Subanon people - Knowledge

1700:

producing the dowry needed to marry Bolak Sonday and Benobong. Using his magic, Sandayo produces the dowry composed of money, gongs, jars "as many as the grains of one ganta of dawa or millet", a golden bridge "as thin as a strand of hair" that would span the distance from the house of the suitor to the room of Bolak Sonday, and a golden trough "that would connect the sun with her room". The dowry given, Bolak Sonday and Benobong are married to Daugbolawan and Lomelok. Upon his return to Liyasan, Sandayo falls ill. Bolak Sonday and Benobong are summoned to nurse Sandayo but Sandayo dies. The two women then search for the spirit of Sandayo. With the guidance of two birds, they discover that Sandayo's spirit is a captive of the Amazons of Piksiipan. After defeating the Amazons in battle, Bolak Sonday frees Sandayo's spirit and the hero comes back to life. One day, while preparing a betel-nut chew, Bolak Sonday accidentally cuts herself and bleeds to death. It is now Sandayo's turn to search for Bolak's spirit. With the aid of two birds, he discovers that Bolak Sonday's spirit has been captured by the datu of Katonawan. Sandayo fights and defeats the datu and Bolak Sonday is brought back to life. In Liyasan, Sandayo receives requests from other cousins to aid them in producing the dowry for their prospective brides. Using his powers, Sandayo obliges. After the marriage of his cousins, a grand

1650:

of the house inside the stone wore trousers and a shirt with seven colors. The widow's son was invited to chew betel nut and sip rice beer from a huge jar, using reed straws. The matter of the pig was resolved and the two became friends. On his return journey, he met seven warriors who challenged him to a combat. Each of the seven men was dressed in a different color, and had eyes whose color matched that of their dress. Forced into battle, the widow's son slew all seven warriors, but the savage fighting had crazed him so much that he was now looking for more enemies to fight. He came to the house of a great giant named Dumalagangan. He challenged the giant to a fight. The giant, enraged and amused by the challenge of a "fly", engaged him in a duel but was defeated after three days and three nights of combat. Battle drunk, the widow's son looked for more enemies, instead of going home, where his mother was so worried over him. He met another diwata, who passed his kerchief over him, rendering him unconscious. When the widow's son woke up, his rage was gone. The diwata told him to go home, sayingthat he was destined to marry the orphan girl (another stock character in Subanon tales), that the seven warriors and the giant he slew would come back to life, and peace would reign in the land.

1546:

with the beating of clay on a wooden board with a wooden pestle. The clay is then shaped into a ball, on top of which a hole is bored. The potter inserts her hand, which holds a smooth stone, into this hole, and proceeds to enlarge the hole by turning the stone round and round the inner surface of the clay. Her other hand holds a small flat stick, with which she shapes and smoothens the outer surface. Having hollowed out the clay piece and finalized its shape, she then puts incisions or ornamental marks on the outside, using her fingers, a pointed stick, or a wooden stamp engraved with a simple design. The pot is made to dry out under the sun, after which it is fired, usually over hot coals. The baked pots are then ready to hold water or boil rice.

1654:

They are aided by "assistants" who encourage and sustain the bards. They start the bards off by chanting a number of meaningless syllables, giving them the pitch and duration of the recitative. Whenever they think the bards are getting tired, the assistants give them a chance to rest by taking up the last sung phrase and repeating it, sometimes twice (Christie 1909). The singers, men or women, are honored and respected by the community, since they possess valuable knowledge of well-loved mythic events, which they recount in a most entertaining manner. These tales pass from one settlement to another during festivals, and are well known among both the Subanon and the Kalibugan in both northern and southern parts of the Zamboanga peninsula.

1554:

Subanon used abaca fiber for their clothing and blankets. The strands or fibers are first dyed before being put in the loom. In this process, several strands are bound together at intervals by other fibers, forming bands of various widths. Thus tightly bound, these are dipped into the dye, then laid out to dry. The effect is that the bound part retains the natural color of the fiber, while the rest has the color of the dye. The process can be repeated to achieve various designs or color combinations. The favorite dye among the Subanon is red, with black also being widely used. Native dyes from natural substances, which give a flat or matte color, and aniline dyes are used in the process.

1442:

site is found so favorable that the house is built to last, employing heavy and solid wooden supports. The strongest houses would have supporting beams made of hardwood 15 to 20 centimeters thick, but this is rather rare. Usually, the supporting timbers are 1 centimeter thick, the entire structure being so light a person could easily shake it at one of the supports. Tops of supporting beams are connected with rough logs which serve as stringers, to which the split bamboo, or palma brava, or other flooring materials are lashed with rattan strips. No nails are used in putting houses together, and even the use of wooden pegs is rare. Strips of rattan are the most favored fastening material.

864:). It was during his time that the Moros first appeared in Nawang. They sailed upriver until they reached the place of Tabunaway and his people. The Moros wanted to exchange the fish they caught at sea, with the fruits and other products of Nawang. They placed their catch on rocks and waited for the Subanon to come down from the hills. The Subanon tasted the fish, and liked it. They then put their own food of rice, sugarcane, and yams on the same rocks for the Moros to take. This was the beginning of trade between the Subanon and the Moros. The coming of the Moros to Zamboanga was recorded to have taken place in 1380, and trade between the two has been going on for hundreds of years. 1309:. In death, a person is sent off to the spirit world with appropriate rituals. First the corpse is cleaned and wrapped in white cloth. Then it is laid inside a hollowed-out log, and given provisions, such as food, for its journey. A rooster is killed, its blood smeared on every mourner's feet to drive away malevolent spirits who may be in attendance. The log-coffin is now covered, and the surviving spouse goes around it seven times, and then goes under it another seven times while it is held aloft. Those who accompanied the deceased to its grave, upon their return, get hold of a banana petiole which they dip in ash and throw away before they go up their respective houses. 1678:, is a saga about the life and exploits of the superhuman hero named Taake, from the kingdom of Sirangan, whose successful courtship of the Lady Pintawan in the kingdom of Keboklagan, in the very navel of the sea, sets off a series of wars between Sirangan and other kingdoms led by chieftains who resented a Subanon winning the love of the lady of Keboklagan. The wars widen, dragging other kingdoms into the fray. The chiefs of Sirangan, led by Taake, overpower the other chiefs, but by this time, there are too many deaths, and Asog the Supreme Being in the skyworld is bothered by this. Asog descends on the earth, tells the combatants to stop fighting, and to hold a 1081:. For birth spacing she eats two herbs, and if no more children are desired she eats more. Another type of birth control is practiced by the midwife who "manipulates" the woman after delivery. Various methods are practiced to predetermine a child's sex. Pregnant women must abide by many regulations including placing a piece of wood across her path before going in a doorway. It is considered a blessing to have more daughters than sons because the father will be able to recover the dowry he paid for his wife. There is a general belief that all human beings should marry. 738: 1882: 531: 1781: 3717: 1871: 171: 139: 1345: 1438:

house. A ladder is necessary to gain access to the living room from the ground. In many cases, this ladder consists only of a log with notches. When the occupants are not home, the log is often lifted away from the door, and leaned against a wall of the house. Sometimes there is a smaller log, sometimes two, flanking the notched log, to serve as handrail. The roof of a Subanon house is densely thatched with nipa fronds. The pitch or slope of the roof is fairly steep.

