found in parts of

2169:

in southeastern South Africa. The small kingdom gained world fame during and after their defeat in the

2024: 1522:, Chad. The area is located approximately 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Lake Chad, and has been 1040: 1007: 708:

in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa, who spoke languages belonging to the

13554:"Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 6289: 1885: 1262:

being a major economic force for its establishment. It is thought that the camel was first brought to

1126:

was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter, although

21123: 21113: 20918: 20824: 20699: 20689: 20494: 20417: 19684: 16889: 13329: 13261: 9342: 9306: 9270: 9234: 9195: 9159: 8632: 8484:

of Ghana and Ivory Coast, from silk of the various moth species in West Africa. Kente comes from the

7369: 7136: 7117: 7032: 5896:

in 2012 to 50% of gross domestic product in 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic caused it to rise to 57% of

5339: 5191: 5084: 4946: 4910: 4809: 4742: 4577: 2138: 1492: 999: 536: 450: 16890:"Does the Leader's Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa" 7947: 7691:, eastern Morocco. The second-oldest abstract form of art, and the oldest rock art, is found in the 917:

In East Africa, woodlands, savannas, and grasslands are found in the equatorial zone, including the

21128: 21018: 20948: 20704: 20594: 20524: 20165: 18299: 18167: 17567: 16020: 13381: 12315:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" 12225: 11800: 9179: 7939: 7082: 6550: 6337: 6330: 5461: 2470: 2134: 2126: 1928:

On the coastal section of Southeast Africa, a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with

1705: 1220: 1076:, early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest 18014: 17219: 17065:

School Meal Programs Around the World: Results from the 2021 Global Survey of School Meal Programs

12953:

Mokhtar (editor), AnciGent Civilizations of Africa Vo. II, General History of Africa, UNESCO, 1990

11878: 8319:(milky beer). Influences from the Indian and Malay communities can be seen in its use of curries, 7943: 6796: 5854:

In the mid-2010s, private capital flew to sub-Saharan Africa – primarily from the

21188: 21108: 21073: 21058: 21043: 20998: 20933: 20764: 20684: 20649: 20634: 20619: 20574: 20509: 20400: 20275: 20265: 20070: 19884: 18862: 18699: 18665: 18465: 18106: 17885:"Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections" 14999:

The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World

14546: 12278:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 2–3,

12009: 11916: 11728:"Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region" 8462: 8404: 7327: 5149: 5129: 4509: 4438: 2238: 1845: 1714: 1202:, was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa, many scientists consider 1044: 1036: 20815: 19129: 17965:, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: 16194:

About 42% of world reserves and about 75% of the world reserve base are located in South Africa.

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cloth that comes in rectangular shapes, made of pure cotton, and put together to make clothing.

6984: 2015:

During the early 1960s, the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule.

1032: 21063: 20639: 20280: 20170: 20100: 19401: 14692: 14622: 12668:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 47,

12096:

Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München

11514: 11484: 11454: 11424: 11394: 11364: 11330: 11300: 11040: 9379: 7389: 7385: 7166: 6979: 6922: 6806: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5372: 5296: 5276: 5023: 4882: 4837: 4780: 4675: 4404: 2182: 1825:

In the Middle Ages several powerful Somali empires dominated the region's trade, including the

1783: 1625: 1377: 1344:

figure. There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel, based on

1279: 1199: 1003: 995: 725: 520: 197: 15181: 14872: 14833: 14755: 12647:

Davidson, Basil. Africa History, Themes and Outlines, revised and expanded edition. New York:

12295:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 3,

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is often not considered part of sub-Saharan Africa, as it is considered part of North Africa.

7926:. New World styles like Salsa, R&B/Rap, Reggae, and Zouk also have widespread popularity. 5494:

which flows through the city. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.

21163: 21138: 20988: 20983: 20963: 20928: 20913: 20861: 20739: 20714: 20564: 20559: 20539: 20504: 20489: 20437: 20340: 20260: 20225: 20210: 20195: 20150: 20085: 20013: 19826: 19784: 19779: 19694: 19557: 19376: 19296: 19291: 18720: 18627: 17300: 15307: 14997: 14958: 14919: 14794: 14711: 14565: 13513: 12368: 12364:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" 12155:, Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255. 11706: 11642: 9254: 8564: 8560: 8534: 7766: 7140: 6905: 6294: 5255: 4995: 4982: 4814: 4493: 4419: 4373: 2554: 1869: 1754: 1460: 978: 885: 858: 854: 843: 810: 789:(green and yellow), and more desert or semi-desert regions, centered on Namibia and Botswana. 774: 721: 709: 532: 512:

applies the "sub-Saharan" classification to 46 of Africa's 55 countries, excluding Djibouti,

383: 20391: 18323:, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, pp. 102–03, 16407:, (2002). The Civilization of Africa. University of Virginia Press: Charlottesville, p. 98, 14793:

John Hartley; Jason Potts; Terry Flew; Stuart Cunningham; Michael Keane; John Banks (2012).

14670: 14646: 14392: 14229: 14164: 13991: 12845:

Akinwumi Ogundiran, Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives

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is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world.

21148: 21118: 21103: 21088: 21078: 21068: 21033: 21028: 20978: 20923: 20898: 20811: 20802: 20793: 20724: 20694: 20679: 20664: 20654: 20644: 20609: 20604: 20554: 20499: 20474: 20215: 19480: 19142: 19032: 18864:

Sport's great rivalries: Kenya vs. Ethiopia, and a one-sided battle (at least on the track)

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Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003)

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city-state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the

570: 19301: 14415: 14257: 14095: 12627:

Collins, Robert O. and Burns, James. M(2007). A History of Sub-saharan Africa. Cambridge:

11977: 8545: 7778: 5412:. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous 1768: 1447:

were responsible for most of the slaves exported from modern-day Nigeria, selling them to

1048: 906:

stretching along the southern coast of West Africa and across most of Central Africa (the

354: 8: 21158: 21153: 21093: 21048: 21008: 20903: 20884: 20734: 20729: 20669: 20624: 20584: 20479: 20460: 20315: 20290: 20140: 20135: 20115: 20080: 20065: 19992: 19899: 19879: 19744: 19416: 19324: 19157: 17193: 17042: 14735: 14439: 12918: 12648: 12427:"Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?" 11567: 11190: 8568: 7708: 7633: 7500: 7146: 6790: 6493: 6322:

and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003.

5413: 5172: 4719: 4336: 2150: 1844:

was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during

1701: 1689: 1546: 1456: 1345: 1255: 1056: 1021: 911: 903: 893: 862: 635: 371: 251: 18608:, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, p. 103, 18491: 17966: 12998:

Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) Page 229

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According to the CIA, low global literacy rates are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa,

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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spanned the southern Sahara, south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the

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culture. The Yoruba built massive mud walls around their cities, the most famous being

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Eglash, Ron: "African Fractals: Modern computing and indigenous design." Rutgers 1999

15674: 15464:"For Sub-Saharan Africa, Coronavirus Crisis Calls for Policies for Greater Resilience" 15413:"Extreme poverty rises in West Africa due to COVID-19 pandemic | World Food Programme" 13690:

Brown, Keith and Ogilvie, Sarah(2008). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world

12130: 11618: 21143: 21053: 20943: 20719: 20629: 20519: 20310: 20305: 20245: 20200: 20160: 20055: 20036: 19889: 19869: 19821: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19609: 19354: 19349: 19339: 19334: 19113: 18633: 18609: 18605: 18589: 18573: 18525: 18433: 18410: 18393: 18358: 18324: 18320: 18274: 18235: 18134: 17944:

Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)

17932: 17914: 17725: 17718:"Opinion | A brutal custom : Join forces to banish the mutilation of women" 17640: 17372: 17337: 17327: 17278: 17175: 17032: 16868: 16658: 16502: 16488: 16445: 16408: 16404: 16385: 16075: 15732: 15366: 15187: 15160: 15003: 14964: 14925: 14915: 14882: 14839: 14800: 14761: 13842: 13801: 13797: 13780: 13751: 13695: 13536: 13385: 13333: 13290: 13211: 13137: 13082: 13015: 12922: 12894: 12744: 12720: 12690: 12669: 12652: 12632: 12611: 12529: 12472: 12454: 12403: 12344: 12296: 12279: 12259: 12100: 12072: 11852: 11827: 11804: 11781: 11758: 11572: 10908: 10787: 10613: 10496: 9984: 9917: 9768: 9290: 8711: 8584: 8469: 8111: 7973:

West African cuisine can be described as starchy, flavorfully spicey. Dishes include

7852: 7743: 7613: 7586: 7543: 7537: 7479: 7473: 7044: 7028: 6930: 6617: 5881: 5849: 5460:, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of 5385: 5301: 5167: 5046: 4987: 4925: 4853: 4842: 4768: 4629: 4470: 4466: 4454: 4389: 2596: 2118: 2059: 2030: 1837: 1613: 1506: 1421: 1267: 1185: 1158: 1119: 1085: 991: 786: 737: 375: 18547: 16924: 16337: 16021:"Can You Hear Me Now?"How Cell Phones are Transforming Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa 1306: 20365: 20285: 20235: 20190: 20175: 20155: 20145: 20120: 20060: 19981: 19969: 19954: 19934: 19919: 19794: 19458: 19436: 18350: 18202: 17904: 17896: 17632: 17452: 17364: 17268: 17258: 17165: 17155: 16968:(Press release). Department of Science and Technology. 22 June 2006. Archived from 16912: 16904: 16747: 16646: 16207: 14282: 14131: 14117:"Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007: Population and Housing Census Results" 13747: 13643: 13072: 13064: 13048: 12850:, citing Magnavita 2004; Magnavita et al. 2004, 2006; Magnavita and Schleifer 2004. 12820: 12581: 12519: 12511: 12462: 12446: 12393: 12385: 12334: 12195: 12152: 12060: 11986: 11972: 11964: 11557: 11549: 10327: 10115: 10077: 9972: 9929: 9925: 9865: 9810: 9780: 9776: 9595: 9479: 9441: 9397: Geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community 8612: 8563:, a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country. The 8530: 8448: 7856: 7817: 7727: 7687:

in the world is a shell necklace, dated to 82,000 years, in the Cave of Pigeons in

7575: 7556: 7525: 7506: 7416: 7335: 7125: 7021: 5417: 5312: 5281: 5123: 5062: 4956: 4921: 4847: 4802: 4797: 4726: 4637: 4513: 4497: 4482: 4458: 4434: 4348: 2122: 2071: 1972: 1853: 1849: 1826: 1636: 1585: 1581: 1530: 1464: 1433: 1425: 1297: 1134:

and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals. The tools were classed as

1100: 778: 669: 625: 508:) are all geographically considered to be part of sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the 295: 259: 17955: 17636: 14792: 14023: 14022:. South East Consortium for International Development. 31 May 2006. Archived from 8393: 8372: 5829:. The reason given is: The most recent data in this section seems to be from 2015. 1329: 46: 20295: 20205: 20095: 19976: 19769: 19704: 19689: 19654: 19624: 19520: 19237: 18972: 18885:"Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods" 18871: 18849: 18768: 18193:

Okwu AS (1979). "Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa".

17973: 17962: 17950: 17943: 17160: 17001: 16722: 16650: 16462: 16432: 16027: 15791: 15490:"The Search for Sustainable Solutions to Debt Accumulation in Sub-Saharan Africa" 15153: 14742: 14718: 14699: 14677: 14629: 14610: 14591: 14572: 14553: 14446: 14422: 14369: 14341: 14070: 13825: 13323: 13284: 13228: 13130: 13009: 12843: 12791: 12738: 12422: 11862: 11777: 11727: 11160: 10751: 10679: 10643: 10604: 10526: 10479: 10457: 10336: 10297: 10217: 10208: 10169: 10073: 10022: 10013: 9980: 9878: 9874: 9823: 9819: 9720: 9684: 9604: 9565: 9556: 9522: 9513: 9437: 9036: 8999: 8800: 8735: 8669: 8616: 8452: 8408: 8273: 8253: 7994: 7967: 7935: 7800: 7758: 7625: 7617: 7562: 7519: 7334:

respectively. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa also constituted in absolute terms the

7233: 7170: 7135:, most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the 7113: 7055: 6739: 6715: 6680:

sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol.

6609: 6581: 6265: 5889: 5483: 5306: 5220: 5209: 5201: 5196: 5117: 5088: 5067: 5028: 5010: 5004: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4916: 4898: 4866: 4785: 4746: 4659: 4641: 4605: 4593: 4585: 4549: 4537: 2129:. For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the slowly expanding settlement was a 2110: 2091: 2047: 1976: 1944: 1918: 1903: 1899: 1795: 1557: 1542: 1452: 1444: 1321: 1107: 1013: 963: 940: 899: 762: 733: 601: 552: 430: 395: 387: 208: 19874: 19014: 17801: 17752:"Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation" 14956: 13531: 13529: 8771:

Only six African countries are not geopolitically a part of sub-Saharan Africa:

19964: 19799: 19714: 19709: 19699: 19614: 19587: 19505: 19453: 19426: 19411: 19386: 19329: 19306: 19242: 19229: 18799: 18270:

Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions

16637: 16595: 16359: 15179: 13053:"A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History" 12450: 12389: 11229: 11070: 10958: 10872: 10487: 10412: 10063: 9976: 9959: 9908: 9759: 9427: 9204: 8957: 8820: 8816: 8792: 8688: 8608: 8592: 8572: 8399:

In East Africa, one finds extensive use of cotton clothing. Shemma, shama, and

8241: 8142: 7848: 7670: 7592: 7580: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7468: 7153:

originated in Guinea, later spreading to neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone.

7096: 7013: 5318: 5286: 5266: 5141: 5135: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5052: 5040: 5016: 4968: 4929: 4893: 4888: 4872: 4762: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4621: 4597: 4581: 4561: 4545: 4517: 2170: 2103: 2039: 1952: 1936: 1807: 1791: 1726: 1671: 1480: 1472: 1437: 1400: 1392: 1357: 1301: 1293: 1231: 1115: 877: 705: 664: 646: 613: 609: 446: 422: 379: 363: 324: 303: 16908: 12706:

Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.

11797:

The Struggle Over Eritrea, 1962-1978: War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa

8851: 8307:). Crops utilised are sorghum, maize (corn), pumpkin beans, leafy greens, and 4686:

rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa. They are principally spoken by

2113:

became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa. In 1652, a

1223:

launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans. By 10,000 BCE,

1061: 21213: 19764: 19530: 19525: 19515: 19487: 19391: 17759: 17729: 17341: 16633:"Twenty-First-Century Land Grabs: Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession" 16079: 15736: 14123: 13526: 13520: 13282: 12458: 12164:

Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.

12014: 11535: 11378: 11130: 11100: 10448: 10248: 9968: 9635: 9104: 9073: 8824: 8696: 8676: 8596: 8485: 7821: 7762: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7357: 7331: 7109: 6893: 6852: 6826: 6541: 6417: 5795: 5664: 5491: 5469: 5439: 5431: 5260: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5228: 5214: 5093: 5057: 5034: 4903: 4715: 4699: 4654: 4589: 4521: 4400: 4369: 4030: 2166: 2087: 2063: 2055: 1968: 1940: 1914: 1865: 1758: 1597: 1574: 1417: 1143: 1066: 690: 678: 621: 164: 100: 19217: 17263: 16501:

Bowden, Rob (2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 37,

12824: 12719:, revised and expanded edition. New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 87–107, 12585: 12570:

Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa - An Overview".

12515: 12339: 12314: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8458: 8272:). Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects. 7665: 4396: 2198: 2062:

speakers. They slowly moved south, and the earliest ironworks in modern-day

19924: 19739: 19577: 19497: 19431: 19406: 19344: 19134: 18588:

Bowden, Rob(2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 40,

18347:

Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy

17918: 17644: 17376: 17369:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199706)12:1+<S29::AID-HPM465>3.0.CO;2-U

17282: 17179: 16836: 15073: 14308: 13457: 13086: 12533: 12476: 12407: 12348: 11562: 11352: 11314: 11243: 11198: 11028: 10843: 10818: 10810: 10596: 10565: 9226: 8796: 8700: 8692: 8684: 8604: 8575:

for the sixth time, which is the current record for a sub-Saharan team. In

8324: 8296: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8026: 7990: 7923: 7844: 7840: 7804: 7714:

The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of

7692: 7684: 7405: 7285: 7265: 7245: 7241: 7193: 7121: 7085:

in sub-Saharan Africa increased from 40 years in 1960 to 61 years in 2017.

7009: 6885: 6751: 6676: 6647: 6605: 6565: 6370: 6314: 5865: 5675: 5616: 5472:

range of hills, and is the centre of a large-scale gold and diamond trade.

5449: 5445: 4791: 4711: 4565: 4352: 4210: 3808: 3556: 2230: 2162: 2130: 2075: 2067: 1939:

traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African

1819: 1772: 1601: 1593: 1569: 1561: 1550: 1538: 1534: 1476: 1365: 1361: 1349: 1333: 1285: 1215: 1191: 1163: 1153: 1073: 802: 794: 766: 465: 316: 112: 18390:

The African Genius, An Introduction to African Social and Cultural History

18354: 17900: 15069:"This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million" 11942:"Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene" 7411:

Generally, traditional African religions are united by an ancient complex

7381: 6904:

and the radical reduction of illiteracy before the end of the decade. The

4508:, is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world. 4357: 19909: 19854: 19816: 19811: 19804: 19759: 19754: 19731: 19602: 19572: 19567: 19316: 19276: 19271: 17882: 17243: 15362:

Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times

14995: 14924:. Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City. p. 71. 14492: 12764: 11968: 11670: 11344: 11322: 11020: 10348: 10257: 10119: 10090: 9951: 9644: 9483: 9454: 9262: 9082: 8893: 8808: 8739: 8649: 8600: 8588: 8481: 8477: 8432: 8381: 8352: 8087: 8038: 8022: 7961: 7891: 7825: 7679:

late 19th / early 20th centuries. Female (left) and male Vertical styles.

7652: 7353: 6845: 6822: 6731: 6628: 6621: 6413: 6346: 5736: 5603: 5518: 5393: 5389: 4756: 4679: 4462: 4415: 3886: 2974: 1841: 1833: 1815: 1404: 1353: 1337: 1310: 1289: 1131: 1111: 966:

lie in Southern Africa, and are surrounded by semi-deserts including the

925: 782: 617: 594: 481: 473: 434: 426: 343: 92: 18231:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

12593: 10976: 9360: 8714:

was held in South Africa, first time it was held in sub-Saharan Africa.

7747: 7656: 7373: 7326:

majority. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa constituted in absolute terms the

4512:

are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea). The

19859: 19833: 19669: 19659: 19649: 19597: 19582: 19547: 19463: 19281: 19249: 19109: 18214: 16916: 16554: 15616:"Electricity Production Data | World Electricity Statistics | Enerdata" 15439:"COVID-19 and Africa: Socio-economic implications and policy responses" 13260:. Translated by Hill, John E. Section 15 and notes. Archived from 11823: 11292: 11182: 11174: 11054: 10771: 10699: 10671: 10588: 9334: 8836: 8804: 8680: 8580: 8356: 8300: 8292: 8220: 8202: 7860: 7393: 7361: 7301: 7261: 7228: 7075:'s outreach programs. According to a 2013 special report issued by the 6837: 6755: 6743: 6699: 6585: 6366: 6350: 6319: 5873: 4691: 4658:

for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa. In the

4609: 4557: 4385: 4102: 3922: 3850: 3514: 3430: 3304: 2234: 2114: 2099: 2079: 1994: 1979: 1906:, and the latter now account for three-quarters of Kenya's population. 1413: 1384: 1341: 1130:

likely did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small

1018:

List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § List of African kingdoms

948: 823: 781:

of Central and West Africa (blue). Southern Africa has a transition to

497: 477: 454: 339: 230: 20853: 20429: 15249: 9151: 8419:, but are of a thicker cloth, and have an edging only on a long side. 7843:, made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times. Among the 7062:

In 2011, sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69% of all people living with

7050: 4548:, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the 2066:

are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the

2054:-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the 1955:. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of 1340:

of Nigeria (lasting from 1,500 BCE to 200 CE) is known from a type of

720:

for Africa south of the Sahara), who spoke languages belonging to the

358:

Simplified climatic map of Africa: sub-Saharan Africa consists of the

19929: 19849: 19719: 19396: 19381: 19359: 18910:"South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government" 18427: 17568:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Sub-Saharan Africa | Data" 16716:

Africa infrastructure country diagnostic, Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa

12492:"The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans" 12064: 10985: 10822: 10663: 10357: 10160: 10005: 9711: 9505: 9369: 8990: 8866: 8760: 8638: 8571:, a first for a sub-Saharan country. In 2010, Cameroon played in the 8328: 8269: 8034: 7833: 7699: 7424: 7315: 7100: 6833: 6643: 6473: 6461: 6409: 6390: 6298: 5784: 5514: 5502: 5438:; it is a regionally important economic centre. It is located on the 5159: 4649: 4601: 4478: 4365: 3388: 2146: 2142: 1948: 1830: 1718: 1667: 1589: 1180: 1172: 1171:

eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the

1077: 918: 888:

can be found much more in the interior, contrasting with savanna and

655: 634:("Country of the Blacks"), which was situated in the vicinity of the 540: 140: 96: 20005: 19186: 18694:[Proclamation 2005: Barcloth making in Uganda] (in French). 18397: 18206: 14831: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12254:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York:

8068: 7782: 6638: 19674: 19664: 19535: 19259: 19055:"Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition" 17802:"Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total" 17064: 16966:"South Africa's Investment in Research and Development on the Rise" 15725:"More than half of sub-Saharan Africans lack access to electricity" 13068: 12793:

Komé-Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline

11251: 11152: 10950: 10892: 10826: 10743: 10635: 10510: 10440: 10432: 10271: 10055: 9943: 9857: 9849: 9802: 9794: 9658: 9419: 9143: 9028: 8828: 8727: 8718: 8428: 8261: 8257: 8225: 8194: 8150: 8115: 8107: 8042: 8018: 7982: 7919: 7899: 7879: 7703: 7688: 7428: 7365: 7297: 7289: 7253: 7252:. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa ( 7063: 6897: 6860:

numerate. In contrast, numeracy in South Asia was only around 50%.

