36:
1109:
region, but with his leidang troops close to mutiny, Sverre withdrew to Bergen where he had decided to spend the winter. This was to be a near fatal mistake. The
Baglers had meanwhile travelled north to Trøndelag by land where they had entered Nidaros with little opposition. The garrison at Sverresborg held fast for a while until their commander Torstein Kugad changed sides and let the Baglers into the castle. The Baglers had Sverresborg completely dismantled. Sverre's home region was now in enemy hands.
1024:, to Rome to plead his case before the pope. He returned in early 1197, according to the saga, carrying a papal letter which annulled the excommunication of Sverre. In Denmark, Tore is said to have fallen ill and died under suspicious circumstances, but not before pawning the papal letter. The pawnbrokers then travelled to Norway and delivered it to Sverre who used it for everything it was worth. No other sources confirm this story and most historians now agree that the letter was forged.
474:, one had to be at least 30 years old to be eligible for the priesthood. If Sverre was 30 years old when he became a priest, this would place his birth no later than 1145, making his paternal claim impossible, as Sigurd Munn was born in 1133. This particular objection has lost credence as it has become clear that this age limit was routinely ignored in Scandinavia at the time. However, other objections remain, such as the fact that Sverre consistently refused to undergo an
840:
715:
982:, the traditional founder of the Norwegian Church. Eirik on his side preached against the king and his men, and sent letters of complaint to the Pope, but in the short term his offensive weapons were few. In 1190 Sverre attempted to force the archbishop into submission, claiming that Eirik had broken the law by having 90 armed men in his service. According to law, the archbishop's guard was limited to 30 men. Rather than submit to the king's will, Eirik fled to
631:
765:. The battle ended in a tactical victory for the Birkebeiners; the Heklungs fled when Magnus was mistakenly believed to have been killed. With his men in poor shape, Sverre decided to withdraw to Trøndelag. Some attempts at negotiation were now made, but these soon broke down. Magnus would not accept Sverre as co-king with equal status, and Sverre could not accept becoming Magnus' vassal.
470:
paternal claim to be true, while most historians have found that the paternal question cannot be given a definite answer. Although the fact that kings fathered illegitimate sons was taken for granted, other facts indicate that Sverre was in his early thirties when he came to Norway, such as the age of his own sons and nephews. It has been cited against Sverre's claim that according to
102:
939:, hence the name of the group. After establishing themselves in Viken, the Ăyskjeggene sailed on to Bergen. Although they occupied the city itself and the surrounding regions, a force of Birkebeiners held on in Sverresborg castle. In spring 1194 Sverre sailed south to confront the Ăyskjeggene. The two fleets met 3 April in the
1117:
operation. The following summer was to be called the "Bergen's summer" and was dominated by indecisive skirmishing in the Bergen area. On 11 August the
Baglers set fire to Bergen. The destruction was complete, even the churches were burnt down. Facing starvation, Sverre slipped away with most of his men to Trøndelag.
956:
1096:
he had had built. However, the
Baglers launched a surprise night attack during which the ballista was destroyed and Sigurd and his men were chased away. Sverre was furious and never gave his son a command again. After some more indecisive fighting, Sverre sailed north to Trondheim, where he spent the
647:
During the early years as leader of the
Birkebeiners, Sverre and his men were almost constantly on the move. The Birkebeiners were generally viewed as troublemakers with little chance of success by the general populace, who most of all desired peace. Although peasant gatherings were no match for the
1120:
In Trøndelag, most of the population was still loyal to Sverre, and many of those who had joined the
Baglers now changed sides again. Sverre was also able to play on the Baglers' brutality at Bergen. The Trønders promised to provide Sverre with a new fleet, in all 8 large ships were constructed and
1108:
from the northern and western parts of the country, and in May he was able to sail south to Viken with more than 7000 men, a considerable force. The
Birkebeiners attacked Oslo 26 July, and after many casualties on both sides, the Baglers were forced inland. Sverre now spent some time war-taxing the
1001:
in 1190 against Sverre's wish. After the destruction of the Ăyskjeggs at FlorvĂĽg, Sverre arranged a meeting with
Nikolas where he claimed to have proof that the bishop had colluded with the Ăyskjeggs. The king accused Nikolas of treason and threatened severe punishment. Nikolas submitted, and on 29
963:
The Church of Norway had been organized under the
Archbishopric of Nidaros in 1152. Ăystein Erlendsson, who had become archbishop in 1161, had been one of Magnus Erlingsson's main supporters. In return, the church had secured its position as an independent institution and also gained several other
772:
During summer 1182, Magnus made an attempt to take
Nidaros by siege, but was repulsed with grave losses when the Birkebeiners launched a surprise night attack. Sverre now started an extensive shipbuilding program. Without a fleet, he could have no hopes of expanding his influence further south. In
478:
to prove his claims. At the time, such a trial was routine for new claimants to the throne, and belief in its efficacy seems to have been universal; yet Sverre refused to undergo it. If Sverre's claim was false, however, he would lack royal legitimacy, dooming his plans to failure. Regardless, his
1112:
The year 1198 was to be the nadir of Sverre's fortunes. In May Sverre launched his attempt to recapture Trøndelag. This time Sverre failed to achieve surprise and the
Birkebeiner fleet consisted mostly of smaller ships. In the sea battle that followed, the Birkebeiners were soundly beaten. In the
768:
With Magnus controlling western Norway from his seat at Bergen, it became problematic for Sverre to keep his men supplied. Sverre therefore led his men south to Viken, a firm Heklung stronghold. He could therefore let his men plunder here with little damage to his cause. However, Magnus exploited
1148:, which was garrisoned by Reidar Sendemann and his men. The siege dragged on because the other Bagler leaders dared not send a relief force and the garrison did not fall for any of Sverre's tricks. At last, on 25 January, Reidar and his men surrendered, and Sverre decided to sail back to Bergen.