1720: 1583: 1485: 1361: 25: 1671:, has 11 episodes which narrate the conflict between the good, represented by their parents, and the evil represented by three evil queens, their descendants, and other invaders. The monumental battles are fought between these forces in order to capture the kingdoms of Dliyagan and Paktologon. In the end the forces of good, aided by magical kerchiefs, rings, birds, and swords, conquer the evil powers. 1867:, who is more often a woman, is the lead performer in almost all Subanon dance rituals. Her trance dance involves continuous chanting, frenzied shaking of palm leaves, or the brandishing of a bolo alternated with the flipping of red pieces of cloth. Upon reaching a feverish climax, the balian stops, snaps out of her trance, and proceeds to give instructions dictated by the diwata to the people. 999:. During the Spanish and American colonization, there were several attempts to organize the Subanon into politically administered towns or villages, but these attempts were resisted by the people. Such was the premium the Subanon put on the independence of the individual family. In fact, young Subanon who marry break off from their families and start their own families in other places. 1430:

squash, corn, drums, guitars, and dishes are some of the things stored in this way. Salt, wrapped in leaves, is also suspended over the hearth, so that it will not absorb too much moisture from the atmosphere. Hanging things from the roof beams has two advantages—the articles do not occupy floor space and get in the way, and they are protected from breakage, insects, and rodents.

1422:

one room, and therefore room for only a single family. In certain areas where contact and acculturation with the settler economy have taken place, some Subanon have begun building houses like those of the lowlands. In the interior parts of the peninsula, however, houses retain the traditional features recorded by ethnographers in the 19th and early 20th century.

493:, there is no evidence supporting those claims, and linguistically, the languages of the Islamic members of the Subanon subgroup are virtually identical with the language of the neighboring non-Islamic group, except that the Islamic groups have a larger amount of Arabic vocabulary that refers to aspects of life that deal with religious concepts. 1569:, and chopping knives called pes, have been obtained through trade with the Moro. But the Subanon also produce some of their weapons and implements. They also use steel, especially in making blade edges. The Subanon forge has bamboo bellows, while the anvil is made of wood with an iron piece on top where the hot metal is worked into shape. 632:

two districts of Zamboanga and Misamis to prove their intention to fight the Americans' intent on their territory. These renewed raids took their toll on lives and property, and many Subanon were even carried off into bondage by the invaders. The military garrison was taken over by Muslim forces, and a

1649:

One day, the widow's son set out to hunt for wild pigs. He saw one which gave him a difficult time before allowing itself to be speared. The owner of the pig, a deity who lived inside a huge white stone, invited him to his abode, where the widow's son saw opulence and a richness of colors. The master

1545:

Unlike the glazed imported jars in some households, the indigenous earthenware of the Subanon are simpler in execution and design. Every household has at least one woman who is knowledgeable in the art of pottery, and who turns out jars as required by domestic needs. The process of making pots starts

1441:

The main beams supporting the entire structure vary, depending on the intended length of stay in one area. Most houses are built without the expectation of using them for many years, due to the shifting nature of agricultural work. Houses are built as close as possible to a new field. Occasionally, a

392:

The Subanon are traditionally farmers and regularly move from one location to another to clear more forest for fields. They cultivate crops, with rice as the most important crop, but they are also known to raise livestock including pigs, chickens, cattle, and water buffaloes. Subanon houses are built

1553:

Cloth weaving is basically similar to the style of the neighboring Muslim region. The weaving loom is set up inside the house. Cotton thread—spun from cotton by women using the distaff crafted by men—and abaca fiber are commonly used. Before cotton was introduced by Muslim and Christian traders, the

1549:

Several types of baskets may be found in a typical Subanon house. The women shape round baskets from materials of different colors, such as the nito vine, split rattan, bamboo, and sometimes wood or tree bark. The bark is slit, folded, and shaped to form a cylinder, whose bottom and sides are all of

1437:

A platform or porch in front of the door, usually measuring 2.5 square meters, serves many purposes, such as husking rice, drying clothes, and the like. It also helps keep the house clean, especially in rainy weather, since the occupants scrape mud off their feet on this platform before entering the

1421:

The typical Subanon settlement is a cluster of three to twelve dispersed households, and is normally located on high ground close to the swidden farm. The traditional Subanon house is generally rectangular, thatch-roofed, with a small floor space averaging 12 square meters. Invariably, there is only

1031:

After the marriage ceremonies have been held, and the wedding feast celebrated, the newlyweds stay with the girl's household. The man is required to render service to his wife's parents, mainly in the production of food. After a certain period of matrilocal residence, the couple can select their own

1015:

The Subanon do not practice division of labor based on sex. Men and women work in the fields together, and men can cook and care for the children when necessary. The Subanon have little social stratification. Everyone is equal in the Subanon community because everyone has the same family for several

994:

does not correspond to a particular territory. Within the same area, his authority may expand or decrease, depending on the number of families which put themselves under his authority. Consequently, "when a family becomes dissatisfied with the conduct and control of the chief, the father secedes and

2131:

is an extraordinary dance which makes use of a swing that can accommodate three to four persons at a time. The term is also used to mean the swing itself, a representation of a mythic vessel used for journeying. Several male dancers move in rhythm to the music of a gong and drum ensemble, which are

2080:

The soten is an all-male dance dramatizing the strength and stoic character of the Subanon male. It employs fancy movements, with the left hand clutching a wooden shield and the right hand shaking dried leaves of palm. In a manner of supplication, he calls the attention of the diwata with the sound

1968:

platform by ladder or notched log, and join hands in a circle. They alternately close in and jump backward around the central pole, and as they press down hard on the platform in unison, they cause the lower end of the pole to strike the hollow log, which then makes a deep booming sound. It is only

1860:

and her assistants bring out a jar of pangasi (rice wine) from the house and into the field, where the wine is poured onto the earth. Then the chanting begins, inside the house. To be at peace with the diwata of the tribe, the Subanon perform ritual dances, sing songs, chant prayers, and play their

1653:

The epics feature the diwata, as well as mythical and legendary heroes and chieftains who are partly divine. Composed of many stories, these epics are told in a leisurely fashion, so that it takes one night to complete a story. The chanters of the epic have to have a strong memory and a good voice.

1425:

The Subanon house in Sindangan Bay typifies this traditional design and construction. The floor is elevated 1.5 to 2.5 meters from the ground. The space under the house is utilized in various ways. The floor is ordinarily of split bamboo or palma brava. The floor of the living room is sometimes, in

1285:

are the closest friends of human beings, but they can be troublesome if ritual offerings of propitiation are not made. These offerings are not expensive. A little rice, some eggs, a piece of meat, betel quids, betel leaves, and areca nuts, given in combinations according to the shaman's discretion,

1226:

In place of a hierarchy or pantheon of supreme beings, the Subanon believe in the spirits who are part of nature. Spirits and deities are said to inhabit the most striking natural features which are considered the handiwork of the gods, such as unusually large trees, huge rocks balancing on a small

1039:

The family as a corporate unit comes to an end through divorce, abduction of the wife, or death of either spouse. But it can be immediately reconstituted through remarriage. The surviving widow can be married to a brother, married or not, of the deceased husband, or the parents of the deceased wife

1035:

Family properties which are covered by inheritance consist mainly of acquired Chinese jars, gongs, jewelry, and, in later times, currency. The ownership of cultivated land, the swidden field, is deemed temporary, because the Subanon family moves from place to place, and necessitated by the practice

872:

at a constant level of subsistence. On top of this, the Subanon planter had to contend with low prices for their agricultural products in the barter trade. Finley (1913), observing Subanon agricultural methods, remarked that these were inefficient, and "not profitable either to the government or to