6856: 6841: 6810: 6667:

Cash crops include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, and tobacco.

6613: 6526: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6453: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6405: 6382: 6374: 5861: 5688: 5592: 5506: 5453: 5435: 5421: 4663: 4633: 4553: 4541: 4533: 3682: 3598: 3178: 3094: 3010: 2848: 2428: 2095: 2035: 1960: 1956: 1922: 1799: 1776: 1742: 1734: 1259: 971: 952: 758:

List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions

539:

between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa that dates back to the

493: 391: 152: 148: 124: 18692:"Proclamation 2005: La fabrication des tissus d'écorce en Ouganda" 18666:"Intangible Heritage Home –- intangible heritage – Culture Sector" 18343:"Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa" 17506:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2013. Archived from 16584: 16582: 16580: 15931: 14913: 14835:

Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance

7863:

is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork.

7859:. Dancing involves swaying body movements and footwork. Among the 4411: 1641: 593:

Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct

19552: 19510: 19441: 19254: 17251:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

14048: 13402: 12882: 12274: 12272: 11939: 11468: 11356: 11212: 11144: 11122: 11032: 10995: 10735: 10574: 10549: 10535: 10518: 10471: 10319: 10200: 10178: 10147: 9997: 9892: 9743: 9729: 9698: 9587: 9548: 9497: 8977: 8788: 8784: 8772: 8755: 8668:. Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the 8496: 8440: 8412: 8340: 8332: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8265: 8229: 8099: 8076: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8010: 8002: 7911: 7903: 7895: 7887: 7871: 7792: 7673: 7601: 7412: 7401: 7309: 7293: 7281: 7257: 7092: 7088: 7001: 6913: 6772: 6561: 6522: 6510: 6449: 6429: 6386: 6378: 5760: 5723: 5712: 5579: 5498: 5475: 5457: 5382: 4773: 4751: 4687: 4617: 4474: 4469:

branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the

4426: 4174: 4066: 3472: 3262: 3220: 3136: 3052: 2722: 2344: 2083: 2082:

was a medieval kingdom (c. 1250–1629), which existed between the

2009: 2005: 2001: 1895: 1803: 1738: 1730: 1710: 1649: 1605: 1432:

by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers. The

1135: 1103: 1093: 1081: 850: 777:

of the Sahel and areas surrounding semi-deserts (orange) and the

729: 701: 650: 642: 566: 562: 501: 489: 264: 179: 144: 120: 80: 19062: 19029:"Where We Work | U.S. Agency for International Development" 18629:

Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa: Opportunities and Challenges

18077:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 June 2024 – via CIA.gov. 17029:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

16626: 16624: 16622: 15515:"Africa's Rapid Economic Growth Hasn't Fully Closed Income Gaps" 13363: 13361: 11595:. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. Archived from 11506: 7787: 7451: 5434:

is the former capital of, as well as the most populous city in,

4524:

in West Africa (Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Chad).

4380: 2058:

by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original

1909: 1475:, the foremost world power at the time. Nigeria was granted its 302:

Definition of "sub-Saharan Africa" as used in the statistics of

19944: 19904: 19679: 19562: 19264: 19221: 18695: 17028: 16577: 15700:"Access to electricity – SDG7: Data and Projections – Analysis" 13830:

Khoisan languages and linguistics: the Riezlern symposium 2003.

13104:

Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon

12490:

Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, et al. (May 2009).

12131:

International Association for the History of Religions (1959),

11643:"Afrotropical ecozone: boundaries, characteristics, biomes ..." 11446: 11416: 11386: 11114: 11062: 10900: 10864: 10856: 10707: 10627: 10557: 10404: 10395: 10311: 10280: 10240: 10231: 10156: 10026: 9921: 9900: 9772: 9751: 9707: 9667: 9627: 9618: 9579: 9526: 9298: 9187: 9065: 9056: 8986: 8949: 8940: 8812: 8473: 8444: 8436: 8424: 8344: 8336: 8320: 8288: 8245: 8214: 8201:

from banana or millet. Cooking techniques include roasting and

8190: 8174: 8170: 8158: 8127: 8054: 8046: 8006: 7978: 7915: 7875: 7867: 7829: 7319: 7269: 7036: 6989: 6694: 6632: 6593: 6573: 6569: 6546: 6514: 6457: 6445: 5747: 5651: 5640: 5627: 5510: 5401: 5363: 5353: 4505: 3994: 3640: 3346: 2890: 2764: 2302: 2229:

greater than 4 in 2008. All are above the world average except

1990: 1986: 1929: 1645: 1609: 1388: 1369: 1314: 1239: 944: 694: 418: 414: 347: 160: 156: 136: 132: 108: 104: 16400: 16398: 12269: 11667:"Political definition of 'Major regions', according to the UN" 8766: 7455: 4361:

Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa

2237:. More than 40% of the population in sub-Saharan countries is 19949: 19592: 17024: 16619: 15591:"Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Shock and Little Room to Maneuver" 14957:

Kerstin Pinther; Larissa Förster; Christian Hanussek (2012).

13358: 12425:; Rightmire, G. Philip; d’Errico, Francesco (1 August 2018). 11476: 11438: 11284: 11220: 11194: 11092: 11084: 10942: 10927: 10192: 10047: 9540: 9411: 9326: 8840: 8780: 8776: 8722: 8420: 8416: 8384: 8348: 8284: 8280: 8237: 8162: 8146: 8131: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8072: 7998: 7986: 7883: 7809: 7323: 7305: 7277: 7249: 7203: 7132: 7124:, the most extreme form of FGM, is concentrated primarily in 6909: 6601: 6589: 6469: 6465: 6362: 6336:

Renewable Energy Performance Platform was established by the

5771: 5699: 5568: 5479: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5378: 5357: 4645: 4625: 4613: 4486: 4138: 3958: 3724: 2932: 2680: 2638: 2242: 1964: 1811: 1787: 1750: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1497: 1429: 1396: 1373: 1263: 1251: 1247: 1235: 1089: 967: 959: 839: 831: 818: 798: 754:

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

713: 505: 359: 331: 312: 128: 88: 84: 15304:"Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa" 15180:

Loretta Lees; Hyun Bang Shin; Ernesto López Morales (2015).

13819:"On external genealogical relationships of the Khoe family". 12248: 8559:, a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the 8435:

are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn. In

8377: 8153:

is used to make ugali, a popular dish with different names.

6373:

boast almost 100% penetration. Only five countries—Burundi,

5908:

of $ 23 billion in 2021 to assist critical public spending.

1424:. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the 716:

in most of the rest of the subcontinent (hence, the toponym

581: 573:" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed. 480:, and most North African states are likewise members of the 19542: 19364: 19077:"U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan [UPDATE 2" 18830: 18522:">TARA – Trust for African Rock Art: Rock Art in Africa" 17622: 17477:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 21 May 2013. 17357:

The International Journal of Health Planning and Management

17247:"Maternal Mortality in Africa: Regional Trends (2000–2017)" 16495: 16395: 15642:"Africa's energy problems threatens growth, says Nepad CEO" 15566:"Growing Together The IMF and African Low-Income Countries" 15183:

Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement

14491:. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Archived from 13714:"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004" 12809:"On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central Africa" 11498: 11408: 10098: 9462: 9218: 8901: 8832: 8500: 8400: 8312: 8249: 8208: 8198: 8166: 8154: 8135: 8119: 8030: 8014: 7974: 7957: 7813: 7339: 7273: 7040: 6818: 6671: 6597: 6577: 6530: 6425: 5855: 4819: 4683: 4431: 4341:

Writing systems of Africa § Indigenous writing systems

4246: 3766: 2512: 2051: 1932: 1861: 1857: 835: 827: 630: 620:), or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to 528: 527:

in Sudan, though navigation on the Nile was blocked by the

524: 116: 19997: 14228:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 14163:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 14094:, Central Intelligence Agency, 23 May 2023, archived from 13990:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13961:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13932:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13900:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13871:, Central Intelligence Agency, 22 May 2023, archived from 13642:. National Bureau of Statistics. June 2010. Archived from 12863: 8161:

or canjeero (Somali) bread. Other important foods include

7312:

has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa.

4725:

Major languages of Africa by region, family and number of

2218:

for Western Europe, 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas.

2133:

possession. In 1795, the Dutch colony was captured by the

939:

are transition zones between the tropical forests and the

18429:

Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity

17354: 16740:"Developed nations should invest in African universities" 16142:"Harnessing Sub-Saharan Africa's Critical Mineral Wealth" 15902:"China to train developing nations in solar technologies" 13046: 8811:, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west ( 8488: 6844:(90.7%; 2003 est.), while the lowest literacy rate is in 5540:

worldpopulationreview.com 2022 City Population estimates.

5428:, one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. 2213:

Fertility rates and life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa

1409: 17883:

WHO Ebola Response Team; et al. (16 October 2014).

17833:

Public Health and Education Spending in Ghana in 1992-98

16068:"Competition increases for pay TV in sub-Saharan Africa" 13692:

Concise Encyclopedias of Language and Linguistics Series

13436:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

13407:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

13283:

Evelyne Jone Rich; Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1971).

12489: 8763:

and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists.

8138:, but is rarely eaten since meat is viewed as a luxury. 6871: 4604:

are not. A major branch of the Niger–Congo languages is

4311:(Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009) 1440:, which is the largest man-made structure in the world. 15961:"Radio the Chief Medium for News in Sub-Saharan Africa" 13458:"World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division" 13227:

Klein, Martin A.; Wesley Johnson, G. (8 January 2010).

8311:. Beverages include ting (fermented sorghum or maize), 7952: 5490:, which translates to "cool water", a reference to the 1383:

In the forest zone, several states and empires such as

19895:

List of countries where Arabic is an official language

17493: 15932:"About | Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP)" 15639: 14996:

Salif Diop; Jean-Paul Barusseau; Cyr Descamps (2014).

13832:

Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 17. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

12420: 11621:. United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013 6714:

represents one of the most significant limitations to

1175:. Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting, 813:. It has a dry winter season and a wet summer season. 597:

sections based on each area's respective inhabitants.

19106:

Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

17774:"Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern" 17467: 16435:

KillerPlants.com, Plants That Change History Archive.

12806: 18419: 17811:. United States Agency for International Development 17023:(in English, Arabic, Chinese, French, and Spanish). 13817:

Güldemann, Tom and Edward D. Elderkin (forthcoming)

11525: 1592:. Other significant states and peoples included the 1147:

first appeared in the fossil record in Africa. From

873:

lie between the savannas and the equatorial forests.

769:

of Africa, showing the ecological break between the

284:

in 2019, the sub-Saharan population was 1.1 billion.

18572:Alexandre, Marc(1998). World Bank Publication: DC. 16686:"Global protocol could limit Sub-Saharan land grab" 16279:

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries

16269: 16242:

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries

15277:"Not to be Missed: Nairobi 'Green City in the Sun'" 15093: 13226: 13099: 12042: 8339:. European influences can be seen in cuisines like 8193:. Beverages are coffee (domesticated in Ethiopia), 7131:National health systems vary between countries. In 6353:are among the energy methods used in the projects. 2223:

