Dreadnought - Knowledge

1478: 2259: 1426:-class super-dreadnoughts, augmented by battlecruisers purchased by Australia and New Zealand. In the same period, Germany laid down only three ships, giving the United Kingdom a superiority of 22 ships to 13. The British resolve, as demonstrated by their construction programme, led the Germans to seek a negotiated end to the arms race. The Admiralty's new target of a 60% lead over Germany was near enough to Tirpitz's goal of cutting the British lead to 50%, but talks foundered on the question on whether to include British colonial battlecruisers in the count, as well as on non-naval matters like the German demands for recognition of ownership of 1787: 1362: 1030:. Behind this belt were arranged the ship's coal bunkers, to further protect the engineering spaces. In an engagement of this sort, there was also a lesser threat of indirect damage to the vital parts of the ship. A shell which struck above the belt armour and exploded could send fragments flying in all directions. These fragments were dangerous but could be stopped by much thinner armour than what would be necessary to stop an unexploded armour-piercing shell. To protect the innards of the ship from fragments of shells which detonated on the superstructure, much thinner steel armour was applied to the decks of the ship. 584: 985:

problematic; being low in the hull, they proved liable to flooding, and on several classes, some were removed and plated over. The only sure way to protect a dreadnought from destroyer or torpedo boat attack was to provide a destroyer squadron as an escort. After World War I the secondary armament tended to be mounted in turrets on the upper deck and around the superstructure. This allowed a wide field of fire and good protection without the negative points of casemates. Increasingly through the 1920s and 1930s, the secondary guns were seen as a major part of the anti-aircraft battery, with high-angle,

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detonate any incoming shells so that crucial internal structures such as turret bases needed only light protection against splinters. This was in spite of the ability to engage the enemy at 20,000 yd (18,000 m), ranges where the shells would descend at angles of up to thirty degrees ("plunging fire") and so could pierce the deck behind the outer plate and strike the internal structures directly. Post-war designs typically had 5 to 6 inches (130 to 150 mm) of deck armour laid across the top of single, much thicker vertical plates to defend against this. The concept of

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forward turret and ran to just behind the aft turret. The ends of the citadel were two armoured bulkheads, fore and aft, which stretched between the ends of the armour belt. The "roof" of the citadel was an armoured deck. Within the citadel were the boilers, engines, and the magazines for the main armament. A hit to any of these systems could cripple or destroy the ship. The "floor" of the box was the bottom of the ship's hull, and was unarmoured, although it was, in fact, a "triple bottom".

1071:, both attempts to protect against underwater damage by mines and torpedoes. The purpose of underwater protection was to absorb the force of a detonating mine or torpedo well away from the final watertight hull. This meant an inner bulkhead along the side of the hull, which was generally lightly armoured to capture splinters, separated from the outer hull by one or more compartments. The compartments in between were either left empty, or filled with coal, water or fuel oil. 1034:

navies—the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. This arrangement gave some armour to a larger part of the ship; for the first dreadnoughts, when high-explosive shellfire was still considered a significant threat, this was useful. It tended to result in the main belt being very short, only protecting a thin strip above the waterline; some navies found that when their dreadnoughts were heavily laden, the armoured belt was entirely submerged. The alternative was an

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ranging difficult. This viewpoint is controversial, as fire control in 1905 was not advanced enough to use the salvo-firing technique where this confusion might be important, and confusion of shell-splashes does not seem to have been a concern of those working on all-big-gun designs. Nevertheless, the likelihood of engagements at longer ranges was important in deciding that the heaviest possible guns should become standard, hence 12-inch rather than 10-inch.

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and a speed of 21 kn (24 mph; 39 km/h), which was two or three knots faster than existing battleships. The initial designs intended twelve 12-inch guns, though difficulties in positioning these guns led the chief constructor at one stage to propose a return to four 12-inch guns with sixteen or eighteen of 9.2-inch. After a full evaluation of reports of the action at Tsushima compiled by an official observer,

1414:—a type for which the Germans had less admiration than Fisher, but which could be built under the authorization for armoured cruisers, rather than for capital ships—these classes gave Germany a total of ten modern capital ships built or building in 1909. The British ships were faster and more powerful than their German equivalents, but a 12:10 ratio fell far short of the 2:1 superiority the Royal Navy wanted to maintain. 603: 851:

firing of heavy guns in 1910 because of the wear on the barrels. The disadvantages of guns of larger calibre are that guns and turrets must be heavier; and heavier shells, which are fired at lower velocities, require turret designs that allow a larger angle of elevation for the same range. Heavier shells have the advantage of being slowed less by air resistance, retaining more penetrating power at longer ranges.

517:, had long been an advocate of new technology in the Royal Navy and had recently been convinced of the idea of an all-big-gun battleship. Fisher is often credited as the creator of the dreadnought and the father of the United Kingdom's great dreadnought battleship fleet, an impression he himself did much to reinforce. It has been suggested Fisher's main focus was on the arguably even more revolutionary 1653: 752:

drawbacks. Initially, there were concerns about the impact of the blast of the raised guns on the lower turret. Raised turrets raised the centre of gravity of the ship, and might reduce the stability of the ship. Nevertheless, this layout made the best of the firepower available from a fixed number of guns, and was eventually adopted generally. The US Navy used superfiring on the

1570: 1060:, torpedo, or collision—then, in theory, only one area would flood and the ship could survive. To make this precaution even more effective, many dreadnoughts had no doors between different underwater sections, so that even a surprise hole below the waterline need not sink the ship. There were still several instances where flooding spread between underwater compartments. 1038:, developed by the US Navy. The armour belt was tall and thick, but no side protection at all was provided to the ends of the ship or the upper decks. The armoured deck was also thickened. The "all-or-nothing" system provided more effective protection against the very-long-range engagements of dreadnought fleets and was adopted outside the US Navy after World War I. 1457:, was to break with the policies of the past and to make an arrangement with France. The French would assume responsibility for checking Italy and Austria-Hungary in the Mediterranean, while the British would protect the north coast of France. In spite of some opposition from British politicians, the Royal Navy organised itself on this basis in 1912. 2472:, designed in 1916. Jutland finally persuaded the Admiralty that lightly armoured battlecruisers were too vulnerable, and therefore the final design of the Admirals incorporated much-increased armour, increasing displacement to 42,000 tons. The initiative in creating the new arms race lay with the Japanese and United States navies. The United States 968:

attacking destroyer. Destroyers, in contrast to torpedo boats, were expected to attack as part of a general fleet engagement, so it was necessary for the secondary armament to be protected against shell splinters from heavy guns, and the blast of the main armament. This philosophy of secondary armament was adopted by the German navy from the start;

552:-class ships. Detailed plans for these were worked out in July–November 1905, and approved by the Board of Construction on 23 November 1905. Building was slow; specifications for bidders were issued on 21 March 1906, the contracts awarded on 21 July 1906 and the two ships were laid down in December 1906, after the completion of the 1244:

for the battle fleet was that, with the exception of the United States, every major navy would have to import its oil. As a result, some navies adopted 'dual-firing' boilers which could use coal sprayed with oil; British ships so equipped, which included dreadnoughts, could even use oil alone at up to 60% power.

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Additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. A mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12-inch guns is not the range that will suit the 9.2-inch or 6-inch guns, although the distance of the target is the same." First

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The major naval powers avoided the cripplingly expensive expansion programmes by negotiating the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922. The Treaty laid out a list of ships, including most of the older dreadnoughts and almost all the newer ships under construction, which were to be scrapped or otherwise put

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In spite of the lull in battleship building during the World War, the years 1919–1922 saw the threat of a renewed naval arms race between the United Kingdom, Japan, and the US. The Battle of Jutland exerted a huge influence over the designs produced in this period. The first ships which fit into this

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taught the dangers of long-range fire to European navies. Important features of the standard battleships were "all or nothing" armour and "raft" construction—based on a design philosophy which held that only those parts of the ship worth giving the thickest possible protection were worth armouring at

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Within a few years, the principal threat was from the destroyer—larger, more heavily armed, and harder to destroy than the torpedo boat. Since the risk from destroyers was very serious, it was considered that one shell from a battleship's secondary armament should sink (rather than merely damage) any

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s and other early American dreadnoughts were similarly equipped. At this stage, torpedo boats were expected to attack separately from any fleet actions. Therefore, there was no need to armour the secondary gun armament, or to protect the crews from the blast effects of the main guns. In this context,

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Different navies approached the issue of calibre in different ways. The German navy, for instance, generally used a lighter calibre than the equivalent British ships, e.g. 12-inch calibre when the British standard was 13.5-inch (343 mm). Because German metallurgy was superior, the German 12-inch

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Initially, all dreadnoughts had two guns to a turret. One solution to the problem of turret layout was to put three or even four guns in each turret. Fewer turrets meant the ship could be shorter, or could devote more space to machinery. On the other hand, it meant that in the event of an enemy shell

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The bulk of a dreadnought's armour was concentrated around the "armoured citadel". This was a box, with four armoured walls and an armoured roof, around the most important parts of the ship. The sides of the citadel were the "armoured belt" of the ship, which started on the hull just in front of the

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would be made with torpedoes. In practice, torpedoes fired from battleships scored very few hits, and there was a risk that a stored torpedo would cause a dangerous explosion if hit by enemy fire. And in fact, the only documented instance of one battleship successfully torpedoing another came during

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The replacement of the 6-or-8-inch (152 or 203 mm) guns with weapons of 9.2-or-10-inch (234 or 254 mm) calibre improved the striking power of a battleship, particularly at longer ranges. Uniform heavy-gun armament offered many other advantages. One advantage was logistical simplicity. When

416:, submitted an alternative drawing showing an armament of twelve 12-inch guns, but the Admiralty was not prepared to accept this. Part of the rationale for the decision to retain mixed-calibre guns was the need to begin the building of the ships quickly because of the tense situation produced by the 301:

An evolutionary step was to reduce the quick-firing secondary battery and substitute additional heavy guns, typically 9.2-to-10-inch (234 to 254 mm). Ships designed in this way have been described as 'all-big-gun mixed-calibre' or later 'semi-dreadnoughts'. Semi-dreadnought ships had many heavy

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For the German part, the High Seas Fleet determined not to engage the British without the assistance of submarines, and since submarines were more needed for commerce raiding, the fleet stayed in port for much of the remainder of the war. Other theatres showed the role of small craft in damaging or

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had changed to reduce the risk of U-boat attack. Jutland was the only major clash of dreadnought battleship fleets in history, and the German plan for the battle relied on U-boat attacks on the British fleet; and the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower was effected by the

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The first generation of dreadnoughts used coal to fire the boilers which fed steam to the turbines. Coal had been in use since the first steam warships. One advantage of coal was that it is quite inert (in lump form) and thus could be used as part of the ship's protection scheme. Coal also had many

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The design of the dreadnought changed to meet new challenges. For example, armour schemes were changed to reflect the greater risk of plunging shells from long-range gunfire, and the increasing threat from armour-piercing bombs dropped by aircraft. Later designs carried a greater thickness of steel

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Both methods offered advantages and disadvantages, though in general greater muzzle velocity meant increased barrel wear. As guns fire, their barrels wear out, losing accuracy and eventually requiring replacement. At times, this became problematic; the US Navy seriously considered stopping practice

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The designers of dreadnoughts sought to provide as much protection, speed, and firepower as possible in a ship of a realistic size and cost. The hallmark of dreadnought battleships was an "all-big-gun" armament, but they also had heavy armour concentrated mainly in a thick belt at the waterline and

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Shortly after taking office, Fisher set up a Committee on Designs to consider future battleships and armoured cruisers. The committee's first task was to consider a new battleship. The specification for the new ship was a 12-inch main battery and anti-torpedo-boat guns but no intermediate calibres,

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The outbreak of World War I largely halted the dreadnought arms race as funds and technical resources were diverted to more pressing priorities. The foundries which produced battleship guns were dedicated instead to the production of land-based artillery, and shipyards were flooded with orders for

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The design weakness of super-dreadnoughts, which distinguished them from post-1918 vessels, was armour disposition. Their design emphasized the vertical armour protection needed in short-range battles, where shells would strike the sides of the ship, and assumed that an outer plate of armour would

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The battleship race soon accelerated once more, placing a great burden on the finances of the governments which engaged in it. The first dreadnoughts were not much more expensive than the last pre-dreadnoughts, but the cost per ship continued to grow thereafter. Modern battleships were the crucial

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These benefits meant that, as early as 1901, Fisher was pressing the advantages of oil fuel. There were technical problems with oil-firing, connected with the different distribution of the weight of oil fuel compared to coal, and the problems of pumping viscous oil. The main problem with using oil

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The secondary battery served several other roles. It was hoped that a medium-calibre shell might be able to score a hit on an enemy dreadnought's sensitive fire control systems. It was also felt that the secondary armament could play an important role in driving off enemy cruisers from attacking a

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on the main deck. The Royal Navy increased its secondary armament from 12-pounder to first 4-inch (100 mm) and then 6-inch (150 mm) guns, which were standard at the start of World War I; the US standardized on 5-inch calibre for the war but planned 6-inch guns for the ships designed just

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preferred an all-big-gun design because it would mean only one set of calculations about adjustments to the range of the guns. Some historians today hold that a uniform calibre was particularly important because the risk of confusion between shell-splashes of 12-inch and lighter guns made accurate

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of 1904–1905 showed that future naval battles could, and likely would, be fought at long distances. The newest 12-inch (305 mm) guns had longer range and fired heavier shells than a gun of 10-or-9.2-inch (254 or 234 mm) calibre. Another possible advantage was fire control; at long ranges