867:

The Subanon have maintained barter with the coastal people because of the difficulties encountered in a subsistence type of agriculture. Even with plenty of land available in earlier times, the backbreaking toil involved in kaingin or swidden farming, the lack of sufficient agricultural implements,

631:

Before the American government could put in its occupation troops, and surprised how the Subanon had willingly allowed the Americans to construct on their lands without a clamor or fight, the Muslims from the lake region went across the isthmus, and attacked the Subanon and battled Americans in the

1445:

The interior of the house contains both the sleeping area and the hearth. The latter found near the door, ordinarily consists of a shallow, wooden squarish structure whose bottom is covered with a thick layer of earth or ash. Large stones are put atop the ashes to hold the earthenware pots. On the

1433:

The house has no windows. But the overhanging eaves protect the inside from rain. Around the sides of the house, some spaces are thatched with palm leaves, which can be detached at will. In good weather, this portion is opened to let in light, which also comes in through a space between the top of

1028:

Negotiations are undertaken between the two sets of parents through the mediation of a go-between who is not related to either family. Once the bride-price is determined, a partial delivery of the articles included in the agreement may be made, to be completed when the actual marriage takes place.

1027:

Marriage in Subanon society is through parental arrangement, which can take place even before the parties reach the age of puberty. The contracting families go through preliminaries for the purpose of determining the bride-price, which may be in the form of cash or goods, or a combination of both.

989:

invokes this authority in cases of violations of social norms, such as affronts or insults, violations of contracts, and other offenses. Under his leadership, an association or confederation of families forms a community. If the timuay proves to be an efficient and popular leader, the community of

855:

Trade between the mountain- and valley-dwelling Subanon, on the one hand, and the coastal people of Zamboanga, the Moro exchanges goes back many centuries. An old Subanon legend tells about the possible origins of this ancient trade. According to the legend, the first Subanon chieftain was a giant

791:

The Subanon were estimated to number 47,146 people in 1912, according to records of the governor of the District of Zamboanga. The 2010 census recorded the Subanon population as 220,165 in Zamboanga del Norte, 148,402 in Zamboanga del Sur, 58,069 in Zamboanga Sibugay, 49,897 in Misamis Occidental,

582:

Burial jars, both earthen and glazed, as well as Chinese celadons, have been found in caves, together with shell bracelets, beads, and gold ornaments. Many of the ceramic wares are from the Yuan and Ming periods. Evidently, there was a long history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese long

1699:

of Lumanay, Sandayo meets the two ladies. Here he also discovers that Domondianay, his opponent in a battle which had lasted for two years, was actually his twin brother. After a reunion with his family at Liyasan, Sandayo is requested by his father to aid his cousins, Daugbolawan and Lomelok, in

1056:

head to a future husband and wife regarding love, respect and treatment of each other, parents, and in-laws. With increasing modernization, many of the Subanon are already highly educated. Some have received bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in universities both local and abroad. Some are

815:

making. The Subanon are mainly agriculturists who practice three types of cultivation. Along the coastal area, wet agriculture with plow and carabao is the method of producing their staple rice. Beyond the coasts, both wet and dry agriculture is found. Swidden farming is the norm in the interior,

1972:

The balian does the dancing in other ceremonies, e.g., for the recovery of a sick child. During the ritual offering of chicken, an egg, a chew of betel nut, a saucer of cooked rice, and a cigarette made of tobacco wrapped with nipa leaf, the shaman burns incense, beats a china bowl with a stick,

1429:

There is no ceiling in the house, and the exposed beams of the roof serve as convenient places from which to hang a multitude of things. In the house of a prosperous family, as many as 30 or 40 baskets are suspended from the roof with strips of rattan or abaca. Clothing, ornaments, rice, pepper,

1043:

Socioeconomic needs bring about close relationships in Subanon society. Spouses can expect assistance in many activities from both their parents and their kin, and they in turn extend their help to these relatives when it is needed. Non-relatives are expected to give and receive the same kind of

915:

as "possibly the most rice-conscious" of all Philippine groups, because of their marked preference for rice above all other staples, as well as the amount of labor and attention they devote to their rice lands. Before the rice harvest in September, the Subanon subsist on root crops and bananas.

1076:

The tribe has no religion although it is believed that they had a holy book at one time. In marriage, the parents of the man look for a woman he will marry and both sets of parents set the wedding date. Polygamy and polyandry are practiced but separation is not allowed nor is marrying nearest

1006:

have been confronted with concerns ranging from local issues affecting their particular community to larger, regional issues confronting the entire Subanon group. These issues include the defense of the Subanon ancestral domain against the encroachments of loggers and mining companies. Highly

1335:

to the missionaries of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, an evangelical Protestant denomination. This led to significant social changes among the Subanon in Lapuyan, not only in terms of religion but also in terms of education, political organization, the adoption of English as a second

501:

The Lapuyan Subanon, also known as the Southern Subanon whose homeland is in the area of the municipalities Lapuyan and Margosatubig, are notably different from the other indigenous peoples of Mindanao in that they have been predominantly evangelical protestants since 1912, when the powerful

1312:

Those who carried the coffin take a bath in the river before going up their houses, to wash away any bad luck they may have brought back with them. Each time the widower eats; he always leaves a space on the floor or at the table for his dead wife, and invites her to eat with him for three

1023:

A neighborhood of 5 to 12 households becomes a unit of social organization, where members engage in frequent interactions. In cases of dispute, members may intervene to mediate, so that they may over time develop as efficient arbitrators of disputes, and become recognized as such by this

903:

provide the Subanon additional food. In some coastal settlements, the Subanon have been known to cultivate coconuts for food and for trading purposes. They also grow hemp or abaca, and use the fiber for making ropes, weaving cloth, or exchanging for finished products in the barter trade.

1064:

based on gender. Men and women work in the fields together, and men can cook and care for the children when necessary. They have little social stratification. Everyone is equal in the Subanon community because everyone has the same family for several years if he cannot afford to pay the

2100:

for a bountiful harvest. The farmers carry baskets laden with grains. They dart in and out of two bamboo planting sticks laid on the ground, which are struck together in rhythmic cadence by the male dancers. The clapping sequence is similar to that of the tinikling or bamboo dance.

752:

with the exception of a single strip on the south coast". Finley, recording his impressions of the Subanon at the beginning of American administration of the southern Philippines in the 1900s, cited published records of early Spanish chroniclers, notably the writings of Father

844:) are also grown. These are roasted, boiled, or made into preserves and sweets. In some places, tobacco is planted. The people supplement their income and their food supply by fishing, hunting, and gathering of forest products. The extra rice they can produce, plus the wax, 2119:

is a courtship dance of the Subanon of Zamboanga del Sur, usually performed during harvest time and in other social occasions. Traditional costumes are worn, with the women holding shredded banana leaves in each hand, while the men hold a kalasay in their right hand.