list of countries and territories by fertility rate

2165:was a Southern African tribal state in what is now 1856:, whose military dominance forced governors of the 390:. The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all 17685: 17683: 16733: 16731: 15991:"Africa calling: Cellphone usage sees record rise" 15785:Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape 13828:In Brenzinger, Matthias and Christa König (eds.), 13321: 13129: 13101: 12789: 12213:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12 8126:are used, especially among Muslims. Meat includes 5925:(with other key actors of African or oil economy) 4516:branch is distributed in Central and West Africa. 4445:Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,500 languages. 1560:into Central Africa, during the 14th century, the 773:of North Africa and the Horn of Africa (red), the 468:, which is instead grouped with the definition of 18711: 18709: 18392:. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, pp. 168–80. 17142:Hotez, Peter J.; Kamath, Aruna (25 August 2009). 17067:(Report). Global Child Nutrition Foundation. 2022 16099: 14870: 14745:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14721:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14702:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14680:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14594:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 14556:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 14449:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 14425:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14395:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14372:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14344:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14283:"20 million people can speak Luganda - linguists" 13484:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data" 12306: 9128:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa 8495:which means basket. It is sometimes used to make 6690:Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa 6509:Sub-Saharan Africa is a key player in the global 5497:Other major cities in sub-Saharan Africa include 4706:peoples and in West and Central Africa among the 1967: – a seaboard referred to as the 21211: 19144:Digital Services for Education in Africa 18625: 17830:Canagarajah, Sudharshan; Ye, Xiao (April 2001). 17536:"UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012" 17085: 16940:"Africa Analysis: Progress on science spending?" 16867:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329. 13434:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 13376:M. Martin, Phyllis and O'Meara, Patrick (1995). 12555:. Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 12549:"Swiss archaeologist digs up West Africa's past" 7288:), as well as significant Muslim communities in 6996:Health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa include 18582: 18425: 18045:(Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 17967:The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions 17680: 17530: 17528: 17501:"Special Report: How Africa Turned AIDS Around" 16802:"African brain drain: is there an alternative?" 16728: 16418: 15212: 14832:Helmut K Anheier; Yudhishthir Raj Isar (2012). 14666: 14664: 14616: 14542: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14388: 14386: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14378: 12202:, (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104 8451:). In Madagascar a type of draped cloth called 7808:can be seen in its influence on music forms as 7240:African countries below the Sahara are largely 6424:The region is a major exporter to the world of 4690:peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the 4520:, its most widely spoken language, serves as a 4319:Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009) 743: 18706: 18130:The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 17749: 15954: 15952: 15151: 15101:"Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth" 15060: 14688: 14686: 14466:, Central Intelligence Agency, 6 February 2023 14358: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14350: 14264:, Central Intelligence Agency, 7 February 2023 12971:Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg.92 12874:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAppiahGates2010 ( 11640: 8803:, which also makes up the largest bloc of the 8577:1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football 4330: 693:were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient 663:or Abyssinians, who were the forebears of the 20869: 20445: 20021: 19202: 19013:. CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org. Archived from 18122: 18120: 17956:World Christian Encyclopedia, summarised here 17829: 17451:. Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation. Archived from 15359:Bank, European Investment (19 October 2022). 15218: 15066: 14705: 14559: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14401: 14068: 13920: 13918: 13380:. 3rd edition, Bloomington and Indianapolis: 13289:. Random House School Division. p. 124. 13047:Liu, Hua; Prugnolle, Franck; Manica, Andrea; 12841: 12740:The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana 10382:SADC (Southern African Development Community) 6817:Forty per cent of African scientists live in 5536:Largest cities or towns in Sub Saharan Africa 5377:Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. 4552:. In Southern Africa, their speakers are the 4481:) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the 464:The term serves as a grouping counterpart to 19133: This article incorporates text from a 17525: 16887: 16165: 15675:"Access to energy is Africa development key" 14731: 14729: 14727: 14661: 14533: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14375: 14252: 14250: 14248: 14246: 13315: 12355: 8925:Economic Community of Central African States 8396:. Cotton seems to be the dominant material. 7993:. Ingredients are of native starchy tubers, 6965:Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa 6517:and hosting about 50%of its reserves in the 6389:—still have a penetration of less than 10%. 1753:to cover the graves of their kings, such as 1596:, producers of the famous raffia cloth, the 1189:. Although some recent writers suggest that 413:is the area and regions of the continent of 17750:Feldman-Jacobs, Charlotte (February 2009). 17656: 17654: 17141: 17020:Youth and skills: putting education to work 16232: 15949: 15899: 15640:Creamer Media Reporter (12 November 2009). 14757:African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative 14683: 14597: 14578: 14452: 14347: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14214: 14109: 14072:Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East 14013:"Memories of Utopia – Infoshop, World Bank" 13976: 13421: 12869: 12361: 12313:Schlebusch; et al. (3 November 2017). 12215:, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490 12148: 12146: 11750:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State 8767:List of countries and regional organisation 6953:History of science and technology in Africa 6521:(DRC). The region also harbors significant 6472:, collectively supplies over 60% of global 4678:are concentrated in the upper parts of the 4532:The several families lumped under the term 1206:to be an early and primitive member of the 20876: 20862: 20452: 20438: 20028: 20014: 19209: 19195: 18632:. Twaweza Communications. pp. 78–79. 18117: 18040:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 16888:Franck, Raphaël; Rainer, Ilia (May 2012). 16589:Saul, John J.; Leys, Colin (1 July 1999). 16140:Chen, Wenjie; Laws, Athene; Valckx, Nico. 16139: 14950: 14398: 13915: 13886: 13859: 13857: 13855: 13127: 13008:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). 12736: 12312: 7384:, would be derived from this world. Among 7328:world's third largest Christian population 7077:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 6855:formation was able to determine, that the 5468:. The city is located in the mineral-rich 974:grasslands lie to the east of the deserts. 18626:Njogu, K.; Ngeta, K.; Wanjau, M. (2010). 18426:Richmond, Yale; Gestrin, Phyllis (2009). 18107:"National Profiles | World Religion" 18089:"National Profiles | World Religion" 18057:"Religions in South Sudan | PEW-GRF" 17984: 17982: 17908: 17449:"Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation: What we do" 17272: 17262: 17169: 17159: 16683: 16591:"Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism" 15779: 15777: 15775: 15773: 14724: 14428: 14243: 14080: 13947: 13076: 12540: 12523: 12466: 12397: 12338: 12099:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. 12088: 12086: 12084: 12082: 11976: 11840: 11685: 11005:Economic Community of West African States 8520:History of theatre § African theatre 7458:divination and its four digit binary code 6946: 6513:market, producing over 70%of the world's 4648:and other Middle Eastern and South Asian 1886:History of Africa § Southeast Africa 861:) stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the 793:Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of 659:or Abyssinia, which was inhabited by the 19031:. Usaid.gov. 29 May 2012. Archived from 18340: 17651: 17321: 16937: 16738:Gabara, Nthambeleni (12 November 2009). 16588: 16175:U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 16135: 16133: 15771: 15769: 15767: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15669: 15667: 15541:"Sub-Saharan Africa: Living on The Edge" 15487: 15301: 15274: 15159:. Gale Research International, Limited. 14323: 13738: 13001: 12910: 12790:Philippe Lavachery; et al. (2012). 12205: 12200:Zamani: A Survey of East African History 12158: 12143: 11771: 11269:West African Economic and Monetary Union 10975: 10347: 9359: 8850: 8637: 8457: 8376: 8276:is sometimes used as a meat substitute. 8207: 8067: 7951: 7786: 7664: 7450: 7404:is comparable to the latter world view. 7227: 7049: 6983: 6875: 6800: 6771: 6693: 6637: 6540: 6404: 6327:New Partnership for Africa's Development 6288: 6273: 5860: 5362: 5352: 4425: 4410: 4395: 4379: 4364: 4356: 2208: 2197: 2034: 1982:as a consequence of these interactions. 1908: 1767: 1709: 1640: 1518:settlements have recently been found in 1496: 1395:arose in the 18th century in modern-day 1305: 1258:was in full motion by 500 BCE with 1254:that were strung across the desert. The 1060: 937:Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic 871:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic 761: 580: 353: 330: 294: 20883: 20459: 19137:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA ( 18349:, SAGE Publications, pp. 124–137, 18300:"A Conversation with Christopher Ehret" 18266: 18227: 18168:"A Conversation with Christopher Ehret" 18000: 17013: 17011: 17009: 16768: 16630: 16205: 16065: 15958: 15173: 14632:. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. 14613:. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. 14575:. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. 14517:. The Language Journal. 22 April 2012. 14049:"SSI Finance – Loans and lending guide" 13852: 13255: 13007: 12700: 12563: 12546: 12362:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). 11774:Resource Conflict in the Horn of Africa 11746: 7336:world's third largest Muslim population 7099:("river blindness"), a common cause of 6268:, World Facts Book > Oil exporters. 5478:is the capital and the largest city of 5344:Genetic history of the African diaspora 2194:List of African countries by population 736:, who spoke languages belonging to the 681:"), which was inhabited by the Eastern 476:and North Africa) as it is part of the 14: 21212: 19998:Articles related to Sub-Saharan Africa 19164:and U.S. Army War College Press, 2013. 19083:from the original on 30 September 2015 18987:. Web.worldbank.org. 27 October 2006. 18937:"'Nubian monkey' song and Arab racism" 18298:Ehret, Christopher (5 November 2004). 17979: 17839:. World Bank Publication. p. 21. 17715: 17697:from the original on 30 September 2015 17391:"Manageable Bamako Initiative schemes" 16987: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16979: 16737: 16184:from the original on 10 September 2015 14186:"Report on minority groups in Somalia" 13395: 13057:The American Journal of Human Genetics 12962:Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324 12176: 12092: 12079: 11817: 11794: 10374:Southern African Development Community 8652:is popular in sub-Saharan Africa. The 7260:) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions ( 2245:, with the exception of South Africa. 2221:Sub-Saharan African countries top the 1892:recent African origin of modern humans 1459:was chartered under the leadership of 1368:. They built stone structures like in 1213:The fossil and genetic evidence shows 1183:, and perhaps later on giving rise to 51:Geographical map of sub-Saharan Africa 20857: 20433: 20035: 20009: 19996: 19940:Portuguese-speaking African countries 19216: 19190: 18947:from the original on 8 September 2013 18934: 18874:, The Science of Sport, 14 July 2008. 18775:from the original on 18 November 2009 18672:from the original on 12 November 2009 18646:from the original on 21 December 2019 18297: 18186: 18165: 18126: 17604:from the original on 3 September 2014 17441: 17086:Alphonce Shiundu (2 September 2018). 16862: 16781:from the original on 12 November 2020 16771:"How severe is Africa's Brain Drain?" 16696:from the original on 8 September 2013 16518: 16251:from the original on 24 November 2018 16130: 16047:from the original on 26 December 2009 15971:from the original on 17 November 2009 15750: 15664: 15340:from the original on 1 September 2014 14852:from the original on 14 December 2020 14521:from the original on 5 September 2015 13322:Rhonda M. Gonzales (30 August 2009). 13192:from the original on 23 December 2017 13188:. Depts.washington.edu. 23 May 2004. 13028:from the original on 16 December 2019 12569: 12167: 11725: 11713:from the original on 19 November 2016 10128: 8017:, usually in the Sahel. Oils include 7740:History of architecture § Africa 7661:Ceramic art § Sub-Saharan Africa 7069:abstinence, be faithful, use a condom 6872:Major progress in access to education 6710:, the lack of infrastructure in many 5424:has the highest GDP, and also houses 1443:In the 18th century, the Oyo and the 931:South of the equatorial forests, the 437:. Geopolitically, in addition to the 18916:from the original on 18 January 2016 18502:from the original on 30 January 2009 18492:"'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed" 18371:from the original on 31 October 2019 18248:from the original on 5 December 2020 18192: 18166:Ehret, Christopher (November 2004). 18147:from the original on 26 January 2021 17578:from the original on 30 October 2019 17481:from the original on 7 December 2018 17297:"User fees for health: a background" 17098:from the original on 1 February 2019 17006: 16799: 16469:from the original on 7 November 2009 16270:Daniel L. Edelstein (January 2009). 16001:from the original on 25 October 2009 15912:from the original on 3 November 2009 15358: 15302:Pugliese, Jessica (2 January 2014). 15133:from the original on 5 November 2015 13711: 13590:from the original on 12 January 2019 12236:from the original on 20 January 2018 12189: 10343: 8795:(claimed by Morocco); they form the 8256:, and sometimes exotic meats called 8025:(Sahel). One finds recipes that mix 7771:Sub-Saharan African music traditions 7151:Western African Ebola virus epidemic 6596:. Other domesticated crops included 6342:United Nations Environment Programme 5811: 4560:(Bushmen), in Southeast Africa, the 2225:with 40 of the highest 50, all with 1670:" ("land of the burnt face") by the 1167:. The brain later grew in size, and 1141:Roughly 1.8 million years ago, 1099:By 3 million years ago several 608:("Land of the Blacks") for the vast 18935:Malik, Nesrine (23 November 2009). 18852:, who was born and raised in Kenya. 18771:. AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009. 18446:from the original on 1 October 2018 18182:from the original on 24 April 2018. 17889:The New England Journal of Medicine 17548:from the original on 5 October 2014 16976: 16938:Nordling, Linda (29 October 2009). 16684:Mathiason, Nick (2 November 2009). 16310:. Works.bepress.com. Archived from 15314:from the original on 6 January 2014 15107:from the original on 9 October 2015 14895:from the original on 8 January 2020 14796:Key Concepts in Creative Industries 13865:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 12717:Africa History, Themes and Outlines 11818:Fegley, Randall (1995). "Eritrea". 9830: 8846: 8248:, chillis, and okra. Meats include 7948:History of the potato § Africa 7440:(becoming), and among the Bambara, 7244:, while those above the Sahara, in 6400: 5911: 5462:South Africa's three capital cities 1875: 1033:History of Africa § Prehistory 943:belt that spans the continent from 24: 19150: 18991:from the original on 30 March 2010 18861:Tucker, Ross and Dugas, Jonathan. 18837:from the original on 8 August 2013 18807:from the original on 10 April 2009 18795:"European Soccer's Racism Problem" 18472:from the original on 27 March 2019 18468:. ScienceDaily.com. 18 June 2007. 17716:Bonino, Emma (15 September 2004). 17668:from the original on 16 March 2014 17429:from the original on 27 March 2014 17220:"Onchocerciasis (river blindness)" 16769:Firsing, Scott (18 January 2016). 16519:Evans, Ambrose (12 October 2009). 16214:from the original on 12 March 2013 16100:Lisa A. Corathers (January 2009). 15820:from the original on 7 August 2020 15648:. Engineering News. Archived from 15256:from the original on 26 April 2015 15200:from the original on 30 March 2021 15081:from the original on 30 March 2021 15016:from the original on 30 March 2021 14977:from the original on 30 March 2021 14938:from the original on 30 March 2021 14813:from the original on 30 March 2021 14774:from the original on 30 March 2021 14515:"The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania" 13811: 13741:"Berber Languages and Linguistics" 13616:. World Bank. 2010. Archived from 12989:Sudan Notes and Records – 147 12935:from the original on 30 March 2021 12547:Bradley, Simon (18 January 2007). 12414: 11996:from the original on 8 August 2017 11889:from the original on 11 April 2020 11849:American University in Cairo Press 11772:Markakis, John (23 January 1998). 11747:Barakat, Halim (14 October 1993). 11701:from the original on 28 July 2017. 11641:ecosostenibile (2 February 2023). 7944:History of breakfast § Africa 6797:History of education § Africa 6476:, and is also a major exporter of 5400:, and the second-most populous in 5333: 4453:With the exception of the extinct 2018: 1658:, covered by present-day northern 1526:to the first millennium BCE. 321:United Nations Statistics Division 25: 21246: 19168: 18554:from the original on 18 June 2018 18059:. 2 December 2018. Archived from 17846:from the original on 6 March 2014 16946:from the original on 14 June 2013 16897:American Political Science Review 16631:Magdoff, Fred (1 November 2013). 16366:from the original on 26 June 2010 16288:from the original on 4 March 2016 16114:from the original on 4 March 2016 15959:English, Cynthia (23 June 2008). 15881:from the original on 28 July 2020 15840:"Nuclear Vs Solar Energy, Which?" 15279:. pulseafrica.com. Archived from 15127:"Africa's biggest shipping ports" 14760:. UN-HABITAT. 2006. p. 202. 13739:Lafkioui, Mena B. (24 May 2018). 13464:from the original on 15 June 2020 13403:"World Population Prospects 2022" 13346:from the original on 10 June 2016 13237:from the original on 27 June 2020 13186:"Weilue: The Peoples of the West" 13014:. Scarecrow Press. p. xxix. 12771:from the original on 23 June 2011 12610:, Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 16. 12608:The Encyclopedia of World History 12431:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12135:, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131, 12022:from the original on 7 March 2014 11844:Music and Media in the Arab World 11734:from the original on 8 March 2016 11593:"Sub-Saharan Africa Demographics" 10366: geographic, including above 8403:are types of Ethiopian clothing. 7744:Megalith § African megaliths 6683: 6662:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 6627:Domesticated animals include the 4722:is also a member of this family. 2241:than 15 years old, as well as in 2102:. Its old capital was located at 2012:kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. 1786:, city-states flourished such as 1677: 1486: 1106:species had developed throughout 585:Ethnographic map of Africa, from 439:African countries and territories 27:Region south of the Sahara Desert 21184:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 20954:Democratic Republic of the Congo 20760:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 20530:Democratic Republic of the Congo 20336:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 20106:Democratic Republic of the Congo 19128: 19069: 19047: 19021: 19003: 18977: 18959: 18928: 18902: 18877: 18855: 18819: 18787: 18761: 18749:from the original on 20 May 2009 18735: 18684: 18658: 18619: 18599: 18566: 18540: 18524:. 6 January 2009. Archived from 18514: 18484: 18458: 18403: 18382: 18334: 18314: 18291: 18287:from the original on 3 May 2016. 