1116:
After his defeat, Sverre limped back to Bergen. He was soon followed by a numerically superior Bagler army under the leadership of Nikolas Arnesson and Hallvard of SĂĽstad. Sverre continued to hold Bergenhus fortress. This castle proved to be impregnable, giving the Birkebeiners a secure base of
830:
held up half of the enemy fleet, the rest attacked the outlying enemy ships. Panic began to spread as the Heklungs fled aboard their larger ships. These ships soon became overloaded and began to sink. Many of the wounded and tired men could not keep themselves afloat and drowned, including King
506:
in 1177. The Swedish dynastic lines were themselves engaged in civil war, and the current rulers of the family after King Erik were at war with the Danish king Valdemar. Erling Skakke had submitted to Valdemar some decades earlier, and it was beneficial for the Swedes at the time to support the
469:
The tale told in Sverre's saga is the official version. Historians have questioned the veracity of it, especially with regard to Sverre's alleged paternity. Some historians have considered his claim to be King Sigurd's son to be false, as did many of his contemporaries. Others have believed the
975:, was elected as his successor. Sverre now probably hoped that his relationship with the church could be normalised. He therefore approached Eirik with hopes of being crowned â the definite proof of recognition. However, in Eirik's eyes, Sverre was little more than a usurper and king-murderer.
872:
Although Norway had seen several conflicts in the previous decades, the victor had reconciled with his opponents. Reconciliation in Sverre's case, however, proved to be difficult. It was a long war with more casualties than previous conflicts. Most of the older noble dynasties had lost men and
638:
Upon Sverre's initial contact, the Birkebeiners had been reduced to a ragtag army of brigands and vagabonds with no more than 70 men, according to the saga. Many regard Sverre's achievement of forging them into a force of skilled and professional soldiers as proof of his leadership qualities.
1128:
Sverre could now take control over Viken and prepared to spend the winter in Oslo, but the countryside remained largely hostile. Early the next year, a spontaneous uprising took place as huge numbers of people started drifting towards Oslo to throw the Birkebeiners out. This peasant army was
908:, but neither side dared to offer battle. The Kuvlungs slipped away to Bergen. Sverre attacked Bergen just before Christmas. Jon Kuvlung was killed, which ended the Kuvlung rising. Some minor uprisings followed, but these never rose above banditry and were suppressed on a local scale.
1132:
With Sverre gone, the Baglers could return in force from Denmark and soon they had re-established their hold on Eastern Norway. The two sides then spent a year raiding each other's territories with no lasting gains for either side, although the Birkebeiners had the upper hand at sea.
1061:, the author attempted to prove that the excommunication of Sverre was unjust and thus not binding. The author also tried to defend the right of Sverre to appoint bishops. To support this view he had to interpret Norwegian law, since the Church had long considered this to be
391:, since the foreword states that part was written under Sverre's direct sponsorship. Correspondence between the pope and the Norwegian bishops can be used as an alternate source when it comes to church affairs. The saga and the letters mostly agree about the hard facts.
831:
Magnus. Most of the Heklung leadership fell there, along with a huge number of men at both sides. Leaderless, the Heklungs were now broken as a political party. Sverre could now finally, after a six-year struggle, claim to be the sole and uncontested king of Norway.
1129:
untrained and without organization and was no match for the battle-hardened Birkebeiners. In a battle on 6 March 1200 the peasants were defeated piecemeal. However, the Birkebeiners' grip on the region was still weak, and Sverre decided to sail back to Bergen.
442:. The priest school of Kirkjubøur must have been of a high standard, for Sverre was later described as very well educated. The legend says that he was hidden in a cave near the village. This cave actually exists and gave the mountain
697:
In the spring of 1179, Magnus and Erling Skakke attacked Nidaros, forcing another apparent retreat. Confident that the Birkebeiners had again fled southwards, Magnus and his men were complacent. Sverre, however, had turned around at
809:
to put down a local uprising and was still there when Magnus came to Bergen in June. After chasing out the few Birkebeiners there, Magnus set sail again, having heard news of Sverre's current position. The two fleets met 15 June at
523:. According to the old customs, all the king's sons, legitimate or illegitimate, had equal right to the throne. It was customary for brothers to rule the kingdom together, but when quarrels arose, war was frequently the result.