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In 1909, the British Parliament authorized an additional four capital ships, holding out hope Germany would be willing to negotiate a treaty limiting battleship numbers. If no such solution could be found, an additional four ships would be laid down in 1910. Even this compromise meant, when taken

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If all turrets were on the centreline of the vessel, stresses on the ship's frames were relatively low. This layout meant the entire main battery could fire on the broadside, though fewer could fire end-on. It meant the hull would be longer, which posed some challenges for the designers; a longer

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In Japan, the two battleships of the 1903–1904 programme were the first in the world to be laid down as all-big-gun ships, with eight 12-inch guns. The armour of their design was considered too thin, demanding a substantial redesign. The financial pressures of the Russo-Japanese War and the short

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had been completed. A June 1919 Admiralty plan outlined a post-war fleet with 33 battleships and eight battlecruisers, which could be built and sustained for £171 million a year (approximately £9.93 billion today); only £84 million was available. The Admiralty then demanded, as an

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entitled "An Ideal Battleship for the British Navy", which called for a 17,000-ton ship carrying a main armament of twelve 12-inch guns, protected by armour 12 inches thick, and having a speed of 24 knots (28 mph; 44 km/h). Cuniberti's idea—which he had already proposed to his own

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in December 1902 arguing the case for larger battleships. In an appendix to his paper, Poundstone suggested a greater number of 11-and-9-inch (279 and 229 mm) guns was preferable to a smaller number of 12-and-9-inch (305 and 229 mm). The Naval War College and Bureau of Construction and

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was building four dreadnoughts, while Italy had four and was building two more. Against such threats, the Royal Navy could no longer guarantee vital British interests. The United Kingdom was faced with a choice between building more battleships, withdrawing from the Mediterranean, or seeking an

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The earliest dreadnoughts were intended to take part in a pitched battle against other battleships at ranges of up to 10,000 yd (9,100 m). In such an encounter, shells would fly on a relatively flat trajectory, and a shell would have to hit at or just about the waterline to damage the

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Much of the displacement of a dreadnought was taken up by the steel plating of the armour. Designers spent much time and effort to provide the best possible protection for their ships against the various weapons with which they would be faced. Only so much weight could be devoted to protection,

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authorized the construction of 156 new ships, including ten battleships and six battlecruisers. For the first time, the United States Navy was threatening the British global lead. This programme was started slowly (in part because of a desire to learn lessons from Jutland), and never fulfilled

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were the first US battleships to match the speed of British dreadnoughts, but their secondary battery was "wet" (suffering from spray) and their bow was low in the water. An alternative 12-gun 24,000-ton design had many disadvantages as well; the extra two guns and a lower casemate had "hidden

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themselves. In theory, a line of battleships so equipped could unleash a devastating volley of torpedoes on an enemy line steaming a parallel course. This was also a carry-over from the older tactical doctrine of continuously closing range with the enemy, and the idea that gunfire alone may be

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of between 4.7-and-7.5-inch (119 and 191 mm) calibre, and other smaller weapons. This was in keeping with the prevailing theory of naval combat that battles would initially be fought at some distance, but the ships would then approach to close range for the final blows (as they did in the

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layout was eventually adopted as standard. This involved raising one or two turrets so they could fire over a turret immediately forward or astern of them. The US Navy adopted this feature with their first dreadnoughts in 1906, but others were slower to do so. As with other layouts there were

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Dreadnoughts developed as a move in an international battleship arms-race which had begun in the 1890s. The British Royal Navy had a big lead in the number of pre-dreadnought battleships, but a lead of only one dreadnought in 1906. This has led to criticism that the British, by launching HMS

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The thickest protection was reserved for the central citadel in all battleships. Some navies extended a thinner armoured belt and armoured deck to cover the ends of the ship, or extended a thinner armoured belt up the outside of the hull. This "tapered" armour was used by the major European

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Fisher first firmly proposed the all-big-gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10-inch guns; by November 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12-inch guns. A 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships 'with equal fire all round', might have meant an

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in August 1913, there were extensive debates over the need for such ships and—if they were necessary—over the actual number needed. These lasted into August 1914, when a bill authorizing funding for four dreadnoughts was finalized, but the outbreak of World War I halted the ambitious plan.

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destroying one turret, a higher proportion of the main armament would be out of action. The risk of the blast waves from each gun barrel interfering with others in the same turret reduced the rate of fire from the guns somewhat. The first nation to adopt the triple turret was Italy, in the

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The secondary armament of dreadnoughts was, on the whole, unsatisfactory. A hit from a light gun could not be relied on to stop a destroyer. Heavier guns could not be relied on to hit a destroyer, as experience at the Battle of Jutland showed. The casemate mountings of heavier guns proved

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The range of light and medium-calibre guns was limited, and accuracy declined badly at longer range. At longer ranges the advantage of a high rate of fire decreased; accurate shooting depended on spotting the shell-splashes of the previous salvo, which limited the optimum rate of fire.

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The newer designs of 12-inch gun mounting had a considerably higher rate of fire, removing the advantage previously enjoyed by smaller calibres. In 1895, a 12-inch gun might have fired one round every four minutes; by 1902, two rounds per minute was usual. In October 1903, the Italian

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asserted that from 1896 to 1911, France dropped from being the world's second-largest naval power to fourth; he attributed this to problems in maintenance routines and neglect. The closer alliance with the United Kingdom made these reduced forces more than adequate for French needs.

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drive where the steam turbine generated electrical power which then drove the propellers. This was particularly favoured by the US Navy, which used it for all dreadnoughts from late 1915–1922. The advantages of this method were its low cost, the opportunity for very close underwater

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in 1894, the victorious Japanese did not commence firing until the range had closed to 4,300 yards (3,900 m), and most of the fighting occurred at 2,200 yards (2,000 m). At these ranges, lighter guns had good accuracy, and their high rate of fire delivered high volumes of

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At very close ranges, a projectile fired from a gun follows a flat trajectory, and the guns can be aimed by pointing them at the enemy. At greater ranges, the gunner has a more difficult problem as the gun needs to be elevated in order for the projectile to follow a proper

2240:. Both sides were aware, because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts, that a full fleet engagement would likely result in a British victory. The German strategy was, therefore, to try to provoke an engagement on favourable terms: either inducing a part of the 2683:

This was for two principal reasons. Improvements in torpedoes made close approaches to enemy ships risky. Meanwhile, in several battles, both Russian and Japanese vessels were able to score hits at considerably greater distances than their rangefinders were built to

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German cruisers and destroyers closing on British battleships, causing them to turn away to avoid the threat of torpedo attack. Further near-misses from submarine attacks on battleships led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships.

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were eventually considered by some powers, as they offered very good endurance and an engineering space taking up less of the length of the ship. They were also heavier, however, took up a greater vertical space, offered less power, and were considered unreliable.

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Repair developed these ideas in studies between 1903 and 1905. War-game studies begun in July 1903 "showed that a battleship armed with twelve 11-or-12-inch (279 or 305 mm) guns hexagonally arranged would be equal to three or more of the conventional type."

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had longer ranges. For instance, in 1903, the US Navy ordered a design of torpedo effective to 4,000 yards (3,700 m). Both British and American admirals concluded that they needed to engage the enemy at longer ranges. In 1900, Admiral Fisher, commanding the

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The Royal Navy was thinking along similar lines. A design had been circulated in 1902–1903 for "a powerful 'all big-gun' armament of two calibres, viz. four 12-inch (305 mm) and twelve 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns." The Admiralty decided to build three more

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to hit its target. This, therefore, needs accurate estimation (prediction) of the range to the target, which was one of the main problems of fire control. On warships, these problems are complicated by the fact that the ship will naturally roll in the water.

1283:, threw away a strategic advantage. Most of the United Kingdom's naval rivals had already contemplated or even built warships that featured a uniform battery of heavy guns. Both the Japanese Navy and the US Navy ordered "all-big-gun" ships in 1904–1905, with 1638:. These two ships were laid down in 1909 and completed in 1912. They were armed with twelve 12-inch guns, but they were of two different models with differing barrel-lengths, meaning that they would have had difficulty controlling their fire at long ranges. 1929:, became trapped in Ottoman territory after the start of the war, Germany "gave" them to the Ottomans. (They remained German-crewed and under German orders.) The British seizure and the German gift proved important factors in the Ottoman Empire joining the 1126:

than reciprocating engines. This was particularly important for navies which required a long range at cruising speeds—and hence for the US Navy, which was planning in the event of war to cruise across the Pacific and engage the Japanese in the Philippines.

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small ships. The weaker naval powers engaged in the Great War—France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Russia—suspended their battleship programmes entirely. The United Kingdom and Germany continued building battleships and battlecruisers but at a reduced pace.

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gun had better shell weight and muzzle velocity than the British 12-inch; and German ships could afford more armour for the same vessel weight because the German 12-inch guns were lighter than the 13.5-inch guns the British required for comparable effect.

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The distinctive all-big-gun armament of the dreadnought was developed in the first years of the 20th century as navies sought to increase the range and power of the armament of their battleships. The typical battleship of the 1890s, now known as the

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disadvantages. It was labour-intensive to pack coal into the ship's bunkers and then feed it into the boilers. The boilers became clogged with ash. Airborne coal dust and related vapours were highly explosive, possibly evidenced by the explosion of

478:, Japanese shells contained a higher than normal proportion of high explosive, and were fused to explode on contact, starting fires rather than piercing armour. The increased rate of fire laid the foundations for future advances in fire control. 1119:. It is often said that turbines had the additional benefits of being cleaner and more reliable than reciprocating engines. By 1905, new designs of reciprocating engine were available which were cleaner and more reliable than previous models. 2755:

In the United Kingdom: "Fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in ... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. It is also very difficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood";

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range finders that reached out to 6,600 yd (6,000 m), but both sides still managed to hit each other with 12-inch (305 mm) fire at 14,000 yd (13,000 m). Naval architects and strategists around the world took notice.

1845:). Although many naval journals in Europe and the US speculated that Brazil was really acting as a proxy for one of the naval powers and would hand the ships over to them as soon as they were complete, both ships were commissioned into the 2172:

all, and that the resulting armoured "raft" should contain enough reserve buoyancy to keep the entire ship afloat in the event the unarmoured bow and stern were thoroughly punctured and flooded. This design proved its worth in the 1942

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In spite of these important strategic consequences, the 1912 Naval Law had little bearing on the battleship-force ratios. The United Kingdom responded by laying down ten new super-dreadnoughts in its 1912 and 1913 budgets—ships of the

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Rather than try to fit more guns onto a ship, it was possible to increase the power of each gun. This could be done by increasing either the calibre of the weapon and hence the weight of shell, or by lengthening the barrel to increase

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gave greater firepower in spite of the loss of a turret, and there were a thicker armour belt and improved underwater protection. The class had a 25-knot (46 km/h; 29 mph) design speed, and they were considered the first

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guns were aimed by observing the splashes caused by shells fired in salvoes, and it was difficult to interpret different splashes caused by different calibres of gun. There is still debate as to whether this feature was important.

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The First World War saw no decisive engagements between battlefleets to compare with Tsushima. The role of battleships was marginal to the land fighting in France and Russia; it was equally marginal to the German war on commerce

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coincided with increasing tension between the United Kingdom and Germany. Germany had begun building a large battlefleet in the 1890s, as part of a deliberate policy to challenge British naval supremacy. With the signing of the

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This process was well under way before the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Sixteen pre-dreadnoughts served during World War II in such roles as hulks, accommodation ships, and training vessels; two of the German training vessels

972:, for instance, carried twelve 5.9 in (150 mm) and sixteen 3.5 in (88 mm) guns, and subsequent German dreadnought classes followed this lead. These heavier guns tended to be mounted in armoured barbettes or 2423:; very fast and heavily armed ships with minimal, 3-inch (76 mm) armour, called 'large light cruisers' to get around a Cabinet ruling against new capital ships. Fisher's mania for speed culminated in his suggestion for 2071:

was ordered, the first super-dreadnoughts to mount 16-inch guns, making them arguably the most powerful warships in the world. All were increasingly built from Japanese rather than from imported components. In France, the

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class, launched in 1913, had eight 15-inch (381 mm) guns. In all navies, fewer guns of larger calibre came to be used. The smaller number of guns simplified their distribution, and centreline turrets became the norm.

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classes of German dreadnoughts adopted a 'hexagonal' layout, with one turret each fore and aft and four wing turrets; this meant more guns were mounted in total, but the same number could fire ahead or broadside as with

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In October W.L. Rogers of the Naval War College wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10-inch and 12-inch guns became

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Brazil was the third country to begin construction on a dreadnought. It ordered three dreadnoughts from the United Kingdom which would mount a heavier main battery than any other battleship afloat at the time (twelve

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had been used. Construction took place quickly; the keel was laid on 2 October 1905, the ship was launched on 10 February 1906, and completed on 3 October 1906—an impressive demonstration of British industrial might.