18260: 18221: 18159: 18099: 18081: 18067: 18049: 18032: 18008:"The Global Religious Landscape" 17925: 17876: 17858: 17823: 17794: 17766: 17743: 17709: 17616: 17590: 17560: 17409: 17383: 17348: 17315: 17289: 17237: 17212: 17198:WHO | Regional Office for Africa 17186: 17148:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17135: 17110: 17092:D+C, development and cooperation 17079: 17057: 16958: 16931: 16881: 16856: 16824: 16812:from the original on 11 May 2020 16793: 16775:London School of Economics Blogs 16762: 16746:. BuaNews Online. Archived from 16725:. World Bank and the SSATP: p. 4 16708: 16677: 16565:from the original on 25 May 2014 16539: 16527:from the original on 25 May 2014 16512: 16481: 16455: 16438: 16378: 16352: 16326: 16300: 16263: 16226: 16199: 16159: 16093: 16059: 16033: 16030:, Center for Global Development. 16013: 15983: 15924: 15893: 15868: 15862: 15850:from the original on 20 May 2013 15832: 15800: 15717: 15692: 15633: 15608: 15583: 15558: 15533: 15507: 15481: 15456: 15431: 15405: 15379: 15352: 15326: 15295: 15268: 15242: 15220:"Major urban areas - population" 15145: 15119: 15048:from the original on 19 May 2019 15028: 14989: 14907: 14864: 14825: 14786: 14748: 14635: 14507: 14477: 14293: 13494:from the original on 8 July 2016 13303:from the original on 10 May 2016 13230:Perspectives on the African past 13011:Historical Dictionary of Somalia 12807:É. Zangato; A.F.C. Holl (2010). 11542: 11528: 11491: 11461: 11431: 11401: 11371: 11337: 11307: 11277: 11236: 11205: 11167: 11137: 11107: 11077: 11047: 11013: 10971: 10935: 10885: 10849: 10803: 10764: 10728: 10692: 10656: 10620: 10581: 10542: 10503: 10464: 10425: 10388: 10304: 10264: 10224: 10185: 10140: 10083: 10040: 9990: 9936: 9885: 9842: 9787: 9736: 9691: 9651: 9611: 9572: 9533: 9490: 9447: 9404: 9355: 9319: 9283: 9247: 9211: 9172: 9136: 9089: 9049: 9020:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9012: 8970: 8933: 8886: 8524: 8476:style of clothing are featured. 7503:(Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania) 6892:At the World Conference held in 6730:(ICT) investments, over 40% for 6706:According to researchers at the 5816: 4536:include languages indigenous to 4239: 4203: 4167: 4131: 4095: 4059: 4023: 3987: 3951: 3915: 3879: 3843: 3801: 3759: 3717: 3675: 3633: 3591: 3549: 3507: 3465: 3423: 3381: 3339: 3297: 3255: 3213: 3171: 3129: 3087: 3045: 3003: 2967: 2925: 2883: 2841: 2799: 2757: 2715: 2673: 2631: 2589: 2547: 2505: 2463: 2421: 2387:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2379: 2337: 2295: 2145:as a major port on the route to 1763:Church of St. George at Lalibela 1049:Horn of Africa § Prehistory 921:ecosystem in Tanzania and Kenya. 807:Democratic Republic of the Congo 486:member states of the Arab League 45: 18432:. Boston: Intercultural Press. 17691:"WHO | Maternal mortality" 16865:A history of the global economy 16208:"Platinum: The Rich Man's Gold" 16066:Pfanner, Eric (6 August 2007). 15036:"What Makes Lagos a Model City" 14645:. BB Portuguese. Archived from 14485:"Population and Housing Census" 14275: 14178: 14149: 14062: 14041: 14005: 13835: 13790: 13773: 13732: 13705: 13684: 13658: 13632: 13602: 13576: 13546: 13506: 13476: 13450: 13370: 13276: 13249: 13220: 13204: 13178: 13168: 13159: 13150: 13121: 13112: 13093: 13040: 12992: 12983: 12974: 12965: 12956: 12947: 12904: 12853: 12835: 12800: 12783: 12757: 12730: 12709: 12679: 12662: 12641: 12621: 12600: 12483: 12289: 12218: 12124: 12036: 7733: 7638:Southeast Africa § Culture 7186:Religion in Sub Saharan Africa 6936:UNESCO Institute for Statistics 5392:. The city, with its adjoining 5348: 4669: 2176: 2094:in the territory of modern-day 1882:Southeast Africa § History 576: 569:periods are associated with a " 484:. However, while they are also 19775:Guinean Forests of West Africa 18550:. Metmuseum.org. 2 June 2014. 18341:Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005), 18013:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 16043:. MG.co.za. 23 December 2009. 15900:Hepeng, Jia (20 August 2004). 15796:Overseas Development Institute 15783:Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011. 15336:. World Bank. 29 August 2014. 15129:. Businesstech. 8 March 2015. 15067:John Campbell (10 July 2012). 14879:University of Queensland Press 14128:United Nations Population Fund 13752:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0219 13460:. Esa.un.org. 28 August 2019. 13272:– via Silk Road Seattle. 12813:Journal of African Archaeology 12737:Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975). 12573:Journal of African Archaeology 11978:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-FBE4-E 11931: 11915:. 12 July 1999. Archived from 11901: 11871: 11841:Frishkopf, Michael A. (2010). 11755:University of California Press 11659: 11634: 11611: 11585: 8654:Confederation of African Rugby 8546:History of games § Africa 7779:History of music § Africa 7634:Southern Africa § Culture 6734:generation and 80% for roads. 6708:Overseas Development Institute 6536: 4571: 4448: 2141:. The British intended to use 2042:: Tower in the Great Enclosure 1619: 1273: 1088:. However, they had adopted a 849:South of the Sahel, a belt of 600:Commentators in Arabic in the 394:artifacts associated with the 274: 13: 1: 19790:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic 19287:Cameroonian Highlands forests 19011:"CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org" 18827:"Men's outdoor world records" 18273:. Syracuse University Press. 17637:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.123 16800:Ngwé, Luc (24 January 2018). 15813:. Us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za. 15186:. Policy Press. p. 315. 12980:Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din 12184:The Last Great Muslim Empires 11578: 8706:Cricket has a following. The 7676: 7630:Horn of Africa § Culture 7622:Central Africa § Culture 7350:Traditional African religions 6988:The Komfo Anokye Hospital in 6809:'s Earth Science building in 4640:, a Bantu language with many 4345:List of African ethnic groups 2187: 1971: – the Bantu 1746: 1684:Horn of Africa § History 1479:in 1960 during the period of 1026: 809:in particular are considered 649:. In modern-day Ethiopia and 19915:Middle East and North Africa 19372:East African montane forests 19139:license statement/permission 17990:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 17161:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412 16651:10.14452/MR-065-06-2013-10_1 16523:. Tradeafrica.blogspot.com. 16426:What was the cotton of Kush? 16336:. MBendi.com. Archived from 16233:E. Lee Bray (January 2009). 15365:. European Investment Bank. 15334:"Africa's impressive growth" 14963:. Jacana Media. p. 18. 13286:Africa: Tradition and Change 13100:James De Vere Allen (1993). 11949:Geophysical Research Letters 11820:World Bibliographical Series 10926:Depending on classification 8065:are all cooking techniques. 7908:Democratic Republic of Congo 7851:, there is extensive use of 7775:Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa 7344:Middle East and North Africa 7296:, and on the Swahili Coast ( 7179:African traditional religion 7116:, which pledges to prohibit 7031:conference organized by the 6923:gross national product (GNP) 6918:Millennium Development Goals 6784: 6768:Category:Transport in Africa 6761: 6720:Millennium Development Goals 6657:vulnerable to climate change 6642:The Naute Fruit Farm at the 6519:Democratic Republic of Congo 5456:capital and largest city in 5398:the most populous in Nigeria 2050:-speaking peoples, who were 1372:, but mainly constructed in 970:region of South Africa. The 744:Climate zones and ecoregions 7: 19162:Strategic Studies Institute 18228:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). 18195:Issue: A Journal of Opinion 18133:. James Currey Publishers. 18127:Ehret, Christopher (2002). 17976:, Foreign Policy, May 2007. 17756:Population Reference Bureau 17662:"WHO | Onchocerciasis" 13610:"Rankings - Doing Business" 13584:"Research – CPI – Overview" 13256:Yu Huan (September 2004) . 13132:The Rough Guide to Tanzania 12911:Thompson, Lloyd A. (1989). 11521: 9932:(unofficial, lingua franca) 9783:(unofficial, lingua franca) 9113:São Tomé and Príncipe dobra 8708:African Cricket Association 8675:Boxing is a popular sport. 8362: 7968:Sub-Saharan African cuisine 7791:A traditional polyrhythmic 7156: 7073:Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation 7006:neglected tropical diseases 6961:Mobile technology in Africa 6902:universal primary education 6506:are in sub-Saharan Africa. 6464:. South Africa, along with 5886:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5237:(Ghana, Ivory Coast): 20–25 4544:, though some, such as the 4331:Languages and ethnic groups 4290:Literacy (Male/Female 2006) 1890:According to the theory of 1836:and fortress building, the 1230:During the 11th millennium 1053:Prehistoric Southern Africa 697:geographers, respectively. 561:) left Africa to penetrate 366:in the north (yellow), the 10: 21251: 19099: 17118:"Fact sheet about malaria" 16465:. WorldDefenseReview.com. 16424:Vandaveer, Chelsie(2006). 15871:"Blog: Battle of the Bots" 14871:Stuart Cunningham (2013). 14643:"The Future of Portuguese" 14335:"Central African Republic" 13640:"National Literacy Survey" 13614:The Doing Business Project 12629:Cambridge University Press 12451:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005 12390:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w 10921: 9389:Central African Federation 8877:Central African Federation 8749: 8543: 8528: 8517: 8513: 8415:are similar to kangas and 8373:Folk costume § Africa 8366: 8149:(corn) is a major staple. 7933: 7929: 7756: 7737: 7650: 7626:East Africa § Culture 7618:West Africa § Culture 7611: 7607: 7160: 7112:in July 2003 ratified the 6973: 6950: 6908:, held ten years later in 6882:University of Antananarivo 6794: 6788: 6765: 6687: 5923:Oil production by country 5918:Mineral industry of Africa 5915: 5847: 5807: 5527: 5482:. The name comes from the 5370: 5337: 4733: 4592:. However, others such as 4527: 4334: 4326:(Press Freedom Index 2009) 2191: 2180: 2028: 2025:History of Southern Africa 2022: 1879: 1687: 1681: 1634: 1623: 1501:Fictionalised portrait of 1490: 1283: 1277: 1041:Prehistoric Central Africa 1030: 1011: 1008:History of Southern Africa 989: 985: 747: 689:, as the ancestors of the 667:. In northern Somalia was 315:, classified as a part of 21197: 21172: 20891: 20773: 20748: 20467: 20349: 20324: 20043: 20003: 19842: 19730: 19685:Indian Ocean coastal belt 19623: 19496: 19315: 19228: 17322:Godfrey., Mugoti (2009). 16909:10.1017/S0003055412000172 15790:18 September 2012 at the 15646:www.engineeringnews.co.za 14960:Afropolis: City Media Art 13746:. Oxford Bibliographies. 13668:. Cia.gov. Archived from 13330:Columbia University Press 12606:Stearns, Peter N. (2001) 9343:Central African CFA franc 9307:Central African CFA franc 9271:Central African CFA franc 9235:Central African CFA franc 9196:Central African CFA franc 9160:Central African CFA franc 8730:. Famous runners include 8633:Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 8550: 8212:This meal, consisting of 7538:Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology 7118:female genital mutilation 7033:World Health Organization 6969: 6397:service are on the rise. 6256: 5825:This section needs to be 5340:Genetic history of Africa 4304:(Human Development Index) 2139:French Revolutionary Wars 1493:History of Central Africa 1403:, was established by the 1065:Stone chopping tool from 1000:History of Central Africa 537:an evident genetic divide 386:" south coast (olive) of 270: 257: 247: 239: 228: 217: 206: 195: 190: 178: 170: 76: 44: 37: 20939:Central African Republic 20515:Central African Republic 20091:Central African Republic 18912:. BBC. 29 October 2014. 18388:Davidson, Basil (1969). 18267:Baldick, Julian (1998). 17949:12 November 2010 at the 16463:"WorldDefenseReview.com" 15679:European Investment Bank 15002:. Springer. p. 66. 13955:"Congo, Republic of the" 13382:Indiana University Press 13136:. Rough Guides Limited. 12687:Atlas of African History 12232:. Cambridge University. 11801:Hoover Institution Press 11646:An Eco-sustainable World 9180:Central African Republic 8557:African Champions League 8539: 7940:List of African cuisines 7752: 7083:Life expectancy at birth 6356: 6338:European Investment Bank 6331:African Development Bank 5464:, it is the seat of the 4492:The distribution of the 4279:(2016, 2017 (PPP, US$ )) 2471:Central African Republic 2127:Dutch East India Company 1706:Ethiopian historiography 1630: 1588:, under the king title, 1391:and others emerged. The 612:(an expression denoting 510:UN Development Programme 411:Non-Mediterranean Africa 69: Sub-Saharan Africa 19885:Guineo-Congolian region 19141:). Text taken from 18971:3 December 2013 at the 18304:World History Connected 18172:World History Connected 17972:25 January 2010 at the 17264:10.3390/ijerph192013146 17000:13 October 2020 at the 16547:"Africa Regional Brief" 16431:14 January 2010 at the 15995:The Mail & Guardian 15488:Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit. 15152:Brian Rajewski (1998). 14717:20 January 2021 at the 14698:1 February 2021 at the 14676:4 February 2021 at the 14628:10 January 2021 at the 14609:26 January 2021 at the 14590:4 February 2021 at the 14552:10 January 2021 at the 14445:26 January 2021 at the 14368:12 January 2021 at the 14340:10 January 2021 at the 12870:Appiah & Gates 2010 12825:10.3213/1612-1651-10153 12586:10.3213/1612-1651-10171 12516:10.1126/science.1172257 12340:10.1126/science.aao6266 12186:, (Brill: 1997), p. 174 12093:Raunig, Walter (2005). 11695:"League of Arab States" 10356: Southern Africa ( 10035:Sudan & South Sudan 7480:Dahomey (Fon) mythology 7318:is the only country in 6718:and achievement of the 6545:Agricultural fields in 5888:. Sub-Saharan Africa's 5448:is the largest city in 4510:South Semitic languages 2270:Trans (Rank/Score) 2117:was established at the 1798:that competed with the 1313:sculpture, terracotta, 1045:Prehistoric East Africa 1037:Prehistoric West Africa 890:moist broadleaf forests 19175:African People website 18745:. Goafrica.about.com. 16206:Vronsky (1 May 1997). 16019:Aker, Jenny C.(2008). 14571:9 January 2021 at the 14130:. 2007. Archived from 14069:John A. Shoup (2011). 12685:McEvedy, Colin (1980) 12182:F.R.C. Bagley et al., 11795:Erlikh, Ḥagai (1983). 11515:West African CFA franc 11485:West African CFA franc 11455:West African CFA franc 11425:West African CFA franc 11395:West African CFA franc 11365:West African CFA franc 11331:West African CFA franc 11301:West African CFA franc 11193:(UM) (sometimes, like 11041:West African CFA franc 10999: 10984: Western Africa ( 10378: 9399: 9380:East African Community 9368: Eastern Africa ( 8881: 8646: 8465: 8388: 8359:(sugar syrup cookie). 8295:(fermented cornmeal), 8233: 8224:(stew), is typical of 8079: 7964: 7795: 7680: 7646: 7459: 7237: 7167:Christianity in Africa 7059: 6993: 6980:Demographics of Africa 6947:Science and technology 6889: 6814: 6807:University of Botswana 6777: 6703: 6651: 6553: 6421: 6302: 6279: 5906:Special Drawing Rights 5898:gross domestic product 5894:gross domestic product 5868: 5373:Urbanization in Africa 5368: 5360: 4676:Nilo-Saharan languages 4442: 4423: 4408: 4393: 4377: 4362: 4286:(Life Expectancy 2006) 2214: 2206: 2183:Demographics of Africa 2064:KwaZulu-Natal Province 2043: 1925: 1864:to pay tribute to the 1779: 1733:. Located in northern 1722: 1666:, was referred to as " 1652: 1648:of the Nubian Emperor 1626:History of East Africa 1514: 1449:European slave traders 1378:Great Mosque of Djenne 1317: 1280:History of West Africa 1069: 1004:History of East Africa 996:History of West Africa 884:along the coast but a 859:East Sudanian savannas 790: 604:used the general term 590: 516:, Somalia, and Sudan. 417:that lie south of the 399: 370:(light green) and the 351: 328: 21099:São Tomé and Príncipe 20959:Republic of the Congo 20675:São Tomé and Príncipe 20535:Republic of the Congo 20251:São Tomé and Príncipe 20111:Republic of the Congo 19827:West Sudanian savanna 19785:Lower Guinean forests 19780:Upper Guinean forests 19695:Cape Floristic Region 19558:Cataracts of the Nile 19377:Eastern Arc Mountains 19297:Congolian rainforests 19292:East Sudanian savanna 19112:Publications (1997), 18870:20 April 2010 at the 18355:10.4135/9781452231648 17901:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100 17866:"Ebola virus disease" 17417:"World Aids Day 2012" 16362:. World-Nuclear.org. 16281:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 16244:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 16235:"Bauxite and Alumina" 16177:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 16166:John F. Papp (2001). 16107:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 15620:yearbook.enerdata.net 15308:Brookings Institution 14838:. SAGE. p. 118. 14741:30 March 2021 at the 14421:30 March 2021 at the 13824:25 March 2009 at the 13438:, Population Division 13409:, Population Division 12767:. Countrystudies.us. 12369:Nature Communications 11197:, considered part of 10979: 10844:11 official languages 10351: 9363: 9255:Republic of the Congo 9097:São Tomé and Príncipe 8865: Middle Africa ( 8854: 8641: 8565:Africa Cup of Nations 8544:Further information: 8535:List of African films 8529:Further information: 8518:Further information: 8461: 8380: 8367:Further information: 8343:(dried beef strips), 8218:and several kinds of 8211: 8071: 7955: 7934:Further information: 7790: 7767:African popular music 7757:Further information: 7748:Tumulus § Africa 7738:Further information: 7668: 7657:Pottery § Africa 7651:Further information: 7612:Further information: 7454: 7231: 7161:Further information: 7141:Ghana Health Services 7053: 6987: 6974:Further information: 6951:Further information: 6906:World Education Forum 6879: 6804: 6795:Further information: 6775: 6697: 6641: 6544: 6408: 6391:Broadband penetration 6295:Athlone Power Station 6292: 6277: 5864: 5371:Further information: 5366: 5356: 4815:Kordofanian languages 4729:speakers in millions: 4494:Afroasiatic languages 4429: 4414: 4399: 4383: 4368: 4360: 4335:Further information: 2807:São Tomé and Príncipe 2555:Republic of the Congo 2212: 2201: 2192:Further information: 2076:Eastern Cape Province 2038: 2029:Further information: 1951:members of the Bantu 1912: 1904:moved into the region 1880:Further information: 1860:north of the city of 1771: 1713: 1688:Further information: 1644: 1635:Further information: 1500: 1309: 1284:Further information: 1064: 1031:Further information: 1012:Further information: 979:Cape Floristic Region 886:hot semi-arid climate 844:hot semi-arid climate 811:megadiverse countries 775:hot semi-arid climate 765: 748:Further information: 584: 533:the river's cataracts 357: 334: 298: 20885:Languages of Africa 20461:Geography of Africa 19481:Zanzibar Archipelago 19449:Indian Ocean islands 19059:www.transparency.org 18702:on 12 November 2009. 17961:5 March 2016 at the 17762:on 13 February 2010. 17598:"WHO | Malaria" 16994:Savoirs communs, 17. 16863:Baten, Jörg (2016). 16721:18 July 2011 at the 16314:on 30 September 2015 16026:4 March 2016 at the 15731:. 13 November 2019. 14799:. SAGE. p. 47. 13666:"The World Factbook" 13646:on 17 September 2015 13586:. Transparency.org. 12919:Taylor & Francis 12831:on 26 December 2013. 12743:. Red Candle Press. 12649:Simon & Schuster 12230:Cambridge Dictionary 11969:10.1029/1999GL900494 11826:. p. mxxxviii. 11599:on 11 September 2022 11260:Sierra Leonean leone 10107:South Sudanese pound 9471:South Sudanese pound 8910:South Sudanese pound 8859: Central Africa 8744:John Cheruiyot Korir 8037:(sweet or sour) and 7248:, are predominantly 6712:developing countries 5466:Constitutional Court 5414:urban agglomerations 4403:women and children ( 4276:GDP per Capita (PPP) 2267:GDP per Capita (PPP) 2155:Battle of Blaauwberg 1829:, which excelled in 1469:British protectorate 624:. Its equivalent in 587:Meyers Blitz-Lexikon 565:and beyond. African 372:tropical rainforests 252:Over 1,000 languages 21225:Geography of Africa 21174:States with limited 20750:States with limited 20326:States with limited 19900:Mediterranean Basin 19880:Greater Middle East 19417:Ethiopian Highlands 19325:African Great Lakes 19183:– BBC World Service 19181:The Story of Africa 18803:. 2 December 2005. 18723:on 17 February 2009 18498:. 10 January 2002. 18063:on 2 December 2018. 17994:Pew Research Center 17363:(Suppl 1): S29–47. 17303:on 28 November 2006 17194:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 16844:on 24 November 2016 16750:on 23 February 2012 16603:(3). Archived from 16360:"World-Nuclear.org" 15997:. 23 October 2009. 15521:. 21 September 2022 15393:. 28 September 2022 15391:blogs.worldbank.org 14914:Lisa Benton-Short; 13720:on 6 September 2017 13712:Maaroufi, Youssef. 13694:. Elsevier, p. 12, 13128:Jens Finke (2010). 12860:await recognition." 12842:J. Cameron Monroe. 12508:2009Sci...324.1035T 12443:2018TEcoE..33..582S 12382:2019NatCo..10.3406M 12331:2017Sci...358..652S 12057:1962Natur.194..201V 11961:1999GeoRL..26.2037C 11568:Geography of Africa 11191:Mauritanian ouguiya 8754:The development of 8569:2010 FIFA World Cup 7783:Dance § Africa 7501:Serer creation myth 7487:(Nigeria, Cameroon) 7330:, after Europe and 7147:Ebola virus disease 6791:Education in Africa 6494:Scramble for Africa 6264:12 May 2012 at the 5926: 5416:. Lagos is a major 4720:Old Nubian language 4337:Languages of Africa 4297:(Transparency 2009) 2264:Literacy (M/F) 2115:victualling station 1941:Swahili City States 1702:History of Djibouti 1690:History of Ethiopia 1457:Royal Niger Company 1364:and the subsequent 1346:trans-Saharan trade 1256:trans-saharan trade 1057:African archaeology 1022:African archaeology 912:African Great Lakes 904:tropical rainforest 894:Ethiopian Highlands 863:Ethiopian Highlands 282:UNHCR Global Trends 21230:Historical regions 21220:Sub-Saharan Africa 20037:History of Africa 19960:Sub-Saharan Africa 19865:Commonwealth realm 19474:Northern Highlands 19422:Dahlak Archipelago 19160:". Carlisle, Pa.: 19035:on 17 October 2011 18528:on 30 January 2010 18466:"ScienceDaily.com" 18020:on 25 January 2017 17996:. 