896:

in the forests, particularly along the riverbanks, for their flour. There are also varieties of wild edible roots in the woodlands. Where orchards, gardens, and small plantations are cultivated, squash, eggplant, melons, bananas, papayas, pineapples, jackfruit, and

946:. Among the Subanon, as it is with other Mindanao groups, the appearance of this star group signals the time for the clearing of a new swidden. The monthly rotation of the stars is a guide for the swidden cycle during the first months of the year (Casal 1986:36). 1962:, gongs are beaten, songs rendered (both traditional ones and those which are improvized for the occasion), and the people take turns sipping basi or rice beer from the reeds placed in the jars. As evening comes, and all through the night, they proceed to the 995:

places his family under the domination of some other timuay". This, then, is the basis of Subanon patriarchal society: the absolute authority of the father to assert the supremacy of family rights within a community voluntarily organized under a designated

644:

Despite the long history of hostile actions against them by their neighbors and foreign colonizers, the Subanon have managed to preserve their identification, customs, religion, language, dialects, and traditions. Subanon Muslims were co-founders of

2148:

one after the other, making sure they do not disrupt the pendular rhythm of the swing. A miscue could disrupt the motion, and even throw them off the platform. Even as they end the dance, they must maintain their agility in alighting from the

816:

particularly the uplands. Along the coasts, coconuts are raised aside from rice. Further inland, corn becomes an additional crop aside from the first two. Apart from the principal crops raised—which are mountain rice and corn—the root crops

2974:

No. 1, Part 1 (February 1962), 53–59. ________. "A Structural Description of Subanun Religious Behavior," In Explorations in Cultural Anthropology: Essays in Honor of George Peter Murdock. Edited by Ward Goodenough. New York: McGraw-Hill,

619:... from the Subanons, and preventing further destructive raids upon the peaceful and industrious peasants of these hills". Spanish military control of the Tukuran garrison and fortifications ended on 12 April 1899, under the terms of the 2525: 1550:

one piece. The top may be closed either with the same piece of bark, or with a piece of some other material. There are also bags woven to carry all sorts of things. These are usually made from the leaves of the screw pine, buri, or nipa.

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help. By the mere fact that they live in a neighborhood, non-relatives become associates in activities that cannot be done by the head of the family alone, such as constructing a house, clearing the field, planting, and holding a feast.

517:

The other Subanon groups in the Northern, Eastern, and some of the Central and Western portions of the peninsula have retained their indigenous beliefs, and continue to be call themselves Subanen, while some outsiders use the word

764:, which is more than 200 kilometers long, shaped like a giant crooked finger that extends westward to the Sulu Sea, and is joined to mainland Mindanao by a narrow strip of land, the isthmus of Tukuran, which separates the bays of 1426:

the humbler dwellings, all on one level. Usually, platforms about 2 to 2.5 meters wide are built against one, two, three, or fourwalls. Mats may cover these platforms, which then become lounging places by day, and beds by night.

1657:

To date, three Subanon epics have been recorded and published: The Guman of Dumalinao, the Ag Tobig nog Keboklagan (The Kingdom of Keboklagan), and Keg Sumba neg Sandayo (The Tale of Sandayo). All performed during the week-long

415:

Subanons distinguish themselves from each other by their roots or point of origin. These are based on names of rivers, lakes, mountains, or locations. Distinct subgroups based on geograohical and dialectial differences are the:

2961:

Finley, J.P. and William Churchill. The Subanu: Studies of a sub-Visayan Mountain Folk of Mindanao. Part I, Ethnographical and Geographical Sketch of Land and People. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington,

2446:

Arms, D.G. "Categories of the Sindangan Subanen verb". In Steinhauer, H. editor, Papersin Austronesian Linguistics No. 3. A-84:1-32. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1996. DOI:10.15144/PL-A84.1

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The active relationship between ordinary mortals and the supernaturals begins when an individual falls sick. The Subanon believe that an ailing person's soul momentarily departs from the person's body. It is up to the

923:

Subanon. They study wind patterns, looking out for tell-tale signs of imminent weather changes. Based on their native methods of meteorology, the Subanon identify three distinct seasons within the agricultural cycle:

452:

The Subanen are sometimes also distinguished into groups based on the dominant religious beliefs in their communities, and the impacts those belief systems have had on their community culture. In the Western areas,

1286:

would suffice to placate the spirits. These offerings can be made inside the house or out in the fields, by the riverbanks, under the trees, and elsewhere. It is believed that the supernaturals partake only of the

664:

and the latter-day Chinese. Aside from the influx of these settlers and traders, there has been a massive penetration of the national government into the Subanon hinterlands for purposes of administrative control,

1194:

Indigenous Subanon cosmogony exemplifies the basic duality of mortal life and spiritual realm, with a complex system of interrelationships between these two cosmic elements. The physical world is inhabited by the

1253:

the wild hog, the search for wild honey, the sharing of feathered game, the beginning of journey by water or by land, and the harvesting of crops. The religious ceremonies attending the celebration of the great

1929:, a hollow log 3 meters long and as thick as a coconut trunk which is laid horizontally on the ground, resting on a number of large empty earthen jars sunk into the earth. These jars act as resonators when the 1452:

Inside the granary, the rice is stored either in baskets or in bags. Aside from these granaries and their dwellings, there is a special structure added to the spirit house of a shaman—a miniature house called

1901:

is held to commemorate a dead person, so that his acceptance into the spirit world may be facilitated, or to give thanks for a bountiful harvest, or to ask for such a harvest as well as other favors from the

2074:

dance differs from the female's. In the former, the dancer hops over the ground with a quick step. In the latter, there is hardly any movement of the feet. It is all hand movement and bodily gestures

1020:. It is considered a blessing to have more daughters than sons because the father will be able to recover the dowry he paid for his wife. There is a general belief that all human beings should marry. 2533: 436:

Given their geographical location, Lobel (2013) classifies the Southern, Central, Northern, and Eastern Subanon languages as "Nuclear," and subclassifies the Western Subanen into Nuclear and "

1159:, upon their arrival into Subanon homelands during the 19th and early 20th centuries, who in turn learned Subanon language upon contact with these indigenous tribe such as intermarriage. 2968:

________. "The Eastern Subanun of Mindanao," In Social Structure in Southeast Asia. Edited by George P. Murdock. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Inc., 1960.

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or scarf. While in the sun he dreams about two beautiful ladies named Bolak Sonday and Benobong. He shows his affection for Bolak Sonday by accepting her mama or betel-nut chew. At the

1643:

Subanon oral literature include the folktales, short, often humorous, stories recounted for their sheer entertainment value; and the epics, long tales which are of a serious character.

2978:

Gabriel, Ma. Obdulia. "Educational Implications of the Religious Beliefs and Customs of the Subanuns of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte." Master of Arts thesis, Xavier University, 1964.

636:(fort) and several villages were established on the isthmus for years. The place was abandoned, however, when the many American expeditionary forces appeared in October 1900. 1250:

Most religious observances are held with the balian presiding. These rites and activities include the clearing of a new plantation, the building of a house, the hunting of

607:

The Spaniards sought to extend their territory over the whole of southern Philippines. Declaring an intention to "protect" the non-Christian and non-Muslim Subanon of the

509:

welcomed the missionary efforts of Rev. David and Mrs Hulda Lund, who had been sent by the Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA) church to evangelize among the Subanen.

2112:

is a dance performed by young Subanon women looking for husbands. They whisk dried palm leaves, whose sound is supposed to please the deities into granting their wishes.

1646:

One of the stock characters in the long tales is the widow's son, who possesses stupendous physical courage. The following is one of the numerous stories told about him.

373:

means "a person or people of the river". These people originally lived in the low-lying areas. However, due to disturbances and competitions from other settlers like the

2136:. At a given precise movement, one of them leaps onto the platform, steadies himself, and moves with the momentum of the swing. Once he finds his balance, he forces the 3034: 2990:

Esteban, Ivie C. (1996). The Subanen guinguman: Its ideational values and contemporaneity. MA Thesis. Unpublished. Xavier University. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines.

