Synthetic diamond - Knowledge

313:, he spent about 40 years (1882–1922) and a considerable part of his fortune trying to reproduce the experiments of Moissan and Hannay, but also adapted processes of his own. Parsons was known for his painstakingly accurate approach and methodical record keeping; all his resulting samples were preserved for further analysis by an independent party. He wrote a number of articles—some of the earliest on HPHT diamond—in which he claimed to have produced small diamonds. However, in 1928, he authorized Dr. C. H. Desch to publish an article in which he stated his belief that no synthetic diamonds (including those of Moissan and others) had been produced up to that date. He suggested that most diamonds that had been produced up to that point were likely synthetic 603: 752:. The diamond yield is about 10% of the initial graphite weight. The estimated cost of diamond produced by this method is comparable to that of the HPHT method but the crystalline perfection of the product is significantly worse for the ultrasonic synthesis. This technique requires relatively simple equipment and procedures, and has been reported by two research groups, but had no industrial use as of 2008. Numerous process parameters, such as preparation of the initial graphite powder, the choice of ultrasonic power, synthesis time and the solvent, were not optimized, leaving a window for potential improvement of the efficiency and reduction of the cost of the ultrasonic synthesis. 1277:. The revised guides were substantially contrary to what had been advocated in 2016 by De Beers. The new guidelines remove the word "natural" from the definition of "diamond", thus including lab-grown diamonds within the scope of the definition of "diamond". The revised guide further states that "If a marketer uses 'synthetic' to imply that a competitor's lab-grown diamond is not an actual diamond, ... this would be deceptive." In July 2019, the third party diamond certification lab GIA (Gemological Institute of America) dropped the word 'synthetic' from its certification process and report for lab-grown diamonds, according to the FTC revision. 591:-shaped volume. The cubic press was created shortly thereafter to increase the volume to which pressure could be applied. A cubic press is typically smaller than a belt press and can more rapidly achieve the pressure and temperature necessary to create synthetic diamond. However, cubic presses cannot be easily scaled up to larger volumes: the pressurized volume can be increased by using larger anvils, but this also increases the amount of force needed on the anvils to achieve the same pressure. An alternative is to decrease the surface area to volume ratio of the pressurized volume, by using more anvils to converge upon a higher-order 705: 326: 22: 960: 638: 1187: 248: 560: 646:

industrial applications, the flexibility and simplicity of CVD setups explain the popularity of CVD growth in laboratory research. The advantages of CVD diamond growth include the ability to grow diamond over large areas and on various substrates, and the fine control over the chemical impurities and thus properties of the diamond produced. Unlike HPHT, CVD process does not require high pressures, as the growth typically occurs at pressures under 27 kPa (3.9 psi).

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immersed in water, the chamber cools rapidly after the explosion, suppressing conversion of newly produced diamond into more stable graphite. In a variation of this technique, a metal tube filled with graphite powder is placed in the detonation chamber. The explosion heats and compresses the graphite to an extent sufficient for its conversion into diamond. The product is always rich in graphite and other non-diamond carbon forms, and requires prolonged boiling in hot

459: 619:(e.g., tungsten carbide or VK10 hard alloy). The outer octahedral cavity is pressed by 8 steel outer anvils. After mounting, the whole assembly is locked in a disc-type barrel with a diameter about 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The barrel is filled with oil, which pressurizes upon heating, and the oil pressure is transferred to the central cell. The synthesis capsule is heated up by a coaxial graphite heater, and the temperature is measured with a 1199:

economic scale. Indeed, by 2023, synthetic diamonds' share had increased to 17% of the overall diamond market. They are available in yellow, pink, green, orange, blue and, to a lesser extent, colorless (or white). The yellow color comes from nitrogen impurities in the manufacturing process, while the blue color comes from boron. Other colors, such as pink or green, are achievable after synthesis using irradiation. Several companies also offer

522:(CVD). William G. Eversole reportedly achieved vapor deposition of diamond over diamond substrate in 1953, but it was not reported until 1962. Diamond film deposition was independently reproduced by Angus and coworkers in 1968 and by Deryagin and Fedoseev in 1970. Whereas Eversole and Angus used large, expensive, single-crystal diamonds as substrates, Deryagin and Fedoseev succeeded in making diamond films on non-diamond materials ( 793:). Large, clear and transparent single-crystal diamonds are typically used as gemstones. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) consists of numerous small grains, which are easily seen by the naked eye through strong light absorption and scattering; it is unsuitable for gems and is used for industrial applications such as mining and cutting tools. Polycrystalline diamond is often described by the average size (or 144: 1136:(at room temperature). Diamond is also distinguished from most other semiconductors by the lack of a stable native oxide. This makes it difficult to fabricate surface MOS devices, but it does create the potential for UV radiation to gain access to the active semiconductor without absorption in a surface layer. Because of these properties, it is employed in applications such as the 530:

relative lack of universal knowledge for identifying large quantities of melee efficiently, not all dealers have made an effort to test diamond melee to correctly identify whether it is of natural or synthetic origin. However, international laboratories are now beginning to tackle the issue head-on, with significant improvements in synthetic melee identification being made.

259:, played a significant role. His groundbreaking discovery that a diamond's crystal lattice is similar to carbon's crystal structure paved the way for initial attempts to produce diamonds. After it was discovered that diamond was pure carbon in 1797, many attempts were made to convert various cheap forms of carbon into diamond. The earliest successes were reported by 1369:, in which this physicist states that he has, on his part, succeeded in making carbon crystallize by methods different from those of Mr. Gannal, and that a sealed packet which he deposited with the Secretary in 1824 contains the details of his initial procedures. Mr. Arago announced that he knew another person who had arrived at similar results, and 1048:. Those synthetic polycrystalline diamond windows are shaped as disks of large diameters (about 10 cm for gyrotrons) and small thicknesses (to reduce absorption) and can only be produced with the CVD technique. Single crystal slabs of dimensions of length up to approximately 10 mm are becoming increasingly important in several areas of 467:

seeds. The container was heated and the pressure was raised to about 5.5 GPa (800,000 psi). The crystals grow as they flow from the center to the ends of the tube, and extending the length of the process produces larger crystals. Initially, a week-long growth process produced gem-quality stones of around 5 mm (0.20 in) (1

440:", which both dissolved carbon and accelerated its conversion into diamond. The largest diamond he produced was 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) across; it was too small and visually imperfect for jewelry, but usable in industrial abrasives. Hall's co-workers were able to replicate his work, and the discovery was published in the major journal 1020:. Efficient heat dissipation prolongs the lifetime of those electronic devices, and the devices' high replacement costs justify the use of efficient, though relatively expensive, diamond heat sinks. In semiconductor technology, synthetic diamond heat spreaders prevent silicon and other semiconducting devices from overheating. 781:(luster), and chemical stability (combined with marketing), make it a popular gemstone. High thermal conductivity is also important for technical applications. Whereas high optical dispersion is an intrinsic property of all diamonds, their other properties vary depending on how the diamond was created. 1198:

are grown by HPHT or CVD methods, and represented approximately 2% of the gem-quality diamond market as of 2013. However, there are indications that the market share of synthetic jewelry-quality diamonds may grow as advances in technology allow for larger higher-quality synthetic production on a more