2255:, and raids on the English coast. In May 1916, a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on favourable terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets on 31 May to 1 June in the indecisive Battle of Jutland. 1585:

developed the doctrine that Japan should have a battlefleet at least 70% the size of that of the US. This would enable the Japanese navy to win two decisive battles: the first early in a prospective war against the

1222:. Burning coal as fuel also produced thick black smoke which gave away the position of a fleet and interfered with visibility, signaling, and fire control. In addition, coal was very bulky and had comparatively low 898:, begun in 1937 (after the treaty expired), which carried 18 in (460 mm) main guns. By the middle of World War II, the United Kingdom was making use of 15 in (380 mm) guns kept as spares for the 2106:

had a main armament equaling that of their Brazilian counterparts, but were much heavier and carried thicker armour. The British purchased both of Chile's battleships on the outbreak of the First World War. One,

1518:, but with fewer guns; this was the most efficient distribution of weapons and proved a precursor of the standard practice of future generations of battleships. The principal economy of displacement compared to 1232:-fired propulsion had many advantages for naval architects and officers at sea alike. It reduced smoke, making ships less visible. It could be fed into boilers automatically, rather than needing a complement of 2536:

class, authorized in 1916, carried eight 16-inch guns like their American counterparts. The next year's naval bill authorized two more battleships and two more battlecruisers. The battleships, which became the

2155:

became a major part of the thinking behind battleship design. Lack of underwater protection was also a weakness of these pre-World War I designs, which originated before the use of torpedoes became widespread.

1615:, but financial shortages resulting from the Russo-Japanese War delayed completion and resulted in their carrying a mixed armament, so they were known as "semi-dreadnoughts". These were followed by a modified 1270:, at the cost of some speed—but Fisher, who returned to office in 1914, insisted that all the boilers should be oil-fired. Other major navies retained mixed coal-and-oil firing until the end of World War I. 1778:

ships were "obsolescent and outclassed" upon commissioning. Taking lessons from Tsushima, and influenced by Cuniberti, they ended up more closely resembling slower versions of Fisher's battlecruisers than

1552:

costs"—the two wing turrets planned would weaken the upper deck, be almost impossible to adequately protect against underwater attack, and force magazines to be located too close to the sides of the ship.

5320: 145:

gradually dropped from use after World War I, especially after the Washington Naval Treaty, as virtually all remaining battleships shared dreadnought characteristics; it can also be used to describe

1514:. To make the best use of the weight available for armament, all eight 12-inch guns were mounted along the centreline, in superfiring pairs fore and aft. This arrangement gave a broadside equal to 1056:

The final element of the protection scheme of the first dreadnoughts was the subdivision of the ship below the waterline into several watertight compartments. If the hull were holed—by shellfire,

540:

propulsion, which was unprecedented in a large warship. The greater power and lighter weight of turbines meant the 21-knot design speed could be achieved in a smaller and less costly ship than if

1555:

The US Navy continued to expand its battlefleet, laying down two ships in most subsequent years until 1920. The US continued to use reciprocating engines as an alternative to turbines until the

5743: 737:

ship needed to devote more weight to armour to get equivalent protection, and the magazines which served each turret interfered with the distribution of boilers and engines. For these reasons,

391:

submitted a design for the battleship with twelve 10-inch (254 mm) guns in twin turrets, two at the ends and four in the wings. Lt. Cdr. Homer C. Poundstone submitted a paper to President

888:. The Washington Naval Treaty concluded on 6 February 1922 and ratified later limited battleship guns to not more than 16-inch (410 mm) calibre, and these heavier guns were not produced. 1295:

had advocated a fast warship armed only with heavy guns since the 1890s. By securing a head start in dreadnought construction, the United Kingdom ensured its dominance of the seas continued.

1198:

compartmentalization, and good astern performance. The disadvantages were that the machinery was heavy and vulnerable to battle damage, particularly the effects of flooding on the electrics.

118:. Successive designs increased rapidly in size and made use of improvements in armament, armour, and propulsion throughout the dreadnought era. Within five years, new battleships outclassed 1446:

provision was making calls on the budget. Withdrawing from the Mediterranean would mean a huge loss of influence, weakening British diplomacy in the region and shaking the stability of the

2584:, would have carried 18-inch (457 mm) guns. Many in the Japanese navy were still dissatisfied, calling for an 'eight-eight-eight' fleet with 24 modern battleships and battlecruisers. 2562:

proposed a further expansion of the United States Navy, asking for funds for an additional ten battleships and six battlecruisers in addition to the completion of the 1916 programme (the

1190:, where gearing reduced the rotation rate of the propellers and hence increased efficiency. This solution required technical precision in the gears and hence was difficult to implement. 1942:

from Germany, but work stopped on the outbreak of war. The main armament for the Greek ship had been ordered in the United States, and the guns consequently equipped a class of British

2916:

was prevented from sinking by the British who refloated her and used her as a target ship and for experiments). Battleships under construction were scrapped instead of being completed.

2760:, p. 322. And in America: "The possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibers as close as 10 inches (250 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) was never raised. For example, 502:

supply of 12-inch guns—which had to be imported from the United Kingdom—meant these ships were completed with a mixture of 12-inch and 10-inch armament. The 1903–1904 design retained

697:, and the British ships which immediately followed it, carried five turrets: one forward, one aft and one amidships on the centreline of the ship, and two in the 'wings' next to the 1729:

in 1909–1910 meant no construction could be approved. In spite of this, shipyards laid down two dreadnoughts on a speculative basis—due especially to the energetic manipulations of

2627:. The ships built under the terms of the Washington Treaty (and subsequently the London Treaties in 1930 and 1936) to replace outdated vessels were known as treaty battleships. 2619:

class. The ships which survived the treaty, including the most modern super-dreadnoughts of all three navies, formed the bulk of international capital ship strength through the

580:

were commissioned to build up to this limit. Japan's decision to leave the Treaty in the 1930s, and the arrival of the Second World War, eventually made this limit irrelevant.

5299: 404:

s (with a mixture of 12-inch, 9.2-inch and 6-inch) in the 1903–1904 naval construction programme instead. The all-big-gun concept was revived for the 1904–1905 programme, the

1807:, with the first laid down in 1909. The three ships, the smallest dreadnoughts ever constructed, were built in Spain with British assistance; construction on the third ship, 1499:

was launched. There is some speculation that informal contacts with sympathetic Royal Navy officials influenced the US Navy design, but the American ship was very different.

440:

and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace gunners wounded in action.

2782:, p. 55; "The advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type", Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in 1433:

The dreadnought race stepped up in 1910 and 1911, with Germany laying down four capital ships each year and the United Kingdom five. Tension came to a head following the

5736: 2182:

silhouetted her to Japanese guns. In spite of receiving 26 hits, her armoured raft remained untouched and she remained both afloat and operational at the end of action.

412:

meant the midships 9.2-inch turrets became single instead of twin, thus giving an armament of four 12-inch, ten 9.2-inch and no 6-inch. The constructor for this design,

2390:. This, combined with a government moratorium on battleship building, meant a renewed focus on the battlecruiser. Fisher resigned in 1915 following arguments about the 3208: 1715:

classes followed as Italy sought to maintain its lead over Austria-Hungary. These ships remained the core of Italian naval strength until World War II. The subsequent

2587:

The British, impoverished by World War I, faced the prospect of slipping behind the US and Japan. No ships had been begun since the Admiral class, and of those only

1247:

The US had large reserves of oil, and the US Navy was the first to wholeheartedly adopt oil-firing, deciding to do so in 1910 and ordering oil-fired boilers for the

1026:

vitals of the ship. For this reason, the early dreadnoughts' armour was concentrated in a thick belt around the waterline; this was 11 inches (280 mm) thick in

2764:

and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners.

1437:. This proposed a fleet of 33 German battleships and battlecruisers, outnumbering the Royal Navy in home waters. To make matters worse for the United Kingdom, the 223:

In naval battles of the 1890s the decisive weapon was the medium-calibre, typically 6-inch (152 mm), quick-firing gun firing at relatively short range; at

94:, had such an effect when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her were referred to as "dreadnoughts", and earlier battleships became known as 5729: 1391:

in April 1904, it became increasingly clear the United Kingdom's principal naval enemy would be Germany, which was building up a large, modern fleet under the

1100:

herself, and all British dreadnoughts, had screw shafts driven by steam turbines. The first generation of dreadnoughts built in other nations used the slower

1299:

element of naval power in spite of their price. Each battleship signalled national power and prestige, in a manner similar to the nuclear weapons of today.

1796:

in 1910, where all the guns capable of training to the port side were fired, forming what was at that time the heaviest broadside ever fired from a warship

1008:

shows a typical dreadnought protection scheme, with very thick armour protecting the turrets, magazines and engine spaces tapering away in less vital areas

655:

expected to carry them also increased. From the end of World War I onwards, battleships had to be equipped with many light guns as anti-aircraft armament.

565:

in one or more armoured decks. Secondary armament, fire control, command equipment, and protection against torpedoes also had to be crammed into the hull.

1469:

classes, which introduced a further step-change in armament, speed and protection—while Germany laid down only five, concentrating resources on its army.

210:

The move to all-big-gun designs was accomplished because a uniform, heavy-calibre armament offered advantages in both firepower and fire control, and the

2244:

to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the German coast, where friendly minefields, torpedo boats, and submarines could even the odds.

5378: 2615:

out of use. It furthermore declared a 'building holiday' during which no new battleships or battlecruisers were to be laid down, save for the British

1813:, took nine years from its laying down date to completion because of non-delivery of critical material, especially armament, from the United Kingdom. 1684: 1581:

With their victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Japanese became concerned about the potential for conflict with the US. The theorist

1240:

of coal. This meant that the boilers themselves could be smaller; and for the same volume of fuel, an oil-fired ship would have much greater range.

1541:

class could not operate tactically with the newer dreadnoughts due to their low speed, and were forced to operate with the older pre-dreadnoughts.

2551:, also carried ten 16-inch guns and were designed to be capable of 30 knots, capable of beating both the British Admiral- and the US Navy's 5066:

The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day

1495:-class battleships were the first all-big-gun ships completed by one of the United Kingdom's rivals. The planning for the type had begun before 137:

Dreadnought-building consumed vast resources in the early 20th century, but there was only one battle between large dreadnought fleets. At the

647:

Dreadnoughts also carried lighter weapons. Many early dreadnoughts carried a secondary armament of very light guns designed to fend off enemy

942:

carried 12-pounder guns; each of her twenty-two 12-pounders could fire at least 15 rounds a minute at any torpedo boat making an attack. The

651:. The calibre and weight of secondary armament tended to increase, as the range of torpedoes and the staying power of the torpedo boats and 1966: 2604: 2386:

In the United Kingdom, Fisher returned to his old post as First Sea Lord; he had been created 1st Baron Fisher in 1909, taking the motto

2712:

Lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance.

2050:, laid down in 1911, carried 14-inch (356 mm) guns in response to the British move and this calibre became standard. In Japan, two 1526:

retained triple-expansion steam engines, and could manage only 18.5 kn (34.3 km/h) compared to 21 kn (39 km/h) for

235:

By the early 20th century, British and American admirals expected future battleships would engage at longer distances. Newer models of

98:. Her design had two revolutionary features: an "all-big-gun" armament scheme, with an unprecedented number of heavy-calibre guns, and 5778: 2599:, with 16-inch guns and high speed, and the N3-class battleships, with 18-inch (457 mm) guns. Its navy severely limited by the 6716: 588:

Growth in size of battleship designs from 1905 onwards, showing the dreadnought's rapid growth between 1905 and 1920, prior to the

2875:

cost £2,300,000. Comparable figures today are 242 million; 209 million; 286 million. Original figures from Breyer,

1111:

than reciprocating engines for the same volume of machinery. This, along with a guarantee on the new machinery from the inventor,

919:

proposed 20-inch (508 mm) guns, and there is evidence Hitler wanted calibres as high as 24-inch (609 mm); the Japanese '

2812:, pp. 126–128. Friedman notes, for instance, the total loss of power in the turbo-electric drive of converted battlecruiser 1749: 379:

The design process for these ships often included discussion of an 'all-big-gun one-calibre' alternative. The June 1902 issue of

259:

and the Imperial Japanese Navy had one of the longest-range gunnery duels to date—over 14,000 yd (13,000 m) during the

6711: 2321:

in less than an hour. Mines continued to prove a threat when a month later the recently commissioned British super-dreadnought

2167:

class, with long-range engagements and plunging fire in mind; the first of these was laid down in 1912, four years before the

5768: 5580: 5561: 5541: 5519: 5500: 5481: 5426: 5368: 5349: 5330: 5309: 5273: 5254: 5235: 5213: 5191: 5172: 5153: 5130: 5111: 5092: 5073: 5054: 5035: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4919: 4891: 4872: 1716: 809: 248:

was considering the effects on battleship tactics of torpedoes with a range of 7,000 to 8,000 yards (6,400 to 7,300 m).

6339: 947:

the light guns tended to be mounted in unarmoured positions high on the ship to minimize weight and maximize field of fire.

5773: 2563: 2108: 2094:, as Argentina and Chile each ordered two super-dreadnoughts from the US and the United Kingdom, respectively. Argentina's 1764: 884:. Both the United Kingdom and Japan were planning battleships with 18-inch (457 mm) armament, in the British case the 2337:

destroying dreadnoughts. The two Austrian dreadnoughts lost in November 1918 were casualties of Italian torpedo boats and

1783:, and they proved badly flawed due to their smaller guns and thinner armour when compared with contemporary dreadnoughts. 1477: 5654: 2462: 2258: 2222: 322: 2573:

finally agreed to the completion of the 'eight-eight fleet', incorporating a further four battleships. These ships, the

1672:

Compared to the other major naval powers, France was slow to start building dreadnoughts, instead finishing the planned

503: 1186:

The disadvantages of the turbine were eventually overcome. The solution which eventually was generally adopted was the

768: 2630:

From this point on, the term 'dreadnought' became less widely used. Most pre-dreadnought battleships were scrapped or

1888:

was completed, and in 1913, the Ottoman Empire also acquired a nearly-completed dreadnought from Brazil, which became

733:. This risked blast damage to parts of the ship over which the guns fired, and put great stress on the ship's frames. 6678: 5407: 2296:

in 1915. And in the Mediterranean, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault at

1822: 1791: 388: 102:

propulsion. As dreadnoughts became a crucial symbol of national power, the arrival of these new warships renewed the

17: 1836: 2869: 1704: 1506:

authorized the Navy to build two battleships, but of only 16,000 tons or lower displacement. As a result, the

899: 310: 107: 6544: 2091: 1742: 1647: 1422:

in the United Kingdom in 1909–1910. In 1910, the British eight-ship construction plan went ahead, including four

870:

A further step change was planned for battleships designed and laid down at the end of World War I. The Japanese

430: 224: 111: 1122:

Turbines also had disadvantages. At cruising speeds much slower than maximum speed, turbines were markedly less

617:

is in twin turrets, with two on the "wings"; the light secondary battery is clustered around the superstructure.