1449:

The small granaries, built near the Subanon house, are raised some meters above the ground, and at times are so high a notched log is required to enter the structure.

1235:

to recall the straying soul, reintegrate it with the ailing person so that the illness could end. Failing this, the patient dies. The soul then becomes a spirit. The

1178:, Catholicism, or Evangelical Protestantism, the last particularly among the Subanon in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur. Those Subanon who adopted Islam are known as the 2300: 1278:

are those of a medium who directs the living person's communication with the spirits, of a priest who conducts sacrifices and rituals, and of a healer of the sick.

2631:"Subanon (Subanen) Tribe of Zamboanga Peninsula: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Mindanao Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group]" 2081:

of the leaves, believed to be the most beautiful and pleasing to the ears of those deities. The Subanon warrior, believing that he has caught the attention of the

1969:

the balian who appears serious in her communication with the spirit world, while all the rest are more concerned with merrymaking—drinking, feasting, and dancing.

852:

they can gather from the forest are brought to the coastal stores and traded for cloth, blades, axes, betel boxes, ornaments, Chinese jars, porcelain, and gongs.

729:(IPRA) was passed into law. The law put in place a mechanism for the protection of ancestral lands by "indigenous cultural communities", including the Subanon. 2984:"Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo," Kinaadman, Vol. IV (1982): 259–426.Mojares, F.S. "The Subanons of Zamboanga." Filipino Teacher, Vol. XV, No. 8(January 1961), 538–541. 2698: 1434:

the walls and the roof. Light also enters through the door opening, which seldom has a door, and through the numerous spaces between the floor's bamboo slats.

2955:

Christie, Emerson B. The Subanens of Sindangan Bay. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology Publications, Vol. VI, Part 1. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909.

2582: 968:

is the traditional title for the communal leader who is also the chief arbiter of conflict between the families of a community or a confederation. The word

599:, the Subanon provided combatants and other resources to help in the war efforts of the sultanate. They were also entitled to a share in the spoils of war. 1687:

The Sandayo of Pawan, Zamboanga del Sur, narrates in about 47 songs the heroic adventures of Sandayo. Sandayo is brought to the center of the sun by his

2108:

is a dance of the balian as a form of communication with the diwata, while the sot is a dance performed by Subanon men before going off to battle. The

692: 1255: 1684:, during which each of the warriors will be given a life partner. He fans the kingdoms and all those who died in the fighting spring to life again. 1305:

can also inflict sickness or epidemics. However, deities residing in the skyworld are benevolent. In some Subanon subgroups, there is a belief in a

1306: 1024:

neighborhood. There are many such communities in Subanon society. A bigger group of interacting communities may contain as many as 50 households.

868:

and an apparently wasteful exploitation of resources which led to deforestation of Zamboanga forest as early as the 19th century kept the Subanon

2089:

is danced to the accompaniment of music played on several blue and white Ming dynasty bowls, performed in syncopated rhythm by female musicians.

908: 748:

mentioned the Subanos in his accounts, referring to them as "a heathen people of Malay extraction who occupy the entire (Zamboanga) peninsula of

1007:

politicized Subanon leaders have been active in organizing their people and coordinating with non-government organizations of tribal advocates.

954:

Subanon society is patriarchal, with the family as the basic governmental unit. There is no political hierarchy on the village level, as in the

3027: 2424: 2014:

held in memory of the dead—two altars are constructed, one underneath the dancing platform, another near it. These are for the male and female

978:) is also use in Maguindanao word which means "chief" or "leader". It connotes both civil and religious authority for the bearer of the title. 686: 2096:

is a dance performed by Subanon women in Zamboanga del Norte before they set out to work in the swidden. In this dance, they supplicate the

1854:

is accompanied by the ritualistic offering of bottled drinks, canned milk, cocoa, margarine, sardines, broiled fish, chicken, and pork. The

1314: 2194:

2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Zamboanga del Norte

1183: 1179: 856:

named Tabunaway. He ruled over his people long before the Moros and the Spaniards appeared on Subanon land. He lived near a place called

463: 297: 2248:

2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Misamis Occidental

2230:

2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Zamboanga Sibugay

2212:

2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Zamboanga del Sur

2085:

who are now present, continues to dance by shaking his shield, manipulating it as though in mortal combat with unseen adversaries. The

2068:

who take turns in beating a bowl, burning incense, and dancing. Unlike the male shaman, they carry no knife or piece of wood. The male

2284:

2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Misamis Oriental

3020: 2958:

________. "Report on the Drinking Customs of the Subanens," In Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. VIIA, No. 2 (April 1912), 114–117.

726: 720: 326: 2265: 615:

constructed a series of fortifications across the Tukuran isthmus that was, according to him, "for the purpose of shutting out the

2561:"Thimuay Mbeng and the Imbing Clan: Their Role in the Christianization of the Subanen in Lapuyan, Zamboanga Peninsula (1912–1946)" 393:

along hillsides and ridges overlooking family fields. The homes are usually rectangular and raised on stilts with thatched roofs.

2782: 2768:

The Subanu: Studies of a Sub-Visayan Mountain Folk of Mindanao, Part I: Ethnographical and Geographical Sketch of Land and People

942:, from March to April, the hot and dry season. The Subanon also reckon agricultural time by the stars, notably the constellation 876:

Sometimes there are crop failures, as a result of drought or infestation by pests. Lacking rice, the Subanon resort to gathering

704: 2952:

Casal, Cabriel S. Kayamanan: Mai: Panoramas of Philippine Primeval. Manila: Central Bank of the Philippines, Ayala Museum, 1986.

2266:

2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2B Population and Household Characteristics (Sample Variables), Zamboanga City

1199:(visible mortals), who become sick and whose ailments are attributed to supranatural causes. In the nonmaterial realm exist the 3649: 547:

Era, or New Stone Age where the period in the development of human technology taken place beginning 10,000 BC according to the

2140:

to swing even higher. This requires considerable skill, since he has to remain gracefully upright, moving in harmony with the

1917:

platform sways and appears to be shaky, but it is supported at the corners by upright posts. In the middle of the platform, a

3685: 3588: 3064: 2932: 2816: 2736: 2717: 2616: 2408: 322: 89: 1889:

Dance among the Subanon fulfills a multitude of ceremonial and ritual functions. Most important of the ritual dances is the

3680: 1036:

of shifting agriculture. The grains stored in bins or jars do not last long, and therefore are not covered by inheritance.

280: 61: 2318: 3675: 3742: 3634: 919:

The relationship between natural phenomena and the agricultural cycle is well established in the folk knowledge of the

696: 2170: 1895:

which is performed on a platform at least 6–10 meters above the ground. The most expensive ritual of the Subanon, the

68: 2491: 2381: 1767: 1630: 1532: 1408: 1239:, as in any traditional shamanistic culture, occupies a very special place in Subanon religious and social life. The 108: 1749: 1612: 1514: 1390: 3043: 2630: 985:

may be recalled by the community and given to another tasked with the responsibility of leading the community. The

1077:

relatives. When a couple wants to have only one or two children the wife, after giving birth, eats an herb called

461:

Groups who are linguistically members of the Subanon language subgroup but who have adopted Islam call themselves

2590: 2193: 1741: 1604: 1506: 1465:

is where the sacred dishes are kept. On the roof of the spirit house stand carved wooden images of the omen bird

1382: 42: 656:

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Subanon's contact with the outside world broadened, to include the

75: 3614: 3561: 2211: 1745: 1608: 1510: 1386: 386: 46: 2875:

Daligang, H (1981). "The Subanen of Zamboanga del Sur: Said to be the First Tribe to Practise Birth Control".