667:, however, the Birkebeiners were ambushed by the local peasants. Although the Birkebeiners were victorious, the surprise element on Bergen was eliminated, forcing the group eastwards again. After almost freezing to death on
897:. This group was in many ways the direct successor of the Heklungs, with many of its members coming from former Heklung families. The Kuvlungs soon gained control of eastern and western Norway, the old Heklung strongholds.
722:
After Sverre's victory at Kalvskinnet, the war changed somewhat in character. The Trønders accepted Sverre as their king; the two sides were now much more equal in power. At some point, Magnus' party acquired the nickname
497:
of Sweden is more a sign of pragmatic politics on the part of the Swedes, as their ally party in Norway needed a new leader and had chosen Sverre. Sverre was not the Earl's first choice, however. They had first supported
1035:
and in letters to Eirik accused Sverre of forgery. He also sent letters to admonish neighboring kings to dispossess Sverre. They did the contrary: Sweden continued actively to support the Birkebeiners and
694:, with the skirmish ending in a tactical victory for the Birkebeiners. Encouraged, the Birkebeiners returned to Trøndelag and managed to subdue the region enough to stay in Nidaros during the winter.
773:
spring 1183 Sverre attacked Bergen with parts of his new fleet. Avoiding detection by the enemy scouts, he caught the Heklungs off guard, seizing their entire fleet. Magnus fled to Denmark, leaving
1136:
In Spring 1201 Sverre sailed out from Bergen with a large leidang force in what would be his last campaign season. With this army he could demand war taxes without opposition on both sides of the
847:
Now that the dissatisfied priest and his band of vagrants and outcasts had become king and rulers of Norway, Sverre worked to consolidate his power. He placed his loyal men in high positions (
486:
The fact that Sigurd Munn's daughter Cecilia acknowledged Sverre as the son of Sigurd is inconclusive. Sverre's actions offered her a welcome possibility to divorce from the marriage with
678:
The next spring, after a short stay in Viken, Sverre and the Birkebeiners returned to Trøndelag. The Birkebeiners now shifted to a more confrontational strategy. However, an attack on
788:
would usually have an advantage, since this meant the crew could attack the enemy from above with projectiles and other weapons. Sverre built the largest ship afloat at the time, the
398:
warrior ideals where the king was expected to lead his men from the front of the battle line. Sverre was a talented improviser, both in political and military life. His innovative
618:
about their legs, instead of wearing shoes. But in January 1177, the Birkebeiners met a crushing defeat at the Battle of Re and Ăystein fell. Sverre met with the remnants in
769:
Sverre's absence well. In November he raided Trøndelag and managed to seize and burn the Birkebeiner fleet. Sverre had to return or risk losing his one secure foothold.
967:Ăystein had returned to Nidaros from England in 1183, and during his last years a state of truce existed between church and king. When Ăystein died on 26 January 1188,
873:
thirsted for vengeance. Further, that many people of non-noble origin were now elevated to noble standing was difficult for many to accept. Peace was not to last long.
1081:, the nobleman Reidar Sendemann from Viken and Sigurd Jarlsson, a bastard son of Erling Skakke. Eirik the Archbishop also gave his support. As their king, they chose
402:
often helped the Birkebeiners against more tradition-bound opponents. During battle he had his men operate in smaller groups, while previously tactics similar to the
1121:
several transport ships were converted. The Baglers sailed into the Trondheimsfjord in early June. On 18 June 1199 the two fleets met at the Battle of Strindafjord (
1251:
The saga gives 2160 as the total number of dead for both side. The various numbers given in the saga are generally plausible, though some over estimation is likely.
1065:. By now Sverre had his hands full with the church-supported Bagler rising, and the direct struggle with the church became a sideshow, at least for him personally.
746:
Several battles now followed. Magnus Erlingsson again attacked Trøndelag in the spring of 1180, this time reinforced by conscripts from western Norway. But in the
703:
599:
761:
Determined to achieve a decisive victory against the Birkebeiners, Magnus returned with his fleet the next year. The two forces met at sea 31 May 1181 in the
2178:
805:
Early spring 1184, Magnus returned to Viken from Denmark with new ships. In April he sailed north towards Bergen. At about the same time, Sverre had gone to
503:
1151:
During the return journey Sverre fell ill, and by the time they reached Bergen, the king was dying. On his death bed, Sverre appointed his sole living son,
602:. Sverre revealed to Birger Brosa his claim to the throne, but Birger was at first unwilling to give any aid. He was already supporting another group, the
920:
762:
559:
1422:
1113:
aftermath of this battle the Baglers further consolidated their hold on Trøndelag and many went over to what they believed to be the winning side.