5850: 3218: 2417: 1869: 1683:

was laid down, making France the eleventh nation to enter the dreadnought race. In the Navy Estimates of 1911,

1365: 954: 926:' design also called for 20-inch guns. None of these proposals went further than very preliminary design work. 530: 232:

on the target, known as the "hail of fire". Naval gunnery was too inaccurate to hit targets at a longer range.

2303:

The course of the war illustrated the vulnerability of battleships to cheaper weapons. In September 1914, the

2090:

were canceled on the outbreak of World War I. The aforementioned Brazilian dreadnoughts sparked a small-scale

188:, originally designed with twelve 12-inch (305 mm) guns. Work began on her construction in May 1905. The 2489: 2447: 2369: 1710: 1137: 1101: 364: 2138:

class, dispensed with the midships turret, freeing weight and volume for larger, oil-fired boilers. The new

1725:

In January 1909 Austro-Hungarian admirals circulated a document calling for a fleet of four dreadnoughts. A

1537:

were described by some as the US Navy's first dreadnoughts; only a few years after their commissioning, the

6236: 5436:

Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (October 1995). "Sir John Fisher and the Dreadnought: The Sources of Naval Mythology".

2862: 2726: 2252: 2209: 1352: 916: 877:

battleships in 1917 carried 410-millimetre (16.1 in) guns, which was quickly matched by the US Navy's

726:

staggered the wing turrets, so all ten guns could fire on the broadside, a feature also used by the German

526: 352: 346: 316: 291: 31: 744:, which carried a record fourteen 12-inch guns in seven centreline turrets, was not considered a success. 6519: 6365: 5710: 5288:

The Anatomy of British Sea Power: A History of British Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, 1880–1905

2469: 2312: 2248: 2173: 1620: 1587: 1451: 915:

Some World War II-era designs were drawn up proposing another move towards gigantic armament. The German

781: 183: 2292:

by the Italian, British and French blockade but bombarded the Italians on several occasions, notably at

2247:

The first two years of war saw conflict in the North Sea limited to skirmishes by battlecruisers at the

794:. British Royal Navy battleships did not adopt triple turrets until after the First World War, with the 6566: 5948: 5685: 2695: 2581: 2518: 2410: 2127: 2084: 2021: 1970: 1808: 1786: 1656: 1626: 1361: 1043: 816: 706: 680: 630: 568:

The inevitable consequence of demands for ever greater speed, striking power, and endurance meant that

126:". Most of the original dreadnoughts were scrapped after the end of World War I under the terms of the 95: 5721: 2666:

had begun work on an all-big-gun battleship in 1904, but finished the ship with a mixed armament. The

1801: 6461: 6130: 6006: 5905: 5895: 2545: 2139: 2077: 2044: 1915:

was scrapped.) This greatly offended the Ottoman Empire. When two German warships, the battlecruiser

1818: 1774:

were laid down. Of seven ships, only one was completed within four years of being laid down, and the

1703:

was prompted by rumours of Austro-Hungarian dreadnought-building. A further five dreadnoughts of the

1662: 1545: 1531: 1251:

class, in 1911. The United Kingdom was not far behind, deciding in 1912 to use oil on its own in the

1165: 878: 370: 5590:

Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (January 1990). "British Naval Administration and Policy in the Age of Fisher".

934:

The first dreadnoughts tended to have a very light secondary armament intended to protect them from

6539: 6529: 6456: 6099: 5957: 2440:

were gradually completed, but the other two laid down were still unfinished by the end of the War.

2177: 2160: 1937: 1677: 1632: 1264: 1178: 1172: 1131: 1112: 973: 835: 461: 340: 334: 260: 2051: 6329: 6135: 5845: 5647: 2843: 2434: 2359: 2065: 1978: 1953: 1947: 1676:

class of pre-dreadnoughts, laying down five in 1907 and 1908. In September 1910 the first of the

1602: 1597:

Japan's first priorities were to refit the pre-dreadnoughts captured from Russia and to complete

1144: 1083: 920: 892: 871: 802: 795: 788: 774: 727: 669: 638: 589: 583: 576:

of 1922 imposed a limit of 35,000 tons on the displacement of capital ships. In subsequent years

573: 387:, proposing a main battery of eight 12-inch (305 mm) guns in twin turrets. In May 1902, the 384: 358: 328: 302:

secondary guns in wing turrets near the centre of the ship, instead of the small guns mounted in

127: 4219: 6324: 6211: 6175: 6170: 5996: 5900: 2855: 2663: 2510: 2024:(343 mm) gun, and placed all the main armament on the centreline (hence with some turrets 2002: 1828: 1699:

was launched, but it took until 1909 for Italy to lay down one of its own. The construction of

1503: 1035: 958: 757: 607: 491: 179: 88: 48: 6411: 6360: 6256: 6160: 6155: 5875: 2538: 2293: 1734: 1726: 1438: 1356: 513:

The dreadnought breakthrough occurred in the United Kingdom in October 1905. Fisher, now the

256: 207:, carrying eight 12-inch guns, in March 1905, with construction commencing in December 1906. 2116: 6701: 6637: 6241: 6190: 5933: 5815: 4499: 2837: 2600: 2574: 2322: 2280:, action was largely limited to convoy raiding and the laying of defensive minefields. The 2194: 2058: 2040:(the weight of ammunition that can be fired on a single bearing in one salvo) had doubled. 1946:. In 1914 Greece purchased two pre-dreadnoughts from the United States Navy, renaming them 1865: 1481: 1442:

alliance with France. Further naval construction was unacceptably expensive at a time when

1151: 738: 634: 541: 284: 229: 201: 172: 2064:

ships in 1914, with both classes carrying twelve 14-inch (356 mm) guns. In 1917, the

1892:. At the start of World War I, Britain seized the two completed ships for the Royal Navy. 1343:—commissioned British, French, German, and American yards to build dreadnoughts for them. 244:, ordered gunnery practice with 6-inch guns at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). By 1904 the US 8: 6706: 6673: 6491: 6180: 6043: 5885: 2813: 2297: 2037: 1974: 1959: 1730: 1582: 1263:-class vessels. The United Kingdom planned to revert to mixed firing with the subsequent 1233: 885: 637:

was an exception, continuing to use 11-inch guns in its first class of dreadnoughts, the

569: 486: 413: 241: 2328:

struck one and sank in 1914. By the end of October, British strategy and tactics in the

2262: 950: 6607: 6471: 6426: 6319: 6221: 6185: 6165: 6064: 5890: 5785: 5640: 5607: 5453: 2667: 2528:

At the same time, the Imperial Japanese Navy was finally gaining authorization for its

2391: 2354: 2190: 1556: 1419: 1395:. This rivalry gave rise to the two largest dreadnought fleets of the pre-1914 period. 1373: 1223: 1158: 1064: 720: 648: 475: 456: 417: 392: 280: 211: 2016:, a new generation of more powerful "super-dreadnoughts" was being built. The British 6642: 6592: 6534: 6524: 6291: 6145: 6023: 5963: 5810: 5705: 5576: 5557: 5537: 5515: 5496: 5477: 5422: 5403: 5364: 5345: 5326: 5305: 5269: 5250: 5231: 5209: 5187: 5168: 5149: 5142: 5126: 5107: 5088: 5069: 5050: 5031: 5012: 4993: 4974: 4955: 4915: 4887: 4868: 2529: 2473: 2168: 1943: 1842: 1591: 1454: 1392: 1328: 906: 577: 529:, the Committee settled on a main battery of ten 12-inch guns, along with twenty-two 245: 138: 62: 2655:

The concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in development for several years before

2603:, Germany did not participate in this three-way naval building competition. Most of 2506: 2043:

British super-dreadnoughts were joined by those built by other nations. The US Navy

267:

with an effective range of 4,400 yd (4,000 m), and the Japanese ships had

6627: 6561: 6514: 6496: 6446: 6276: 6140: 6084: 6079: 6074: 5981: 5837: 5795: 5790: 5680: 5675: 5599: 5445: 5295: 4938: 2596: 2424: 2285: 2152: 1982: 1973:

passed a bill purchasing three British dreadnoughts for $ 35 million to use in the

1388: 1312: 1216: 986: 625:

of heavy-calibre guns; the number, size, and arrangement differed between designs.

268: 167: 5344:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press (reprint of Seeley Service & Co. edition). 4942: 1063:

The greatest evolution in dreadnought protection came with the development of the

1048:

carried a 16-inch (410 mm) main belt, but a deck 9-inch (230 mm) thick.

997: 178:

All-big-gun designs commenced almost simultaneously in three navies. In 1904, the

6551: 6481: 6406: 6304: 6038: 6018: 5986: 5943: 5910: 5855: 5800: 5700: 5223: 4912:

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941

2620: 2229: 2144: 2020:

class jumped an unprecedented 2,000 tons in displacement, introduced the heavier

1771: 1427: 1320: 1316: 1123: 1108: 844: 673: 453: 409: 159: 141:

in 1916, the British and German navies clashed with no decisive result. The term

103: 1722:

battleship were suspended (and later cancelled) on the outbreak of World War I.

1695:

had received proposals for an all-big-gun battleship from Cuniberti well before

629:

mounted ten 12-inch guns. 12-inch guns had been standard for most navies in the

6421: 6416: 6401: 6271: 6033: 5870: 5529: 2559: 2441: 1930: 1858: 1846: 1447: 1443: 1411: 1324: 1308: 1237: 1194: 1187: 847:. Either of these offered the chance to increase range and armour penetration. 698: 514: 443:

A uniform calibre of gun also helped streamline fire control. The designers of

39: 6695: 6657: 6652: 6617: 6602: 6556: 6466: 6451: 6309: 6251: 6246: 6150: 6028: 6013: 6001: 5991: 5880: 5860: 5695: 5283: 2570: 2121: 2095: 1300: 1202: 693:

The effectiveness of the guns depended in part on the layout of the turrets.

664: 633:, and this continued in the first generation of dreadnought battleships. The 537: 518: 429:

the US was considering whether to have a mixed-calibre main armament for the

146: 99: 68:, the only dreadnought still in existence, was launched in 1912 and is now a 5632: 2272:

In the other naval theatres, there were no decisive pitched battles. In the

297:. It carried four 12-inch (305 mm) and ten 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns. 6612: 6597: 6436: 6431: 6370: 6314: 6281: 6114: 6109: 5915: 5322:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

5201: 2880: 2761: 2624: 2308: 2289: 2217: 1760: 1692: 1068: 935: 659: 622: 614: 469: 437: 264: 200:

in October of the same year. Finally, the US Navy gained authorization for

131: 5625: 5493:

Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control

2311:

was demonstrated by successful attacks on British cruisers, including the

2236:

with relative ease, but was unable to break the German superiority in the

701:. This allowed three turrets to fire ahead and four on the broadside. The 6647: 6486: 6385: 6261: 6216: 4901:

Cuniberti, Vittorio (1903). "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet".

2631: 2595:

absolute minimum, a further eight battleships. These would have been the

2446:, also laid down before the start of the war, was completed in 1917. The 2241: 2025: 1986: 1923: 1864:

The Netherlands intended by 1912 to replace its fleet of pre-dreadnought

1832: 862:

class, launched 1910, had ten 13.5-inch guns, all on the centreline; the

858:

Over time the calibre of guns tended to increase. In the Royal Navy, the

748: 115: 69: 6104: 4929:

Fairbanks, Charles (1991). "The Origins of the Dreadnought Revolution".

130:, but many of the newer super-dreadnoughts continued serving throughout 6632: 6441: 6375: 5925: 5825: 5752: 5751: 5664: 5611: 5573:

The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships

5457: 2608: 2277: 2276:, Russian and Turkish battleships skirmished, but nothing more. In the 2237: 2201: 2101: 1916: 1868:

with a modern fleet composed of dreadnoughts. After a Royal Commission

1737:—later approved along with an additional two. The resulting ships, all 1434: 1323:

all began dreadnought programmes, and second-rank powers—including the

1292: 1171:

of 1914 both received reciprocating engines, but all four ships of the

1057: 1002: 602: 189: 84: 80: 44: 1997: 1857:

prices collapsed and Brazil could not afford her. She was sold to the

830: 808:. Several later designs used quadruple turrets, including the British 6506: 6380: 6195: 6089: 6069: 4456: 2329: 2273: 2233: 1332: 1093: 719:

Dreadnought designs experimented with different layouts. The British

652: 613:

showing the armament distribution of early British dreadnoughts. The

197: 5603: 5449: 2988: 2634:

after World War I, so the term 'dreadnought' became less necessary.

2611:

by its crews in 1919; the remainder were handed over as war prizes.