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optimizing the substrate temperature (about 800 °C (1,470 °F)) during the growth through a series of test runs. Moreover, optimizing the gas mixture composition and flow rates is paramount to ensure uniform and high-quality diamond growth. The gases always include a carbon source, typically

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The CVD growth involves substrate preparation, feeding varying amounts of gases into a chamber and energizing them. The substrate preparation includes choosing an appropriate material and its crystallographic orientation; cleaning it, often with a diamond powder to abrade a non-diamond substrate; and

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The original GE invention by Tracy Hall uses the belt press wherein the upper and lower anvils supply the pressure load to a cylindrical inner cell. This internal pressure is confined radially by a belt of pre-stressed steel bands. The anvils also serve as electrodes providing electric current to the

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Synthetic gem-quality diamond crystals were first produced in 1970 by GE, then reported in 1971. The first successes used a pyrophyllite tube seeded at each end with thin pieces of diamond. The graphite feed material was placed in the center and the metal solvent (nickel) between the graphite and the

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Chemical vapor deposition is a method by which diamond can be grown from a hydrocarbon gas mixture. Since the early 1980s, this method has been the subject of intensive worldwide research. Whereas the mass production of high-quality diamond crystals make the HPHT process the more suitable choice for

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Due to questions on the patent process and the reasonable belief that no other serious diamond synthesis research occurred globally, the board of ASEA opted against publicity and patent applications. Thus the announcement of the ASEA results occurred shortly after the GE press conference of February

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Around 2016, the price of synthetic diamond gemstones (e.g., 1 carat stones) began dropping "precipitously" by roughly 30% in one year, becoming clearly lower than that of mined diamonds. As of 2017, synthetic diamonds sold as jewelry were typically selling for 15–20% less than natural equivalents;

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Gem-quality diamonds grown in a lab can be chemically, physically and optically identical to naturally occurring ones. The mined diamond industry has undertaken legal, marketing and distribution countermeasures to try to protect its market from the emerging presence of synthetic diamonds. Synthetic

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direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice). Nanocrystalline diamond produced through CVD diamond growth can have a hardness ranging from 30% to 75% of that of single crystal diamond, and the hardness can be controlled for specific applications. Some synthetic single-crystal

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mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about 2–3

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10 in) in diameter) can be formed by detonating certain carbon-containing explosives in a metal chamber. These are called "detonation nanodiamonds". During the explosion, the pressure and temperature in the chamber become high enough to convert the carbon of the explosives into diamond. Being

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is claimed to be the most compact, efficient, and economical of all the diamond-producing presses. In the center of a BARS device, there is a ceramic cylindrical "synthesis capsule" of about 2 cm (0.12 cu in) in size. The cell is placed into a cube of pressure-transmitting material,

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Diamond Research Laboratory has grown stones of up to 25 carats (5.0 g) for research purposes. Stable HPHT conditions were kept for six weeks to grow high-quality diamonds of this size. For economic reasons, the growth of most synthetic diamonds is terminated when they reach a mass of 1 carat

341:(Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget), Sweden's major electrical equipment manufacturing company. Starting in 1942, ASEA employed a team of five scientists and engineers as part of a top-secret diamond-making project code-named QUINTUS. The team used a bulky split-sphere apparatus designed by 1116:

Synthetic diamond transistors have been produced in the laboratory. They remain functional at much higher temperatures than silicon devices, and are resistant to chemical and radiation damage. While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics, they are

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In 2024, scientists announced a method that utilizes injecting methane and hydrogen gases onto a liquid metal alloy of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon (77.25/11.00/11.00/0.25 ratio) at approximately 1,025 °C to crystallize diamond at 1 atmosphere of pressure. The crystallization is a ‘seedless’

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container, the finished grit being squeezed out of the container into a gasket. The team recorded diamond synthesis on one occasion, but the experiment could not be reproduced because of uncertain synthesis conditions, and the diamond was later shown to have been a natural diamond used as a seed.

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reactions that cannot ordinarily be studied and in some cases degrade redox-reactive organic contaminants in water supplies. Because diamond is mechanically and chemically stable, it can be used as an electrode under conditions that would destroy traditional materials. As an electrode, synthetic

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Every diamond contains atoms other than carbon in concentrations detectable by analytical techniques. Those atoms can aggregate into macroscopic phases called inclusions. Impurities are generally avoided, but can be introduced intentionally as a way to control certain properties of the diamond.

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According to a report from the Gem & Jewellery Export Promotional Council, synthetic diamonds accounted for 0.28% of diamond produced for use as gemstones in 2014. In April 2022, CNN Business reported that engagement rings featuring a synthetic or a lab grown diamond jumped 63% compared to

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From 2013, reports emerged of a rise in undisclosed synthetic melee diamonds (small round diamonds typically used to frame a central diamond or embellish a band) being found in set jewelry and within diamond parcels sold in the trade. Due to the relatively low cost of diamond melee, as well as

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There are several methods used to produce synthetic diamonds. The original method uses high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) and is still widely used because of its relatively low cost. The process involves large presses that can weigh hundreds of tons to produce a pressure of 5 GPa

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onto the tool. This is typically referred to in industry as polycrystalline diamond (PCD). PCD-tipped tools can be found in mining and cutting applications. For the past fifteen years, work has been done to coat metallic tools with CVD diamond, and though the work shows promise, it has not

817:, the hardest known material on this scale. Diamond is also the hardest known natural material for its resistance to indentation. The hardness of synthetic diamond depends on its purity, crystalline perfection and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the 147:

Synthetic diamonds, which have a different shade due to the different content of nitrogen impurities. Yellow diamonds are obtained with a higher nitrogen content in the carbon lattice, and transparent diamonds come only from pure carbon. The smallest yellow diamond size is around 0.3

571:) press. Diamond seeds are placed at the bottom of the press. The internal part of the press is heated above 1,400 °C (2,550 °F) and melts the solvent metal. The molten metal dissolves the high purity carbon source, which is then transported to the small diamond seeds and 2947:

Galimov, É. M.; Kudin, A. M.; Skorobogatskii, V. N.; Plotnichenko, V. G.; Bondarev, O. L.; Zarubin, B. G.; Strazdovskii, V. V.; Aronin, A. S.; Fisenko, A. V.; Bykov, I. V.; Barinov, A. Yu. (2004). "Experimental Corroboration of the Synthesis of Diamond in the Cavitation Process".