2247: 1069:. It is considered a blessing to have more daughters than sons because the father will be able to recover the 3583: 2965:

Frake, Charles O. "Sindangan Social Groups," Philippine Sociological Review, Vol.V, No. 2 (April 1957), 2–11.

2229: 2283: 1243:

are believed to be capable of visiting the skyworld to attend the great gatherings of the deities, known as

3747: 3578: 2681: 2127:

against the palm of their hand and against the hip. A drum or a gong is used to accompany the dancing. The

2056:

platform, holding in one hand a knife and in the other a piece of wood and a leaf. The altar to the female

57: 2123:

The change in steps is syncopated. The women shake their banana leaves downward, while the men strike the

3752: 3644: 3619: 2766: 2560: 2458: 1203:(supernaturals), who are not visible to ordinary mortals, but who can be perceived and addressed by the 3707: 3670: 3629: 3624: 3519: 3486: 2398: 708: 1127:

in addition to their own language. These languages were brought and introduced by these settlers from

2478: 2903: 3639: 1730: 1593: 1495: 1371: 1100: 596: 437: 3737: 2834: 1734: 1597: 1499: 1375: 35: 2682:

Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 – 28 Nov 1981

2352: 2077:

Many other kinds of dance, some of them mimetic, showcase the lively spirit of Subanon ritual.

620: 3251: 2460:

Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction

2301:"Women and Men in the Province of Basilan (Based on the Results of 2015 Census of Population)" 2677: 2373: 943: 745: 2032:, maleficient beings of gigantic size who dwell in the deep forests. In the ceremonies, the 1848:, the ritual ceremony performed as a memorial for the death of a chief. The chanting of the 1809:

Vocal music includes the chants for the epic, and several types of songs, which include the

888:, which are palm types with a pith along the entire length that is a rich source of starchy 673:

enforcement of national law, logging and mining concessions that affects their way of life.

82: 1227:

base, peculiarly shaped mounds of earth, isolated caves, and peaks of very tall mountains.

2657: 1941:. The jars are kept from breaking by means of sticks and leaves, protecting them from the 1040:

almost immediately marries off to the widower one of their unmarried daughters or nieces.

768:

and Illana. The peninsula itself is divided into four provinces and one independent city:

467:(in the central area of the peninsula) or Kolibugan (in western areas of the peninsula). 8: 1675: 1247:(assembly or meeting). They are also acknowledged to have the power of raising the dead. 1116: 1104: 912: 769: 761: 552: 441: 184: 3135: 1983:(a class of deities who live in the sea) to share in the repast. Then she takes hold of 754: 707:

strafed the house of a Subanon family, the Gumapons, in Sitio Gitason, Barrio Lampasan,

481:. Although claims are often made that the Kolibugan/Kalibugan are ethnically mixed with 3721: 3514: 3509: 3501: 3289: 3145: 3130: 2497: 2418: 1167:

The indigenous beliefs of the Subanon include the veneration of a supreme being called

781: 572: 490: 440:" because the populations that speak that dialect live towards the farther west of the 334: 214: 2144:

as though he were a part of it. The other two or three performers follow him onto the

737: 3274: 3246: 3198: 3140: 2884: 2857: 2487: 2404: 2377: 2343: 1668: 1446:

walls of the house, water containers of bamboo about 1–2 meters long are propped up.

1108: 1096: 1061: 777: 773: 342: 330: 204: 194: 1266:

or to celebrate an event of communal significance, are exclusively performed by the

1073:

he paid for his wife. There is a general belief that all human beings should marry.

1052:

Traditionally, the education among Subanon people was limited to instruction by the

1032:

place of residence, which is usually determined by proximity to the swidden fields.

3690: 3604: 3372: 3241: 3208: 3012: 2654: 1784:

Subanon women staging a cultural performance at the Subanon Palad Festival in 2014.

1331:

A significant moment in the religious history of Mindanao was the welcome given by

1290:(essence) of the offering, and human beings are free to consume the food and wine. 1148: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1090: 757:

in 1667, to argue that the Subanon were the indigenous people of western Mindanao.

612: 548: 478: 378: 354: 267: 259: 234: 3304: 2744: 1881: 568: 486: 3609: 3458: 3342: 3231: 3183: 3178: 3089: 2367: 1349: 841: 799:, are found in villages on the coast in western Mindanao and number some 15,000. 700: 682: 650: 543:

The Subanon were established in the island of Mindanao before 500 BC, before the

530: 474: 2971:

________. "Cultural Ecology and Ethnography," American Anthropologist, Vol.LXIV,

293: 3665: 3435: 3367: 3294: 3236: 3203: 3188: 3173: 3155: 3115: 3105: 3100: 2831:"Timuay Boy Anoy – Ongoing Concerns and Request of the Subanon of Mt. Canatuan" 2325: 1706:

is celebrated in Manelangan, where Sandayo and his relatives ascend to heaven.

1566: 1557:

The finer metalcraft possessed by the Subanon, such as bladed weapons like the

1332: 1326: 861: 785: 616: 506: 224: 2830: 1780: 3731: 3529: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3334: 3284: 3279: 3193: 3150: 3125: 3110: 2050:

dances three times around the altar and around the hollow log underneath the

1870: 1156: 1152: 936:, from December to January, a time of winds and northeast monsoon rains; and 930:, from June to September, characterized by winds blowing from the southwest; 821: 741:

Ancestral domains of the Subanon in Zamboanga peninsula and northern Mindanao

2987:

Regional Map of the Philippines—IX (A). Manila. Edmundo R. Abigan Jr., 1988.

1317:. Before this, he cannot comb his hair, wear colorful clothing, or remarry. 138: 3440: 3395: 3377: 3362: 3309: 3213: 2888: 2861: 1885:

A Subanon lead dancer carrying St. James image during the Kinabayo Festival

749: 385:

and other parts of Visayas to the coastal areas attracted by the inviting

3476: 3261: 2502: 2437:

csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the-philippines/peoples/subanun.html

892:. This is extracted and processed into food. The Subanon can also gather 808: 374: 176: 2480:

Origins, Ancestry and Alliance: Explorations in Austronesian Ethnography

2396: 3481: 3299: 3269: 2038:

are invoked and given offerings so that they might keep away the other

482: 369:, which indicates a locality or place of origin. Accordingly, the name 3400: 2171:"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)" 1344: 3054: 920: 556: 544: 263: 2877:

Population Forum: Monthly Newsletter of the Commission on Population

2850:

Population Forum: Monthly Newsletter of the Commission on Population

1719: 1664:, Guman contains 4,062 verses; Keboklagan 7,590; and Sandayo 6,577. 1582: 1484: 1360: 24: 3547: 3539: 3524: 3223: 3165: 3094: 1562: 1136: 899: 338: 3491: 3468: 3450: 3430: 3410: 2369:

Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations

1875: 869: 825: 812: 657: 576: 551:(between 4,500 and 2,000 BC). The evidence of old stone tools in 503: 358: 244: 2771:. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 8. 2153:

without counteracting or disrupting the direction of the swing.

1953:

makes is a booming one, and can be heard for kilometers around.