1418:

together with some social reforms, raising taxes enough to prompt a

149:, the other type of ship resulting from the dreadnought revolution. 6622: 6355: 6226: 5865: 5820: 4362: 4360: 3169: 2588: 2281: 1901: 1229: 1079: 663:

sufficient to cripple a battleship, but not sink it outright, so a

303: 162:", had a main armament of four heavy guns of 12-inch (300 mm) 4500:"Canada | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 3157: 2959: 1755:

In June 1909 the Imperial Russian Navy began construction of four

58: 6576: 6476: 6334: 6231: 6094: 5973: 5756: 4553: 2338: 236: 163: 4420: 4357: 4282: 3145: 1876:

The Ottoman Empire ordered two dreadnoughts from British yards,

834:

Animated diagram of gun turret loading and firing, based on the

6571: 6299: 6266: 5377: 4311: 4309: 4225: 2405:

classes were completed, though the last two battleships of the

2316: 2304: 2057:

super-dreadnoughts were laid down in 1912, followed by the two

1854: 1336: 1304: 1130:

The US Navy experimented with turbine engines from 1908 in the

5301:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War

4625: 2742:

Addendum to the Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in

2725:, p. 51, for discussion of alternative proposals for the 6059: 4952:

Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05

3005: 3003: 2228:

By virtue of geography, the Royal Navy could keep the German

1741:

class, were to be accompanied by a further four ships of the

1652: 1340: 763:

of 1910. By World War II, superfiring was entirely standard.

756:

class, and the layout was adopted in the Royal Navy with the

5104:

German Warships 1815–1945. Volume One: Major Surface Vessels

4781: 4769: 4589: 4541: 4408: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4306: 4258: 4246: 4165: 4141: 4093: 3284: 2861:

cost £1,783,000, compared to the £1,540,000 for each of the

2495:

battlecruisers), took a qualitative step beyond the British

1255:

class; shorter British design and building times meant that

383:

contained comments by the US Navy's leading gunnery expert,

5163:

Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977).

4805: 4697: 4685: 4661: 4601: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4153: 3728: 3716: 3680: 3533: 3443: 3431: 3077: 4817: 4733: 4673: 4637: 4565: 4444: 4270: 4209: 4207: 3941: 3656: 3562: 3560: 3487: 3485: 3296: 3000: 2836:

was designed and completed with oil-fired steam turbines,

2670:

was building ships with a similar armament scheme, though

2544:, were to carry ten 16-inch guns. The battlecruisers, the 957:

anti-torpedo boat guns mounted on the roof of a turret on

891:

The only battleships to break the limit were the Japanese

572:, and hence cost, of dreadnoughts tended to increase. The 110:. Dreadnought races sprang up around the world, including 5512:

The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922

4021: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3917: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3839: 3827: 3803: 3779: 3752: 3692: 3521: 3419: 3395: 3347: 3320: 3236: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3133: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2416:. Fisher followed these ships with the even more extreme 2394:

with the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.

1569: 1450:. The only acceptable option, and the one recommended by 4841: 4745: 4721: 4577: 4529: 4480: 4177: 4129: 4081: 4069: 3769: 3767: 3472: 3470: 3337: 3335: 3272: 3123: 3121: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2453:, designed in 1914–1915, were begun but never finished. 2344: 1594:

which would inevitably be dispatched as reinforcements.

1051: 5534:

Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905

5028:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

4396: 4372: 4234: 4204: 4045: 3953: 3929: 3895: 3893: 3740: 3572: 3557: 3545: 3497: 3482: 3217:, p. 426, quoting an INA paper of 9 April 1919 by 2558:

Matters took a further turn for the worse in 1919 when

4865:

Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, 1905–1970

4793: 4613: 4517: 4468: 4432: 4384: 4294: 4105: 4057: 4033: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3965: 3875: 3851: 3791: 3455: 3383: 3359: 3260: 3181: 3101: 3046: 3034: 2083:, carrying 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns; another five 83:

in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the

4884:

Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905

4757: 4709: 4117: 3982: 3905: 3815: 3764: 3704: 3668: 3644: 3632: 3509: 3467: 3371: 3332: 3308: 3248: 3224: 3118: 3089: 3065: 3015: 2971: 2947: 1985:. As a result, the country's navy was unprepared for 1013:

without compromising speed, firepower or seakeeping.

5162: 3890: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3407: 2994: 1136:, but was not fully committed to turbines until the 801:, and Japanese battleships not until the late-1930s 263:. The Russian battleships were equipped with Lugeol 122:

herself. These more powerful vessels were known as "

5400:

Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

4006: 2076:s were followed by three super-dreadnoughts of the 1201:Turbines were never replaced in battleship design. 5361:A Fleet in Being: Austro-Hungarian Warships of WW1 5141: 5123:"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 2313:sinking of three elderly British armoured cruisers 2134:Later British super-dreadnoughts, principally the 825: 481: 275: 5554:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 5165:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 5047:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 2580:would displace 43,000 tons; the next design, the 2268:begins to roll over after being torpedoed in 1918 1092:Dreadnoughts were propelled by two to four screw 6693: 5026:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001). 2735: 2284:was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea: the 423: 5025: 3163: 2409:class were re-ordered as battlecruisers of the 1668:battleship, launched in 1913 (pictured in 1942) 533:as secondary armament. The committee also gave 2934:undertook naval gunfire support in the Baltic. 1115:, persuaded the Royal Navy to use turbines in 309:Semi-dreadnought classes included the British 5737: 5662: 5648: 5474:The Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1897–1984 5045:Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.). 4990:US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History 2430:, a mammoth, lightly armoured battlecruiser. 1510:class were built to much tighter limits than 1104:which had been standard in pre-dreadnoughts. 467: 54:, launched in 1906, gave its name to the type 5444:(4). Society for Military History: 619–637. 5139: 5044: 5030:. Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales. 4909: 4787: 4775: 4631: 4559: 4462: 4426: 4414: 4366: 4327: 4288: 4264: 4252: 3302: 3009: 1790:The gun trials of the Brazilian dreadnought 1236:to do it by hand. Oil has roughly twice the 688: 4971:Battleship Design and Development 1905–1945 2886: 2877:Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World 2820:after just one torpedo hit in World War II. 2715: 2524:battleships, steaming at high speed in 1921 1841:, followed thirteen days later at Vickers ( 290:, an all-big-gun mixed-calibre ship of the 5744: 5730: 5655: 5641: 5206:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 5087:(in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. 2842:was designed and completed with oil-fired 2803: 2687: 2012:Within five years of the commissioning of 1870:proposed the purchase of nine dreadnoughts 1406:class, laid down in 1907, followed by the 504:traditional triple-expansion steam engines 166:, a secondary armament of six to eighteen 5598:(1). Society for Military History: 1–26. 5548:Originally Classified and in two volumes. 4928: 4910:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R (1997). 4900: 3290: 3278: 3071: 2605:the German dreadnought fleet was scuttled 2036:, displacement had increased by 25%, and 1346: 5416: 5358: 5006: 4987: 4968: 4655: 4595: 4547: 4535: 4486: 4351: 4339: 4315: 4276: 4240: 4213: 4186: 4171: 4147: 4135: 4099: 4075: 4051: 4039: 3976: 3959: 3935: 3923: 3884: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3686: 3578: 3566: 3551: 3539: 3503: 3491: 3449: 3437: 3401: 3389: 3365: 3266: 3202: 3190: 3112: 3083: 3059: 3040: 3028: 2982: 2829: 2809: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2722: 2706: 2700: 2505: 2353: 2257: 2189: 2115: 2028:over others). In the four years between 1996: 1785: 1651: 1568: 1544:The two 10-gun, 20,500-ton ships of the 1476: 1360: 1157:, received reciprocating engines, while 1078: 996: 949: 829: 601: 582: 485: 279: 57: 38: 5953: 5397: 5379:"Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test" 5244: 5222: 5200: 5063: 4949: 4811: 4703: 4691: 4667: 4607: 4402: 4378: 4159: 4063: 3461: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3095: 2953: 2823: 2749: 2677: 2674:was launched before any were completed. 2378:in Hamburg after the war, in about 1920 1750:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 1273: 679:claimed to have torpedoed the crippled 548:The first US dreadnoughts were the two 123: 14: 6694: 5435: 5339: 5318: 5294: 5282: 5263: 5181: 5140:Ireland, Bernard; Grove, Eric (1997). 5120: 5101: 5082: 4862: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4799: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4679: 4643: 4619: 4583: 4571: 4523: 4474: 4450: 4438: 4390: 4300: 4198: 4123: 4111: 4087: 4027: 3988: 3947: 3911: 3899: 3821: 3710: 3698: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3527: 3515: 3476: 3425: 3413: 3377: 3353: 3341: 3326: 3314: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3214: 3175: 2965: 2919: 2849: 2797: 2789: 2783: 2757: 2743: 2477:entirely. The new American ships (the 2288:dreadnought fleet was confined to the 1977:, but the measure was defeated in the 1800:Spain commissioned three ships of the 1259:was commissioned before either of the 5725: 5636: 4881: 4015: 4000: 2649: 2433:In Germany, two units of the pre-war 2345:Battleship building from 1914 onwards 2159:The United States Navy designed its ' 1992: 1641: 1052:Underwater protection and subdivision 929: 381:Proceedings of the US Naval Institute 218: 5575:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 5228:Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck 5106:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4992:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4914:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 905:to arm the last British battleship, 5571:Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013). 2623:and, with some modernisation, into 2569:not yet started). In response, the 2463:List of battleships of World War II 1936:Greece had ordered the dreadnought 773:, soon followed by Russia with the 24: 5465: 5247:Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution 5167:. London: Arms & Armor Press. 2995:Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977 2503:classes by mounting 16-inch guns. 2113:, was later repurchased by Chile. 2008:super-dreadnoughts in line c. 1914 1821:). Two were completed for Brazil: 1763:, and in October 1911, three more 1748:, but these were cancelled on the 1183:(1912) classes received turbines. 1164:received geared turbines. The two 1036:"all or nothing" protection scheme 1016: 497:, showing the revolutionary design 408:class. Restrictions on length and 306:of earlier pre-dreadnought ships. 27:Early 20th century battleship type 25: 6728: 5619: 5556:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4504:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net 1831:) on 17 April 1907, and its 1410:class in 1909. Together with two 1291:, respectively. Germany's Kaiser 389:Bureau of Construction and Repair 114:, lasting up to the beginning of 5363:(Paperback). Shilka Publishing. 5249:. University of South Carolina. 4867:. London: Macdonald and Jane's. 4492: 2474:Naval Appropriations Act of 1916 1472: 658:Dreadnoughts frequently carried 6717:20th-century military equipment 5626:British and German Dreadnoughts 5592:The Journal of Military History 5438:The Journal of Military History 1827:was laid down on by Armstrong ( 1648:South American dreadnought race 826:Main armament power and calibre 672:, where the British battleship 621:Dreadnoughts mounted a uniform 482:Building the first dreadnoughts 276:All-big-gun mixed-calibre ships 5851:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 5552:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1980). 5007:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). 4903:All The World's Fighting Ships 2908:classes, and first two of the 2879:, p.52, 141; comparisons from 2349: 1439:Imperial Austro-Hungarian Navy 242:Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet 13: 1: 6712:20th-century military history 5769:Naval ship classes in service 5385:. 26 October 1915. p. 12 5245:Lambert, Nicholas A. (1999). 4943:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640580 4856: 3178:, pp. 113, 331–332, 418. 2900:classes were war prizes. The 1590:, and the second against the 1398:The first German response to 1102:triple-expansion steam engine 1074: 424:Switch to all-big-gun designs 196:in January 1905, and she was 6237:Harbour defence motor launch 5472:Archibald, E. H. H. (1984). 5068:. London: Salamander Books. 4931:International History Review 2968:, p. 326, for instance. 2941: 2912:class were scuttled (though 2642: 2210:Naval warfare of World War I 2185: 2176:, when an ill-timed turn by 2130:, under construction in 1912 1530:. For this reason the later 225:the Battle of the Yalu River 79:was the predominant type of 32:Dreadnought (disambiguation) 7: 6520:Ballistic missile submarine 6366:Mine countermeasures vessel 5711:Battleships in World War II 5417:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 5268:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5264:Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973). 5144:Jane's War At Sea 1897–1997 5125:. Amherst: Humanity Books. 3164:Gardiner & Lambert 2001 2456: 2174:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1853:, was nearly complete when 1452:First Lord of the Admiralty 1353:World War I naval arms race 597: 182:authorized construction of 10: 6733: 6567:Submarine aircraft carrier 5949:Pre-dreadnought battleship 5759:in 19th and 20th centuries 5686:Pre-dreadnought battleship 5359:Phillips, Russell (2013). 5148:. London: Harper Collins. 5009:The Eclipse of the Big Gun 4863:Breyer, Siegfried (1973). 2832:, pp. 104–105. While 2460: 2249:Battle of Heligoland Bight 2207: 2092:arms race in South America 1971:House of Commons of Canada 1645: 1350: 1143:in 1916. In the preceding 838:used on super-dreadnoughts 152: 108:United Kingdom and Germany 29: 6666: 6585: 6505: 6462:General stores issue ship 6394: 6348: 6290: 6204: 6131:Amphibious transport dock 6123: 6052: 5972: 5924: 5906:Merchant aircraft carrier 5896:Interdiction Assault Ship 5836: 5764: 5671: 5536:. Naval Institute Press. 5398:Sandler, Stanley (2004). 5049:. Naval Institute Press. 4988:Friedman, Norman (1985). 4973:. Conway Maritime Press. 4969:Friedman, Norman (1978). 3154:, pp. 50, 56–57, 72. 2530:'eight-eight battlefleet' 2388:Fear God and dread nought 2161:Standard-type battleships 2140:15-inch (381 mm) gun 1849:in 1910. The third ship, 992: 689:Position of main armament 559: 468: 6540:Deep-submergence vehicle 6530:Cruise missile submarine 6457:Fast combat support ship 6100:Guided-missile destroyer 5958:Standard-type battleship 5085:Schlachtschiffe der Welt 4950:Forczyk, Robert (2009). 4788:Evans & Peattie 1997 4776:Evans & Peattie 1997 4632:Ireland & Grove 1997 4560:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4465:, pp. 363–364, 366. 4463:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4427:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4415:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4367:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4328:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4289:Evans & Peattie 1997 4265:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4253:Gardiner & Gray 1985 3303:Evans & Peattie 1997 3010:Evans & Peattie 1997 2868:. Eight years later the 2844:triple-expansion engines 2637: 2468:picture are the British 2315:by the German submarine 1573:The Japanese battleship 1564: 1487:making full steam (1915) 1435:German Naval Law of 1912 1193:One alternative was the 521:and not the battleship. 261:Battle of the Yellow Sea 192:began the design of HMS 6136:Amphibious warfare ship 5846:Amphibious assault ship 5419:Naval Warfare 1815–1914 5340:Parkes, Oscar (1990) . 5319:Massie, Robert (2005). 5121:Herwig, Holger (1980). 2555:-class battlecruisers. 2488:-class battleships and 2397:The final units of the 1819:12-inch/45 calibre guns 1611:s were designed before 1209: 780:, the Austro-Hungarian 590:Washington Naval Treaty 574:Washington Naval Treaty 369:; and Austro-Hungarian 128:Washington Naval Treaty 6212:Armed boarding steamer 6176:Landing Ship Logistics 6171:Landing ship, infantry 5997:Guided missile cruiser 5901:Light aircraft carrier 5510:Brown, D. K. (2003) . 5290:. Frank Cass & Co. 5102:Gröner, Erich (1990). 5064:Gibbons, Tony (1983). 2881:Measuring Worth UK CPI 2664:Imperial Japanese Navy 2525: 2379: 2269: 2205: 2200:sinks after hitting a 2163:', beginning with the 2131: 2009: 1975:Canadian Naval Service 1797: 1669: 1578: 1488: 1379: 1347:Anglo-German arms race 1107:Turbines offered more 1089: 1088:on speed trials (1914) 1042:on the armoured deck; 1009: 989:increasingly adopted. 964: 839: 618: 594: 498: 298: 255:On 10 August 1904 the 180:Imperial Japanese Navy 72: 55: 6412:Auxiliary repair dock 6361:Destroyer minesweeper 6257:Ocean boarding vessel 6161:Landing Craft Support 6156:Landing craft carrier 5876:Fighter catapult ship 5491:Brooks, John (2005). 5421:. London: Routledge. 5266:Fisher of Kilverstone 5208:. London: Macmillan. 5182:Keegan, John (1999). 5083:Greger, René (1993). 4882:Brown, D. K. (2003). 2509: 2376:Prinz Eitel Friedrich 2357: 2261: 2253:Battle of Dogger Bank 2193: 2119: 2000: 1789: 1770:dreadnoughts for the 1759:dreadnoughts for the 1735:Austro-Hungarian Navy 1727:constitutional crisis 1655: 1572: 1480: 1420:constitutional crisis 1364: 1357:Causes of World War I 1082: 1000: 981:crippled battleship. 953: 917:H-43 and H-44 designs 833: 670:action of 27 May 1941 605: 586: 542:reciprocating engines 489: 462:Jane's Fighting Ships 459:published a paper in 283: 257:Imperial Russian Navy 61: 42: 6638:Littoral combat ship 6191:Landing Ship Vehicle 5934:Coastal defence ship 4905:. London: F.T. Jane. 4562:, pp. 401, 408. 4201:, pp. 115, 196. 3950:, pp. 292, 295. 3665:, pp. 107, 115. 2796:all-big-gun design. 2696:ballistic trajectory 2662:s construction. The 2601:Treaty of Versailles 2481:-class battleships, 2373:-class battlecruiser 1718:Francesco Caracciolo 1382:The construction of 1274:Dreadnought building 635:Imperial German Navy 173:Battle of Manila Bay 30:For other uses, see 6492:Replenishment oiler 6395:Command and support 6181:Landing Ship Medium 6044:Unprotected cruiser 5886:Flight deck cruiser 5530:Corbett, Sir Julian 5514:. Caxton Editions. 5342:British Battleships 5325:. London: Pimlico. 5304:. London: Pimlico. 5230:. London: Fontana. 5186:. London: Pimlico. 5184:The First World War 5011:. London: Conways. 4826:, pp. 173–174. 4814:, pp. 274–275. 4742:, pp. 277–284. 4706:, pp. 247–249. 4694:, pp. 245–248. 4682:, pp. 127–145. 4670:, pp. 256–257. 4646:, pp. 234–235. 4610:, pp. 250–251. 4598:, pp. 202–203. 4574:, pp. 140–144. 4550:, pp. 214–216. 4453:, pp. 450–455. 4429:, pp. 403–404. 4369:, pp. 302–303. 4354:, pp. 211–213. 4342:, pp. 209–211. 4318:, pp. 214–215. 4291:, pp. 142–143. 4174:, pp. 204–205. 4162:, pp. 224–228. 4150:, pp. 203–204. 4102:, pp. 227–228. 4030:, pp. 582–583. 3737:, pp. 116–122. 3725:, pp. 113–116. 3701:, pp. 106–107. 3689:, pp. 135–136. 3542:, pp. 130–131. 3530:, pp. 393–396. 3452:, pp. 151–153. 3440:, pp. 141–151. 3428:, pp. 54, 266. 3356:, pp. 46, 115. 3329:, pp. 619–621. 3293:, pp. 407–409. 3245:, pp. 451–452. 3166:, pp. 125–126. 3086:, pp. 170–171. 