27 January 2011. 17722:The New York Times 17572:data.worldbank.org 17513:on 10 October 2017 17455:on 16 January 2013 17088:"More must happen" 16210:. Gold-Eagle.com. 16072:The New York Times 15077:. Washington D.C. 15044:. 7 January 2014. 15041:The New York Times 14495:on 2 February 2014 14464:The World Factbook 14262:The World Factbook 14226:The World Factbook 14202:on 21 October 2013 14161:The World Factbook 14092:The World Factbook 13988:The World Factbook 13959:The World Factbook 13930:The World Factbook 13898:The World Factbook 13869:The World Factbook 13761:on 3 February 2023 13564:on 14 January 2020 13488:data.worldbank.org 12256:Palgrave Macmillan 11000: 10967:Arabic and English 10835:South African rand 10797:Seychellois Creole 10716:Mozambican metical 10379: 10289:Tanzanian shilling 9676:Tanzanian shilling 9400: 8882: 8732:Haile Gebrselassie 8647: 8644:Namibia rugby team 8480:is created by the 8466: 8389: 8369:Clothing in Africa 8234: 8080: 7965: 7853:string instruments 7796: 7681: 7532:Bushongo mythology 7460: 7398:Abrahamic religion 7238: 7214:Traditional faiths 7175:Hinduism in Africa 7163:Religion in Africa 7137:Ministry of Health 7105:Maternal mortality 7071:campaign, and the 7060: 7018:maternal mortality 6998:HIV/AIDS in Africa 6994: 6976:HIV/AIDS in Africa 6957:Internet in Africa 6890: 6815: 6778: 6728:telecommunications 6704: 6652: 6554: 6422: 6303: 6280: 5922: 5869: 5369: 5361: 4443: 4424: 4409: 4394: 4378: 4363: 2289: (RANK/MARK) 2215: 2207: 2203:Population density 2044: 1926: 1902:-speaking peoples 1780: 1755:King Ezana's Stele 1723: 1698:History of Eritrea 1694:History of Somalia 1653: 1515: 1318: 1070: 882:hot desert climate 842:. The Sahel has a 791: 787:temperate climates 771:hot desert climate 750:Afrotropical realm 591: 545:Sahara pump theory 403:Sub-Saharan Africa 400: 382:(yellow) and the " 352: 329: 240: • Other 220:Traditional faiths 39:Sub-Saharan Africa 18:Sub Saharan Africa 21235:Regions of Africa 21207: 21206: 21201: 21200: 20974:Equatorial Guinea 20851: 20850: 20777:other territories 20550:Equatorial Guinea 20427: 20426: 20353:other territories 20126:Equatorial Guinea 19990: 19989: 19890:Islands of Africa 19870:Equatorial Africa 19822:Inner Niger Delta 19610:Tibesti Mountains 19469:Central Highlands 19355:Virunga Mountains 19350:Rift Valley lakes 19340:Great Rift Valley 19335:East African Rift 19302:Ouaddaï highlands 19156:Chido, Diane E. " 19065:on 13 April 2012. 18639:978-9966-7244-8-9 18606:Christopher Ehret 18578:978-0-8213-4195-7 18439:978-1-931930-91-8 18321:Christopher Ehret 18280:978-0-8156-0522-5 18140:978-0-85255-475-3 17937:978-0-85229-956-2 17895:(16): 1481–1495. 17397:on 8 October 2007 17038:978-92-3-104240-9 16874:978-1-107-10470-9 16450:978-0-309-04990-0 16405:Christopher Ehret 16390:978-0-15-603372-5 15846:. 24 March 2006. 15419:. 20 January 2022 15372:978-92-861-5382-2 15193:978-1-447-3134-89 15009:978-3-319-0638-81 14970:978-1-431-4032-57 14921:Cities and Nature 14916:John Rennie Short 14888:978-0-702-2509-89 14806:978-1-446-2028-90 13847:978-0-631-20566-1 13806:978-3-11-017532-5 13798:Walter de Gruyter 13700:978-0-08-087774-7 13541:978-0-8213-7787-1 13519:5 August 2012 at 13512:According to the 13339:978-0-231-14242-7 13049:Balloux, François 12914:Romans and blacks 12765:"The Slave Trade" 12715:Davidson, Basil. 12637:978-0-521-86746-7 12502:(5930): 1035–44. 12325:(6363): 652–655. 11858:978-9-774-1629-30 11833:978-1-851-0924-51 11822:. Vol. 181. 11810:978-0-817-9760-26 11787:978-0-803-9884-77 11764:978-0-520-0790-76 11573:History of Africa 10909:Zimbabwean dollar 10799:, English, French 10788:Seychellois rupee 10260:, French, English 9647:, French, English 9291:Equatorial Guinea 9085:, French, English 8712:Cricket World Cup 8585:Emmanuel Adebayor 8561:Confederation Cup 8355:, and crueler or 8347:(stews of maize, 8283:(barbecue meat), 8112:pomegranate juice 8094:. Spices such as 8005:. Grains include 7960:accompanied with 7716:modernist artists 7614:Culture of Africa 7587:Tumbuka mythology 7565:(Kenya, Tanzania) 7544:Lugbara mythology 7474:Ashanti mythology 7222: Others (4%) 7045:healthcare reform 7039:, the capital of 7029:Bamako Initiative 6272: 6271: 5892:rose from 28% of 5882:COVID-19 pandemic 5850:Economy of Africa 5846: 5845: 5804: 5803: 5381:is a city in the 5331: 5330: 5263:(West Africa): 40 4652:, developed as a 4630:Equatorial Guinea 4471:Akkadian language 4273: 4272: 2597:Equatorial Guinea 2125:on behalf of the 2119:Cape of Good Hope 2031:Kingdom of Mutapa 1838:Sultanate of Adal 1614:Kingdom of Ndongo 1524:radiocarbon dated 1461:Sir George Goldie 1186:Homo floresiensis 1101:australopithecine 992:History of Africa 865:. The more humid 376:Equatorial Africa 368:tropical savannas 293: 292: 16:(Redirected from 21242: 20892:Sovereign states 20878: 20871: 20864: 20855: 20854: 20838: 20837:(United Kingdom) 20833:Tristan da Cunha 20829:Ascension Island 20821: 20808: 20799: 20775:Dependencies and 20468:Sovereign states 20454: 20447: 20440: 20431: 20430: 20414: 20413:(United Kingdom) 20409:Tristan da Cunha 20405:Ascension Island 20397: 20384: 20375: 20351:Dependencies and 20044:Sovereign states 20030: 20023: 20016: 20007: 20006: 19994: 19993: 19982:Zambezian region 19970:Sudanian savanna 19955:Southeast Africa 19935:Northeast Africa 19920:Miombo woodlands 19795:Guinea Highlands 19459:Lamu Archipelago 19437:Gulf of Tadjoura 19211: 19204: 19197: 19188: 19187: 19132: 19093: 19092: 19090: 19088: 19073: 19067: 19066: 19061:. Archived from 19051: 19045: 19044: 19042: 19040: 19025: 19019: 19018: 19017:on 20 June 2010. 19007: 19001: 19000: 18998: 18996: 18981: 18975: 18963: 18957: 18956: 18954: 18952: 18932: 18926: 18925: 18923: 18921: 18906: 18900: 18899: 18897: 18895: 18889: 18881: 18875: 18859: 18853: 18846: 18844: 18842: 18823: 18817: 18816: 18814: 18812: 18791: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18780: 18765: 18759: 18758: 18756: 18754: 18739: 18733: 18732: 18730: 18728: 18719:. Archived from 18713: 18704: 18703: 18698:. Archived from 18688: 18682: 18681: 18679: 18677: 18662: 18656: 18655: 18653: 18651: 18623: 18617: 18603: 18597: 18586: 18580: 18570: 18564: 18563: 18561: 18559: 18544: 18538: 18537: 18535: 18533: 18518: 18512: 18511: 18509: 18507: 18488: 18482: 18481: 18479: 18477: 18462: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18451: 18423: 18417: 18407: 18401: 18386: 18380: 18379: 18378: 18376: 18338: 18332: 18318: 18312: 18311: 18295: 18289: 18288: 18264: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18253: 18225: 18219: 18218: 18190: 18184: 18183: 18163: 18157: 18156: 18154: 18152: 18124: 18115: 18114: 18103: 18097: 18096: 18085: 18079: 18078: 18071: 18065: 18064: 18053: 18047: 18046: 18044: 18036: 18030: 18029: 18027: 18025: 18019: 18012: 18004: 17998: 17997: 17986: 17977: 17929: 17923: 17922: 17912: 17880: 17874: 17873: 17862: 17856: 17855: 17853: 17851: 17845: 17838: 17827: 17821: 17820: 17818: 17816: 17806: 17798: 17792: 17791: 17789: 17787: 17778: 17770: 17764: 17763: 17758:. Archived from 17747: 17741: 17740: 17738: 17736: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17687: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17673: 17658: 17649: 17648: 17620: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17609: 17594: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17583: 17564: 17558: 17557: 17555: 17553: 17547: 17540: 17532: 17523: 17522: 17520: 17518: 17512: 17505: 17497: 17491: 17490: 17488: 17486: 17471: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17460: 17445: 17439: 17438: 17436: 17434: 17428: 17421: 17413: 17407: 17406: 17404: 17402: 17393:. Archived from 17387: 17381: 17380: 17352: 17346: 17345: 17319: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17308: 17299:. Archived from 17293: 17287: 17286: 17276: 17266: 17241: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17230: 17216: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17205: 17190: 17184: 17183: 17173: 17163: 17139: 17133: 17132: 17130: 17128: 17114: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17103: 17083: 17077: 17076: 17074: 17072: 17061: 17055: 17054: 17052: 17050: 17041:. Archived from 17015: 17004: 16989: 16974: 16973: 16972:on 27 July 2011. 16962: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16951: 16935: 16929: 16928: 16894: 16885: 16879: 16878: 16860: 16854: 16853: 16851: 16849: 16840:. Archived from 16828: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16817: 16797: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16786: 16766: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16755: 16735: 16726: 16712: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16681: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16661:. Archived from 16628: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16612: 16586: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16570: 16564: 16551: 16543: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16516: 16510: 16499: 16493: 16492: 16485: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16474: 16459: 16453: 16442: 16436: 16422: 16416: 16402: 16393: 16382: 16376: 16375: 16373: 16371: 16356: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16345: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16319: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16293: 16287: 16276: 16267: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16256: 16250: 16239: 16230: 16224: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16203: 16197: 16196: 16191: 16189: 16183: 16172: 16163: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16152: 16137: 16128: 16127: 16121: 16119: 16113: 16106: 16097: 16091: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16063: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16052: 16037: 16031: 16017: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16006: 15987: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15956: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15928: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15897: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15886: 15866: 15860: 15859: 15857: 15855: 15836: 15830: 15829: 15827: 15825: 15819: 15812: 15804: 15798: 15781: 15748: 15747: 15745: 15743: 15721: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15710: 15696: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15685: 15671: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15637: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15626: 15612: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15601: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15551: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15526: 15511: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15485: 15479: 15478: 15476: 15474: 15460: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15449: 15435: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15424: 15409: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15398: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15356: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15345: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15283:on 28 April 2007 15272: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15246: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15235: 15226:. Archived from 15216: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15205: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15149: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15123: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15112: 15097: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15086: 15064: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15053: 15032: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15021: 14993: 14987: 14986: 14984: 14982: 14954: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14911: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14857: 14829: 14823: 14822: 14820: 14818: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14779: 14752: 14746: 14733: 14722: 14709: 14703: 14690: 14681: 14668: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14654: 14639: 14633: 14620: 14614: 14601: 14595: 14582: 14576: 14563: 14557: 14544: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14511: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14500: 14481: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14456: 14450: 14437: 14426: 14413: 14396: 14390: 14373: 14360: 14345: 14332: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14316: 14307:. Archived from 14297: 14291: 14290: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14254: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14218: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14195:. Archived from 14190: 14182: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14136: 14121: 14113: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14084: 14078: 14076: 14066: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14055: 14045: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14034: 14028: 14017: 14009: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13951: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13922: 13913: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13890: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13861: 13850: 13839: 13833: 13815: 13809: 13794: 13788: 13777: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13766: 13760: 13754:. Archived from 13745: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13725: 13716:. Archived from 13709: 13703: 13688: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13677: 13662: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13636: 13630: 13629: 13627: 13625: 13606: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13595: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13560:. Archived from 13550: 13544: 13533: 13524: 13510: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13469: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13433: 13425: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13399: 13393: 13374: 13368: 13365: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13319: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13280: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13269: 13264:on 15 March 2005 13253: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13224: 13218: 13208: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13166: 13163: 13157: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13135: 13125: 13119: 13116: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13080: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13033: 13005: 12999: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12981: 12978: 12972: 12969: 12963: 12960: 12954: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12908: 12902: 12891: 12880: 12879: 12867: 12861: 12857: 12851: 12849: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12827:. Archived from 12804: 12798: 12797: 12787: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12734: 12728: 12713: 12707: 12704: 12698: 12683: 12677: 12666: 12660: 12645: 12639: 12625: 12619: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12559:on 6 March 2012. 12553:SWI swissinfo.ch 12544: 12538: 12537: 12527: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12470: 12423:Timmermann, Axel 12418: 12412: 12411: 12401: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12342: 12310: 12304: 12293: 12287: 12276: 12267: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12222: 12216: 12211:James Hastings, 12209: 12203: 12196:Bethwell A. Ogot 12193: 12187: 12180: 12174: 12171: 12165: 12162: 12156: 12153:Nehemia Levtzion 12150: 12141: 12140: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12115: 12113: 12090: 12077: 12076: 12065:10.1038/194201a0 12051:(4824): 201–03. 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12018:. 12 July 1999. 12005: 12003: 12001: 11995: 11980: 11946: 11935: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11875: 11869: 11866: 11865:on 28 July 2020. 11861:. Archived from 11837: 11814: 11791: 11768: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11702: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11673:on 20 April 2010 11669:. Archived from 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11638: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11589: 11558:African diaspora 11552: 11550:Geography portal 11547: 11546: 11545: 11538: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11019: 11017: 11016: 10993: 10983: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10790:(Re/Rs /-) 10770: 10768: 10767: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10682:(Re/Rs /-) 10662: 10660: 10659: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10499:, Arabic, French 10470: 10468: 10467: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10398:(also in ECCAS) 10394: 10392: 10391: 10371: 10365: 10355: 10328:Ugandan shilling 10310: 10308: 10307: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10234:(also in ECCAS) 10230: 10228: 10227: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10150:(also in ECCAS) 10146: 10144: 10143: 10129:Southeast Africa 10089: 10087: 10086: 10046: 10044: 10043: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9866:Djiboutian franc 9848: 9846: 9845: 9831:Northeast Africa 9811:Djiboutian franc 9793: 9791: 9790: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9701:(also in ECCAS) 9697: 9695: 9694: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9621:(also in ECCAS) 9617: 9615: 9614: 9596:Ugandan shilling 9578: 9576: 9575: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9516:(So.Sh /-) 9496: 9494: 9493: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9396: 9386: 9377: 9367: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9018: 9016: 9015: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8874: 8864: 8858: 8717:Over the years, 8613:Bruce Grobbelaar 8531:Cinema of Africa 8449:Ficus natalensis 8157:is used to make 8033:. Beverages are 7857:pentatonic scale 7849:Northeast Africa 7818:rhythm and blues 7728:Jacques Lipchitz 7678: 7576:Khoisan religion 7557:Akamba mythology 7551:Southeast Africa 7526:Lotuko mythology 7509:(Nigeria, Benin) 7507:Yoruba mythology 7417:ancestor worship 7232:Distribution of 7221: 7211: 7201: 7191: 7126:Northeast Africa 7022:infant mortality 6551:Eastern Province 6505: 6504: 6500: 6401:Oil and minerals 5927: 5921: 5912:Energy and power 5841: 5838: 5832: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5537: 5525: 5524: 5420:in Africa; this 5418:financial centre 5217:(Nigeria): 30–35 4941:Southeast Africa 4732: 4731: 4727:primary language 4485:of northeastern 4483:Eblaite language 4473:of Mesopotamia ( 4459:language isolate 4435:European African 4349:African diaspora 4245: 4243: 4242: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4029: 4027: 4026: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2273:Life (Exp.) 2248: 2247: 2123:Jan van Riebeeck 1973:Swahili language 1876:Southeast Africa 1854:Geledi Sultanate 1850:Ethiopian Empire 1840:, whose General 1827:Ajuran Sultanate 1810:for the wealthy 1773:Fasilides Castle 1748: 1637:History of Sudan 1582:Kingdom of Kongo 1451:. Following the 1426:Kingdom of Benin 1348:, including the 1298:Kingdom of Benin 964:Kalahari Deserts 779:tropical climate 626:Southeast Africa 535:. There is also 421:. These include 374:(dark green) of 285: 278: 191:Religions (2020) 68: 62: 57: The Sahara 56: 49: 35: 34: 21: 21250: 21249: 21245: 21244: 21243: 21241: 21240: 21239: 21210: 21209: 21208: 21203: 21202: 21193: 21177: 21175: 21168: 20887: 20882: 20852: 20847: 20846: 20836: 20819: 20806: 20797: 20778: 20776: 20769: 20753: 20751: 20744: 20463: 20458: 20428: 20423: 20422: 20412: 20395: 20382: 20373: 20354: 20352: 20345: 20329: 20327: 20320: 20039: 20034: 19999: 19991: 19986: 19977:Tropical Africa 19838: 19726: 19705:Kalahari Desert 19690:Albany thickets 19655:Succulent Karoo 19619: 19521:Atlas Mountains 19492: 19311: 19224: 19215: 19171: 19153: 19151:Further reading 19102: 19097: 19096: 19086: 19084: 19075: 19074: 19070: 19053: 19052: 19048: 19038: 19036: 19027: 19026: 19022: 19009: 19008: 19004: 18994: 18992: 18985:"Worldbank.org" 18983: 18982: 18978: 18973:Wayback Machine 18964: 18960: 18950: 18948: 18933: 18929: 18919: 18917: 18908: 18907: 18903: 18893: 18891: 18890:. Worldbank.org 18887: 18883: 18882: 18878: 18872:Wayback Machine 18860: 18856: 18850:Stephen Cherono 18847: 18840: 18838: 18825: 18824: 18820: 18810: 18808: 18793: 18792: 18788: 18778: 18776: 18769:"AllAfrica.com" 18767: 18766: 18762: 18752: 18750: 18741: 18740: 18736: 18726: 18724: 18715: 18714: 18707: 18690: 18689: 18685: 18675: 18673: 18664: 18663: 18659: 18649: 18647: 18640: 18624: 18620: 18604: 18600: 18587: 18583: 18571: 18567: 18557: 18555: 18546: 18545: 18541: 18531: 18529: 18520: 18519: 18515: 18505: 18503: 18490: 18489: 18485: 18475: 18473: 18464: 18463: 18459: 18449: 18447: 18440: 18424: 18420: 18408: 18404: 18387: 18383: 18374: 18372: 18365: 18339: 18335: 18319: 18315: 18296: 18292: 18281: 18265: 18261: 18251: 18249: 18242: 18226: 18222: 18207:10.2307/1166258 18191: 18187: 18164: 18160: 18150: 18148: 18141: 18125: 18118: 18111:www.thearda.com 18105: 18104: 18100: 18093:www.thearda.com 18087: 18086: 18082: 18075:"Guinea-Bissau" 18073: 18072: 18068: 18055: 18054: 18050: 18042: 18038: 18037: 18033: 18023: 18021: 18017: 18010: 18006: 18005: 18001: 17988: 17987: 17980: 17974:Wayback Machine 17963:Wayback Machine 17951:Wayback Machine 17940: 17930: 17926: 17881: 17877: 17864: 17863: 17859: 17849: 17847: 17843: 17836: 17828: 17824: 17814: 17812: 17804: 17800: 17799: 17795: 17785: 17783: 17776: 17772: 17771: 17767: 17748: 17744: 17734: 17732: 17714: 17710: 17700: 17698: 17689: 17688: 17681: 17671: 17669: 17660: 17659: 17652: 17631:(9): 1594–600. 