987:. These are by far the largest industrial applications of synthetic diamond. While natural diamond is also used for these purposes, synthetic HPHT diamond is more popular, mostly because of better reproducibility of its mechanical properties. Diamond is not suitable for machining 1007:

Most materials with high thermal conductivity are also electrically conductive, such as metals. In contrast, pure synthetic diamond has high thermal conductivity, but negligible electrical conductivity. This combination is invaluable for electronics where diamond is used as a

446:. He was the first person to grow a synthetic diamond with a reproducible, verifiable and well-documented process. He left GE in 1955, and three years later developed a new apparatus for the synthesis of diamond—a tetrahedral press with four anvils—to avoid violating a 689:

windows of the growth chamber or from the silicon substrate. Therefore, silica windows are either avoided or moved away from the substrate. Boron-containing species in the chamber, even at very low trace levels, also make it unsuitable for the growth of pure diamond.

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Growth processes of synthetic diamond, using solvent-catalysts, generally lead to formation of a number of impurity-related complex centers, involving transition metal atoms (such as nickel, cobalt or iron), which affect the electronic properties of the material.

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The second type of press design is the cubic press. A cubic press has six anvils which provide pressure simultaneously onto all faces of a cube-shaped volume. The first multi-anvil press design was a tetrahedral press, using four anvils to converge upon a

283:. The molten iron was then rapidly cooled by immersion in water. The contraction generated by the cooling supposedly produced the high pressure required to transform graphite into diamond. Moissan published his work in a series of articles in the 1890s. 345:

and Anders Kämpe. Pressure was maintained within the device at an estimated 8.4 GPa (1,220,000 psi) and a temperature of 2,400 °C (4,350 °F) for an hour. A few small diamonds were produced, but not of gem quality or size.

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Numerous claims of diamond synthesis were reported between 1879 and 1928; most of these attempts were carefully analyzed but none was confirmed. In the 1940s, systematic research of diamond creation began in the United States, Sweden and the

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under short-wavelength ultraviolet light, but were inert under long-wave UV. Among natural diamonds, only the rarer blue gems exhibit these properties. Unlike natural diamonds, all the GE stones showed strong yellow fluorescence under

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to more than 2000 W/mK, depending on the defects, grain boundary structures. As the growth of diamond in CVD, the grains grow with the film thickness, leading to a gradient thermal conductivity along the film thickness direction.

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In May 2015, a record was set for an HPHT colorless diamond at 10.02 carats. The faceted jewel was cut from a 32.2-carat stone that was grown in about 300 hours. By 2022, gem-quality diamonds of 16–20 carats were being produced.

1064:. Both the CVD and HPHT processes are also used to create designer optically transparent diamond anvils as a tool for measuring electric and magnetic properties of materials at ultra high pressures using a diamond anvil cell. 4714:

Ueda, K.; Kasu, M.; Yamauchi, Y.; Makimoto, T.; Schwitters, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Scarsbrook, G. A.; Coe, S. E. (July 1, 2006). "Diamond FET using high-quality polycrystalline diamond with fT of 45 GHz and fmax of 120 GHz".

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Benmoussa, A; Soltani, A; Haenen, K; Kroth, U; Mortet, V; Barkad, H A; Bolsee, D; Hermans, C; Richter, M; De Jaeger, J C; Hochedez, J F (2008). "New developments on diamond photodetector for VUV Solar Observations".

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and various colors can be produced: clear white, yellow, brown, blue, green and orange. The advent of synthetic gems on the market created major concerns in the diamond trading business, as a result of which special

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Bucciolini, M.; Borchi, E; Bruzzi, M; Casati, M; Cirrone, P; Cuttone, G; Deangelis, C; Lovik, I; Onori, S; Raffaele, L.; Sciortino, S. (2005). "Diamond dosimetry: Outcomes of the CANDIDO and CONRADINFN projects".

979:. As the hardest known naturally occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. Common industrial applications of this ability include diamond-tipped 940:

Diamond's thermal conductivity is made use of by jewelers and gemologists who may employ an electronic thermal probe to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered

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Railkar, T. A.; Kang, W. P.; Windischmann, Henry; Malshe, A. P.; Naseem, H. A.; Davidson, J. L.; Brown, W. D. (2000). "A critical review of chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond for electronic applications".

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of diamond (5.5 eV) gives it excellent dielectric properties. Combined with the high mechanical stability of diamond, those properties are being used in prototype high-power switches for power stations.

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Hall achieved the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on December 16, 1954, and this was announced on February 15, 1955. His breakthrough came when he used a press with a hardened steel

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Gong, Yan; Luo, Da; Choe, Myeonggi; Kim, Yongchul; Ram, Babu; Zafari, Mohammad; Seong, Won Kyung; Bakharev, Pavel; Wang, Meihui; Park, In Kee; Lee, Seulyi; Shin, Tae Joo; Lee, Zonghoon; Lee, Geunsik;

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or 0.2 g), and the process conditions had to be as stable as possible. The graphite feed was soon replaced by diamond grit because that allowed much better control of the shape of the final crystal.

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Mildren, Richard P.; Sabella, Alexander; Kitzler, Ondrej; Spence, David J.; McKay, Aaron M. (2013). "Ch. 8 Diamond Raman Laser Design and Performance". In Mildren, Rich P.; Rabeau, James R. (eds.).

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Pal'Yanov, N.; Sokol, A.G.; Borzdov, M.; Khokhryakov, A.F. (2002). "Fluid-bearing alkaline carbonate melts as the medium for the formation of diamonds in the Earth's mantle: an experimental study".

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Burns, R. C.; Cvetkovic, V.; Dodge, C. N.; Evans, D. J. F.; Rooney, Marie-Line T.; Spear, P. M.; Welbourn, C. M. (1990). "Growth-sector dependence of optical features in large synthetic diamonds".

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During the growth, the chamber materials are etched off by the plasma and can incorporate into the growing diamond. In particular, CVD diamond is often contaminated by silicon originating from the

424:"belt" strained to its elastic limit wrapped around the sample, producing pressures above 10 GPa (1,500,000 psi) and temperatures above 2,000 °C (3,630 °F). The press used a 4160:

Coelho, R.T.; Yamada, S.; Aspinwall, D.K.; Wise, M.L.H. (1995). "The application of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminum-based alloys including MMC".

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In the HPHT method, there are three main press designs used to supply the pressure and temperature necessary to produce synthetic diamond: the belt press, the cubic press and the split-sphere (

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replicated Moissan's and Ruff's experiments, producing a synthetic diamond. Despite the claims of Moissan, Ruff, and Hershey, other experimenters were unable to reproduce their synthesis.