2038:weight of broadside 1960:Royal Hellenic Navy 1913:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 1882:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 1766:Imperatritsa Mariya 1731:Rudolf Montecuccoli 1522:was in propulsion; 836:British 15-inch gun 631:pre-dreadnought era 6608:Breastwork monitor 6472:Joint support ship 6427:Combat stores ship 6222:Coastal motor boat 6186:Landing Ship, Tank 6166:Landing Ship Heavy 6065:Convoy rescue ship 5891:Helicopter carrier 5383:The New York Times 4954:. London: Osprey. 4227:The New York Times 3142:, pp. 50, 72. 2932:Schleswig-Holstein 2668:United States Navy 2526: 2392:Gallipoli Campaign 2380: 2270: 2206: 2132: 2010: 1993:Super-dreadnoughts 1967:Conservative Party 1798: 1670: 1642:In other countries 1579: 1489: 1380: 1224:thermal efficiency 1169:-class battleships 1090: 1065:anti-torpedo bulge 1010: 965: 930:Secondary armament 840: 619: 595: 578:treaty battleships 499: 457:Vittorio Cuniberti 418:Russo-Japanese War 393:Theodore Roosevelt 324:Andrei Pervozvanny 299: 219:Long-range gunnery 212:Russo-Japanese War 124:super-dreadnoughts 73: 56: 6689: 6688: 6593:Armed merchantman 6535:Cruiser submarine 6525:Coastal submarine 6292:Fast attack craft 6146:Dock landing ship 6024:Protected cruiser 6007:Pocket battleship 5964:Treaty battleship 5954:Super-dreadnought 5838:Aircraft carriers 5786:Operational zones 5719: 5718: 5706:Treaty battleship 5582:978-1-59114-027-6 5563:978-0-85177-146-5 5543:978-1-55750-129-5 5521:978-1-84067-531-3 5502:978-0-7146-5702-8 5483:978-0-7137-1348-0 5428:978-0-415-21478-0 5370:978-0-9927648-0-7 5351:978-1-55750-075-5 5332:978-1-84413-411-3 5311:978-1-84413-528-8 5284:Marder, Arthur J. 5275:978-0-19-822409-9 5256:978-1-57003-277-6 5237:978-0-00-634014-0 5215:978-0-333-35094-2 5193:978-0-7126-6645-9 5174:978-0-85368-151-9 5155:978-0-00-472065-4 5132:978-1-57392-286-9 5113:978-0-87021-790-6 5094:978-3-613-01459-6 5075:978-0-517-37810-6 5056:978-0-87021-907-8 5037:978-0-7858-1413-9 5018:978-0-85177-607-1 4999:978-0-87021-715-9 4980:978-0-85177-135-9 4961:978-1-84603-330-8 4921:978-0-87021-192-8 4893:978-1-84067-529-0 4874:978-0-356-04191-9 4850:, pp. 69–70. 4754:, pp. 62–63. 4730:, pp. 61–62. 4634:, pp. 88–95. 4586:, pp. 75–79. 4279:, pp. 69–70. 4229:, 26 October 1915 4090:, pp. 54–55. 4003:, pp. 22–23. 3926:, pp. 75–76. 3872:, pp. 89–90. 3848:, pp. 79–83. 3836:, pp. 77–79. 3812:, pp. 66–67. 3788:, pp. 65–66. 3761:, pp. 54–61. 3404:, pp. 19–21. 3205:, pp. 53–58. 2997:, pp. 22–23. 2597:G3 battlecruisers 2363:-class battleship 2221:) and the Allied 2169:Battle of Jutland 2110:Almirante Latorre 1933:in October 1914. 1592:US Atlantic Fleet 1455:Winston Churchill 987:dual-purpose guns 724:-class battleship 269:Barr & Stroud 246:Naval War College 168:quick-firing guns 139:Battle of Jutland 47:'s revolutionary 18:Super-dreadnought 16:(Redirected from 6724: 6628:Floating battery 6562:Midget submarine 6515:Attack submarine 6497:Submarine tender 6447:Destroyer tender 6277:Submarine chaser 6141:Attack transport 6085:Escort destroyer 6080:Destroyer leader 6075:Destroyer escort 5982:Aircraft cruiser 5796:Green-water navy 5791:Brown-water navy 5746: 5739: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5681:Ironclad warship 5676:Ship of the line 5657: 5650: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5615: 5586: 5567: 5547: 5525: 5506: 5487: 5461: 5432: 5413: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5374: 5355: 5336: 5315: 5291: 5279: 5260: 5241: 5224:Kennedy, Ludovic 5219: 5202:Kennedy, Paul M. 5197: 5178: 5159: 5147: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5079: 5060: 5041: 5022: 5003: 4984: 4965: 4946: 4925: 4906: 4897: 4878: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3219:Sir Philip Watts 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3013: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2935: 2923: 2917: 2890: 2884: 2853: 2847: 2827: 2821: 2807: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2775: 2769: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2661: 2653: 2368:(right) and the 2286:Austro-Hungarian 2232:confined to the 2153:zone of immunity 2145:fast battleships 1983:Senate of Canada 1922:and the cruiser 1588:US Pacific Fleet 1389:Entente Cordiale 1001:This section of 685:at close range. 527:Captain Pakenham 473: 472: 112:in South America 96:pre-dreadnoughts 21: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6679:Sailing vessels 6662: 6581: 6552:Fleet submarine 6501: 6482:Net laying ship 6407:Ammunition ship 6390: 6344: 6286: 6200: 6119: 6048: 6039:Torpedo cruiser 6019:Merchant raider 5987:Armored cruiser 5968: 5944:Fast battleship 5920: 5911:Seaplane tender 5856:Balloon carrier 5832: 5816:Central battery 5801:Blue-water navy 5760: 5750: 5720: 5715: 5701:Fast battleship 5667: 5663:History of the 5661: 5622: 5604:10.2307/1985838 5589: 5583: 5570: 5564: 5551: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5509: 5503: 5490: 5484: 5471: 5468: 5466:Further reading 5450:10.2307/2944495 5429: 5410: 5388: 5386: 5371: 5352: 5333: 5312: 5276: 5257: 5238: 5216: 5194: 5175: 5156: 5133: 5114: 5095: 5076: 5057: 5038: 5019: 5000: 4981: 4962: 4922: 4894: 4875: 4859: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938:, pp. 7–8. 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3749:, pp. 7–8. 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3119: 3111: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2924: 2920: 2891: 2887: 2871:Queen Elizabeth 2854: 2850: 2828: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2776: 2772: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2621:interwar period 2582:Number 13 class 2497:Queen Elizabeth 2465: 2459: 2403:Queen Elizabeth 2352: 2347: 2230:High Seas Fleet 2212: 2188: 2136:Queen Elizabeth 1995: 1911:respectively. ( 1772:Black Sea Fleet 1733:, Chief of the 1706:Conte di Cavour 1701:Dante Alighieri 1650: 1644: 1567: 1475: 1463:Queen Elizabeth 1428:Alsace-Lorraine 1359: 1349: 1321:Austria-Hungary 1276: 1257:Queen Elizabeth 1253:Queen Elizabeth 1238:thermal content 1212: 1113:Charles Parsons 1077: 1054: 1019: 1017:Central citadel 995: 932: 901:Queen Elizabeth 864:Queen Elizabeth 845:muzzle velocity 828: 770:Dante Alighieri 691: 600: 593: 562: 484: 454:naval architect 436:, for example, 426: 402:King Edward VII 312:King Edward VII 278: 221: 160:pre-dreadnought 155: 104:naval arms race 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6417:Auxiliary ship 6414: 6409: 6404: 6402:Amenities ship 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Steam gun boat 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6034:Strike cruiser 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:Escort carrier 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5807:Gun placement 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5620:External links 5618: 5617: 5616: 5587: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5549: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5488: 5482: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5433: 5427: 5414: 5408: 5395: 5375: 5369: 5356: 5350: 5337: 5331: 5316: 5310: 5296:Massie, Robert 5292: 5280: 5274: 5261: 5255: 5242: 5236: 5220: 5214: 5198: 5192: 5179: 5173: 5160: 5154: 5137: 5131: 5118: 5112: 5099: 5093: 5080: 5074: 5061: 5055: 5042: 5036: 5023: 5017: 5004: 4998: 4985: 4979: 4966: 4960: 4947: 4937:(2): 246–272. 4926: 4920: 4907: 4898: 4892: 4886:. Book Sales. 4879: 4873: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4802:, p. 356. 4792: 4790:, p. 174. 4780: 4778:, p. 171. 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4622:, p. 289. 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4538:, p. 214. 4528: 4526:, p. 126. 4516: 4491: 4489:, p. 220. 4479: 4477:, p. 252. 4467: 4455: 4443: 4441:, p. 320. 4431: 4419: 4417:, p. 378. 4407: 4405:, p. 195. 4395: 4393:, p. 393. 4383: 4381:, p. 205. 4371: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4330:, p. 190. 4320: 4305: 4303:, p. 333. 4293: 4281: 4269: 4267:, p. 113. 4257: 4255:, p. 112. 4245: 4233: 4218: 4203: 4191: 4189:, p. 216. 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4138:, p. 203. 4128: 4116: 4114:, p. 281. 4104: 4092: 4080: 4078:, p. 201. 4068: 4066:, p. 218. 4056: 4054:, p. 198. 4044: 4032: 4020: 4005: 3993: 3991:, p. 269. 3981: 3964: 3962:, p. 213. 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3914:, p. 474. 3904: 3889: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3824:, p. 360. 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3713:, p. 159. 3703: 3691: 3679: 3677:, p. 196. 3667: 3655: 3653:, p. 367. 3643: 3641:, p. 214. 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3581:, p. 135. 3571: 3569:, p. 130. 3556: 3554:, p. 129. 3544: 3532: 3520: 3518:, p. 138. 3508: 3506:, p. 132. 3496: 3494:, p. 134. 3481: 3479:, p. 263. 3466: 3464:, p. 246. 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3380:, p. 542. 3370: 3358: 3346: 3344:, p. 115. 3331: 3319: 3317:, p. 331. 3307: 3295: 3291:Cuniberti 1903 3283: 3281:, p. 250. 3279:Fairbanks 1991 3271: 3259: 3257:, p. 113. 3247: 3235: 3233:, p. 426. 3223: 3207: 3195: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3117: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3072:Fairbanks 1991 3064: 3045: 3043:, p. 419. 3033: 3014: 3012:, p. 159. 2999: 2987: 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 149. 2945: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2918: 2885: 2848: 2822: 2802: 2800:, p. 312. 2788: 2786:, p. 322. 2770: 2748: 2746:, p. 322. 2734: 2714: 2705: 2686: 2676: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2560:Woodrow Wilson 2458: 2455: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2208:Main article: 2204:, October 1914 2187: 2184: 2120:The Argentine 1994: 1991: 1931:Central Powers 1898:Sultan Osman I 1890:Sultan Osman I 1866:armoured ships 1859:Ottoman Empire 1851:Rio de Janeiro 1847:Brazilian Navy 1744:Ersatz Monarch 1643: 1640: 1583:Satō Tetsutarō 1566: 1563: 1539:South Carolina 1524:South Carolina 1508:South Carolina 1493:South Carolina 1474: 1471: 1448:British Empire 1444:social welfare 1412:battlecruisers 1393:"Tirpitz" laws 1348: 1345: 1325:Ottoman Empire 1289:South Carolina 1275: 1272: 1211: 1208: 1203:Diesel engines 1195:turbo-electric 1188:geared turbine 1124:fuel-efficient 1076: 1073: 1053: 1050: 1018: 1015: 994: 991: 944:South Carolina 931: 928: 827: 824: 754:South Carolina 699:superstructure 690: 687: 599: 596: 587: 561: 558: 550:South Carolina 515:First Sea Lord 483: 480: 432:South Carolina 425: 422: 277: 274: 220: 217: 154: 151: 147:battlecruisers 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6729: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6658:Training ship 6656: 6654: 6653:River monitor 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618:Drone carrier 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:Barracks ship 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586:Miscellaneous 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6557:Human torpedo 6555: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477:Naval tugboat 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Hospital ship 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452:Dispatch boat 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Naval trawler 6250: 6248: 6247:Naval drifter 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Landing craft 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Scout cruiser 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Light cruiser 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002:Heavy cruiser 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5992:Battlecruiser 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Fleet carrier 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:Battlecarrier 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Battlecruiser 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495:. Routledge. 5494: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476:. Blandford. 5475: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5409:1-8510-9410-5 5405: 5401: 5396: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4766:, p. 63. 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4718:, p. 61. 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4656:Phillips 2013 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4596:Friedman 1985 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4548:Sondhaus 2001 4544: 4537: 4536:Sondhaus 2001 4532: 4525: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4487:Sondhaus 2001 4483: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352:Sondhaus 2001 4348: 4341: 4340:Sondhaus 2001 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4316:Sondhaus 2001 4312: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4277:Friedman 1985 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4243:, p. 57. 4242: 4241:Friedman 1985 4237: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4216:, p. 69. 4215: 4214:Friedman 1985 4210: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4187:Sondhaus 2001 4183: 4181: 4173: 4172:Sondhaus 2001 4168: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4148:Sondhaus 2001 4144: 4137: 4136:Sondhaus 2001 4132: 4126:, p. 59. 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4100:Sondhaus 2001 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4076:Sondhaus 2001 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4052:Sondhaus 2001 4048: 4042:, p. 94. 4041: 4040:Friedman 1978 4036: 4029: 4024: 4018:, p. 23. 4017: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3979:, p. 93. 3978: 3977:Friedman 1978 3973: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3960:Friedman 1985 3956: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3936:Gardiner 1992 3932: 3925: 3924:Friedman 1985 3920: 3913: 3908: 3902:, p. 46. 3901: 3896: 3894: 3887:, p. 91. 3886: 3885:Friedman 1978 3881: 3879: 3871: 3870:Friedman 1978 3866: 3860:, p. 95. 3859: 3858:Friedman 1978 3854: 3847: 3846:Friedman 1978 3842: 3835: 3834:Friedman 1978 3830: 3823: 3818: 3811: 3810:Friedman 1978 3806: 3800:, p. 67. 3799: 3798:Friedman 1978 3794: 3787: 3786:Friedman 1978 3782: 3775: 3774:Gardiner 1992 3770: 3768: 3760: 3759:Friedman 1978 3755: 3748: 3747:Friedman 1978 3743: 3736: 3735:Friedman 1978 3731: 3724: 3723:Friedman 1978 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3687:Friedman 1978 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3629:, p. 82. 3628: 3623: 3617:, p. 84. 3616: 3611: 3605:, p. 71. 3604: 3599: 3593:, p. 72. 3592: 3587: 3580: 3579:Friedman 1978 3575: 3568: 3567:Friedman 1978 3563: 3561: 3553: 3552:Friedman 1978 3548: 3541: 3540:Friedman 1978 3536: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3504:Friedman 1978 3500: 3493: 3492:Friedman 1978 3488: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3450:Friedman 1978 3446: 3439: 3438:Friedman 1978 3434: 3427: 3422: 3416:, p. 85. 3415: 3410: 3403: 3402:Friedman 1978 3398: 3392:, p. 63. 3391: 3390:Friedman 1985 3386: 3379: 3374: 3368:, p. 62. 3367: 3366:Friedman 1985 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3305:, p. 63. 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3269:, p. 55. 3268: 3267:Friedman 1985 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3203:Friedman 1985 3199: 3193:, p. 51. 3192: 3191:Friedman 1985 3187: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3130:, p. 78. 3129: 3124: 3122: 3115:, p. 53. 3114: 3113:Friedman 1985 3109: 3107: 3105: 3098:, p. 77. 3097: 3092: 3085: 3084:Sondhaus 2001 3080: 3073: 3068: 3062:, p. 98. 3061: 3060:Friedman 1978 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041:Friedman 1985 3037: 3031:, p. 15. 