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36:
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seen at those times. The remaining reddened sunlight can then be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles to light up the horizon red and orange. The removal of the shorter wavelengths of light is due to
Rayleigh scattering by air molecules and particles much smaller than the
331:
900:
Zhang, T., Stackhouse, P.W., Macpherson, B., and
Mikovitz, J.C., 2021. A solar azimuth formula that renders circumstantial treatment unnecessary without compromising mathematical rigor: Mathematical setup, application and extension of a formula based on the subsolar point and atan2 function.
545:, have produced sufficiently high stratospheric sulfuric acid clouds to yield remarkable sunset afterglows (and pre-sunrise glows) around the world. The high altitude clouds serve to reflect strongly reddened sunlight still striking the stratosphere after sunset, down to the surface.
502:
wavelength of visible light (less than 50 nm in diameter). The scattering by cloud droplets and other particles with diameters comparable to or larger than the sunlight's wavelengths (more than 600 nm) is due to Mie scattering and is not strongly wavelength-dependent.
848:
293:
Variations in atmospheric refraction can alter the time of sunrise by changing its apparent position. Near the poles, the time-of-day variation is exaggerated, since the Sun crosses the horizon at a very shallow angle and thus rises more slowly.
578:
Light from the lower edge of the Sun's disk is refracted more than light from the upper edge. This reduces the apparent height of the Sun when it appears just above the horizon. The width is not affected, so the Sun appears wider than it is
290:. The offset between the dates of the solstice and the earliest or latest sunrise time is caused by the eccentricity of Earth's orbit and the tilt of its axis, and is described by the analemma, which can be used to predict the dates.
329:
856:
589:
The Sun appears to rise above the horizon and circle the Earth, but it is actually the Earth that is rotating, with the Sun remaining fixed. This effect results from the fact that an observer on Earth is in a
354:
and in the southeast quadrant from the
September equinox to the March equinox. Sunrises occur approximately due east on the March and September equinoxes for all viewers on Earth. Exact calculations of the
494:, changing the final color of the beam the viewer sees. Because the shorter wavelength components, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, these colors are preferentially removed from the beam.
309:, however, which is used to derive the time of sunrise and sunset, uses the Sun's physical center for calculation, neglecting atmospheric refraction and the non-zero angle subtended by the solar disc.
145:
The period after the Sun rises during which striking colors and atmospheric effects are still seen. Civil twilight being the brightest, while astronomical twilight being the darkest.
497:
At sunrise and sunset, when the path through the atmosphere is longer, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer-wavelength orange and red
803:
395:
763:
346:
Neglecting the effects of refraction and the Sun's non-zero size, whenever sunrise occurs, in temperate regions it is always in the northeast quadrant from the
120:
Astronomically, sunrise occurs for only an instant, namely the moment at which the upper limb of the Sun appears tangent to the horizon. However, the term
117:
proposed the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse" to better represent the heliocentric model, though the terms have not entered into common language.
286:; although the exact date varies by latitude. After this point, the time of sunrise gets later each day, reaching its latest sometime around the
490:
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to an observer, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and
423:
An interesting feature in the figure on the right is apparent hemispheric symmetry in regions where daily sunrise and sunset actually occur.
517:
Sunset colors are typically more brilliant than sunrise colors, because the evening air contains more particles than morning air. Ash from
1096:
982:
1038:
778:
1118:
618:
can be seen. This is an optical phenomenon in which a green spot is visible above the Sun, usually for no more than a second or two.
1151:
244:
282:
In late winter and spring, sunrise as seen from temperate latitudes occurs earlier each day, reaching its earliest time near the
209:
These two angles combine to define sunrise to occur when the Sun's center is 50 arcminutes below the horizon, or 90.83° from the
940:
733:
1121:
with VBA functions for sunrise, sunset, solar noon, twilight (dawn and dusk), and solar position (azimuth and elevation)
206:, rather than its center, appears to cross the horizon. The apparent radius of the Sun at the horizon is 16 arcminutes.
755:
1072:
297:
Accounting for atmospheric refraction and measuring from the leading edge slightly increases the average duration of
222:
538:
491:
411:
Calculate the sunrise time, which is the solar noon time minus the sunrise hour angle in degree divided by 15;
1144:
94:
motion that causes the Sun to appear. The illusion of a moving Sun results from Earth observers being in a
832:
359:
of sunrise on other dates are complex, but they can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using the
1113:
414:
Use the sunrise time as input to the solar geometry routine to get the solar azimuth angle at sunrise.
1290:
681:
608:
542:
507:
479:
scatter white sunlight as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This is done by a combination of
1034:
239:. Near the equator, the variation of the time of sunrise is mainly governed by the variation of the
1361:
1351:
932:
591:
582:
The Sun appears larger at sunrise than it does while higher in the sky, in a manner similar to the
95:
21:
1356:
1137:
525:, tends to mute sunset and sunrise colors, while volcanic ejecta that is instead lofted into the
52:
455:
373:
1088:
978:
737:
572:
252:
192:
172:
98:; this apparent motion caused many cultures to have mythologies and religions built around the
1341:
188:
1056:
924:
366:
The figure on the right is calculated using the solar geometry routine in Ref. as follows:
35:
8:
925:
480:
322:
103:
1124:
82:. The term can also refer to the entire process of the solar disk crossing the horizon.