1088:
Sverre happened to be in Viken, and the two forces soon encountered each other, although no major battles were fought. Sverre gave his eldest son,
968:
479:
motivation is clear: to capture the throne of Norway, whether he could prove royal blood or not. After all, Norway had seen other claimants, since
1013:
laid out the foundational rights of the Norwegian Church supporting Eirik on every point. Empowered by this letter, Eirik could take the step of
1051:. In this work, the unknown author discussed the relationship between King and Church. By referring to well known theological works such as the
900:
In autumn 1186, the Kuvlungs attacked Nidaros. This offensive took Sverre by surprise; he took refuge in the recently constructed stone castle
534:
had been chosen to be king by his father's followers. The conflict was now a regional conflict, with King Inge having the strongest support in
419:
978:
The situation now escalated into an open breach as Sverre began building up a list of privileges that were contrary to the church law made by
394:
Supposedly, King Sverre was short, so he usually directed his troops from horseback during battles. The contrast is great to the traditional
1535:
1155:, as his heir and successor and in a letter advised him to seek reconciliation with the Church. Sverre died 9 March 1202. He was buried in
655:. Since this was the traditional place to choose a king, the event carried important symbolic weight. The Birkebeiners then moved south to
453:
Sverre, however, was not suited for a priestly life. The saga states that he had several dreams which he interpreted as a sign that he was
443:
582:
Thus when Sverre came to Norway he found the prospects for a successful uprising to be small. Distraught, he travelled east and came to
2188:
904:. The Kuvlungs, unable to take the castle, were forced to retreat. In 1188 Sverre sailed south with a large fleet. They first met at
2163:
2158:
706:. Erling Skakke was killed in a battle that ended in a clear victory for Sverre. This victory secured Sverre's hold on Trøndelag.
1742:
1323:
570:
on his side, Magnus' kingship seemed secure. Several uprisings followed, but they were all suppressed. Erling Skakke had been
1031:, had brought himself up to date, but then the conflict was further escalated. In October, Innocent III placed Norway under
1311:
822:
proved to be the final struggle between Birkebeiners and Heklungs. Magnus had several large ships, but none as huge as the
1281:
1269:
858:
221:
853:) throughout the kingdom and negotiated marriage alliances between the old and new nobility. Sverre himself married the
2168:
758:. With Magnus out of the country, Sverre could sail south and occupy Bergen, but his hold on the region remained weak.
17:
947:). Here the battle experience of the Birkebeiner veterans proved to be decisive. Hallkjell fell with most of his men.
2203:
1451:
1371:
1352:
1195:
79:
57:
50:
2183:
1555:
1528:
691:
194:
2012:
418:. When Sverre was five, the family moved to the Faroes where Sverre was raised in the household of UnĂĽs' brother
311:
2173:
2148:
683:
574:
during his son's minority and continued to be the country's real ruler even after Magnus had come of age.
1521:
614:. They had received the name Birkebeiners because their poverty led some of them to wind the bark of the
471:
1027:
With the death of Pope Celestine in January 1198, the conflict entered a short lull until the new pope,
1544:
1495:
414:
According to the saga, Sverre was born in 1151 to Gunnhild and her husband UnĂĽs, a comb maker from the
1428:
747:
622:. After some initial doubts, Sverre let himself be persuaded to become the Birkebeiners' next leader.
2198:
1999:
1221:
562:, HĂĽkon Herdebrei fell and his faction began to fall apart. In 1164 Magnus was crowned by Archbishop
1664:
1009:
Meanwhile, archbishop Eirik had at last received a reply from Rome. In a letter dated 15 June 1194,
2193:
2127:
2121:
1979:
1961:
1936:
1921:
1701:
1389:
1041:
1021:
44:
2115:
1966:
1951:
1946:
1931:
1926:
1883:
648:
battle hardened Birkebeiners, Magnus or Erling Skakke frequently had the Birkebeiner on the run.
457:
for greater things. Further, in 1175, his mother revealed that Sverre was really the son of King
659:, where they were forced northwards again. Sverre then decided to turn west, attempting to take
1956:
1941:
1916:
1873:
1861:
1628:
1002:
June, together with the other bishops, he crowned Sverre. Sverre's domestic priest was elected
487:
362:
in 1184, Sverre ruled as sole king of Norway. Differences with the Church, however, led to his
61:
1878:
1851:
1156:
551:
427:
205:
131:
611:
563:
2153:
1763:
1736:
1505:
1152:
790:
651:
In June 1177, Sverre first led his men to Trøndelag where Sverre was proclaimed as king at
249:
157:
1217:
1145:
940:
8:
1711:
1706:
1681:
1432:
1101:
and soon established a firm control over the Viken region, with Oslo as their main seat.