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16 C.F.R. Part 23: Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries: Federal Trade Commission Letter Declining to Amend the Guides with Respect to Use of the Term "Cultured"

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State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XXXIX and Nitride and Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Sensors, Photonics and Electronics IV: proceedings of the Electrochemical Society

1056:. Recent advances in the HPHT and CVD synthesis techniques have improved the purity and crystallographic structure perfection of single-crystalline diamond enough to replace silicon as a 5167: 1418: 5516: 4618:

Isberg, J.; Hammersberg, J; Johansson, E; Wikström, T; Twitchen, DJ; Whitehead, AJ; Coe, SE; Scarsbrook, GA (2002). "High Carrier Mobility in Single-Crystal Plasma-Deposited Diamond".

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Cheng, Zhe; Bougher, Thomas; Bai, Tingyu; Wang, Steven Y.; Li, Chao; Yates, Luke; Foley, Brian M.; Goorsky, Mark; Cola, Baratunde A.; Faili, Firooz; Graham, Samuel (February 7, 2018).

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pressure, rather than steel belts, to confine the internal pressure. Belt presses are still used today, but they are built on a much larger scale than those of the original design.

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at high speeds, as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high-speed machining, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives.

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Catledge, S. A.; Vohra, Yogesh K. (1999). "Effect of nitrogen addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diamond films grown using high-methane concentrations".

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Khachatryan, A.Kh.; Aloyan, S.G.; May, P.W.; Sargsyan, R.; Khachatryan, V.A.; Baghdasaryan, V.S. (2008). "Graphite-to-diamond transformation induced by ultrasonic cavitation".

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interrupted the project. It was resumed in 1951 at the Schenectady Laboratories of GE, and a high-pressure diamond group was formed with Francis P. Bundy and H. M. Strong.

1230:-inscribed serial numbers on all of its gemstones. The company web site shows an example of the lettering of one of its laser inscriptions, which includes both the words " 3119:

Loshak, M. G. & Alexandrova, L. I. (2001). "Rise in the efficiency of the use of cemented carbides as a matrix of diamond-containing studs of rock destruction tool".

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Russell, S. A. O.; Sharabi, S.; Tallaire, A.; Moran, D. A. J. (October 1, 2012). "Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond Field-Effect Transistors With Cutoff Frequency of 53 GHz".

3339: 1464: 654:, and hydrogen with a typical ratio of 1:99. Hydrogen is essential because it selectively etches off non-diamond carbon. The gases are ionized into chemically active 3747:

Yan, Chih-Shiue; Mao, Ho-Kwang; Li, Wei; Qian, Jiang; Zhao, Yusheng; Hemley, Russell J. (2005). "Ultrahard diamond single crystals from chemical vapor deposition".

2774: 77:(imitations of diamond made of superficially similar non-diamond materials), synthetic diamonds are composed of the same material as naturally formed diamonds—pure 5681: 4011:"Probing Growth-Induced Anisotropic Thermal Transport in High-Quality CVD Diamond Membranes by Multifrequency and Multiple-Spot-Size Time-Domain Thermoreflectance" 765:

methods. Injection of methane and hydrogen results in a diamond nucleus after around 15 minutes and eventually a continuous diamond film after around 150 minutes.

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produced blue ones. Removing nitrogen also slowed the growth process and reduced the crystalline quality, so the process was normally run with nitrogen present.

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Sakamoto, M.; Endriz, J. G. & Scifres, D. R. (1992). "120 W CW output power from monolithic AlGaAs (800 nm) laser diode array mounted on diamond heatsink".

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Royère, C. (1999). "The electric furnace of Henri Moissan at one hundred years: connection with the electric furnace, the solar furnace, the plasma furnace?".

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wavelengths. The DiamondView tester from De Beers uses UV fluorescence to detect trace impurities of nitrogen, nickel or other metals in HPHT or CVD diamonds.

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is considered to be the most important quality of a diamond. Purity and high crystalline perfection make diamonds transparent and clear, whereas its hardness,

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Larico, R.; Justo, J. F.; Machado, W. V. M.; Assali, L. V. C. (2009). "Electronic properties and hyperfine fields of nickel-related complexes in diamond".

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Barjon, J.; Rzepka, E.; Jomard, F.; Laroche, J.-M.; Ballutaud, D.; Kociniewski, T.; Chevallier, J. (2005). "Silicon incorporation in CVD diamond layers".

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Although the GE stones and natural diamonds were chemically identical, their physical properties were not the same. The colorless stones produced strong

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Most industrial applications of synthetic diamond have long been associated with their hardness; this property makes diamond the ideal material for

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that is produced in a controlled technological process (in contrast to naturally formed diamond, which is created through geological processes and

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Ahmed, W.; Sein, H.; Ali, N.; Gracio, J.; Woodwards, R. (2003). "Diamond films grown on cemented WC-Co dental burs using an improved CVD method".

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Assali, L. V. C.; Machado, W. V. M.; Justo, J. F. (2011). "3d transition metal impurities in diamond: electronic properties and chemical trends".

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within the crystal. The thermal conductivity of pure diamond is the highest of any known solid. Single crystals of synthetic diamond enriched in

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are used at high-energy research facilities and are available commercially. Due to its unique combination of thermal and chemical stability, low

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gave a reading of the minutes of experiments made on November 26, 1828 on the powder presented as artificial diamond by Mr. Cagniard de Latour."

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Abbaschian, Reza; Zhu, Henry; Clarke, Carter (2005). "High pressure-high temperature growth of diamond crystals using split sphere apparatus".

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of any material, 30 W/cm·K at room temperature, 7.5 times higher than that of copper. Natural diamond's conductivity is reduced by 1.1% by the

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Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P.; Thomas, R.; Anthony, T.; Banholzer, W. (1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond".

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companies to further develop diamond synthesis. They were able to heat carbon to about 3,000 °C (5,430 °F) under a pressure of 3.5

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Nebel, C.E.; Uetsuka, H.; Rezek, B.; Shin, D.; Tokuda, N.; Nakamura, T. (2007). "Inhomogeneous DNA bonding to polycrystalline CVD diamond".

3203: 1104:, which reaches 4500 cm/(V·s) for electrons in single-crystal CVD diamond. High mobility is favorable for high-frequency operation and 3486: 3068:

Hall, H. T. (1958). "Ultrahigh-Pressure Research: At ultrahigh pressures new and sometimes unexpected chemical and physical events occur".

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Isberg, J.; Gabrysch, M.; Tajani, A. & Twitchen, D.J. (2006). "High-field Electrical Transport in Single Crystal CVD Diamond Diodes".

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for synthetic diamonds has been increasing, albeit from a small base, as customers look for stones that are ethically sound and cheaper.

1167:, which would interact with DNA thereby changing electrical conductivity of the diamond film. In addition, diamonds can be used to detect 5299:

Collins, A.T.; Connor, A.; Ly, C-H.; Shareef, A.; Spear, P.M. (2005). "High-temperature annealing of optical centers in type-I diamond".