17621: 17617: 17607: 17605: 17596: 17595: 17591: 17581: 17579: 17566: 17565: 17561: 17551: 17549: 17545: 17538: 17534: 17533: 17526: 17516: 17514: 17510: 17503: 17499: 17498: 17494: 17484: 17482: 17473: 17472: 17468: 17458: 17456: 17447: 17446: 17442: 17432: 17430: 17426: 17419: 17415: 17414: 17410: 17400: 17398: 17389: 17388: 17384: 17353: 17349: 17334: 17320: 17316: 17306: 17304: 17295: 17294: 17290: 17242: 17238: 17228: 17226: 17218: 17217: 17213: 17203: 17201: 17192: 17191: 17187: 17140: 17136: 17126: 17124: 17116: 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11278: 11276: 11237: 11235: 11206: 11204: 11168: 11166: 11161:Liberian dollar 11138: 11136: 11108: 11106: 11078: 11076: 11048: 11046: 11014: 11012: 10998: 10991: 10989: 10981: 10974: 10936: 10934: 10924: 10886: 10884: 10850: 10848: 10804: 10802: 10765: 10763: 10752:Namibian dollar 10729: 10727: 10693: 10691: 10680:Mauritian rupee 10657: 10655: 10644:Malawian kwacha 10621: 10619: 10605:Malagasy ariary 10582: 10580: 10543: 10541: 10527:Swazi lilangeni 10504: 10502: 10465: 10463: 10426: 10424: 10389: 10387: 10377: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10361: 10353: 10346: 10344:Southern Africa 10305: 10303: 10291:(TSh. /=) 10274:(also in SADC) 10265: 10263: 10225: 10223: 10209:Kenyan shilling 10186: 10184: 10170:Burundian franc 10141: 10139: 10131: 10084: 10082: 10074:Sudanese Arabic 10041: 10039: 10014:Somali shilling 9991: 9989: 9937: 9935: 9886: 9884: 9843: 9841: 9833: 9788: 9786: 9737: 9735: 9721:Burundian franc 9692: 9690: 9661:(also in SADC) 9652: 9650: 9612: 9610: 9573: 9571: 9557:Kenyan shilling 9534: 9532: 9514:Somali shilling 9491: 9489: 9448: 9446: 9438:Sudanese Arabic 9405: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9392: 9384: 9382: 9375: 9373: 9365: 9358: 9320: 9318: 9315:Spanish, French 9284: 9282: 9248: 9246: 9212: 9210: 9173: 9171: 9168:English, French 9137: 9135: 9090: 9088: 9050: 9048: 9037:Congolese franc 9022:(also in SADC) 9013: 9011: 9000:Burundian franc 8971: 8969: 8943:(also in SADC) 8934: 8932: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8801:Northern Africa 8769: 8752: 8736:Kenenisa Bekele 8670:Rugby World Cup 8553: 8548: 8542: 8537: 8527: 8522: 8516: 8375: 8365: 7950: 7936:African cuisine 7932: 7785: 7759:Music of Africa 7755: 7750: 7736: 7663: 7649: 7640: 7610: 7570:Southern Africa 7563:Masai mythology 7559:(eastern Kenya) 7520:Dinka mythology 7346:respectively. 7234:Islam in Africa 7226: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7217: 7209: 7207: 7199: 7197: 7189: 7181: 7171:Islam in Africa 7159: 7114:Maputo Protocol 7056:Southern Africa 6982: 6972: 6967: 6949: 6874: 6825:. According to 6799: 6793: 6787: 6770: 6764: 6740:development aid 6716:economic growth 6692: 6686: 6582:black-eyed peas 6539: 6529:, the DRC, and 6502: 6498: 6497: 6403: 6359: 6301:, South Africa 6266:Wayback Machine 6227:Af: Ivory Coast 5924: 5920: 5914: 5890:government debt 5852: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5375: 5351: 5346: 5338:Main articles: 5336: 5334:Genetic history 5079:Southern Africa 4672: 4660:Kalahari Desert 4574: 4550:Bantu expansion 4538:Southern Africa 4530: 4451: 4355: 4333: 4240: 4238: 4204: 4202: 4168: 4166: 4132: 4130: 4096: 4094: 4060: 4058: 4024: 4022: 3988: 3986: 3952: 3950: 3916: 3914: 3880: 3878: 3844: 3842: 3802: 3800: 3760: 3758: 3718: 3716: 3676: 3674: 3634: 3632: 3592: 3590: 3550: 3548: 3508: 3506: 3466: 3464: 3424: 3422: 3382: 3380: 3340: 3338: 3298: 3296: 3256: 3254: 3214: 3212: 3172: 3170: 3130: 3128: 3088: 3086: 3046: 3044: 3004: 3002: 2968: 2966: 2926: 2924: 2884: 2882: 2842: 2840: 2800: 2798: 2758: 2756: 2716: 2714: 2674: 2672: 2632: 2630: 2590: 2588: 2548: 2546: 2506: 2504: 2464: 2462: 2422: 2420: 2380: 2378: 2338: 2336: 2296: 2294: 2205:in Africa, 2006 2196: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2159:Sir David Blair 2157:, commanded by 2111:Bartolomeu Dias 2092:Southern Africa 2046:Settlements of 2033: 2027: 2021: 2019:Southern Africa 1945:Swahili culture 1888: 1878: 1846:Adal's conquest 1784:ancient Somalia 1708: 1686: 1680: 1639: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1558:Bantu Migration 1505:, queen of the 1495: 1489: 1471:as part of the 1453:Napoleonic Wars 1445:Aro confederacy 1322:Bantu expansion 1304: 1282: 1276: 1059: 1029: 1024: 1014:African empires 1010: 990:Main articles: 988: 941:miombo woodland 900:Tropical Africa 760: 746: 734:Southern Africa 675:Bilad al-Barbar 602:medieval period 579: 504:(and sometimes 431:Southern Africa 396:Bantu expansion 388:Southern Africa 378:, and the arid 307: 300:Combined green: 289: 288: 279: 275: 72: 71: 70: 66: 64: 63: The Sahel 60: 58: 54: 40: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21248: 21238: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21205: 21204: 21199: 21198: 21195: 21194: 21192: 21191: 21186: 21180: 21178: 21173: 21170: 21169: 21167: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21101: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20895: 20893: 20889: 20888: 20881: 20880: 20873: 20866: 20858: 20849: 20848: 20845: 20844: 20842:Western Sahara 20839: 20822: 20809: 20800: 20786:Canary Islands 20782: 20781: 20779: 20774: 20771: 20770: 20768: 20767: 20762: 20756: 20754: 20749: 20746: 20745: 20743: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20471: 20469: 20465: 20464: 20457: 20456: 20449: 20442: 20434: 20425: 20424: 20421: 20420: 20418:Western Sahara 20415: 20398: 20385: 20376: 20362:Canary Islands 20358: 20357: 20355: 20350: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20343: 20338: 20332: 20330: 20325: 20322: 20321: 20319: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20143: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20047: 20045: 20041: 20040: 20033: 20032: 20025: 20018: 20010: 20004: 20001: 20000: 19988: 19987: 19985: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19973: 19972: 19965:Sudan (region) 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19846: 19844: 19840: 19839: 19837: 19836: 19831: 19830: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19809: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19800:Gulf of Guinea 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19736: 19734: 19728: 19727: 19725: 19724: 19723: 19722: 19715:Cape Peninsula 19712: 19710:Okavango Delta 19707: 19702: 19700:Skeleton Coast 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19646: 19645: 19640: 19629: 19627: 19621: 19620: 19618: 19617: 19615:Western Sahara 19612: 19607: 19606: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19588:Nuba Mountains 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19540: 19539: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19508: 19506:Eastern Desert 19502: 19500: 19494: 19493: 19491: 19490: 19485: 19484: 19483: 19478: 19477: 19476: 19471: 19461: 19456: 19454:Comoro Islands 19446: 19445: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19427:Hanish Islands 19424: 19419: 19414: 19412:Danakil Desert 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19387:Horn of Africa 19384: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19368: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19330:Albertine Rift 19321: 19319: 19313: 19312: 19310: 19309: 19307:Ennedi Plateau 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19269: 19268: 19267: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19246: 19245: 19243:Gulf of Guinea 19234: 19232: 19226: 19225: 19214: 19213: 19206: 19199: 19191: 19185: 19184: 19178: 19170: 19169:External links 19167: 19166: 19165: 19152: 19149: 19126: 19125: 19122: 19121: 19101: 19098: 19095: 19094: 19068: 19046: 19020: 19002: 18976: 18958: 18927: 18901: 18876: 18854: 18818: 18800:Deutsche Welle 18786: 18760: 18734: 18705: 18683: 18657: 18638: 18618: 18598: 18581: 18565: 18539: 18513: 18483: 18457: 18438: 18418: 18402: 18381: 18363: 18333: 18313: 18290: 18279: 18259: 18240: 18220: 18185: 18158: 18139: 18116: 18098: 18080: 18066: 18048: 18031: 17999: 17978: 17924: 17875: 17857: 17822: 17793: 17765: 17742: 17708: 17679: 17650: 17615: 17589: 17559: 17524: 17492: 17466: 17440: 17422:. Unaids.org. 17408: 17382: 17347: 17333:978-1435728905 17332: 17326:. : Lulu Com. 17314: 17288: 17236: 17211: 17185: 17134: 17109: 17078: 17056: 17037: 17005: 16975: 16957: 16942:. scidev.net. 16930: 16903:(2): 294–325. 16880: 16873: 16855: 16823: 16792: 16761: 16744:buanews.gov.za 16727: 16707: 16676: 16665:on 31 May 2014 16638:Monthly Review 16618: 16607:on 31 May 2014 16596:Monthly Review 16576: 16538: 16521:"Blogspot.com" 16511: 16494: 16480: 16454: 16437: 16417: 16394: 16377: 16351: 16340:on 10 May 2006 16325: 16299: 16262: 16225: 16198: 16158: 16129: 16092: 16058: 16032: 16012: 15982: 15948: 15923: 15892: 15875:Science Friday 15861: 15831: 15799: 15749: 15716: 15691: 15663: 15652:on 4 June 2013 15632: 15607: 15582: 15557: 15532: 15506: 15480: 15455: 15430: 15404: 15378: 15371: 15351: 15325: 15294: 15275:Pulse Africa. 15267: 15250:"Johannesburg" 15241: 15211: 15192: 15172: 15165: 15144: 15118: 15092: 15059: 15027: 15008: 14988: 14969: 14949: 14930: 14906: 14887: 14863: 14844: 14824: 14805: 14785: 14766: 14747: 14723: 14704: 14682: 14660: 14634: 14615: 14596: 14577: 14558: 14547:"South Africa" 14532: 14506: 14489:www.knbs.or.ke 14476: 14451: 14427: 14397: 14374: 14346: 14322: 14311:on 25 May 2023 14292: 14274: 14242: 14232:on 24 May 2023 14213: 14177: 14167:on 24 May 2023 14148: 14108: 14098:on 24 May 2023 14079: 14075:. p. 333. 14061: 14040: 14004: 13994:on 24 May 2023 13975: 13965:on 24 May 2023 13946: 13936:on 24 May 2023 13914: 13904:on 24 May 2023 13885: 13875:on 24 May 2023 13851: 13834: 13810: 13800:, pp. 867–68, 13789: 13772: 13731: 13704: 13683: 13672:on 28 May 2014 13657: 13631: 13601: 13575: 13545: 13525: 13505: 13475: 13449: 13420: 13394: 13369: 13357: 13338: 13314: 13295: 13275: 13248: 13219: 13203: 13177: 13167: 13158: 13149: 13142: 13120: 13111: 13092: 13069:10.1086/505436 13063:(2): 230–237. 13039: 13020: 13000: 12991: 12982: 12973: 12964: 12955: 12946: 12927: 12921:. p. 57. 12903: 12881: 12872:, p. 254. 12862: 12852: 12848:. p. 316. 12834: 12799: 12782: 12756: 12749: 12729: 12708: 12699: 12678: 12661: 12640: 12620: 12599: 12580:(2): 219–238. 12562: 12539: 12482: 12437:(8): 582–594. 12413: 12354: 12305: 12288: 12268: 12247: 12226:"black Africa" 12217: 12204: 12188: 12175: 12166: 12157: 12142: 12123: 12105: 12078: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12006: 11930: 11900: 11883:UNDP in Africa 11879:"About Africa" 11870: 11868: 11867: 11857: 11851:. p. 61. 11838: 11832: 11815: 11809: 11803:. p. 59. 11792: 11786: 11780:. p. 39. 11769: 11763: 11757:. p. 80. 11744: 11723: 11703: 11684: 11658: 11633: 11610: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11539: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11488: 11458: 11428: 11398: 11368: 11334: 11304: 11273: 11272: 11264: 11263: 11233: 11230:Nigerian naira 11202: 11164: 11134: 11104: 11074: 11071:Gambian dalasi 11044: 11009: 11008: 10990: 10980: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10959:Sudanese pound 10923: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10882: 10873:Zambian kwacha 10846: 10800: 10761: 10725: 10689: 10653: 10617: 10578: 10539: 10500: 10488:Comorian franc 10461: 10422: 10413:Angolan kwanza 10384: 10383: 10368: 10362: 10352: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10330:(USh /=) 10301: 10261: 10221: 10211:(KSh /=) 10182: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10080: 10064:Sudanese pound 10032: 10031: 10030: 9987: 9960:Ethiopian birr 9933: 9909:Eritrean nakfa 9882: 9837:Horn of Africa 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9784: 9760:Eritrean nakfa 9733: 9688: 9678:(TSh /=) 9648: 9608: 9598:(USh /=) 9569: 9559:(KSh /=) 9530: 9487: 9444: 9428:Sudanese pound 9393: 9383: 9374: 9364: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9316: 9280: 9244: 9243:French, Arabic 9208: 9169: 9132: 9131: 9123: 9122: 9086: 9059:(also in EAC) 9046: 9009: 8980:(also in EAC) 8967: 8958:Angolan kwanza 8929: 8928: 8920: 8919: 8871: 8861: 8855: 8848: 8847:Central Africa 8845: 8823:), far north ( 8793:Western Sahara 8768: 8765: 8751: 8748: 8689:Gerrie Coetzee 8609:Jay-Jay Okocha 8593:Michael Essien 8552: 8549: 8541: 8538: 8526: 8523: 8515: 8512: 8394:clothing style 8387:cloth patterns 8364: 8361: 8143:Horn of Africa 7989:, foutou, and 7931: 7928: 7754: 7751: 7735: 7732: 7648: 7645: 7609: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7595:(South Africa) 7593:Zulu mythology 7590: 7584: 7581:Lozi mythology 7578: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7516: 7515: 7514:Central Africa 7511: 7510: 7504: 7497:Serer religion 7494: 7491:Igbo mythology 7488: 7485:Efik mythology 7482: 7477: 7471: 7469:Akan mythology 7465: 7464: 7218: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7158: 7155: 7097:Onchocerciasis 7014:onchocerciasis 6971: 6968: 6948: 6945: 6873: 6870: 6789:Main article: 6786: 6783: 6776:Road in Rwanda 6763: 6760: 6685: 6684:Infrastructure 6682: 6538: 6535: 6402: 6399: 6358: 6355: 6270: 6269: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6161:Af: Sth Africa 6159: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5916:Main article: 5913: 5910: 5848:Main article: 5844: 5843: 5824: 5822: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5523: 5350: 5347: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5130:Northern Sotho 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5008: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4919: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4834: 4833: 4832:Horn of Africa 4828: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4739: 4738: 4737:Central Africa 4671: 4668: 4622:Central Africa 4573: 4570: 4546:Khoi languages 4529: 4526: 4450: 4447: 4332: 4329: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2260:Area (km) 2257: 2252: 2189: 2186: 2181:Main article: 2178: 2175: 2171:Anglo-Zulu War 2104:Great Zimbabwe 2040:Great Zimbabwe 2023:Main article: 2020: 2017: 1975:contains many 1959:(particularly 1953:Swahili people 1877: 1874: 1727:Axumite Empire 1682:Main article: 1679: 1678:Horn of Africa 1676: 1632: 1629: 1624:Main article: 1621: 1618: 1556:Following the 1491:Main article: 1488: 1487:Central Africa 1485: 1481:decolonization 1473:British Empire 1438:Walls of Benin 1422:Sungbo's Eredo 1401:Kingdom of Nri 1393:Ashanti Empire 1358:Songhai Empire 1302:Kingdom of Nri 1294:Songhay Empire 1278:Main article: 1275: 1272: 1268:Persian Empire 1116:Central Africa 1028: 1025: 987: 984: 983: 982: 975: 956: 929: 922: 915: 910:) west of the 897: 878:Horn of Africa 874: 847: 745: 742: 728:families; and 677:("Land of the 647:Horn of Africa 606:bilâd as-sûdân 578: 575: 443:United Nations 423:Central Africa 380:Kalahari Basin 364:Horn of Africa 325:Eastern Africa 309:Lighter green: 304:United Nations 291: 290: 287: 286: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 233: 226: 225: 222: 215: 214: 211: 204: 203: 200: 193: 192: 188: 187: 182: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 78: 74: 73: 65: 59: 53: 52: 50: 42: 41: 38: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21247: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21217: 21215: 21196: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21181: 21179: 21171: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21014:Guinea-Bissau 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20896: 20894: 20890: 20886: 20879: 20874: 20872: 20867: 20865: 20860: 20859: 20856: 20843: 20840: 20834: 20830: 20826: 20823: 20817: 20813: 20810: 20804: 20801: 20795: 20791: 20787: 20784: 20783: 20780: 20772: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20747: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20590:Guinea-Bissau 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20472: 20470: 20466: 20462: 20455: 20450: 20448: 20443: 20441: 20436: 20435: 20432: 20419: 20416: 20410: 20406: 20402: 20399: 20393: 20389: 20386: 20380: 20377: 20371: 20367: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20356: 20348: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20333: 20331: 20323: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20166:Guinea-Bissau 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20129: 20127: 20124: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20048: 20046: 20042: 20038: 20031: 20026: 20024: 20019: 20017: 20012: 20011: 20008: 20002: 19995: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19971: 19968: 19967: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19847: 19845: 19843:Macro-regions 19841: 19835: 19832: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19814: 19813: 19810: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19772: 19771: 19770:Guinea region 19768: 19766: 19765:Cape Mesurado 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19735: 19733: 19729: 19721: 19718: 19717: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19634: 19631: 19630: 19628: 19626: 19622: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19545: 19544: 19541: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19531:Gibraltar Arc 19529: 19527: 19526:Barbary Coast 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19516:Ancient Libya 19514: 19513: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19503: 19501: 19499: 19495: 19489: 19488:Swahili coast 19486: 19482: 19479: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19466: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19451: 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19392:Afar Triangle 19390: 19389: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19327: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19320: 19318: 19314: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19262: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19244: 19241: 19240: 19239: 19238:Guinea region 19236: 19235: 19233: 19231: 19227: 19223: 19219: 19212: 19207: 19205: 19200: 19198: 19193: 19192: 19189: 19182: 19179: 19176: 19173: 19172: 19163: 19159: 19155: 19154: 19148: 19146: 19145: 19140: 19136: 19131: 19124: 19123: 19119: 19118:0-8213-3698-3 19115: 19111: 19107: 19104: 19103: 19082: 19078: 19072: 19064: 19060: 19056: 19050: 19034: 19030: 19024: 19016: 19012: 19006: 18990: 18986: 18980: 18974: 18970: 18967: 18962: 18946: 18942: 18938: 18931: 18915: 18911: 18905: 18886: 18880: 18873: 18869: 18866: 18865: 18858: 18851: 18836: 18832: 18828: 18822: 18806: 18802: 18801: 18796: 18790: 18774: 18770: 18764: 18748: 18744: 18738: 18722: 18718: 18712: 18710: 18701: 18697: 18693: 18687: 18671: 18667: 18661: 18645: 18641: 18635: 18631: 18630: 18622: 18615: 18614:0-8139-2085-X 18611: 18607: 18602: 18595: 18594:1-4034-9910-1 18591: 18585: 18579: 18575: 18569: 18553: 18549: 18543: 18527: 18523: 18517: 18501: 18497: 18493: 18487: 18471: 18467: 18461: 18445: 18441: 18435: 18431: 18430: 18422: 18416: 18415:0-8135-2613-2 18412: 18406: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18385: 18370: 18366: 18364:9780761930471 18360: 18356: 18352: 18348: 18344: 18337: 18330: 18329:0-8139-2085-X 18326: 18322: 18317: 18309: 18305: 18301: 18294: 18286: 18282: 18276: 18272: 18271: 18263: 18247: 18243: 18241:9781412981767 18237: 18233: 18232: 18224: 18216: 18212: 18208: 18204: 18200: 18196: 18189: 18181: 18177: 18173: 18169: 18162: 18146: 18142: 18136: 18132: 18131: 18123: 18121: 18112: 18108: 18102: 18094: 18090: 18084: 18076: 18070: 18062: 18058: 18052: 18041: 18035: 18016: 18009: 18003: 17995: 17991: 17985: 17983: 17975: 17971: 17968: 17964: 17960: 17957: 17952: 17948: 17945: 17938: 17934: 17928: 17920: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17902: 17898: 17894: 17890: 17886: 17879: 17871: 17867: 17861: 17842: 17835: 17834: 17826: 17810: 17803: 17797: 17782: 17775: 17769: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17746: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17712: 17696: 17692: 17686: 17684: 17667: 17663: 17657: 17655: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 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15778: 15776: 15774: 15772: 15770: 15768: 15766: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15756: 15754: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15729:The Economist 15726: 15720: 15705: 15701: 15695: 15680: 15676: 15670: 15668: 15651: 15647: 15643: 15636: 15621: 15617: 15611: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15571: 15567: 15561: 15546: 15542: 15536: 15520: 15516: 15510: 15495: 15491: 15484: 15469: 15465: 15459: 15444: 15440: 15434: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15392: 15388: 15382: 15374: 15368: 15364: 15363: 15355: 15339: 15335: 15329: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15298: 15282: 15278: 15271: 15255: 15251: 15245: 15230:on 4 May 2012 15229: 15225: 15221: 15215: 15199: 15195: 15189: 15185: 15184: 15176: 15168: 15166:9780810376922 15162: 15158: 15157: 15148: 15132: 15128: 15122: 15106: 15102: 15096: 15080: 15076: 15075: 15070: 15063: 15047: 15043: 15042: 15037: 15031: 15015: 15011: 15005: 15001: 15000: 14992: 14976: 14972: 14966: 14962: 14961: 14953: 14937: 14933: 14931:9781134252749 14927: 14923: 14922: 14917: 14910: 14894: 14890: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14875: 14867: 14851: 14847: 14845:9781446258507 14841: 14837: 14836: 14828: 14812: 14808: 14802: 14798: 14797: 14789: 14773: 14769: 14767:9789211318159 14763: 14759: 14758: 14751: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14708: 