972:
555:
531:
520:
276:
236:
101:
1896:
1817:
1753:
1691:
1686:
1488:
1384:
1058:
1010:
894:
866:
819:
359:
332:
319:
147:
1077:
party was formed at Halør in Denmark in opposition against Sverre. Their leaders were
2042:
1856:
1797:
1769:
1721:
1640:
1610:
1367:
1348:
1191:
1053:
1028:
994:
979:
928:
862:
583:
543:
355:
347:
295:
228:
107:
1410:
912:
2037:
1786:
1634:
1604:
1598:
1459:
1078:
1003:
936:
916:
774:
527:
399:
1775:
1125:). Here Sverre won a crushing victory, and the surviving Baglers fled to Denmark.
919:, a child claimed to be the bastard son of Magnus Erlingsson. The real leader was
784:
In the sea battles of medieval Scandinavia, the side with the largest and highest
1807:
1731:
1696:
1676:
1671:
1652:
1622:
1616:
1593:
1583:
1040:
sent mercenaries to help Sverre. In 1200 Innocent found it necessary to warn the
1037:
1014:
998:
849:
475:
363:
264:
652:
1658:
1416:
1082:
924:
340:
190:
116:
2142:
1867:
1588:
1089:
1047:
Around this time someone close to Sverre wrote a speech against the bishops,
993:
With the archbishop absent, Sverre tightened his grip on the bishops, and on
986:
where the Danish archbishop had his seat. From there he sent a delegation to
802:. Either because of luck or good strategy such a situation would soon arise.
754:), just outside Nidaros, the Heklungs were again defeated and Magnus fled to
607:
547:
535:
499:
415:
244:
1085:, supposedly the son of Magnus Erlingsson. They then sailed back to Norway.
997:
in particular. Nikolas was the half-brother of Inge Krokrygg and had become
672:
526:
Sigurd Munn, claimed by Sverre as his father, had been slain by his brother
431:
2032:
1831:
1716:
1344:
724:
595:
494:
480:
379:
839:
714:
539:
406:
had been preferred. This made the Birkebeiners more mobile and adaptable.
901:
890:
603:
567:
461:. In the following year, Sverre travelled to Norway to seek his destiny.
458:
403:
351:
1141:
1017:
Sverre and order the Norwegian bishops to join him in exile in Denmark.
905:
619:
2085:
2047:
1213:
1098:
882:
815:
668:
439:
384:
315:
1380:
606:â the Birchlegs. This group had risen in 1174 under the leadership of
1812:
1792:
1780:
1748:
1726:
1513:
1137:
1032:
736:
591:
516:
374:
303:
955:
542:. Inge Krokrygg fell in 1161. His party then took the five-year-old
2095:
2052:
1802:
1093:
811:
785:
702:
and marched again upon the city. The two armies met 19 June in the
656:
447:
395:
1174:
1105:
778:
755:
699:
679:
454:
350:. He assumed power as the leader of the rebel party known as the
259:
2090:
2065:
1547:
1394:
1074:
1062:
932:
854:
660:
587:
571:
515:
In 1176, Norway was slowly recovering from decades of multiple
490:, into which she claimed to have been forced by Erling Skakke.
435:
423:
367:
209:
137:
798:
was rather poor and it would only be useful within the narrow
630:
366:
in 1194. Another civil war began against the church-supported
843:
Locations of the most important battles during Sverre's reign
799:
739:
for hood and is here probably meant to imply the traditional
615:
373:
The most important historical source on Sverre's life is his
915:(the Isle Beards). This group's pretender to the throne was
1646:
987:
983:
806:
740:
664:
388:
307:
299:
1020:
The following spring, Sverre sent the still loyal Tore,
519:. The causes were largely due to the lack of any clear
794:. Because of its great size, the seaworthiness of the
718:
Sverre's journey across the mountains to Voss and back
346:
Many consider him one of the most important rulers in
310:, until his death, yet maintaining communion with the
893:, was a former monk and was claimed to be the son of
923:
who was Magnus' brother-in-law. Conspiring with the
1140:during the summer. In September he set up camp at
690:). After fleeing south, they met Magnus' army in
2140:
577:
126:1177 (claimed) /1184 (undisputed) â 9 March 1202
1097:winter. The Baglers had Inge hailed as king on
383:, in part written while Sverre was alive. This
911:The next serious threat came in 1193 with the
370:, which lasted beyond Sverre's death in 1202.
1529:
507:opponents of Erling's regime, namely Sverre.
446:(303 m, "Sverre's cave") on the south tip of
2179:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1338:
931:, Hallkjell gathered most of his men on the
709:
538:, while most of HĂĽkon's followers were from
483:, whose paternity was equally questionable.
354:in 1177, during their struggle against King
1347:(6th ed.). Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
876:
598:, who was married to Sigurd Munn's sister,
1536:
1522:
1361:
434:. It was here that Sverre studied for the
100:
2079:
1179:
1175:Sverre Sigurdsson (Store norske leksikon)
1044:not to accept further gifts from Sverre.
302:, the King's dominions and Kingdom under
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2026:
1993:
1910:
1845:
1395:Geoffrey Malcolm Gathorne-Hardy (1956).