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claimed in 1917 to have produced diamonds up to 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter, but later retracted his statement. In 1926, Dr.

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approved a substantial revision to its Jewelry Guides, with changes that impose new rules on how the trade can describe diamonds and

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In May 2018, De Beers announced that it would introduce a new jewelry brand called "Lightbox" that features synthetic diamonds.

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of laboratory-grown diamonds has made public statements about being "committed to disclosure" of the nature of its diamonds, and

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to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD. Such DNA-modified films can be used for detecting various

539:(730,000 psi) at 1,500 °C (2,730 °F). The second method, using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), creates a carbon 5614: 3308: 5893: 5872: 5851: 4852: 4781: 4336: 4284: 4144: 4046: 3684: 3583: 3279: 3197: 3052: 2994: 2188: 2038: 1917: 1890: 1863: 518:

of hydrocarbon gases at the relatively low temperature of 800 °C (1,470 °F). This low-pressure process is known as

1096:. Making a p–n junction by sequential doping of synthetic diamond with boron and phosphorus produces light-emitting diodes ( 2444: 2384: 2335: 1468: 5642: 4369: 4110:

Wenckus, J. F. (December 18, 1984) "Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond"

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over a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form diamond. Other methods include explosive formation (forming

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were common, especially "plate-like" ones from the nickel. Removing all nitrogen from the process by adding aluminum or

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Dolmatov, V. Yu. (2006). "Development of a rational technology for synthesis of high-quality detonation nanodiamonds".

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Iakoubovskii, K.; Baidakova, M.V.; Wouters, B.H.; Stesmans, A.; Adriaenssens, G.J.; Vul', A.Ya.; Grobet, P.J. (2000).

5903: 2234: 1976:"Further Comments on Attempts by H. Moissan, J. B. Hannay and Sir Charles Parsons to Make Diamonds in the Laboratory" 1342:, and into the product of his experiments, which have presented properties similar to those of particles of diamond." 1155:

Conductive CVD diamond is a useful electrode under many circumstances. Photochemical methods have been developed for

745: 112:, which culminated in the first reproducible synthesis in 1953. Further research activity yielded the discoveries of 3888:

Ekimov, E. A.; Sidorov, V. A.; Bauer, E. D.; Mel'Nik, N. N.; Curro, N. J.; Thompson, J. D.; Stishov, S. M. (2004).

1029: 709: 2836: 2638:

Angus, John C.; Will, Herbert A.; Stanko, Wayne S. (1968). "Growth of Diamond Seed Crystals by Vapor Deposition".

408:

for his work in 1946. Bundy and Strong made the first improvements, then more were made by Hall. The GE team used

5575: 1259:

previous year, while the number of engagement rings sold with a natural diamond declined 25% in the same period.

5368: 5342: 5047:

Gandini, D. (2000). "Oxidation of carbonylic acids at boron-doped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment".

5452: 4510: 4455: 1828: 994:

The usual form of diamond in cutting tools is micron-sized grains dispersed in a metal matrix (usually cobalt)

814: 89: 5473: 5221: 5090:

Michaud, P.-A. (2000). "Preparation of peroxodisulfuric acid using Boron-Doped Diamond thin film electrodes".

5637: 1108:

made from diamond have already demonstrated promising high-frequency performance above 50 GHz. The wide

342: 3889: 4717: 4671: 4567:

Koizumi, S.; Watanabe, K; Hasegawa, M; Kanda, H (2001). "Ultraviolet Emission from a Diamond pn Junction".

2831: 1100:) producing UV light of 235 nm. Another useful property of synthetic diamond for electronics is high 128:, respectively). These two processes still dominate synthetic diamond production. A third method in which 5961: 5760:"DPA Petition on Proposed Revisions to the Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries" 4975:

Panizza, M. & Cerisola, G. (2005). "Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes".

2740: 1366: 1172:

diamond can be used in waste water treatment of organic effluents and the production of strong oxidants.

1141: 447: 887:

Unlike most electrical insulators, pure diamond is an excellent conductor of heat because of the strong

5951: 5391: 4432: 1587: 152:

The properties of synthetic diamonds depend on the manufacturing process. Some have properties such as

3712:

Sumiya, H. (2005). "Super-hard diamond indenter prepared from high-purity synthetic diamond crystal".

2285:

Bovenkerk, H. P.; Bundy, F. P.; Chrenko, R. M.; Codella, P. J.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1993).

1245:

has led to human rights abuses in Africa and other diamond mining countries. The 2006 Hollywood movie

1032:. These properties make diamond superior to any other existing window material used for transmitting 910: 855:), allowing it to be used in electronic applications. Nitrogen impurities hinder movement of lattice 762: 632: 572: 519: 333:

The first known (but initially not reported) diamond synthesis was achieved on February 16, 1953, in

125: 4411: 4385:

Khounsary, Ali M.; Smither, Robert K.; Davey, Steve; Purohit, Ankor (1992). Khounsary, Ali M (ed.).

4351: 3643: 2685:

Deryagin, B. V.; Fedoseev, D. V. (1970). "Epitaxial Synthesis of Diamond in the Metastable Region".

1907: 1052:

including heatspreaders inside laser cavities, diffractive optics and as the optical gain medium in

818: 275:

crucible in a furnace. Whereas Hannay used a flame-heated tube, Moissan applied his newly developed

136:

synthesis, entered the market in the late 1990s. A fourth method, treating graphite with high-power

5268: 1270: 976: 852: 306: 227:. It is estimated that 98% of industrial-grade diamond demand is supplied with synthetic diamonds. 205: 4136: 1382: 4909: 4481:

Jackson, D. D.; Aracne-Ruddle, C.; Malba, V.; Weir, S. T.; Catledge, S. A.; Vohra, Y. K. (2003).

3187: 1370: 1117:

promising for use in exceptionally high-power situations and hostile non-oxidizing environments.

1105: 1077: 844: 260: 185: 5918: 1744: 1647: 1628: 1591: 474:

The first gem-quality stones were always yellow to brown in color because of contamination with

5263: 4406: 3638: 3616:"Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite C60: comparison with diamond on hardness and wear" 1121: 699: 544: 405: 133: 5883: 5862: 3674: 3656: 3573: 3269: 2028: 1880: 1609: 1517: 744:-sized diamond crystals can be synthesized from a suspension of graphite in organic liquid at 4384: 1298: 1212: 880: 789:

Diamond can be one single, continuous crystal or it can be made up of many smaller crystals (

378: 5121: 2172: 1779: 761:

process, which further separates it from conventional high-pressure and high-temperature or

208:, synthetic diamond is becoming the most popular material for optical windows in high-power 132:-sized diamond grains are created in a detonation of carbon-containing explosives, known as 5308: 5255: 5056: 5021: 4941: 4879: 4815: 4773: 4726: 4680: 4627: 4576: 4541: 4494: 4398: 4231: 4196: 4077: 3980: 3914: 3854: 3801: 3756: 3721: 3630: 3526: 3459: 3373: 3323: 3234: 3157: 3077: 3044: 3037: 2957: 2918: 2872: 2694: 2647: 2586: 2536: 2459: 2399: 2350: 2298: 2180: 2140: 2091: 1987: 1247: 1093: 1089: 914: 848: 276: 236: 209: 189: 165: 157: 2863:

Werner, M; Locher, R (1998). "Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films".