1295:
1020:
691:
511:
450:
114:
251:
The timing of sunrise varies throughout the year and is also affected by the viewer's
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227:
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827:
339:
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268:
240:
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For a given latitude and a given date, calculate the declination of the Sun using
287:
283:
741:
1320:
906:
503:
484:
132:
40:
135:, but the Sun is not yet visible. The beginning of morning twilight is called
1335:
1285:
1268:
1262:
804:"Buckminster Fuller Has A Few Words For You - 1972 - Ford Hall Forum Lecture"
676:
599:
583:
559:
530:
347:
180:
164:
107:
430:
is applied to the x- and y-components of the solar vector presented in Ref.
1310:
1057:
526:
506:
is responsible for the light scattered by clouds, and also for the daytime
267:
of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual
168:
48:
44:
779:"Celebrating word making: Buckminster Fuller's take on sunrise and sunset"
202:
Also, unlike most other solar measurements, sunrise occurs when the Sun's
1315:
615:
522:
90:
Although the Sun appears to "rise" from the horizon, it is actually the
468:
464:
398:
264:
232:
159:
99:
56:
849:"How does the position of Moonrise and Moonset change? (Intermediate)"
444:
1305:
1239:
1187:
1035:"Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?"
604:
564:
534:
260:
196:
124:
commonly refers to periods of time both before and after this point:
279:
can be used to make approximate predictions of the time of sunrise.
1300:
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1211:
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645:
360:
318:
298:
276:
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128:
756:"The Earth Is the Center of the Universe: Top 10 Science Mistakes"
426:
This symmetry becomes clear if the hemispheric relation in to the
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and pre-sunrise glows. A number of eruptions, including those of
476:
356:
79:
75:
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refracts the Sun's image. At the horizon, the average amount of
1229:
701:
460:
210:
575:
causes the Sun to be seen while it is still below the horizon.
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302:
236:
199:, though this amount varies based on atmospheric conditions.
1234:
1219:
1182:
686:
665:
650:
138:
28:
1161:
855:. Cornell University Astronomy Department. Archived from
655:
533:
droplets), can yield beautiful post-sunset colors called
498:
71:
548:
1114:
Full physical explanation of sky color, in simple terms
1009:, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA, 1989
376:
273:
Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other
626:
131:, the period in the morning during which the sky is
223:
Daytime length variations with latitude and seasons
389:
16:Time of day when the sun appears above the horizon
927:The Earth's Atmosphere – Its Physics and Dynamics
614:Sometimes just before sunrise or after sunset, a
1333:
1093:HyperPhysics Concepts - Georgia State University
603:occurs, demonstrating a very particular kind of
154:
1023:. Norman, OK: NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center.
1007:Selected Papers on Scattering in the Atmosphere
607:belonging to the optical phenomenon family of
247:for the sunrise chart of a different location.
1145:
907:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.047
958:
954:
952:
896:
894:
404:Calculate the sunrise hour angle using the
338:Timelapse video of twilight and sunrise in
1152:
1138:
981:. Hyperphysics, Georgia State University.
853:Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer
312:
187:the Sun truly reaches the horizon because
70:) is the moment when the upper rim of the
1001:
999:
1063:(4th ed.). Addison Wesley. p.
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1099:from the original on December 15, 2022.
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766:from the original on November 18, 2012.
418:
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728:
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718:
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1045:
1019:Corfidi, Stephen F. (February 2009).
801:
734:"Rise, Set, and Twilight Definitions"
549:Optical illusions and other phenomena
1041:from the original on August 5, 2012.
776:
1021:"The Colors of Twilight and Sunset"
985:from the original on April 27, 2012
911:
715:
102:, which prevailed until astronomer
13:
1159:
878:"Where Do the Sun and Stars Rise?"
802:Skene, Gordon (22 November 2020).
263:. These changes are driven by the
14:
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1107:
820:
1201:
629:
1081:
1027:
1012:
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847:Masters, Karen (October 2004).
510:of white light around the Sun (
269:elliptical orbit around the Sun
870:
840:
795:
770:
748:
401:time as inputs to the routine;
216:
179:The stage of sunrise known as
149:
85:
1:
961:Encyclopedia of Modern Optics
708:
433:
155:Angle with respect to horizon
563:, a very particular kind of
463:seen from an airplane. Note
231:Time of sunrise in 2008 for
7:
1125:Sun data for various cities
622:
163:This diagram of the Sun at
10:
1378:
833:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
448:
442:
390:{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }}
316:
220:
18:
1278:
1248:
1210:
1199:
1168:
1089:"Red Sunset, Green Flash"
959:B. Guenther, ed. (2005).