1364:Sverre â Norges største middelalderkonge
954:
950:
838:
713:
629:
339:) (c. 1145/1151 â 9 March 1202) was the
43:This article includes a list of general
1576:
1397:A royal impostor: King Sverre of Norway
1209:
1207:
1190:(in Faroese). Sprotin. pp. 12â15.
14:
2141:
1543:
1104:In spring 1197, Sverre called out the
634:Sverre's journey to Ăreting in Nidaros
1517:
1185:
594:. There he met with the local ruler,
106:Contemporary bust of Sverre from the
1204:
29:
1339:Karl Jonsson; et al. (1995) .
1092:, the responsibility of guarding a
24:
1399:. London: Oxford University Press.
642:
610:who claimed to be the son of King
566:. With the Church and most of the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2215:
1423:The Saga of King Sverri of Norway
1417:The Saga of King Sverri of Norway
1404:
1068:
834:
510:
2189:Burials at Christ Church, Bergen
625:
34:
27:King of Norway from 1184 to 1202
2164:13th-century Norwegian monarchs
2159:12th-century Norwegian monarchs
1366:. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.
1317:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1186:Debes, Hans Jacob (2000). "1".
1159:, which was destroyed in 1591.
889:) rose in Viken. Their leader,
546:as king. Magnus was the son of
314:(cf. Communion of the cults of
312:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
1343:. translation to Norwegian by
1275:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1168:
13:
1:
1332:
578:Sverre meets the Birkebeiners
409:
990:asking the pope for advice.
464:
7:
358:. After Magnus fell at the
10:
2220:
1437:History of English Affairs
2169:Norwegian Roman Catholics
2107:
2064:
2011:
1978:
1895:
1830:
1554:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1445:
1439:, Book three, chapter six
1429:Of Sverre, King of Norway
1425:â a translation from 1899
1419:â a translation from 1899
1222:Norsk biografisk leksikon
710:Victory over the Heklungs
291:
283:
270:
258:
227:
217:
200:
175:
167:
163:
153:
143:
130:
122:
115:
99:
94:
2204:Faroese Christian clergy
1793:Magnus VI the Law-mender
1413:â coins issued by Sverre
1390:Diplomatarium Norvegicum
1324:Diplomatarium Norvegicum
1312:Diplomatarium Norvegicum
1282:Diplomatarium Norvegicum
1270:Diplomatarium Norvegicum
1162:
1042:Archbishop of Canterbury
877:Kuvlungs and Ăyskjeggene
298:, excommunicated from AD
2184:Faroese Roman Catholics
2066:III. Independent Norway
1749:Haakon II Broadshoulder
1188:Hin lĂŚrdi skĂşlin Ă Havn
1123:slaget pĂĽ Strindfjorden
1073:During spring 1196 the
814:in the long and narrow
682:ended in defeat at the
336:
64:more precise citations.
1980:II. Independent Norway
960:
844:
719:
688:Slaget pĂĽ Hatthammeren
684:Battle of Hatthammeren
635:
530:in 1155. Sigurd's son
502:, who had died at the
488:Folkvid the Lawspeaker
1764:Haakon III Sverresson
1737:Eystein II Haraldsson
1712:Sigurd I the Crusader
1561:Foreign and non-royal
1556:I. Independent Norway
1157:Christ Church, Bergen
1049:En tale mot biskopene
958:
951:Sverre and the church
842:
717:
704:Battle of Kalvskinnet
633:
188:(aged 50â51 or 56â57)
2174:Civil wars in Norway
1781:Haakon IV Haakonsson
1682:Magnus II Haraldsson
1569:monarchs in brackets
1457:Cadet branch of the
1057:and the writings of
752:Slaget pĂĽ Ilevollene
748:Battle of Ilevollene
600:Brigit Haraldsdotter
250:Haakon III of Norway
2149:12th-century births
2000:Christian Frederick
1813:Haakon VI Magnusson
1808:Magnus VII Ericsson
1754:Magnus V Erlingsson
1722:Magnus IV the Blind
1707:Eystein I Magnusson
1697:Magnus III Barefoot
1677:Harald III Hardrada
1599:Harald II Greycloak
1433:William of Newburgh
1411:Oslo's coin cabinet
1362:Claus Krag (2005).
1326:vol. XVII page 1221
973:bishop of Stavanger
865:and sister of King
671:, they wintered in
556:Sigurd the Crusader
554:, daughter of King
343:from 1184 to 1202.