514:

In the 1950s, research started in the Soviet Union and the US on the growth of diamond by

239:

devices and techniques have been developed to distinguish synthetic and natural diamonds.

8: 5395: 2796: 1331: 1223: 1125: 1057: 805:, usually referred to as "nanocrystalline" and "microcrystalline" diamond, respectively. 726: 655: 526:

and metals), which led to massive research on inexpensive diamond coatings in the 1980s.

479: 176:. Electronic applications of synthetic diamond are being developed, including high-power 140:, has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but as of 2008 had no commercial application. 25:

Lab-grown diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure-and-temperature technique

5312: 5259: 5060: 5025: 4953: 4945: 4883: 4819: 4730: 4684: 4631: 4580: 4545: 4498: 4402: 4235: 4200: 4126: 4081: 3984: 3918: 3858: 3805: 3760: 3725: 3634: 3530: 3463: 3377: 3327: 3238: 3161: 3081: 2961: 2922: 2876: 2698: 2651: 2590: 2540: 2463: 2403: 2354: 2302: 2144: 2095: 1991: 729:

is used primarily in polishing applications. It is mainly produced in China, Russia and

325: 5443:

for Gemesis diamond, International Gemological Institute, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2015.

5281: 5072: 4957: 4831: 4787: 4742: 4696: 4651: 4600: 4424: 3938: 3904: 3870: 3844: 3817: 3791: 3432: 3397: 3250: 3093: 2973: 2888: 2710: 2475: 2415: 2316: 2109: 1695: 1687: 1216: 1181: 864: 778: 725:(about 1 day at 250 °C (482 °F)) to dissolve them. The recovered nanodiamond 397: 295: 101: 5277: 4208: 3652: 3335: 3169: 3132: 2884: 1949: 5956: 5930: 5889: 5868: 5847: 5433: 5392:"DeBeers Pleads to Price-Fixing: Firm Pays $ 10 million, Can Fully Reenter U.S." 5285: 4791: 4777: 4643: 4592: 4483:"Magnetic susceptibility measurements at high pressure using designer diamond anvils" 4428: 4365: 4332: 4309: 4280: 4173: 4140: 4093: 4038: 4030: 3930: 3874: 3821: 3680: 3614:

Blank, V.; Popov, M.; Pivovarov, G.; Lvova, N.; Gogolinsky, K.; Reshetov, V. (1998).

3579: 3542: 3389: 3275: 3193: 3101: 3048: 2977: 2892: 2714: 2548: 2240: 2230: 2184: 2034: 1913: 1886: 1882:

The Book of Diamonds: Their Curious Lore, Properties, Tests and Synthetic Manufacture

1859: 1722: 1699: 1287: 1101: 860: 390: 299: 256: 201: 161: 5076: 4988: 4961: 4835: 4746: 4700: 4655: 4604: 3436: 3254: 2706: 2479: 1362: 1263:

the relative price was expected to decline further as production economics improve.

5606: 5316: 5273: 5133: 5099: 5064: 5029: 4992: 4984: 4949: 4887: 4823: 4769: 4734: 4688: 4635: 4584: 4549: 4502: 4416: 4357: 4300:"The diamond window for a milli-wave zone high power electromagnetic wave output". 4239: 4204: 4169: 4085: 4022: 3988: 3942: 3922: 3862: 3809: 3764: 3729: 3648: 3534: 3467: 3424: 3401: 3381: 3331: 3242: 3165: 3148: 3128: 3085: 2965: 2926: 2880: 2702: 2655: 2594: 2544: 2467: 2443:

Bovenkerk, H. P.; Bundy, F. P.; Hall, H. T.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1959).

2419: 2407: 2358: 2320: 2306: 2148: 2099: 1995: 1820: 1679: 1529: 1339: 1303: 1274: 1200: 1085: 616: 540: 441: 409: 386: 374: 370: 363: 255:

In the early stages of diamond synthesis, the founding figure of modern chemistry,

197: 164:

that are superior to those of most naturally formed diamonds. Synthetic diamond is

74: 5033: 4849: 4553: 3471: 3385: 3364:

Decarli, P.; Jamieson, J. (June 1961). "Formation of Diamond by Explosive Shock".

3039:

Multianvil cells and high-pressure experimental methods, in Treatise of Geophysics

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Osawa, E (2007). "Recent progress and perspectives in single-digit nanodiamond".

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announced that Mr. Gannal had spoken to him eight years ago about his attempts."

247: 5734:"Orwell's '1984', De Beers' Lobbying, & the New FTC Lab Diamond Guidelines" 4891: 3866: 3813: 3538: 1242: 1028:

Diamond is hard, chemically inert, and has high thermal conductivity and a low

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Denisenko, A.; Kohn, E. (2005). "Diamond power devices. Concepts and limits".

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solar observations). A diamond VUV detector recently was used in the European

5945: 5934: 4692: 4313: 4034: 2244: 1824: 1740: 1133: 1073: 1037: 1036:

and microwave radiation. Therefore, synthetic diamond is starting to replace

1009: 988: 964: 888: 679: 671: 412:

anvils within a hydraulic press to squeeze the carbonaceous sample held in a

382: 310: 264: 181: 4738: 4639: 4588: 5191:"Global Rough Diamond Production Estimated to Hit Over 135M Carats in 2015" 4647: 4596: 4097: 4042: 4026: 3934: 3768: 3546: 3491: 3393: 3246: 3105: 2104: 1726: 1683: 1534: 1413: 1208: 1186: 972: 959: 822: 667: 663: 620: 596: 494: 468: 425: 314: 279:, in which an electric arc was struck between carbon rods inside blocks of 93: 81: 4243: 2224: 615:

such as pyrophyllite ceramics, which is pressed by inner anvils made from

5364: 4132: 4010: 3909: 3517:(April 24, 2024). "Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure". 1292: 1164: 1145: 1061: 1053: 1013: 856: 794: 790: 774: 733:, and started reaching the market in bulk quantities by the early 2000s. 722: 588: 251:

Moissan trying to create synthetic diamonds using an electric arc furnace

193: 4997: 3926: 3306: 1442:"Introducing the Largest Lab Grown Diamond in the World: Pride of India" 559: 486:

produced colorless "white" stones, and removing the nitrogen and adding

124:, named for their production method (high-pressure high-temperature and 70: 5507:

Murphy, Hannah; Biesheuvel, Thomas; Elmquist, Sonja (August 27, 2015).