3030: 3029:Gardiner 1992 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2991: 2985:, p. 52. 2984: 2983:Friedman 1985 2979: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2830:Friedman 1985 2826: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2810:Friedman 1985 2806: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2781: 2780:Friedman 1985 2774: 2768:, p. 55. 2767: 2766:Friedman 1985 2763: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723:Friedman 1985 2718: 2709: 2703:, p. 99. 2702: 2701:Friedman 1978 2697: 2690: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2571:Diet of Japan 2568: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2521: 2517:, one of two 2516: 2515: (BB-44) 2514: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2470:Admiral class 2464: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2309:capital ships 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:Liberal Party 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1491:The American 1486: 1485: 1479: 1473:United States 1470: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1366:King George V 1363: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1207: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1014: 1007: 1006: 999: 990: 988: 982: 978: 975: 971: 963: 961: 956: 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 936:torpedo boats 927: 925: 924: 918: 913: 911: 910: 904: 902: 897: 895: 889: 887: 883: 881: 876: 874: 868: 865: 861: 856: 852: 848: 846: 837: 832: 823: 821: 819: 814: 812: 811:King George V 807: 805: 800: 798: 793: 791: 787:, and the US 786: 784: 779: 777: 772: 771: 764: 762: 760: 755: 750: 745: 743: 742: 734: 732: 730: 725: 723: 717: 715: 710: 709: 704: 700: 696: 686: 684: 683: 678: 677: 671: 666: 665:coup de grace 661: 660:torpedo tubes 656: 654: 650: 649:torpedo boats 645: 643: 641: 636: 632: 628: 624: 616: 612: 610: 604: 591: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 557: 555: 551: 546: 543: 539: 538:steam turbine 536: 532: 528: 522: 520: 519:battlecruiser 516: 511: 509: 505: 496: 495: 490:A profile of 488: 479: 477: 471: 464: 463: 458: 455: 449: 446: 441: 439: 435: 433: 421: 419: 415: 414:J. H. Narbeth 411: 407: 403: 397: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 373: 368: 367: 362: 361: 356: 355: 350: 349: 344: 343: 338: 337: 332: 331: 326: 325: 320: 319: 314: 313: 307: 305: 296: 294: 289: 288: 282: 273: 270: 266: 265:range finders 262: 258: 253: 249: 247: 243: 238: 233: 231: 226: 216: 213: 208: 206: 205: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186: 181: 176: 174: 169: 165: 161: 150: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:steam turbine 97: 93: 92: 86: 82: 78: 71: 67: 66: 60: 53: 52: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6613:Capital ship 6598:Arsenal ship 6437:Crane vessel 6432:Command ship 6371:Mine planter 6349:Mine warfare 6315:Missile boat 6282:Torpedo boat 6242:Motor launch 6205:Patrol craft 6110:Radar picket 5938: 5916:Supercarrier 5690: 5630: 5595: 5591: 5572: 5553: 5533: 5511: 5492: 5473: 5441: 5437: 5418: 5402:. ABC-CLIO. 5399: 5387:. Retrieved 5382: 5360: 5341: 5321: 5300: 5287: 5265: 5246: 5227: 5205: 5183: 5164: 5143: 5122: 5103: 5084: 5065: 5046: 5027: 5008: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4934: 4930: 4911: 4902: 4883: 4864: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4812:Kennedy 1983 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4704:Kennedy 1983 4699: 4692:Kennedy 1983 4687: 4675: 4668:Kennedy 1983 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4608:Kennedy 1983 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507:. Retrieved 4503: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4403:Gibbons 1983 4398: 4386: 4379:Gibbons 1983 4374: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4194: 4167: 4160:Kennedy 1983 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4064:Kennedy 1983 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 3996: 3984: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3776:, p. 9. 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3462:Kennedy 1991 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3210: 3198: 3171: 3159: 3152:Forczyk 2009 3147: 3140:Forczyk 2009 3135: 3128:Lambert 1999 3096:Lambert 1999 3091: 3079: 3067: 3036: 2990: 2961: 2954:Sandler 2004 2949: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2859: (1906) 2856: 2851: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2818: (CV-3) 2815: 2805: 2791: 2773: 2751: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2708: 2689: 2684:accommodate. 2679: 2671: 2656: 2651: 2629: 2625:World War II 2616: 2613: 2590: 2586: 2575: 2565:South Dakota 2564: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2466: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2427:Incomparable 2426: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2335: 2324: 2317: 2302: 2290:Adriatic Sea 2271: 2265:Szent István 2264: 2246: 2227: 2218:Handelskrieg 2216: 2213: 2196: 2179:South Dakota 2178: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2135: 2133: 2122: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2003: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1938: 1935: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880:in 1911 and 1877: 1875: 1863: 1850: 1837: 1824:Minas Geraes 1823: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1793:Minas Geraes 1792: 1780: 1775: 1765: 1761:Baltic Fleet 1756: 1754: 1743: 1738: 1724: 1717: 1712:Andrea Doria 1711: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1693:Regia Marina 1691:The Italian 1690: 1685:Paul Bénazet 1678: 1673: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1580: 1574: 1557: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1483: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1432: 1423: 1416: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1228: 1218: 1213: 1200: 1192: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1150:, one ship, 1145: 1139:Pennsylvania 1138: 1133:North Dakota 1132: 1129: 1121: 1116: 1106: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1069:torpedo belt 1062: 1055: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1011: 1004: 983: 979: 977:afterwards. 969: 966: 962: (1906) 959: 943: 939: 933: 922: 914: 908: 900: 893: 890: 879: 872: 869: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 841: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 769: 765: 758: 753: 746: 740: 735: 728: 721: 718: 713: 707: 702: 694: 692: 681: 675: 657: 646: 639: 626: 623:main battery 620: 615:main battery 611: (1907) 608: 570:displacement 567: 563: 553: 549: 547: 534: 523: 512: 507: 500: 493: 470:Regia Marina 460: 450: 444: 442: 438:William Sims 431: 427: 405: 401: 398: 380: 378: 371: 366:Regina Elena 365: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 329: 323: 317: 311: 308: 300: 292: 286: 254: 250: 234: 222: 209: 203: 193: 184: 177: 156: 142: 136: 132:World War II 119: 106:between the 90: 76: 74: 64: 50: 36: 6702:Battleships 6648:Mother ship 6487:Repair ship 6386:Minesweeper 6262:Patrol boat 6217:Armed yacht 5939:Dreadnought 5926:Battleships 5753:Naval ships 5691:Dreadnought 4848:Breyer 1973 4838:, p. . 4836:Gröner 1990 4824:Breyer 1973 4800:Breyer 1973 4764:Breyer 1973 4752:Breyer 1973 4740:Breyer 1973 4728:Breyer 1973 4716:Breyer 1973 4680:Massie 2005 4658:, p. . 4644:Keegan 1999 4620:Keegan 1999 4584:Breyer 1973 4572:Breyer 1973 4524:Breyer 1973 4475:Greger 1993 4451:Breyer 1973 4439:Breyer 1973 4391:Breyer 1973 4301:Breyer 1973 4199:Breyer 1973 4124:Breyer 1973 4112:Keegan 1999 4088:Herwig 1980 4028:Parkes 1990 3989:Mackay 1973 3948:Breyer 1973 3912:Massie 2004 3900:Breyer 1973 3822:Breyer 1973 3711:Breyer 1973 3699:Breyer 1973 3675:Breyer 1973 3663:Breyer 1973 3651:Breyer 1973 3639:Breyer 1973 3627:Breyer 1973 3615:Breyer 1973 3603:Breyer 1973 3591:Breyer 1973 3528:Breyer 1973 3516:Breyer 1973 3477:Breyer 1973 3426:Breyer 1973 3414:Breyer 1973 3378:Marder 1964 3354:Breyer 1973 3342:Breyer 1973 3327:Sumida 1995 3315:Breyer 1973 3255:Breyer 1973 3243:Parkes 1990 3231:Parkes 1990 3215:Parkes 1990 3176:Breyer 1973 2966:Mackay 1973 2864:Lord Nelson 2857:Dreadnought 2798:Mackay 1973 2784:Mackay 1973 2758:Mackay 1973 2744:Mackay 1973 2728:Mississippi 2672:Dreadnought 2657:Dreadnought 2366:Württemberg 2358:Unfinished 2350:World War I 2242:Grand Fleet 2126:, first of 2030:Dreadnought 2026:superfiring 2014:Dreadnought 2001:Royal Navy 1987:World War I 1981:-dominated 1969:-dominated 1781:Dreadnought 1697:Dreadnought 1613:Dreadnought 1528:Dreadnought 1520:Dreadnought 1516:Dreadnought 1512:Dreadnought 1504:US Congress 1497:Dreadnought 1400:Dreadnought 1384:Dreadnought 1372:) inspects 1281:Dreadnought 1177:(1911) and 1117:Dreadnought 1098:Dreadnought 1028:Dreadnought 960:Dreadnought 940:Dreadnought 815:and French 749:superfiring 714:Dreadnought 695:Dreadnought 627:Dreadnought 609:Bellerophon 554:Dreadnought 535:Dreadnought 531:12-pounders 508:Dreadnought 494:Dreadnought 445:Dreadnought 406:Lord Nelson 385:P. R. Alger 354:Mississippi 348:Connecticut 345:; American 327:; Japanese 318:Lord Nelson 293:Lord Nelson 194:Dreadnought 143:dreadnought 120:Dreadnought 116:World War I 91:Dreadnought 77:dreadnought 70:museum ship 51:Dreadnought 6707:Ship types 6696:Categories 6674:Ship types 6633:Guard ship 6507:Submarines 6442:Depot ship 6376:Minehunter 5665:battleship 4857:References 4016:Brown 2003 4001:Brown 2003 2898:Heligoland 2609:Scapa Flow 2513:California 2499:class and 2461:See also: 2443:Hindenburg 2419:Courageous 2307:threat to 2278:Baltic Sea 2238:Baltic Sea 1739:Tegetthoff 1646:See also: 1351:See also: 1293:Wilhelm II 1094:propellers 1075:Propulsion 955:12-pounder 783:Tegetthoff 653:destroyers 606:A plan of 466:navy, the 363:; Italian 321:; Russian 190:Royal Navy 85:Royal Navy 81:battleship 45:Royal Navy 6381:Minelayer 6196:Troopship 6124:Transport 6090:Escorteur 6070:Destroyer 5811:Broadside 5779:auxiliary 5774:submarine 5389:9 October 2942:Citations 2928:Schlesien 2814:USS 2778:enormous. 2643:Footnotes 2589:HMS 2553:Lexington 2520:Tennessee 2511:USS 2491:Lexington 2449:Mackensen 2425:HMS 2371:Mackensen 2330:North Sea 2325:Audacious 2323:HMS 2298:Gallipoli 2274:Black Sea 2263:SMS 2234:North Sea 2197:Audacious 2195:HMS 2186:In action 2128:its class 2123:Rivadavia 2097:Rivadavia 2086:Normandie 2022:13.5-inch 1962:service. 1924:SMS 1917:SMS 1909:Agincourt 1902:HMS 1894:Reshadiye 1886:Reshadiye 1884:in 1914. 1878:Reshadiye 1861:in 1913. 1838:São Paulo 1482:USS 1408:Helgoland 1374:HMS 1333:Argentina 1217:USS 1159:USS 1152:USS 1003:SMS 974:casemates 907:HMS 818:Richelieu 741:Agincourt 739:HMS 708:Helgoland 674:HMS 506:, unlike 492:HMS 357:; French 304:barbettes 287:Agamemnon 285:HMS 202:USS 198:laid down 89:HMS 63:USS 49:HMS 6623:Flagship 6356:Danlayer 6227:Corvette 6105:Kaibōkan 5974:Cruisers 5866:CAM ship 5821:Casemate 5757:warships 5532:(1994). 5298:(2004). 5286:(1964). 5226:(1991). 5204:(1983). 2839:Oklahoma 2816:Saratoga 2479:Colorado 2457:Post-war 2282:Adriatic 2223:blockade 2079:Bretagne 2046:New York 1944:monitors 1664:Bretagne 1658:Provence 1547:Delaware 1533:Delaware 1484:New York 1402:was the 1167:New York 1154:Oklahoma 909:Vanguard 886:N3 class 880:Colorado 682:Bismarck 598:Armament 476:Tsushima 372:Radetzky 230:ordnance 204:Michigan 6667:Related 6643:Monitor 6577:Wet sub 6422:Collier 6340:Shin'yō 6335:PT boat 6232:Gunboat 6095:Frigate 5826:Turrets 5612:1985838 5458:2944495 2501:Admiral 2407:Revenge 2399:Revenge 2339:frogmen 2074:Courbet 1939:Salamis 1926:Breslau 1900:became 1829:Elswick 1810:Jaime I 1679:Courbet 1634:Kawachi 1631:of the 1622:Kawachi 1619:-type: 1609:Satsuma 1599:Satsuma 1467:Revenge 1376:Neptune 1301:Germany 1285:Satsuma 1266:Revenge 1234:stokers 1180:Wyoming 1174:Florida 722:Neptune 592:of 1922 374:classes 342:Kawachi 336:Satsuma 237:torpedo 185:Satsuma 164:calibre 153:Origins 6572:U-boat 6300:E-boat 6267:Q-ship 6053:Escort 5610: 5579: 5560: 5540: 5518: 5499: 5480: 5456: 5425: 5406: 5367: 5348: 5329: 5308: 5272: 5253: 5234: 5212: 5190: 5171: 5152: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5072: 5053: 5034: 5015: 4996: 4977: 4958: 4918: 4890: 4871: 4509:2 July 2910:Bayern 2902:Kaiser 2894:Nassau 2834:Nevada 2632:hulked 2617:Nelson 2534:Nagato 2532:. The 2522:-class 2493:-class 2486:Dakota 2436:Bayern 2412:Renown 2361:Bayern 2305:U-boat 2294:Ancona 2165:Nevada 2103:Moreno 2067:Nagato 2062:-class 2055:-class 2006:-class 1955:Lemnos 1949:Kilkis 1919:Goeben 1855:rubber 1843:Barrow 1833:sister 1803:España 1776:Gangut 1768:-class 1757:Gangut 1720:-class 1674:Danton 1666:-class 1636:-class 1628:Settsu 1607:. The 1577:(1911) 1575:Settsu 1558:Nevada 1404:Nassau 1339:, and 1337:Brazil 1329:Greece 1309:Russia 1305:France 1261:Nevada 1249:Nevada 1161:Nevada 1146:Nevada 1045:Yamato 1005:Bayern 993:Armour 970:Nassau 923:Yamato 921:Super 894:Yamato 875:-class 873:Nagato 804:Yamato 797:Nelson 790:Nevada 776:Gangut 729:Kaiser 703:Nassau 676:Rodney 640:Nassau 560:Design 360:Danton 339:, and 330:Katori 6115:Sloop 6060:Aviso 5608:JSTOR 5454:JSTOR 2914:Baden 2906:König 2873:class 2866:class 2730:class 2660:' 2638:Notes 2578:class 2567:class 2549:class 2547:Amagi 2542:class 2483:South 2451:class 2438:class 2421:class 2414:class 2081:class 2069:class 2048:class 2034:Orion 2018:Orion 2004:Orion 1805:class 1746:class 1681:class 1565:Japan 1549:class 1535:class 1424:Orion 1341:Chile 1317:Japan 1313:Italy 1268:class 1219:Maine 1148:class 1141:class 1109:power 1085:Paris 903:class 896:class 882:class 860:Orion 820:class 813:class 806:class 799:class 792:class 785:class 778:class 761:class 759:Orion 731:class 642:class 434:class 295:class 65:Texas 6545:DSRV 6330:MTSM 5755:and 5577:ISBN 5558:ISBN 5538:ISBN 5516:ISBN 5497:ISBN 5478:ISBN 5423:ISBN 5404:ISBN 5391:2018 5365:ISBN 5346:ISBN 5327:ISBN 5306:ISBN 5270:ISBN 5251:ISBN 5232:ISBN 5210:ISBN 5188:ISBN 5169:ISBN 5150:ISBN 5127:ISBN 5108:ISBN 5089:ISBN 5070:ISBN 5051:ISBN 5032:ISBN 5013:ISBN 4994:ISBN 4975:ISBN 4956:ISBN 4916:ISBN 4888:ISBN 4869:ISBN 4511:2022 2930:and 2904:and 2896:and 2892:The 2762:Sims 2721:See 2591:Hood 2540:Tosa 2401:and 2251:and 2202:mine 2100:and 2053:Fusō 2032:and 1965:The 1952:and 1907:and 1904:Erin 1896:and 1709:and 1661:, a 1625:and 1601:and 1502:The 1465:and 1370:left 1355:and 1319:and 1287:and 1210:Fuel 1067:and 1058:mine 705:and 668:the 410:beam 351:and 315:and 75:The 43:The 6325:MTM 6320:MTB 6310:MGB 6305:MAS 5600:doi 5446:doi 4939:doi 2607:at 2576:Kii 2318:U-9 2060:Ise 1958:in 1617:Aki 1604:Aki 1230:Oil 87:'s 6698:: 5606:. 5596:54 5594:. 5452:. 5442:59 5440:. 5381:. 4935:13 4933:. 4502:. 4359:^ 4308:^ 4206:^ 4179:^ 4008:^ 3967:^ 3892:^ 3877:^ 3766:^ 3559:^ 3484:^ 3469:^ 3334:^ 3183:^ 3120:^ 3103:^ 3048:^ 3017:^ 3002:^ 2973:^ 2341:. 2300:. 2225:. 2147:. 1989:. 1835:, 1752:. 1430:. 1335:, 1331:, 1327:, 1315:, 1311:, 1307:, 1303:, 1226:. 1096:. 938:. 912:. 822:. 747:A 716:. 644:. 556:. 510:. 420:. 376:. 333:, 134:. 5960:) 5956:( 5745:e 5738:t 5731:v 5656:e 5649:t 5642:v 5614:. 5602:: 5585:. 5566:. 5546:. 5524:. 5505:. 5486:. 5460:. 5448:: 5431:. 5412:. 5393:. 5373:. 5354:. 5335:. 5314:. 5278:. 5259:. 5240:. 5218:. 5196:. 5177:. 5158:. 5135:. 5116:. 5097:. 5078:. 5059:. 5040:. 5021:. 5002:. 4983:. 4964:. 4945:. 4941:: 4924:. 4896:. 4877:. 4513:. 4231:. 3221:. 3074:. 2883:. 2846:. 2732:. 2215:( 2088:s 1368:( 158:" 34:. 20:)

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