337:Sverrir SigurĂ°arson
277:Sigurd II of Norway
237:Christina of Norway
212:(destroyed in 1531)
1818:Olaf IV Haakonsson
1803:Haakon V Magnusson
1770:Guttorm Sigurdsson
1692:Haakon Toresfostre
1385:Nordisk familjebok
1144:and laid siege to
1059:Augustine of Hippo
1011:Pope Celestine III
961:
945:slaget ved FlorvĂĽg
895:Inge the Hunchback
845:
820:Battle of Fimreite
720:
636:
612:Ăystein Haraldsson
564:Ăystein Erlendsson
558:. In 1162, at the
493:Support from Earl
360:Battle of Fimreite
279:(claimed; dubious)
222:Margaret of Sweden
18:Sverre I of Norway
2136:
2135:
2103:
2102:
2060:
2059:
2013:Union with Sweden
2007:
2006:
1974:
1973:
1891:
1890:
1826:
1825:
1798:Eric II Magnusson
1759:Sverre Sigurdsson
1743:Magnus Haraldsson
1732:Inge I Haraldsson
1672:Magnus I the Good
1641:Olaf II the Saint
1629:EirĂkr HĂĄkonarson
1617:Olaf I Tryggvason
1611:Haakon Sigurdsson
1594:Haakon I the Good
1584:Harald I Fairhair
1570:
1512:
1511:
1503:Succeeded by
1447:Sverre Sigurdsson
1381:Sverre Sigurdsson
1233:Krag 2005:113â116
1218:Sverre Sigurdsson
1146:Tønsberg Fortress
1054:Decretum Gratiani
941:Battle of FlorvĂĽg
929:Harald Maddadsson
921:Hallkjell Jonsson
763:Battle of Nordnes
544:Magnus Erlingsson
426:of the Faroes on
356:Magnus Erlingsson
348:Norwegian history
329:Sverre Sigurdsson
326:
325:
296:Roman Catholicism
195:Kingdom of Norway
108:Nidaros Cathedral
95:Sverre Sigurdsson
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2211:
2199:Fairhair dynasty
2077:
2076:
2038:Charles III John
2024:
2023:
1991:
1990:
1908:
1907:
1843:
1842:
1787:Haakon the Young
1776:Inge II BĂĽrdsson
1635:Sweyn Haakonsson
1605:Harald Bluetooth
1574:
1573:
1560:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1486:Preceded by
1476:
1469:
1460:Fairhair dynasty
1443:
1442:
1400:
1377:
1358:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:Jonsson 1995:153
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1079:Nikolas Arnesson
1004:bishop of Bergen
995:Nikolas Arnesson
937:Shetland Islands
881:Autumn 1185 the
663:by surprise. At
428:Kirkjubøargarður
185:
183:
110:, dated c. 1200.
104:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2194:House of Sverre
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:Swedish monarch
2122:English monarch
2099:
2075:
2056:
2022:
2003:
1989:
1970:
1906:
1887:
1841:
1822:
1717:Harald IV Gille
1653:Haakon Ericsson
1623:Sweyn Forkbeard
1589:Eric I Bloodaxe
1568:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1452:House of Sverre
1448:
1407:
1374:
1355:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:vol. VI page 10
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:vol. II, page 2
1280:
1276:
1272:vol. VI, page 4
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1220:(in Norwegian)
1212:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1071:
1038:John of England
1022:bishop of Hamar
1015:excommunicating
959:Coin of Sverre.
953:
879:
837:
712:
645:
643:Difficult years
628:
580:
532:HĂĽkon Herdebrei
521:succession laws
513:
467:
412:
364:excommunication
275:
254:
213:
189:
187:
181:
179:
111:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2116:Danish monarch
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1897:DenmarkâNorway
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Sigurd II Munn
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:Olav Magnusson
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:Olaf III Kyrre
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1659:Sweyn Knutsson
1643:
1638:
1619:
1614:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:King of Norway
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:Regnal titles
1478:
1477:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1405:External links
1403:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1302:Bagge 2005:164
1295:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1203:
1196:
1178:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1083:Inge Magnusson
1070:
1069:The Bagler war
1067:
999:bishop of Oslo
969:Eirik Ivarsson
952:
949:
925:earl of Orkney
878:
875:
863:Erik the Saint
861:, daughter of
836:
835:Troubled reign
833:
711:
708:
644:
641:
627:
624:
579:
576:
560:Battle of Veøy
512:
511:Norway in 1176
509:
476:ordeal by fire
466:
463:
411:
408:
341:king of Norway
324:
323:
320:Saint Valdemar
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
272:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
239:
233:
231:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
204:
202:
198:
197:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
136:29 June 1194,
134:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
117:King of Norway
113:
112:
105:
97:
96:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2216:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Christian VII
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Frederick III
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Christian III
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1373:82-03-23201-9
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:82-521-4474-8
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1260:Krag 2005:151
1257:
1248:
1242:Krag 2005:117
1239:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1197:99918-44-57-0
1193:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:Sigurd Lavard
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
965:
957:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
870:
868:
867:Knut Eriksson
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
841:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
782:
780:
776:
770:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
716:
707:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
640:
632:
626:Rise to power
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Ăystein Møyla
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Erling Skakke
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Inge Krokrygg
524:
522:
518:
508:
505:
501:
500:Ăystein Møyla
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
473:
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
251:
248:
246:
245:Sigurd Lavard
243:
241:Illegitimate:
240:
238:
235:
234:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
211:
207:
206:Old Cathedral
203:
199:
196:
192:
186:9 March 1202
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
109:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1967:Frederick VI
1952:Christian VI
1947:Frederick IV
1932:Christian IV
1927:Frederick II
1884:Christian II
1866:
1832:Kalmar Union
1758:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1564:
1494:
1475:March 9 1202
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1436:
1396:
1363:
1345:Halvdan Koht
1340:
1319:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1087:
1072:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1029:Innocent III
1026:
1019:
1008:
992:
977:
966:
964:privileges.