14701: 14697: 14694: 14689: 14687: 14679: 14675: 14672: 14667: 14665: 14649:on 2 May 2012 14648: 14644: 14638: 14631: 14627: 14624: 14619: 14612: 14608: 14605: 14600: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14581: 14574: 14570: 14567: 14562: 14555: 14551: 14548: 14543: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14520: 14516: 14510: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14480: 14465: 14461: 14455: 14448: 14444: 14441: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14424: 14420: 14417: 14412: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14394: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14371: 14367: 14364: 14363:"South Sudan" 14359: 14357: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14343: 14339: 14336: 14331: 14329: 14327: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14296: 14288: 14284: 14278: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14217: 14198: 14194: 14187: 14181: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14152: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14124:New York City 14118: 14112: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14074: 14073: 14065: 14050: 14044: 14025: 14021: 14014: 14008: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13979: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13950: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13889: 13874: 13870: 13866: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13848: 13844: 13838: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13814: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13793: 13786: 13785:0-415-93933-X 13782: 13776: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13719: 13715: 13708: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13671: 13667: 13661: 13645: 13641: 13635: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13605: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13530: 13522: 13521:archive.today 13518: 13515: 13509: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13479: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13437: 13430: 13424: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13391: 13390:0-253-32916-7 13387: 13383: 13379: 13373: 13364: 13362: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13326: 13318: 13302: 13298: 13296:9780394009384 13292: 13288: 13287: 13279: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13236: 13232: 13231: 13223: 13217: 13216:0-19-814264-1 13213: 13207: 13191: 13187: 13181: 13171: 13162: 13153: 13145: 13143:9781848360754 13139: 13134: 13133: 13124: 13115: 13106: 13105: 13096: 13088: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13043: 13027: 13023: 13021:9780810866041 13017: 13013: 13012: 13004: 12995: 12986: 12977: 12968: 12959: 12950: 12934: 12930: 12928:0-415-03185-0 12924: 12920: 12916: 12915: 12907: 12900: 12899:0-333-59957-8 12896: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12877: 12871: 12866: 12856: 12847: 12846: 12838: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12803: 12795: 12794: 12786: 12770: 12766: 12760: 12752: 12750:9780608390352 12746: 12742: 12741: 12733: 12726: 12725:0-684-82667-4 12722: 12718: 12712: 12703: 12696: 12695:0-87196-480-5 12692: 12688: 12682: 12675: 12674:0-333-59957-8 12671: 12665: 12658: 12657:0-684-82667-4 12654: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12624: 12617: 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11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11943: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11874: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11845: 11839: 11835: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11770: 11766: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11745: 11733: 11730:. Infosamak. 11729: 11724: 11712: 11708: 11707:"Arab States" 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11672: 11668: 11662: 11647: 11644: 11637: 11620: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11584: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11540: 11537: 11536:Africa portal 11526: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11470: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11440: 11429: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11380: 11379:Guinea-Bissau 11369: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11346: 11335: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11286: 11275: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11176: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11135: 11132: 11131:Guinean franc 11129: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11105: 11102: 11101:Ghanaian cedi 11099: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11075: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11011: 11010: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10987: 10978: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10812: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10590: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10449:Botswana pula 10447: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10359: 10350: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10250: 10249:Rwandan franc 10247: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10194: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10132: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10003: 9999: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9945: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9636:Rwandan franc 9634: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9413: 9402: 9401: 9390: 9381: 9371: 9362: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9328: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9209: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9074:Rwandan franc 9072: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8868: 8853: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8827:) and south ( 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697:Azumah Nelson 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8677:Battling Siki 8673: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8597:Didier Drogba 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8547: 8536: 8532: 8525:Film industry 8521: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8351:, tomatoes), 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8297:milk products 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8183:chili peppers 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7845:Afro-Asiatics 7842: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7822:rock and roll 7819: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7763:African dance 7760: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724:Henri Matisse 7721: 7720:Pablo Picasso 7717: 7712: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7675: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7528:(South Sudan) 7527: 7524: 7522:(South Sudan) 7521: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7392:-speakers is 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7358:Guinea Bissau 7355: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7332:Latin America 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7230: 7215: 7205: 7195: 7187: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7110:African Union 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7027:In 1987, the 7025: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888:, Madagascar 6887: 6883: 6878: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6853:human capital 6849: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6828: 6827:Naledi Pandor 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6782: 6774: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6418:Plateau State 6415: 6411: 6407: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6114:Af: Eq.Guinea 6113: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982:Ar: Saudi Arb 5981: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5840: 5828: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5799: 5797: 5796:Port Harcourt 5794: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:Dar es Salaam 5663: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5492:Nairobi River 5489: 5488:Enkare Nyrobi 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5470:Witwatersrand 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5440:Swahili coast 5437: 5433: 5432:Dar es Salaam 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5341: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5150:Indo-European 5148: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913:: <1 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885:: <1 4884: 4881: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4655:lingua franca 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632:and southern 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4522:lingua franca 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4440: 4439:Indo-European 4436: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4031:Guinea-Bissau 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2167:KwaZulu-Natal 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:Limpopo River 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:Swahili Coast 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:Tongoni Ruins 1911: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759:Zagwe dynasty 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662:and southern 1661: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:Eastern Lunda 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:M'banza-Kongo 1583: 1578: 1576: 1575:imperial cult 1571: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:Djenné-Djenno 1326: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1238:and southern 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221:out of Africa 1218: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149:Homo ergaster 1146: 1145: 1144:Homo ergaster 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072:According to 1068: 1067:Olduvai Gorge 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 980: 976: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927: 923: 920: 916: 913: 909: 905: 901: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 816: 815: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 795:climate zones 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767:Climate zones 764: 759: 755: 751: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 657: 652: 648: 645:coast in the 644: 639: 637: 633: 632: 627: 623: 622:Western Sudan 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 588: 583: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559: 554: 550: 547:explains how 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519:Since around 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 459:African Union 457:, etc.). The 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Mediterranean 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 283: 277: 273: 269: 266: 263: 261: 256: 253: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 232: 229: • 227: 223: 221: 218: • 216: 212: 210: 207: • 205: 201: 199: 196: • 194: 189: 186: 183: 181: 177: 174:1,137,938,708 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101:Dar es Salaam 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 75: 48: 43: 36: 30: 19: 21124:South Africa 21114:Sierra Leone 20919:Burkina Faso 20825:Saint Helena 20796: 20700:South Africa 20690:Sierra Leone 20495:Burkina Faso 20401:Saint Helena 20372: 20276:South Africa 20266:Sierra Leone 20071:Burkina Faso 19959: 19925:Mittelafrika 19875:Françafrique 19740:Pepper Coast 19578:Middle Egypt 19432:Gulf of Aden 19407:Danakil Alps 19345:Gregory Rift 19143: 19135:free content 19127: 19105: 19087:29 September 19085:. 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Retrieved 11597:the original 11587: 11563:Black people 11510: 11509: 11502: 11501: 11480: 11479: 11472: 11471: 11450: 11449: 11442: 11441: 11420: 11419: 11412: 11411: 11390: 11389: 11382: 11381: 11360: 11359: 11353:Yamoussoukro 11348: 11347: 11326: 11325: 11318: 11317: 11315:Burkina Faso 11296: 11295: 11288: 11287: 11255: 11254: 11247: 11246: 11244:Sierra Leone 11224: 11223: 11216: 11215: 11199:North Africa 11186: 11185: 11178: 11177: 11156: 11155: 11148: 11147: 11126: 11125: 11118: 11117: 11096: 11095: 11088: 11087: 11066: 11065: 11058: 11057: 11036: 11035: 11029:Yamoussoukro 11024: 11023: 10986:UN subregion 10963: 10962: 10954: 10953: 10946: 10945: 10925: 10913: 10912: 10904: 10903: 10896: 10895: 10877: 10876: 10868: 10867: 10860: 10859: 10839: 10838: 10830: 10829: 10819:Bloemfontein 10814: 10813: 10811:South Africa 10792: 10791: 10783: 10782: 10775: 10774: 10756: 10755: 10747: 10746: 10739: 10738: 10720: 10719: 10711: 10710: 10703: 10702: 10684: 10683: 10675: 10674: 10667: 10666: 10648: 10647: 10639: 10638: 10631: 10630: 10609: 10608: 10600: 10599: 10597:Antananarivo 10592: 10591: 10570: 10569: 10566:Lesotho loti 10561: 10560: 10553: 10552: 10531: 10530: 10522: 10521: 10514: 10513: 10492: 10491: 10483: 10482: 10475: 10474: 10453: 10452: 10444: 10443: 10436: 10435: 10417: 10416: 10408: 10407: 10400: 10399: 10358:UN subregion 10332: 10331: 10323: 10322: 10315: 10314: 10293: 10292: 10284: 10283: 10276: 10275: 10253: 10252: 10244: 10243: 10236: 10235: 10213: 10212: 10204: 10203: 10196: 10195: 10174: 10173: 10165: 10164: 10152: 10151: 10118:and Arabic ( 10111: 10110: 10102: 10101: 10094: 10093: 10068: 10067: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10050: 10034: 10018: 10017: 10009: 10008: 10001: 10000: 9964: 9963: 9955: 9954: 9947: 9946: 9913: 9912: 9904: 9903: 9896: 9895: 9870: 9869: 9861: 9860: 9853: 9852: 9836: 9815: 9814: 9806: 9805: 9798: 9797: 9764: 9763: 9755: 9754: 9747: 9746: 9725: 9724: 9716: 9715: 9703: 9702: 9680: 9679: 9671: 9670: 9663: 9662: 9640: 9639: 9631: 9630: 9623: 9622: 9600: 9599: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9582: 9561: 9560: 9552: 9551: 9544: 9543: 9518: 9517: 9509: 9508: 9501: 9500: 9482:and Arabic ( 9475: 9474: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9457: 9432: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9414: 9370:UN subregion 9347: 9346: 9338: 9337: 9330: 9329: 9311: 9310: 9302: 9301: 9294: 9293: 9275: 9274: 9266: 9265: 9258: 9257: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9229: 9222: 9221: 9200: 9199: 9191: 9190: 9183: 9182: 9164: 9163: 9155: 9154: 9147: 9146: 9117: 9116: 9108: 9107: 9100: 9099: 9078: 9077: 9069: 9068: 9061: 9060: 9041: 9040: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9023: 9004: 9003: 8995: 8994: 8982: 8981: 8962: 8961: 8953: 8952: 8945: 8944: 8914: 8913: 8905: 8904: 8897: 8896: 8867:UN subregion 8797:UN subregion 8770: 8753: 8716: 8705: 8701:Jake Matlala 8693:Samuel Peter 8685:Hogan Bassey 8674: 8648: 8617:Samuel Eto'o 8605:Nwankwo Kanu 8554: 8508: 8505: 8492: 8467: 8398: 8390: 8353:French wines 8325:pickled fish 8278: 8235: 8219: 8213: 8197:, fermented 8187:coconut milk 8179:leafy greens 8140: 8081: 7972: 7966: 7924:South Africa 7865: 7841:Nilo-Saharan 7838: 7805:Nilo-Saharan 7797: 7734:Architecture 7713: 7709:William Fagg 7697: 7693:Blombos Cave 7685:abstract art 7682: 7641: 7598: 7448:(becoming). 7445: 7444:(being) and 7441: 7437: 7436:(being) and 7433: 7421: 7410: 7406:San religion 7390:Afro-Asiatic 7386:Nilo-Saharan 7348: 7314: 7286:Burkina Faso 7266:Sierra Leone 7246:North Africa 7239: 7194:Christianity 7185: 7145: 7130: 7122:Infibulation 7087: 7081: 7061: 7035:was held in 7026: 7010:tuberculosis 6995: 6941: 6928: 6891: 6886:Antananarivo 6866: 6862: 6851:Research on 6850: 6831: 6816: 6779: 6752:water supply 6736: 6724: 6705: 6677:George Soros 6669: 6666: 6653: 6648:Keetmanshoop 6626: 6606:African rice 6592:, and pearl 6566:castor beans 6559: 6555: 6525:deposits in 6508: 6490: 6423: 6395: 6371:South Africa 6360: 6335: 6324: 6315:photovoltaic 6312: 6308: 6304: 6285: 6281: 6194:Af: Cameroon 6131:Af: DR Congo 5902: 5878: 5870: 5866:Johannesburg 5853: 5834: 5826: 5676:Antananarivo 5617:Johannesburg 5496: 5487: 5474: 5452:. It is the 5450:South Africa 5446:Johannesburg 5444: 5430: 5376: 5349:Major cities 5297:Nilo-Saharan 5277:Afro-Asiatic 5204:(Nigeria): 7 5024:Nilo-Saharan 4983:Austronesian 4883:Nilo-Saharan 4838:Afro-Asiatic 4781:Nilo-Saharan 4724: 4673: 4670:Nilo-Saharan 4653: 4624:such as the 4575: 4531: 4491: 4452: 4444: 4405:Nilo-Saharan 4353:Black people 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4211:Sierra Leone 3809:Burkina Faso 3557:South Africa 2231:South Africa 2220: 2216: 2177:Demographics 2163:Zulu Kingdom 2108: 2068:Xhosa people 2045: 2014: 1999: 1984: 1927: 1889: 1858:Omani empire 1824: 1781: 1757:. The later 1724: 1654: 1594:Kuba Kingdom 1579: 1570:Lunda Empire 1567: 1562:Luba Kingdom 1555: 1528: 1516: 1477:independence 1442: 1382: 1366:Bornu Empire 1362:Kanem Empire 1350:Ghana Empire 1334:Ghana Empire 1327: 1319: 1286:Ghana Empire 1244: 1229: 1225:Homo sapiens 1224: 1216:Homo sapiens 1214: 1212: 1207: 1204:H. georgicus 1203: 1196: 1192:H. georgicus 1190: 1184: 1176: 1168: 1162: 1161:, much like 1154:Homo erectus 1152: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1127: 1123: 1098: 1074:paleontology 1071: 924:Distinctive 902:encompasses 803:South Africa 792: 726:Nilo-Saharan 718:Black Africa 717: 699: 686: 682: 674: 668: 660: 654: 640: 629: 610:Sudan region 605: 599: 595:ethnographic 592: 586: 577:Nomenclature 558:Homo sapiens 556: 518: 466:North Africa 463: 410: 406: 402: 401: 335: 317:North Africa 308: 306:institutions 299: 276: 198:Christianity 113:Johannesburg 77:Major cities 29: 21176:recognition 21129:South Sudan 21019:Ivory Coast 20752:recognition 20705:South Sudan 20595:Ivory Coast 20328:recognition 20281:South Sudan 20171:Ivory Coast 19910:Middle East 19855:Afromontane 19817:Niger Delta 19812:Niger Basin 19805:Dahomey Gap 19760:Cape Palmas 19755:Ivory Coast 19750:Slave Coast 19603:Upper Egypt 19573:Lower Nubia 19568:Lower Egypt 19543:Nile Valley 19277:Congo Basin 19272:Pool Malebo 19079:. UPI.com. 18995:15 November 18811:26 December 18779:26 December 18753:26 December 18743:"About.com" 18727:17 November 18676:17 November 18650:30 November 18532:21 November 18476:28 February 17870:www.who.int 17809:DHS Program 17735:12 February 17693:. Who.int. 17664:. Who.int. 17600:. Who.int. 17401:28 December 17307:28 December 17224:www.who.int 17154:(8): e412. 17122:www.who.int 17071:12 February 16917:10419/96093 16669:12 February 16611:12 February 16531:15 November 16473:13 November 16370:20 December 16344:20 December 16102:"Manganese" 16085:12 February 16051:27 December 16005:12 February 15975:12 February 15916:14 November 15885:12 February 15854:12 February 15625:19 February 15417:www.wfp.org 15234:18 November 14470:12 February 14268:12 February 14054:12 February 13650:5 September 13558:www.cia.gov 13468:22 December 13032:15 February 12819:(1): 7–23. 12376:(1): 3406. 12026:28 February 11726:Infosamak. 11717:20 November 11677:15 December 11345:Ivory Coast 11323:Ouagadougou 11021:Ivory Coast 10972:West Africa 10258:Kinyarwanda 10120:Juba Arabic 10091:South Sudan 9952:Addis Ababa 9645:Kinyarwanda 9484:Juba Arabic 9455:South Sudan 9356:East Africa 9263:Brazzaville 9083:Kinyarwanda 8894:South Sudan 8809:Arab League 8740:Paul Tergat 8601:Roger Milla 8589:George Weah 8482:Akan people 8478:Kente cloth 8433:South Sudan 8244:, cassava, 8088:sukuma wiki 8039:millet beer 8023:shea butter 7962:peanut soup 7956:A plate of 7892:Ivory Coast 7801:Niger–Congo 7683:The oldest 7653:African art 7463:West Africa 7370:Niger–Congo 7354:South Sudan 6846:South Sudan 6823:brain drain 6813:, Botswana 6732:electricity 6698:Skyline of 6646:outside of 6629:guinea fowl 6622:raffia palm 6537:Agriculture 6414:Jos Plateau 6347:Solar power 6080:Af: Tunisia 6032:Af: Algeria 6015:Af: Nigeria 5737:Addis Ababa 5519:Addis Ababa 5394:conurbation 5256:Senegambian 5210:Volta–Niger 5197:Benue–Congo 5192:Niger–Congo 5186:West Africa 5085:Niger–Congo 4996:Niger-Congo 4947:Niger–Congo 4911:Niger–Congo 4810:Niger–Congo 4757:Kinyarwanda 4743:Niger–Congo 4578:Niger–Congo 4572:Niger–Congo 4463:Mesopotamia 4449:Afroasiatic 4420:Afroasiatic 4374:Niger-Congo 4283:Life (Exp.) 3887:Ivory Coast 3777:32.7%/15.9% 3735:47.9%/42.3% 3693:92.7%/86.2% 3609:80.9%/78.3% 3525:91.4%/92.3% 3483:86.8%/83.6% 3399:88.2%/80.5% 3315:76.5%/65.3% 3273:73.7%/90.3% 3189:80.4%/81.8% 3081:175/115,50 2975:South Sudan 2943:79.6%/60.8% 2901:76.8%/57.7% 2859:77.5%/62.2% 2817:92.2%/77.9% 2775:71.4%/59.8% 2733:84.4%/72.7% 2727:174,507,539 2691:77.7%/70.2% 2649:88.5%/79.7% 2607:93.4%/80.3% 2565:90.5%/79.0% 2523:40.8%/12.8% 2481:64.8%/33.5% 2397:80.9%/54.1% 2355:67.3%/52.2% 2313:82.9%/54.2% 2137:during the 2074:in today's 1870:Ahmed Yusuf 1842:Ahmed Gurey 1834:engineering 1620:East Africa 1354:Mali Empire 1338:Nok culture 1290:Mali Empire 1274:West Africa 1159:stone tools 1120:stone tools 926:Afromontane 783:subtropical 722:Niger-Congo 710:Afroasiatic 636:Great Lakes 618:West Africa 555:(including 482:Arab League 474:Middle East 435:West Africa 427:East Africa 344:Arab League 342:in Africa ( 340:Arab states 323:instead of 231:No religion 93:Addis Ababa 21214:Categories 21189:Somaliland 21109:Seychelles 21074:Mozambique 21059:Mauritania 21044:Madagascar 20999:The Gambia 20934:Cape Verde 20807:(Portugal) 20765:Somaliland 20685:Seychelles 20650:Mozambique 20635:Mauritania 20620:Madagascar 20575:The Gambia 20510:Cape Verde 20383:(Portugal) 20341:Somaliland 20261:Seychelles 20226:Mozambique 20211:Mauritania 20196:Madagascar 20151:The Gambia 20086:Cape Verde 19860:Arab world 19834:Yorubaland 19745:Gold Coast 19670:Maputaland 19660:Nama Karoo 19650:Thembuland 19598:The Sudans 19583:Nile Delta 19548:Nile Delta 19464:Madagascar 19282:Chad Basin 19250:Cape Lopez 19177:(archived) 19110:World Bank 18966:Towson.edu 18943:. London. 