682:Golden hour (photography)
438:
592:rotating reference frame
529:(as thin clouds of tiny
96:rotating reference frame
27:Not to be confused with
22:Sunrise (disambiguation)
905:, 172, 1333-1340. DOI:
880:. Stanford Solar Center
313:Location on the horizon
171:) shows the effects of
744:on September 27, 2019.
738:U.S. Naval Observatory
573:Atmospheric refraction
568:
539:Mount Pinatubo in 1991
472:
467:of colors by both the
391:
343:
253:latitude and longitude
248:
176:
173:atmospheric refraction
60:
39:Sunrise seen over the
1037:. NASA. Aug 1, 1996.
556:
521:, trapped within the
458:
449:Further information:
392:
337:
230:
162:
110:in the 16th century.
38:
1005:Craig Bohren (ed.),
931:. Springer. p.
673:, visible at sunrise
445:Sunset § Colors
419:Hemispheric symmetry
374:
20:For other uses, see
481:Rayleigh scattering
323:Solar azimuth angle
104:Nicolaus Copernicus
859:on August 22, 2016
836:. 7 February 2024.
783:Notes For Creators
692:Red sky at morning
569:
519:volcanic eruptions
512:forward scattering
492:airborne particles
477:airborne particles
475:Air molecules and
473:
451:Atmospheric optics
387:
344:
249:
189:Earth's atmosphere
177:
115:Buckminster Fuller
108:heliocentric model
61:
1329:
1328:
1119:An Excel workbook
1055:E. Hecht (2002).
942:978-3-540-78426-5
514:of white light).
352:September equinox
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777:Griffith, Evan.
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740:. Archived from
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697:Sunrise equation
639:
637:Astronomy portal
634:
633:
632:
543:Krakatoa in 1883
428:sunrise equation
406:sunrise equation
396:
394:
393:
388:
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342:in February 2021
336:
307:sunrise equation
241:equation of time
183:actually occurs
100:geocentric model
32:
25:
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1362:Solar phenomena
1352:Earth phenomena
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963:. Vol. 1.
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760:Science Channel
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597:Occasionally a
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288:winter solstice
284:summer solstice
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106:formulated his
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74:appears on the
33:
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1357:Parts of a day
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1321:Zodiacal light
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967:. p. 186.
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485:Mie scattering
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584:Moon illusion
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560:false sunrise
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1342:Daily events
1311:Midnight sun
1267:
1224:
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1029:
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1006:
987:. Retrieved
973:
960:
926:
902:
882:. Retrieved
872:
861:. Retrieved
857:the original
852:
842:
831:
822:
811:. Retrieved
807:
797:
786:. Retrieved
782:
772:
759:
750:
742:the original
598:
558:
527:stratosphere
516:
496:
489:
474:
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301:relative to
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184:
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136:
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119:
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67:
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49:Jersey Shore
1316:Polar night
1291:Golden hour
1160:Parts of a
616:green flash
523:troposphere
471:and clouds.
459:Sunrise in
217:Time of day
150:Measurement
133:brightening
86:Terminology
53:Spring Lake
1336:Categories
1296:Terminator
989:2012-04-07
979:"Blue Sky"
884:2012-03-20
863:2016-08-11
813:2024-02-04
808:Past Daily
788:2024-02-04
709:References
557:This is a
535:afterglows
469:atmosphere
465:refraction
443:See also:
434:Appearance
399:solar noon
317:See also:
271:, and the
265:axial tilt
233:Libreville
221:See also:
204:upper limb
197:arcminutes
193:refraction
113:Architect
57:New Jersey
1306:Moonlight
1240:Blue hour
1188:Afternoon
828:"Sunrise"
605:parhelion
565:parhelion
383:∘
261:time zone
1301:Daylight
1258:Midnight
1212:Twilight
1097:Archived
1039:Archived
983:Archived
965:Elsevier
764:Archived
646:Analemma
623:See also
361:analemma
357:azimuths
319:Sun path
277:analemma
257:altitude
129:Twilight
43:through
1347:Morning
1279:Related
1225:Sunrise
1193:Evening
1178:Morning
1170:Daytime
661:Daytime
350:to the
165:sunrise
122:sunrise
92:Earth's
80:morning
78:in the
76:horizon
64:Sunrise
47:on the
1230:Sunset
1071:
1059:Optics
939:
702:Sunset
461:Lisbon
439:Colors
305:. The
275:. The
259:, and
243:. See
211:zenith
195:is 34
185:before
169:sunset
59:, U.S.
1250:Night
609:halos
579:high.
303:night
237:Gabon
68:sunup
1235:Dusk
1220:Dawn
1183:Noon
1069:ISBN
937:ISBN
687:Noon
666:Dusk
651:Dawn
541:and
508:halo
499:hues
483:and
321:and
245:here
167:(or
139:dawn
66:(or
29:Dawn
1162:day
933:107
656:Day
299:day
72:Sun
51:at
1338::
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1067:.
1065:88
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998:^
951:^
935:.
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736:.
717:^
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255:,
235:,
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55:,
1153:e
1146:t
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