3420: 3120: 2949:"Ag Tobig nog Keboklagan," Kinaadman, Vol. III (1981), 343–543. 1800:, a set of eight small brass gongs of graduated sizes; and the 1207:(medium or shaman). The supernatural beings are of four kinds: 1140: 857: 849: 765: 670: 990:

families under his authority may expand. The authority of the

3415: 3405: 3387: 3081: 3059: 2981:"The Guman of Dumalinao," Kinaadman, Vol. II (1980): 253–380. 2583:"The History of Subanon Since the Neolithic Era or Stone Age" 1806:, a hollowed log which is beaten like a drum; and the drums. 1175: 1144: 1132: 1070: 889: 845: 796: 711:. Ten Subanon were killed in the incident, including a baby. 661: 646: 584: 382: 301: 1874:

Subanon dance during colorful street dancing competition in

1313:

consecutive evenings. He mourns for her until he can hold a

1299:

can be dangerous; they are demons and must be avoided. Some

1558: 1128: 960: 833: 3006: 3000: 2281: 2263: 2245: 2227: 2209: 2191: 1923:(central pole) passes through, with its base resting on a 666: 410: 401:

Subanons generally refer to themselves as a whole as the

1111:. Over the years however, Subanon have become fluent in 964:

was used occasionally in the past during the sultanate.

473:

means "mixed, or half-breed, especially of roosters" in

2806: 2804: 2565:

Academia Lasalliana Journal of Education and Humanities

1320: 1836:

is usually sung by two singers, one of them being the

1339: 329:

area, particularly living in the mountainous areas of

3705: 2676: 2466:(Ph.D. dissertation). University of Hawai'i at Manoa. 1989:

in each hand—these are bunches of long strips of the

3042: 2920: 2837:

from the original on 2021-12-15 – via Youtube.