18841:26 October 18668:. UNESCO. 18375:2 November 18252:20 October 18151:20 October 17582:30 October 17102:3 February 16816:2 December 16785:2 December 16754:16 October 16692:. London. 16555:World Bank 16292:19 October 16218:19 October 16188:19 October 16168:"Chromium" 16118:19 October 16041:"MG.co.za" 15965:Gallup.com 15906:scidev.net 15794:. London: 15656:14 October 15600:28 October 15575:28 October 15550:28 October 15525:28 October 15499:28 October 15473:28 October 15468:World Bank 15448:28 October 15423:28 October 15397:28 October 15137:26 October 15111:26 October 14712:"Cameroon" 14566:"Botswana" 14499:14 October 14305:Ethnologue 14301:"Malagasy" 14287:New Vision 14206:14 October 14193:somraf.org 14141:14 October 14033:14 October 13384:, p. 156, 12939:20 October 12000:29 October 11824:Clio Press 11709:. UNESCO. 11579:References 11293:Porto-Novo 11183:Nouakchott 11175:Mauritania 11055:The Gambia 10772:Seychelles 10724:Portuguese 10700:Mozambique 10672:Port Louis 10589:Madagascar 10421:Portuguese 10029:(official) 9881:(official) 9826:(official) 9529:(official) 9335:Libreville 9121:Portuguese 8966:Portuguese 8837:Mauritania 8805:Arab World 8681:Dick Tiger 8629:Sadio Mané 8625:Yaya Touré 8621:Kolo Touré 8581:Abedi Pele 8357:koeksister 8329:fish stews 8301:buttermilk 8203:marinating 7394:henotheism 7362:Mozambique 7322:to have a 7302:Mozambique 7262:the Gambia 7236:by country 6838:South Asia 6766:See also: 6756:sanitation 6744:irrigation 6700:Libreville 6688:See also: 6650:, Namibia 6586:watermelon 6420:, Nigeria 6367:Seychelles 6351:hydropower 6320:Xu Guanhua 6246:10,780,400 6243:Af: Africa 6137:2008 est. 6089:Australia 6048:Af: Angola 5953:85,540,000 5874:World Bank 5837:April 2021 5800:3,324,694 5776:3,326,001 5752:3,630,326 5728:3,651,919 5704:3,652,029 5680:3,669,900 5656:3,756,445 5632:3,926,645 5621:11,061,878 5608:4,219,209 5597:17,071,000 5584:4,336,670 5573:21,320,000 5454:provincial 5173:Portuguese 4664:Hottentots 4650:loan words 4584:, such as 4372:drummers ( 4179:12,855,153 4143:17,129,076 4103:Mauritania 3999:10,057,975 3963:24,200,000 3891:20,617,068 3851:Cape Verde 3813:15,730,977 3771:12,666,987 3711:136/46,50 3687:11,392,629 3645:11,862,740 3627:144/52,50 3561:59,899,991 3515:Seychelles 3435:21,669,278 3431:Mozambique 3351:14,268,711 3333:134/45,83 3309:19,625,000 3305:Madagascar 3165:164/77,50 3123:140/49,00 3099:85,237,338 3039:110/31,00 2961:148/54,00 2937:31,894,000 2895:32,369,558 2853:44,928,923 2793:157/64,67 2769:10,473,282 2751:112/34,24 2685:39,002,772 2667:129/43,50 2625:158/65,50 2583:116/34,25 2541:132/44,50 2517:10,329,208 2457:109/30,50 2433:18,879,301 2415:146/53,50 2391:68,692,542 2373:103/29,00 2331:132/58,43 2307:18,498,000 2255:Population 2235:Seychelles 2188:Population 2100:Mozambique 2090:rivers of 2080:Monomotapa 2072:Fish River 1995:Menouthias 1980:loan-words 1852:, and the 1715:Stone city 1612:, and the 1385:Bono State 1342:terracotta 1266:after the 1208:H. erectus 1200:descendant 1197:H. habilis 1177:H. erectus 1169:H. erectus 1164:H. habilis 1128:H. habilis 1124:H. habilis 1086:chimpanzee 1027:Prehistory 949:Mozambique 824:Mauritania 571:Wet Sahara 498:Mauritania 478:Arab world 455:World Bank 171:Population 21064:Mauritius 20640:Mauritius 20216:Mauritius 19930:Negroland 19850:Aethiopia 19720:False Bay 19397:Al-Habash 19382:Serengeti 19360:Kavirondo 17850:29 August 17730:0362-4331 17342:946180025 16848:29 August 16659:144627886 16080:0362-4331 15737:0013-0613 15344:29 August 15318:5 January 14671:"Senegal" 14393:"Nigeria" 14222:"Somalia" 14157:"Eritrea" 14020:secid.org 13984:"Burundi" 13568:2 January 13241:10 August 12689:, p. 44. 12651:, p. 54, 12631:, p. 62, 12459:0169-5347 12073:186244151 11738:30 August 10823:Cape Town 10664:Mauritius 10577:, English 10538:, English 10460:, English 10339:, English 10300:, English 10220:, English 10161:Bujumbura 10006:Mogadishu 9712:Bujumbura 9687:, English 9607:, English 9568:, English 9506:Mogadishu 9391:(defunct) 9227:N'Djamena 8991:Bujumbura 8879:(defunct) 8761:Cape Town 8573:World Cup 8455:is worn. 8270:crocodile 8242:plantains 8226:Ethiopian 8035:palm wine 7834:rap music 7700:sculpture 7493:(Nigeria) 7425:Cosmology 7382:Candomblé 7316:Mauritius 7242:Christian 7101:blindness 6834:West Asia 6785:Education 6762:Transport 6644:Naute Dam 6614:kola nuts 6474:manganese 6462:manganese 6412:from the 6410:Phenakite 6299:Cape Town 6233:2008 est. 6211:E: France 6200:2008 est. 6183:2008 est. 6167:2007 est. 6151:2007 est. 6145:Af: Gabon 6120:2007 est. 6103:2007 est. 6097:Af: Sudan 6086:2007 est. 6070:2007 est. 6067:1,845,000 6064:Af: Egypt 6054:2008 est. 6051:1,910,000 6038:2007 est. 6035:2,173,000 6021:2011 est. 6018:2,352,000 6004:2008 est. 6001:4,725,000 5998:As: Libya 5988:2008 est. 5985:9,200,000 5972:2007 est. 5969:9,980,000 5966:E: Russia 5956:2007 est. 5900:in 2021. 5789:4,800,954 5785:Cape Town 5765:5,118,844 5741:5,227,794 5717:5,515,794 5693:6,160,327 5669:7,404,689 5645:8,952,496 5515:Mogadishu 5503:Cape Town 5175:: 14 5160:Afrikaans 4932:dialects) 4926:Bravanese 4765:: 5+ 4759:: 12 4602:Kiswahili 4479:Babylonia 4251:7,154,237 4215:6,190,280 4146:1,267,000 4110:1,030,700 4107:3,359,185 4071:4,128,572 4035:1,647,000 3927:1,782,893 3774:1,240,000 3753:97/26,75 3729:8,791,832 3669:97/26,75 3603:1,123,913 3564:1,219,912 3543:72/16,00 3477:2,108,665 3459:82/19,00 3417:51/14,00 3393:1,284,264 3389:Mauritius 3375:62/15,50 3291:99/27,50 3267:2,130,819 3249:82/19,00 3207:62/15,50 3183:1,990,876 3141:9,832,017 3105:50%/28.8% 3102:1,127,127 3057:5,647,168 2979:8,260,490 2940:1,886,068 2919:86/21,50 2877:NA/15,50 2709:96/25,00 2643:1,514,993 2601:1,110,000 2559:3,700,000 2520:1,284,000 2499:80/17,75 2475:4,511,488 2439:77%/59.8% 2394:2,345,410 2349:8,988,091 2310:1,246,700 2282:EODBR/SAB 2147:Australia 2143:Cape Town 2109:In 1487, 1949:Afro-Arab 1917:south of 1831:hydraulic 1804:Parthians 1721:, Somalia 1719:Gondershe 1668:Aethiopia 1590:Manikongo 1210:species. 1181:Old World 1173:Acheulean 919:Serengeti 880:includes 656:Al-Habash 541:Neolithic 407:Subsahara 258:Internet 248:Languages 141:Mogadishu 97:Cape Town 21164:Zimbabwe 21139:Tanzania 20989:Ethiopia 20984:Eswatini 20964:Djibouti 20929:Cameroon 20914:Botswana 20831: / 20827: / 20820:(France) 20814: / 20792: / 20788: / 20740:Zimbabwe 20715:Tanzania 20565:Ethiopia 20560:Eswatini 20540:Djibouti 20505:Cameroon 20490:Botswana 20407: / 20403: / 20396:(France) 20390: / 20368: / 20364: / 20316:Zimbabwe 20291:Tanzania 20141:Ethiopia 20136:Eswatini 20116:Djibouti 20081:Cameroon 20066:Botswana 19675:Highveld 19665:Bushveld 19633:Rhodesia 19536:Ifriqiya 19402:Barbaria 19260:Igboland 19081:Archived 18989:Archived 18969:Archived 18945:Archived 18914:Archived 18868:Archived 18835:Archived 18831:iaaf.org 18805:Archived 18773:Archived 18747:Archived 18670:Archived 18644:Archived 18552:Archived 18500:Archived 18496:BBC News 18470:Archived 18444:Archived 18398:70-80751 18369:archived 18285:Archived 18246:Archived 18234:. SAGE. 18180:Archived 18145:Archived 17970:Archived 17959:Archived 17947:Archived 17919:25244186 17841:Archived 17695:Archived 17666:Archived 17645:22230581 17602:Archived 17576:Archived 17543:Archived 17479:Archived 17424:Archived 17377:10173105 17283:36293727 17180:19707588 17096:Archived 17031:. 2012. 16998:Archived 16950:23 April 16944:Archived 16925:15227415 16810:Archived 16779:Archived 16719:Archived 16694:Archived 16560:Archived 16525:Archived 16467:Archived 16429:Archived 16364:Archived 16283:Archived 16272:"Copper" 16246:Archived 16212:Archived 16179:Archived 16109:Archived 16045:Archived 16024:Archived 15999:Archived 15969:Archived 15910:Archived 15879:Archived 15848:Archived 15844:Redorbit 15815:Archived 15788:Archived 15338:Archived 15312:Archived 15254:Archived 15198:Archived 15156:reports" 15131:Archived 15105:Archived 15079:Archived 15052:16 March 15046:Archived 15014:Archived 14975:Archived 14936:Archived 14918:(2013). 14893:Archived 14850:Archived 14811:Archived 14772:Archived 14739:Archived 14715:Archived 14696:Archived 14674:Archived 14653:11 April 14626:Archived 14607:Archived 14604:"Zambia" 14588:Archived 14585:"Malawi" 14569:Archived 14550:Archived 14519:Archived 14460:"Uganda" 14443:Archived 14419:Archived 14366:Archived 14338:Archived 13926:"Angola" 13894:"Rwanda" 13822:Archived 13588:Archived 13517:Archived 13492:Archived 13462:Archived 13344:Archived 13301:Archived 13235:Archived 13190:Archived 13087:16826514 13051:(2006). 13026:Archived 12933:Archived 12769:Archived 12594:43135518 12534:19407144 12477:30007846 12408:31506422 12349:28971970 12258:, p. 2, 12240:13 March 12234:Archived 12020:Archived 11991:Archived 11893:15 March 11887:Archived 11732:Archived 11711:Archived 11699:Archived 11651:9 August 11522:See also 11252:Freetown 11153:Monrovia 11003:ECOWAS ( 10951:Khartoum 10893:Zimbabwe 10827:Pretoria 10780:Victoria 10744:Windhoek 10636:Lilongwe 10616:, French 10614:Malagasy 10511:Eswatini 10497:Comorian 10441:Gaborone 10433:Botswana 10272:Tanzania 10181:, French 10159:(former 10072:Arabic ( 10056:Khartoum 10016:(So.Sh) 9985:Tigrinya 9944:Ethiopia 9918:Tigrinya 9858:Djibouti 9850:Djibouti 9803:Djibouti 9795:Djibouti 9769:Tigrinya 9732:, French 9710:(former 9659:Tanzania 9436:Arabic ( 9420:Khartoum 9207:, French 9144:Cameroon 9105:São Tomé 9029:Kinshasa 8989:(former 8829:Kordofan 8728:marathon 8719:Ethiopia 8429:Tanzania 8413:Kitenges 8382:The Akan 8363:Clothing 8274:Mushroom 8262:antelope 8258:bushmeat 8232:cuisine. 8230:Eritrean 8195:chai tea 8191:tomatoes 8173:, rice, 8151:Cornmeal 8116:cardamon 8108:cinnamon 8043:Roasting 8019:palm oil 7999:cocoyams 7983:couscous 7920:Mbaqanga 7900:Cameroon 7880:Highlife 7855:and the 7704:fractals 7689:Taforalt 7589:(Malawi) 7583:(Zambia) 7429:ontology 7374:Santería 7366:Cameroon 7342:and the 7338:, after 7298:Tanzania 7290:Ethiopia 7254:Djibouti 7157:Religion 7064:HIV/AIDS 6992:, Ghana 6898:Thailand 6857:numeracy 6842:Zimbabwe 6811:Gaborone 6631:and the 6618:oil palm 6527:Zimbabwe 6511:minerals 6486:diamonds 6482:platinum 6478:chromium 6454:iron ore 6442:antimony 6438:vanadium 6434:chromium 6383:Ethiopia 6375:Djibouti 6340:and the 6262:Archived 6257:Source: 6186:Germany 6177:Af: Chad 6123:Vietnam 6106:Ecuador 5950:W: World 5942:Like... 5884:and the 5689:Khartoum 5593:Kinshasa 5507:Kinshasa 5436:Tanzania 5422:megacity 5383:Nigerian 5367:Kinshasa 5155:Germanic 5136:Chichewa 5047:Kalenjin 5000:Ubangian 4988:Malagasy 4862:Cushitic 4854:Tigrinya 4769:Tshiluba 4634:Cameroon 4554:Khoikhoi 4542:Tanzania 4534:Khoi-San 4502:Cushitic 4455:Sumerian 4437:family ( 3795:38/8,00 3683:Zimbabwe 3599:Eswatini 3585:33/8,50 3501:35/9,00 3179:Botswana 3095:Ethiopia 3011:Djibouti 2849:Tanzania 2429:Cameroon 2403:162/11.9 2096:Zimbabwe 1961:Zanzibar 1957:Tanzania 1923:Tanzania 1808:Axumites 1800:Sabaeans 1792:Mosyllon 1777:Ethiopia 1745:period ( 1743:Iron Age 1735:Ethiopia 1547:Baguirmi 1513:kingdoms 1352:and the 1260:Carthage 1108:Southern 972:Bushveld 953:Tanzania 805:and the 740:family. 712:family; 687:Barbaroi 638:region. 521:3900 BCE 494:Djibouti 392:Iron Age 362:and the 180:Demonyms 153:Windhoek 149:Pretoria 125:Kinshasa 21149:Tunisia 21119:Somalia 21104:Senegal 21089:Nigeria 21079:Namibia 21069:Morocco 21034:Liberia 21029:Lesotho 20979:Eritrea 20949:Comoros 20924:Burundi 20899:Algeria 20816:Réunion 20812:Mayotte 20803:Madeira 20798:(Spain) 20794:Melilla 20725:Tunisia 20695:Somalia 20680:Senegal 20665:Nigeria 20655:Namibia 20645:Morocco 20610:Liberia 20605:Lesotho 20555:Eritrea 20525:Comoros 20500:Burundi 20475:Algeria 20392:Réunion 20388:Mayotte 20379:Madeira 20374:(Spain) 20370:Melilla 20301:Tunisia 20271:Somalia 20256:Senegal 20241:Nigeria 20231:Namibia 20221:Morocco 20186:Liberia 20181:Lesotho 20131:Eritrea 20101:Comoros 20076:Burundi 20051:Algeria 19553:Bashmur 19511:Maghreb 19442:Red Sea 19255:Mayombe 19230:Central 19218:Regions 19100:Sources 18951:9 April 18506:9 April 18215:1166258 17939:p. 306 17910:4235004 17815:30 July 17786:30 July 17625:Vaccine 17274:9602585 17171:2727001 17049:22 July 16832:"World" 16700:9 April 15287:14 June 15224:cia.gov 14416:"Niger" 14258:"Kenya" 14088:"Sudan" 13724:26 July 13498:21 July 13442:17 July 13413:17 July 13175:Studies 13078:1559480 12525:2947357 12504:Bibcode 12496:Science 12468:6092560 12439:Bibcode 12399:6736881 12378:Bibcode 12327:Bibcode 12319:Science 12053:Bibcode 11987:6463581 11957:Bibcode 11923:7 March 11625:20 July 11469:Senegal 11357:Abidjan 11267:UEMOA ( 11213:Nigeria 11145:Liberia 11123:Conakry 11033:Abidjan 10996:Maghreb 10917:English 10881:English 10760:English 10736:Namibia 10688:English 10652:English 10575:Sesotho 10568:(L)(M) 10550:Lesotho 10536:SiSwati 10529:(L)(E) 10519:Mbabane 10472:Comoros 10337:Swahili 10320:Kampala 10298:Swahili 10218:Swahili 10201:Nairobi 10179:Kirundi 10148:Burundi 10116:English 10078:English 10066:(£Sd.) 9998:Somalia 9973:Amharic 9930:English 9926:Italian 9911:(Nfk) ' 9893:Eritrea 9781:English 9777:Italian 9762:(Nfk) ' 9744:Eritrea 9730:Kirundi 9699:Burundi 9685:Swahili 9605:Swahili 9588:Kampala 9566:Swahili 9549:Nairobi 9498:Somalia 9480:English 9442:English 9345:(FCFA) 9309:(FCFA) 9273:(FCFA) 9237:(FCFA) 9198:(FCFA) 9162:(FCFA) 9152:Yaoundé 9126:CEMAC ( 8978:Burundi 8923:ECCAS ( 8918:English 8821:Zaghawa 8817:Masalit 8789:Tunisia 8785:Morocco 8773:Algeria 8756:tourism 8750:Tourism 8514:Theater 8497:dashiki 8441:Namibia 8409:Swahili 8345:potjies 8341:biltong 8333:chutney 8321:sambals 8317:chibuku 8309:cabbage 8305:yoghurt 8266:warthog 8254:chicken 8246:peanuts 8171:lentils 8141:In the 8100:saffron 8077:cabbage 8063:spicing 8059:mashing 8051:boiling 8011:sorghum 8003:cassava 7930:Cuisine 7912:Kizomba 7906:in the 7904:Soukous 7896:Makossa 7888:Zoblazo 7872:Senegal 7793:kalimba 7674:Chiwara 7671:Bambara 7608:Culture 7602:fractal 7546:(Congo) 7540:(Congo) 7534:(Congo) 7476:(Ghana) 7413:animism 7402:Judaism 7310:Nigeria 7294:Eritrea 7282:Senegal 7258:Somalia 7250:Islamic 7093:measles 7089:Malaria 7002:malaria 6914:Senegal 6894:Jomtien 6848:(27%). 6702:, Gabon 6562:sorghum 6523:lithium 6501:⁄ 6450:bauxite 6430:uranium 6387:Somalia 6379:Eritrea 6259:CIA.gov 6252:Russia 6203:France 6180:156,000 6164:199,100 6148:243,900 6134:261,000 6117:368,500 6100:466,100 6083:664,000 6024:Norway 5827:updated 5808:Economy 5761:Nairobi 5724:Kampala 5713:Abidjan 5580:Yaounde 5499:Abidjan 5486:phrase 5476:Nairobi 5458:Gauteng 5313:Songhai 5302:Saharan 5168:Romance 5124:Umbundu 5063:Shilluk 4957:Swahili 4922:Swahili 4875:: 30–35 4869:: 10–15 4848:Amharic 4843:Semitic 4803:Masalit 4798:Zaghawa 4774:Kirundi 4752:Lingala 4708:Songhai 4704:Zaghawa 4696:Masalit 4688:Nilotic 4646:Persian 4638:Swahili 4618:Nilotic 4562:Sandawe 4528:Khoisan 4475:Assyria 4467:Semitic 4418:women ( 4390:Khoisan 4182:196,712 4175:Senegal 4074:111,369 4067:Liberia 4002:245,857 3966:238,535 3894:322,463 3858:322,462 3855:499,000 3834:150/116 3816:274,200 3792:156/139 3783:111/2.8 3750:172/155 3741:106/2.9 3732:112,620 3708:159/155 3699:146/2.2 3690:390,580 3648:752,614 3624:115/158 3480:825,418 3473:Namibia 3447:130/2.5 3438:801,590 3372:132/128 3354:118,480 3312:587,041 3288:130/131 3263:Lesotho 3246:162/168 3237:143/2.3 3225:752,438 3221:Comoros 3186:600,370 3153:180/1.1 3144:637,657 3137:Somalia 3111:120/2.7 3078:175/181 3069:126/2.6 3060:121,320 3053:Eritrea 3036:163/177 3027:111/2.8 3015:516,055 2982:619,745 2958:154/118 2949:176/1.5 2916:112/129 2907:130/2.5 2898:236,040 2874:131/120 2865:126/2.6 2856:945,087 2832:180/140 2823:111/2.8 2811:212,679 2748:131/120 2739:136/2.7 2730:923,768 2723:Nigeria 2697:146/2.2 2688:582,650 2664:158/152 2655:106/2.9 2646:267,667 2622:170/178 2613:168/1.8 2571:162/1.9 2562:342,000 2538:178/182 2529:175/1.6 2496:183/159 2487:158/2.8 2478:622,984 2454:171/174 2445:146/2.2 2436:475,440 2412:182/152 2370:176/130 2361:168/1.8 2345:Burundi 2328:172/171 2251:Country 2239:younger 2135:British 2088:Limpopo 2084:Zambezi 2060:Khoisan 2010:Karagwe 2006:Bunyoro 2002:Buganda 1937:Persian 1896:Nilotic 1868:Sultan 1848:of the 1822:trade. 1739:Eritrea 1731:Red Sea 1650:Taharqa 1606:Burundi 1543:Shilluk 1511:Matamba 1136:Oldowan 1104:hominid 1094:savanna 1090:bipedal 1082:gorilla 986:History 933:Western 892:in the 867:Guinean 851:savanna 738:Khoisan 730:Khoisan 714:Negroes 706:Semites 702:Hamites 691:Somalis 683:Baribah 679:Berbers 673:or the 670:Barbara 665:Habesha 651:Eritrea 643:Red Sea 614:Central 567:pluvial 563:Eurasia 502:Somalia 490:Comoros 319:by the 265:.africa 185:African 145:Nairobi 121:Kampala 81:Abidjan 21159:Zambia 21154:Uganda 21094:Rwanda 21049:Malawi 21009:Guinea 20904:Angola 20835: 20818: 20805: 20735:Zambia 20730:Uganda 20670:Rwanda 20625:Malawi 20585:Guinea 20480:Angola 20411: 20394: 20381: 20311:Zambia 20306:Uganda 20246:Rwanda 20201:Malawi 20161:Guinea 20056:Angola 19945:Sahara 19905:MENASA 19680:Fynbos 19563:Darfur 19265:Mbaise 19222:Africa 19116: 18696:UNESCO 18636: 18612: 18592: 18576: 18450:9 June 18436: 18413: 18396: 18361: 18327: 18277: 18238: 18213: 18137: 17935: 17917: 17907: 17781:UNICEF 17728: 17643: 17552:13 May 17459:27 May 17375: 17340: 17330: 17281: 17271: 17229:22 May 17204:22 May 17178: 17168: 17127:22 May 17035: 16923: 16871: 16806:UNESCO 16657: 16505: 16448: 16411: 16388: 16151:13 May 16078: 15941:7 June 15742:7 June 15735: 15709:7 June 15684:7 June 15369: 15260:25 May 15204:4 July 15190: 15163: 15020:4 July 15006: 14981:4 July 14967: 14942:4 July 14928: 14899:4 July 14885: 14856:4 July 14842: 14817:4 July 14803: 14778:4 July 14764: 14736:"Mali" 14440:"Chad" 14315:25 May 14236:25 May 14171:25 May 14102:25 May 13998:25 May 13969:25 May 13940:25 May 13908:25 May 13879:25 May 13845: 13804: 13783: 13765:25 May 13698: 13624:25 May 13539: 13432:(XSLX) 13388: 13378:Africa 13350:9 June 13336: 13307:9 June 13293: 13214: 13140: 13085: 13075: 13018: 12925: 12897: 12775:9 June 12747: 12723: 12693: 12672: 12655: 12635: 12614: 12592: 12532: 12522: 12475: 12465: 12457: 12406: 12396: 12347: 12299: 12282: 12262: 12112:9 June 12103: 12071: 12045:Nature 11985: 11855: 11830: 11807: 11784: 11761: 11496: 11466: 11447:Niamey 11436: 11417:Bamako 11406: 11387:Bissau 11376: 11342: 11312: 11282: 11241: 11210: 11172: 11142: 11115:Guinea 11112: 11082: 11063:Banjul 11052: 11018: 10994: 10992: 10982: 10961:(SDG) 10940: 10901:Harare 10890: 10865:Lusaka 10857:Zambia 10854: 10808: 10769: 10754:(N$ ) 10733: 10718:(MTn) 10708:Maputo 10697: 10661: 10628:Malawi 10625: 10607:(Ar.) 10586: 10558:Maseru 10547: 10508: 10480:Moroni 10469: 10458:Tswana 10430: 10405:Luanda 10396:Angola 10393: 10376:(SADC) 10372: 10370: 10364: 10354: 10312:Uganda 10309: 10281:Dodoma 10269: 10241:Kigali 10232:Rwanda 10229: 10190: 10172:(FBu) 10157:Gitega 10145: 10088: 10076:) and 10045: 10027:Arabic 10023:Somali 9995: 9983:, and 9981:Somali 9941: 9922:Arabic 9914:lang.' 9901:Asmara 9890: 9879:French 9875:Arabic 9868:(Fdj) 9847: 9824:French 9820:Arabic 9813:(Fdj) 9792: 9773:Arabic 9765:lang.' 9752:Asmara 9741: 9723:(FBu) 9708:Gitega 9696: 9668:Dodoma 9656: 9628:Kigali 9619:Rwanda 9616: 9580:Uganda 9577: 9538: 9527:Arabic 9523:Somali 9495: 9452: 9440:) and 9430:(£S.) 9409: 9395: 9387: 9385: 9378: 9376: 9366: 9351:French 9324: 9299:Malabo 9288: 9279:French 9252: 9216: 9188:Bangui 9177: 9141: 9094: 9066:Kigali 9057:Rwanda 9054: 9045:French 9017: 9008:French 9002:(FBu) 8987:Gitega 8975: 8950:Luanda 8941:Angola 8938: 8891: 8875: 8873: 8863: 8857: 8825:Nubian 8813:Darfur 8742:, and 8551:Sports 8493:kenten 8474:kaftan 8470:boubou 8463:Kangas 8445:Zambia 8437:Malawi 8431:, and 8425:Uganda 8349:onions 8337:samosa 8335:, and 8289:bogobe 8215:injera 8189:, and 8175:banana 8159:injera 8134:, and 8128:cattle 8122:, and 8104:cloves 8090:, and 8061:, and 8055:frying 8047:baking 8013:, and 8007:millet 8001:, and 7979:kenkey 7946:, and 7918:, and 7916:Angola 7876:Gambia 7868:Mbalax 7830:reggae 7781:, and 7746:, and 7726:, and 7659:, and 7636:, and 7380:, and 7364:, and 7320:Africa 7270:Guinea 7220: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7200: 7192: 7190: 7177:, and 7037:Bamako 6990:Kumasi 6970:Health 6963:, and 6633:donkey 6620:, and 6594:millet 6574:cotton 6570:coffee 6547:Rwanda 6515:cobalt 6460:, and 6458:copper 6446:coltan 6385:, and 6369:, and 6230:54,400 6214:71,400 6197:87,400 5936:bb/day 5748:Kumasi 5652:Ibadan 5641:Luanda 5628:Douala 5532: 5529: 5511:Luanda 5484:Maasai 5404:after 5402:Africa 5307:Kanuri 5282:Chadic 5221:Yoruba 5202:Ibibio 5162:: 7–10 5118:Tswana 5068:Maasai 5029:Kanuri 4963:Gikuyu 4959:: 5–10 4930:Bajuni 4917:Zigula 4899:Kunama 4867:Somali 4786:Nubian 4718:. The 4716:Kanuri 4700:Nubian 4642:Arabic 4616:, and 4594:Fulani 4586:Yoruba 4514:Chadic 4506:Arabic 4498:Berber 4401:Maasai 4370:Yoruba 4351:, and 4259:1,700 4254:56,785 4244: 4218:71,740 4208: 4187:3,500 4172: 4151:1,200 4136: 4115:4,500 4100: 4079:1,300 4064: 4038:36,125 4028: 3995:Guinea 3992: 3971:4,700 3956: 3935:2,600 3930:11,295 3923:Gambia 3920: 3899:3,900 3884: 3863:7,000 3848: 3825:79/3.6 3806: 3764: 3722: 3680: 3657:99/3.0 3641:Zambia 3638: 3615:79/3.6 3612:11,089 3606:17,363 3596: 3573:55/4.7 3570:13,600 3554: 3540:111/81 3531:54/4.8 3528:29,300 3519:87,476 3512: 3498:66/123 3489:56/4.5 3486:11,200 3470: 3456:135/96 3428: 3405:42/5.4 3402:22,300 3386: 3363:89/3.3 3347:Malawi 3344: 3330:134/12 3321:99/3.0 3302: 3279:89/3.3 3270:30,355 3260: 3218: 3195:37/5.6 3192:17,000 3176: 3134: 3120:107/93 3092: 3050: 3018:23,000 3008: 2972: 2930: 2891:Uganda 2888: 2846: 2804: 2781:89/3.3 2772:26,338 2765:Rwanda 2762: 2720: 2706:95/124 2678: 2652:18,100 2636: 2610:37,400 2604:28,051 2594: 2552: 2510: 2468: 2426: 2384: 2352:27,830 2342: 2303:Angola 2300: 2161:. 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