962:
944:
910:
899:
886:
880:
871:
848:
846:
827:
826:. While the
823:
804:
795:
789:
783:
771:
767:
760:
751:
745:
732:
728:
721:
696:
687:
677:
650:
646:
637:
604:Birkebeiners
596:Birger Brosa
590:just before
584:ĂstergĂśtland
581:
525:
514:
504:Battle of Re
495:Birger Brosa
492:
485:
481:Harald Gille
468:
452:
413:
393:
380:Sverris saga
378:
372:
345:
328:
327:
171:c. 1145/1151
76:
67:
48:
2154:1202 deaths
1957:Frederick V
1942:Christian V
1917:Frederick I
1874:Christian I
1862:Christopher
1545:Monarchs of
913:Ăyskjeggene
891:Jon Kuvlung
869:of Sweden.
568:aristocracy
459:Sigurd Munn
404:shield wall
352:Birkebeiner
304:Interdictum
144:Predecessor
62:introducing
2143:Categories
2086:Haakon VII
2080:Since 1905
2048:Charles IV
2033:Charles II
1567:, disputed
1563:rulers in
1506:Haakon III
1500:1184â1202
1341:Sverresoga
1333:References
1214:Knut Helle
1099:Borgarting
887:Kuvlungene
850:sysselmann
816:Sognefjord
669:Sognefjell
517:civil wars
450:its name.
444:Sverrahola
436:priesthood
432:Kirkjubøur
410:Early life
387:is likely
316:Saint Olav
182:1202-03-09
158:Haakon III
132:Coronation
45:references
2027:1814â1905
1994:Only 1814
1911:1524â1814
1868:Charles I
1846:1387â1523
1468:1145/1151
1138:Oslofjord
1033:interdict
857:princess
828:Mariasuda
824:Mariasuda
796:Mariasuda
791:Mariasuda
737:Old Norse
729:Heklunger
692:Ringerike
653:Ăretinget
592:Christmas
540:Trøndelag
472:Canon law
465:Paternity
375:biography
333:Old Norse
154:Successor
70:June 2011
2096:Harald V
2053:Oscar II
1857:Eric III
1852:Margaret
1577:872â1387
1489:Magnus V
1142:Tønsberg
1094:ballista
980:St. Olaf
906:Tønsberg
883:Kuvlungs
859:Margaret
812:Fimreite
781:behind.
725:Heklungs
673:Ăsterdal
657:Hadeland
620:Värmland
455:destined
448:Streymoy
440:ordained
438:and was
306:since AD
292:Religion
287:Gunnhild
148:Magnus V
2043:Oscar I
1665:Ălfgifu
1565:italics
1431:â from
1106:leidang
855:Swedish
779:sceptre
756:Denmark
743:garb.
700:Gauldal
680:Nidaros
552:Kristin
400:tactics
368:Baglers
58:improve
2111:Regent
2091:Olav V
1656:&
1650:&
1632:&
1626:&
1608:&
1548:Norway
1471:
1370:
1351:
1194:
1075:Bagler
1063:simony
933:Orkney
917:Sigurd
818:. The
800:fjords
661:Bergen
588:Sweden
572:regent
424:bishop
416:Faroes
389:biased
377:, the
284:Mother
271:Father
265:Sverre
218:Spouse
210:Bergen
201:Burial
191:Bergen
138:Bergen
47:, but
2126:Also
2120:Also
2114:Also
1473:Died:
1466:Born:
1163:Notes
1153:HĂĽkon
786:ships
775:crown
733:Hekle
616:birch
536:Viken
396:Norse
260:House
229:Issue
123:Reign
1879:John
1647:Cnut
1368:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1192:ISBN
988:Rome
984:Lund
935:and
902:Sion
807:Sogn
777:and
741:monk
665:Voss
550:and
385:saga
318:and
308:1198
300:1194
274:UnĂĽs
176:Died
168:Born
1435:'s
735:is
731:).
586:in
430:in
420:Roe
2145::
1383:â
1216::
1206:^
1006:.
971:,
927:,
675:.
422:,
335::
322:).
208:,
193:,
1789:)
1785:(
1772:)
1768:(
1745:)
1741:(
1668:)
1662:(
1537:e
1530:t
1523:v
1376:.
1357:.
1224:,
1200:.
943:(
885:(
750:(
727:(
686:(
331:(
184:)
180:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.