2801: 1099:. The languages has some dialects, most notably the 361:, and Mindanao, which means "river", and the suffix 2705: 2604: 792:657 in Zamboanga City and 342 in Misamis Oriental. 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1459:, which is made to hang from under the eaves. The 1162: 1010: 611:(i.e., Zamboanga) peninsula, the Spanish governor 2397:Local Governance Support Program in ARMM (2009). 1977:(Chinese gong), with the purpose of inviting the 695:against the Subanon people during the peiriod of 522:, which is a Spanish version of the native name. 3729: 2575: 2001:leaves—and dances seven times around the altar. 676: 389:, further pushed the Subanon into the interior. 2764: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2765:Finley, John Park; Churchill, William (1913). 2477:Fox, James J.; Sather, Clifford, eds. (2006). 2311: 687:Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship 567:The Subanon had commercial relations with the 447: 341:Island, Philippines. The Subanon people speak 3028: 2440: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1963: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1659: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1300: 1294: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1174:Today the Subanon people have adopted either 973: 937: 931: 925: 795:The Kalibugan group, or Subanon who embraced 402: 167: 2558: 2547: 2530:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2510: 697:Martial law under President Ferdinand Marcos 2372:. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. pp. 1748:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1611:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1513:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1389:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 807:The ancestors of the Subanon practiced dry 590: 3035: 3021: 2423:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 137: 2931:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFinley1913 ( 2901: 2815:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFinley1913 ( 2716:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFinley1913 ( 2615:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFinley1913 ( 2501: 2476: 1768:Learn how and when to remove this message 1631:Learn how and when to remove this message 1533:Learn how and when to remove this message 1474: 1409:Learn how and when to remove this message 562: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2874: 2847: 2731: 2729: 2727: 1880: 1869: 1788:Subanon musical instruments include the 1779: 1343: 736: 529: 16:Ethnic group of the southern Philippines 2841: 2400:Land Tenure Stories in Central Mindanao 2365: 1827:(a funeral song for a dead chieftain). 534:One of the flags of the Subanon People. 3730: 2926: 2848:Daligang, H. (1981). "Subanon Tribe". 2810: 2758: 2711: 2610: 2486:. Canberra: ANU E Press. p. 331. 1336:language, among other social changes. 1189: 907:Casal (1986) refers to the Subanon of 727:Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 721:Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 699:—an incident that has been called the 691:There is at least one major record of 512: 411:Geographical and dialectical subgroups 3016: 2904:"Subanen Language of the Philippines" 2724: 2456: 2450: 1016:years if he cannot afford to pay the 714: 2868: 2523: 1746:adding citations to reliable sources 1713: 1609:adding citations to reliable sources 1576: 1511:adding citations to reliable sources 1478: 1387:adding citations to reliable sources 1354: 1321:Evangelical Protestantism in Lapuyan 705:Marcos-sponsored paramilitary forces 456: 345:. The name is derived from the word 162:Regions with significant populations 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3260: 2431: 2282:National Statistics Office (2013). 2264:National Statistics Office (2014). 2246:National Statistics Office (2013). 2228:National Statistics Office (2013). 2210:National Statistics Office (2013). 2192:National Statistics Office (2013). 1340:Architecture and community planning 975:timuai, timuway, timway, or thimuay 958:system of government. The title of 949: 811:, and most likely had knowledge of 703:. On August 24, 1981, members of a 13: 2737:"Subanen Tribe of the Philippines" 2647: 2559:Apatan-Lusay, Kimberly F. (2020). 2359: 1709: 1095:Subanon traditionally speak their 760:The Subanon primarily inhabit the 496: 14: 3764: 2994: 2526:"The Riverine People of Mindanao" 2173:. Philippine Statistics Authority 1272:. In general, the functions of a 583:before the former's contact with 407:, meaning "the Subanon nation". 396: 3715: 3044:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 2653: 1956:In a typical performance of the 1718: 1581: 1572: 1483: 1359: 626: 169: 23: 2943: 2895: 2823: 2775: 2691: 2670: 2623: 2470: 2390: 2305:Philippine Statistics Authority 1163:Religious beliefs and practices 1011:Social organization and customs 669:assessment and collection, and 602: 34:needs additional citations for 3001:Subanon Government and History 2293: 2275: 2257: 2239: 2221: 2203: 2185: 2163: 381:speakers and individuals from 1: 2457:Lobel, Jason William (2013). 2156: 1674:The Keboklagan of Sindangan, 1097:own language of the same name 1002:In recent times, the Subanon 677:During the Marcos dicatorship 538: 429:Tuboy (Northern) Subanen; and 130: 2589:. 2013-11-01. Archived from 1060:The Subanon do not practice 1057:employed in the government. 732: 595:Under the protection of the 426:Sindangan (Central) Subanen; 143:Subanon near Mount Malindang 7: 3003:(retrieved: 24 August 2014) 2787:Bureau on Cultural Heritage 2132:played beside the swinging 1947:impact. The sound that the 1911:The whole structure of the 1794:, a single brass gong; the 1348:A small Subanon village on 1084: 639: 448:Subgroups based on religion 423:Lapuyan (Southern) Subanen; 10: 3769: 2524:Baya, Ruelo (2015-04-30). 1973:beats a small gong called 1667:The Guman from Dumalinao, 1324: 1088: 1047: 802: 718: 709:Tudela, Misamis Occidental 680: 525: 3743:Ethnic groups in Mindanao 3658: 3597: 3571: 3560: 3538: 3500: 3467: 3449: 3386: 3333: 3326: 3222: 3164: 3080: 3073: 3050: 3009:(retrieved: 4 April 2009) 2351:Cite uses generic title ( 1260:, held to propitiate the 420:Siocon (Western) Subanen; 292: 287: 278: 273: 258: 253: 243: 233: 223: 213: 203: 193: 183: 166: 161: 153: 148: 136: 129: 2902:Historian (2023-09-29). 2338:– via subanen.org. 1149:Tagalog-speaking regions 1123:and to the some extent, 597:Sultanate of Maguindanao 591:Maguindanao protectorate 432:Salug (Eastern) Subanen. 281:indigenous folk religion 2658:"Martial law massacres" 2070: 2064: 2062:is served by two women 2058: 2052: 2046: 2044:from the festival. The 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1660: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1301: 1295: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1252: 974: 938: 932: 926: 693:human rights violations 403: 1886: 1878: 1785: 1475:Visual arts and crafts 1352: 742: 563:Lordships and commerce 535: 3007:Subanen Group Website 2678:Amnesty International 1884: 1873: 1861:drums and gongs. The 1783: 1347: 746:Ferdinand Blumentritt 740: 533: 288:Related ethnic groups 2908:sinaunangpanahon.com 2366:Gedicks, Al (2001). 2319:"[no title]" 1742:improve this section 1605:improve this section 1507:improve this section 1383:improve this section 860:(which later became 621:1898 Treaty of Paris 555:may indicate a late 377:, and migrations of 43:improve this article 3748:Zamboanga Peninsula 2699:"LUMAD in Mindanao" 2587:Subanon Territories 1676:Zamboanga del Norte 1190:Indigenous religion 1105:Zamboanga del Norte 972:(variously spelled 913:Zamboanga del Norte 770:Zamboanga del Norte 762:Zamboanga peninsula 553:Zamboanga del Norte 513:Traditional Subanon 442:Zamboanga Peninsula 353:, a word common in 327:Zamboanga peninsula 185:Zamboanga del Norte 126: 3753:Misamis Occidental 3065:Indigenous peoples 2789:. 14 November 2019 2741:Hikot Global Pinoy 2655:Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. 2413:– via Issuu. 1887: 1879: 1786: 1353: 1103:dialect spoken in 873:the hill people". 782:Misamis Occidental 743: 715:Later 20th Century 536: 335:Misamis Occidental 323:indigenous peoples 215:Misamis Occidental 124: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3556: 3555: 3548:Suludnon/Tumandok 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 2410:978-971-94065-8-7 1778: 1777: 1770: 1669:Zamboanga del Sur 1641: 1640: 1633: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1109:Zamboanga Sibugay 1062:division of labor 778:Zamboanga Sibugay 774:Zamboanga del Sur 651:BIP Dawah Tabligh 457:Kolibugan Subanon 343:Subanon languages 331:Zamboanga del Sur 307: 306: 205:Zamboanga Sibugay 195:Zamboanga del Sur 119: 118: 111: 93: 3760: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3569: 3568: 3331: 3330: 3258: 3257: 3078: 3077: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3014: 3013: 2937: 2936: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2743:. Archived from 2733: 2722: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2556: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2532:. Archived from 2521: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2324:. Archived from 2323: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2307:. June 13, 2018. 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1967: 1961: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1866: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1773: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1722: 1714: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1663: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1585: 1577: 1538: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1487: 1479: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1414: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1363: 1355: 1304: 1298: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1169:Diwata Migbebaya 1091:Subanon language 977: 950:Political system 941: 935: 929: 755:Francisco Combés 613:Valeriano Weyler 549:ASPRO chronology 406: 387:land tenure laws 283:, Islam, Animism 235:Misamis Oriental 179: 175: 173: 172: 149:Total population 141: 127: 123: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 58:"Subanon people" 51: 27: 19: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3654: 3593: 3563: 3552: 3534: 3496: 3463: 3445: 3382: 3314: 3256: 3218: 3160: 3069: 3046: 3041: 2997: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2900: 2896: 2873: 2869: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2725: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2522: 2511: 2494: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2159: 1821:(lullaby), and 1815:(a love song), 1774: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1739: 1723: 1712: 1710:Performing arts 1637: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1602: 1586: 1575: 1539: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1504: 1488: 1477: 1415: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1380: 1364: 1350:Mount Malindang 1342: 1329: 1323: 1256:buklog festival 1192: 1165: 1101:Western Subanon 1093: 1087: 1050: 1013: 952: 805: 735: 723: 717: 701:Tudela massacre 689: 683:Tudela massacre 681:Main articles: 679: 642: 629: 605: 593: 565: 541: 528: 515: 499: 497:Lapuyan Subanon 459: 450: 413: 399: 170: 168: 144: 132: 122: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3738:Subanon people 3725: 3724: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3566: 3564:or expatriates 3558: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2995:External links 2993: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2919: 2894: 2867: 2840: 2822: 2800: 2774: 2757: 2723: 2704: 2690: 2669: 2646: 2635:yodisphere.com 2622: 2603: 2574: 2546: 2509: 2492: 2469: 2449: 2439: 2430: 2409: 2403:. Davao City. 2389: 2382: 2358: 2310: 2292: 2274: 2256: 2238: 2220: 2202: 2184: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2155: 1980:diwata mogolot 1776: 1775: 1758:September 2023 1726: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1639: 1638: 1621:September 2023 1589: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1541: 1540: 1523:September 2023 1491: 1489: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1417: 1416: 1399:September 2023 1367: 1365: 1358: 1341: 1338: 1333:Thimuay Imbing 1327:Thimuay Imbing 1325:Main article: 1322: 1319: 1307:Supreme Diwata 1219:(demons), and 1191: 1188: 1164: 1161: 1089:Main article: 1086: 1083: 1049: 1046: 1012: 1009: 951: 948: 804: 801: 786:Zamboanga City 734: 731: 719:Main article: 716: 713: 678: 675: 660:, people from 641: 638: 628: 625: 604: 601: 592: 589: 564: 561: 540: 537: 527: 524: 514: 511: 498: 495: 458: 455: 449: 446: 434: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 412: 409: 404:gbansa Subanon 398: 397:Classification 395: 313:(also spelled 305: 304: 290: 289: 285: 284: 279:Christianity, 276: 275: 271: 270: 256: 255: 251: 250: 247: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 227: 225:Zamboanga City 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 207: 201: 200: 197: 191: 190: 187: 181: 180: 164: 163: 159: 158: 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 134: 133: 131:Subanen People 125:Subanon People 120: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3765: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2934: 2929:, p. 33. 2928: 2923: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2813:, p. 25. 2812: 2807: 2805: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2747:on 2012-06-13 2746: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2618: 2612: 2607: 2593:on 2013-11-09 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536:on 2018-07-21 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493:1-920942-87-4 2489: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2443: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2385: 2383:0-89608-640-2 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2354: 2345: 2331:on 2013-09-27 2327: 2320: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2278: 2267: 2260: 2249: 2242: 2231: 2224: 2213: 2206: 2195: 2188: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2026:are also the 2024: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1782: 1772: 1769: 1761: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1727:This section 1725: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1635: 1632: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1590:This section 1588: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1573:Literary arts 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1492:This section 1490: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1402: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1368:This section 1366: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1153:Central Luzon 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1008: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 988: 984: 979: 976: 971: 967: 963: 962: 957: 947: 945: 940: 934: 928: 922: 917: 914: 910: 909:Sindangan Bay 905: 902: 901: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 871: 865: 863: 859: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 800: 798: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 751: 747: 739: 730: 728: 725:In 1997, the 722: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 663: 659: 654: 653:in Mindanao. 652: 648: 637: 635: 627:American rule 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 600: 598: 588: 586: 580: 578: 574: 570: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 532: 523: 521: 510: 508: 505: 494: 492: 488: 484: 483:Samal, Badjao 480: 476: 472: 468: 466: 465: 454: 445: 443: 439: 431: 428: 425: 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