4221: 3097: 1335: 1081: 1017: 942: 802: 749: 599:. However, such a press would be complex and difficult to manufacture. 580: 548: 137: 5320: 5103: 4506: 4420: 3733: 2969: 2946: 2659: 2471: 2362: 1691: 1322:

As early as 1828, investigators claimed to have synthesized diamonds:

5246:

Walker, J. (1979). "Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond".

4260:. (August 2, 2005) "Diamond-silicon hybrid integrated heat spreader" 3992: 2411: 2311: 2286: 2153: 2128: 2113: 2000: 1975: 980: 919: 868: 798: 659: 515: 413: 334: 291: 173: 129: 85: 4482: 4480: 4277:

Materials for infrared windows and domes: properties and performance

3145: 1808: 704: 309:. A prominent scientist and engineer known for his invention of the 92:. As of 2023 the heaviest synthetic diamond ever made weighs 30.18 3185: 1195: 1156: 1109: 1045: 1033: 995: 984: 507: 483: 475: 437: 268: 231: 224: 169: 153: 4617: 4387:"Diamond Monochromator for High Heat Flux Synchrotron X-ray Beams" 3849: 3796: 937:

naturally present, which acts as an inhomogeneity in the lattice.

2383:

Bundy, F. P.; Hall, H. T.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1955).

1231: 1190:

Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition

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The diamond formula: diamond synthesis-a gemological perspective

4868: 1409:"Lab-grown diamonds: girl's best friend or cut-price sparklers?" 1378:

Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)

1358:

Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)

1330:, November 3, 1828: "There was given a reading of a letter from 1327:

Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)

21: 3118: 1234:

created" and the serial number prefix "LG" (laboratory grown).

1049: 741: 686: 433: 429: 305:

The most definitive replication attempts were performed by Sir

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Liander, H. & Lundblad, E. (1955). "Artificial diamonds".

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Many other scientists tried to replicate his experiments. Sir

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and window material in high-power radiation sources, such as

675: 503: 487: 421: 5462:. Jckonline.com (May 27, 2015). Retrieved September 1, 2015. 5164:"How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market" 4566: 3449: 2284: 2229:. Jan-Erik Pettersson. Stockholm: Sveriges Tekniska Museum. 879:

The thermal conductivity of CVD diamond ranges from tens of

358: 143: 4930: 4668: 3309:"Structure and defects of detonation synthesis nanodiamond" 1946:"Science: Dr. J. Willard Hershey and the Synthetic Diamond" 1149: 385:(510,000 psi) for a few seconds. Soon thereafter, the 338: 97: 5509:"Want to Make a Diamond in Just 10 Weeks? Use a Microwave" 2226:

Daedalus 1988 : Sveriges Tekniska Museums Årsbok 1988

1784:. London and New York's Harper Brothers. pp. 140 ff. 1334:, who communicated some investigations into the action of 797:) of the crystals that make it up. Grain sizes range from 271:

at up to 3,500 °C (6,330 °F) with iron inside a

5677: 4159: 3672: 2080:"Some notes on carbon at high temperatures and pressures" 2030:

50 years progress in crystal growth: a reprint collection

1522:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

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Wang, Wuyi; Persaud, Stephanie; Myagkaya, Elina (2022).

4713: 3781: 3613: 2623:

Eversole, W. G. (April 17, 1962) "Synthesis of diamond"

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container in which graphite was dissolved within molten

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Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences

4162:

International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture

2382: 1745:"Nouvelles expériences sur la reproduction du diamant" 755: 5011: 4850:"Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments" 4531: 3186:

Koizumi, S.; Nebel, C. E. & Nesladek, M. (2008).

1084:. Since these elements contain one more or one fewer 462:

A scalpel with single-crystal synthetic diamond blade

5864:

Gems: their sources, descriptions and identification

5607:"Why Lab Created Diamonds are a Poor Value Purchase" 5548:. The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council. 3970: 2997:. International Diamond Laboratories. Archived from 2767:"Industry worries about undisclosed synthetic melee" 1491:"Lab Grown Diamonds: A Miracle of Modern Technology" 579:

compressed cell. A variation of the belt press uses

5471: 5222:"How 2023 became the year of the lab-grown diamond" 4456:"Diamonds for Modern Synchrotron Radiation Sources" 4067: 4008: 2576: 1905: 1878: 1627:Academy of Sciences], November 10, 1828, volume 9, 1144:and BOLD (Blind to the Optical Light Detectors for 5474:"New Record Size for CVD Laboratory-Grown Diamond" 4186: 3834: 3036: 2129:"The Problem of Artificial Production of Diamonds" 1813:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 1646:Academy of Sciences], December 1, 1828, volume 9, 554: 4326: 3571: 1515: 5943: 5727: 5725: 5706:. U.S. Federal Trade Commission. July 24, 2018. 5704:"FTC Approves Final Revisions to Jewelry Guides" 5367:. Associated Press via NBC News. July 13, 2004. 4454:Heartwig, J.; et al. (September 13, 2006). 3414: 2684: 2026: 1777: 821:diamonds and HPHT nanocrystalline diamonds (see 5793:, U.S. Federal Trade Commission, July 21, 2008. 5674:"De Beers admits defeat over man-made diamonds" 4474: 4124: 2637: 1912:. Heathside Press, New York. pp. 127–132. 1465:"The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply" 5796: 5635: 5188: 3676:Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond 3512: 1439: 1088:than carbon, they turn synthetic diamond into 999:significantly replaced traditional PCD tools. 983:and saws, and the use of diamond powder as an 954: 5722: 5667: 5665: 5365:"De Beers pleads guilty in price fixing case" 4764:. Diamond and Other New Carbon Materials IV. 4274: 4004: 4002: 3043:. Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 2942: 2940: 2438: 2436: 2077: 1665: 825:) are harder than any known natural diamond. 641:Free-standing single-crystal CVD diamond disc 533: 450:secrecy order on the GE patent applications. 5219: 4453: 3964: 3746: 3274:. The Electrochemical Society. p. 363. 3121:Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 2862: 2170: 2126: 1973: 1668:"On the Artificial Formation of the Diamond" 1376: 1356: 1325: 828: 626: 5882:Spear, K. E. & Dismukes, J. P. (1994). 5539:"Synthetic Diamonds – Promoting Fair Trade" 5115: 5113: 4458:. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 3484: 3267: 3067: 2741:"Melee Diamonds: Tiny Diamonds, Big Impact" 2333: 1969: 1967: 693: 511:(200 mg) to 1.5 carats (300 mg). 369:In 1941, an agreement was made between the 230:Both CVD and HPHT diamonds can be cut into 5662: 5245: 4968: 4862: 3999: 3711: 2937: 2433: 1885:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 123–130. 1849: 1712: 1345:"Artificial production of real diamonds", 1072:Synthetic diamond has potential uses as a 436:or iron. Those metals acted as a "solvent- 5671: 5390:Pressler, Margaret Webb (July 14, 2004). 5267: 4996: 4410: 3908: 3848: 3795: 3673:Neves, A. J. & Nazaré, M. H. (2001). 3642: 2310: 2166: 2164: 2152: 2103: 1999: 1533: 746:atmospheric pressure and room temperature 5629: 5573: 5453:Company Grows 10 Carat Synthetic Diamond 5335:"Memorial Diamonds Deliver Eternal Life" 5110: 4329:Introduction to the physics of gyrotrons 3609: 3607: 3408: 3181: 3179: 2989: 2987: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2522: 2520: 1964: 1806: 1462: 1185: 958: 736: 703: 636: 601: 558: 457: 357: 324: 246: 204:and high optical transparency in a wide 172:, in cutting and polishing tools and in 142: 20: 5519:from the original on September 30, 2018 5239: 5119: 5092:Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5089: 5046: 4560: 3189:Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond 3034: 2827:"Swiss lab introduces melee identifier" 2572: 2570: 2179:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1899: 1771: 1759:from the original on September 11, 2017 1739: 874: 267:in 1893. Their method involved heating 16:Diamond created by controlled processes 5944: 5784: 5772:from the original on February 22, 2017 5765:. De Beers Technologies UK. May 2016. 5740:from the original on November 27, 2018 5617:from the original on November 20, 2018 5403:from the original on November 12, 2012 5182: 5122:"The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds" 4906:"Blind to the Optical Light Detectors" 4611: 4015:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 3881: 3345:from the original on December 22, 2015 3139: 3030: 3028: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2161: 1843: 1610:Artificial production of real diamonds 1406: 773:Traditionally, the absence of crystal 453: 396:The Schenectady group improved on the 362:A belt press produced in the 1980s by 114:high pressure high temperature diamond 5802: 5731: 5710:from the original on January 12, 2019 5684:from the original on November 9, 2020 5650:from the original on January 13, 2017 5604: 5488:from the original on February 8, 2023 5170:from the original on November 3, 2013 5144:from the original on October 28, 2008 5083: 5040: 4513:from the original on October 20, 2020 4180: 3604: 3176: 2984: 2899: 2517: 2280: 2278: 1926:from the original on November 5, 2012 1831:from the original on October 25, 2020 1788:from the original on November 5, 2012 1571: 1569: 1120:Synthetic diamond is already used as 1040:as the output window of high-power CO 847:, but diamond with boron added is an 813:The hardness of diamond is 10 on the 575:, forming a large synthetic diamond. 393:and others joined the project later. 353: 329:First synthetic diamonds by ASEA 1953 104:ever found weighs 3167 ct (633.4 g). 5371:from the original on January 1, 2015 5189:Zimnisky, Paul (February 10, 2015). 5120:Yarnell, Amanda (February 2, 2004). 4934:Semiconductor Science and Technology 4774:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.48.73 4525: 3417:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 2567: 1421:from the original on October 1, 2022 1002: 716:Diamond nanocrystals (5 nm (2.0 5906:. In Daedalus 1988. ISBN 9176160181 5605:Fried, Michael (January 20, 2017). 5574:Kavilanz, Parija (April 27, 2022). 5201:from the original on March 22, 2015 5049:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 4462:from the original on March 24, 2015 4128:Turning And Mechanical Manipulation 4061: 4049:from the original on March 20, 2022 3693:from the original on March 20, 2022 3592:from the original on March 20, 2022 3300: 3288:from the original on March 20, 2022 3206:from the original on March 20, 2022 3192:. Wiley VCH. pp. 50, 200–240. 3035:Ito, E. (2007). G. Schubert (ed.). 3025: 2851: 2493: 2251:from the original on March 20, 2022 2047:from the original on March 20, 2022 2008: 1542:from the original on April 25, 2016 1467:. Resource Investor. Archived from 1463:Zimnisky, Paul (January 22, 2013). 1440:Suman Tagadiya (February 4, 2023). 1023: 835:Crystallographic defects in diamond 756:Crystallization inside liquid metal 13: 5916: 5815:from the original on July 11, 2021 5636:Zimnisky, Paul (January 9, 2017). 5555:from the original on July 13, 2014 4912:from the original on June 21, 2009 4848:Salisbury, David (August 4, 2011) 4762:Advances in Science and Technology 2835:. National Jeweler. Archived from 2773:. jckonline.com. January 2, 2014. 2747:from the original on June 12, 2018 2275: 2059: 1948:. McPherson Museum. Archived from 1715:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 1566: 867:, thereby increasing hardness and 14: 5973: 5910: 5803:Graff, Michelle (April 4, 2019). 5672:Kottasová, Ivana (May 29, 2018). 5220:Pearl, Diana (October 26, 2023). 4872:Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 3952:from the original on June 7, 2011 2807:from the original on May 18, 2015 2777:from the original on May 18, 2015 2223:Sveriges Tekniska Museum (1988). 1407:Fisher, Alice (October 1, 2022). 1353:(278): 300–301 (December 6, 1828) 1251:helped to publicize the problem. 1207:diamonds can be distinguished by 843:For instance, pure diamond is an 192:. Synthetic diamond detectors of 5752: 5696: 5598: 5586:from the original on May 5, 2022 5567: 5531: 5500: 5465: 5446: 5427: 5415: 5383: 5357: 5327: 5292: 5213: 5156: 5005: 4924: 4908:. Royal Observatory of Belgium. 4898: 4842: 4798: 4279:. SPIE Press. pp. 303–334. 2084:Proceedings of the Royal Society 1809:"Über die Bildung von Diamanten" 1030:coefficient of thermal expansion 784: 265:Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan 90:chemical and physical properties 5923:Chemical & Engineering News 5833: 5434:Laboratory Grown Diamond Report 5341:. June 23, 2009. Archived from 5126:Chemical & Engineering News 4989:10.1016/j.electacta.2005.04.023 4753: 4707: 4662: 4447: 4378: 4345: 4320: 4293: 4268: 4250: 4215: 4153: 4118: 4104: 3828: 3775: 3740: 3705: 3666: 3565: 3553: 3506: 3478: 3443: 3357: 3261: 3218: 3112: 3061: 3013: 2819: 2789: 2759: 2733: 2721: 2707:10.1070/RC1970v039n09ABEH002022 2678: 2666: 2631: 2617: 2605: 2555: 2505: 2376: 2336:"Ultra-high pressure apparatus" 2327: 2263: 2216: 2197: 2120: 2071: 2020: 1938: 1872: 1800: 1733: 1706: 1659: 1640: 1621: 1316: 1080:with impurities like boron and 949: 555:High pressure, high temperature 5732:Payne, Jason (July 25, 2018). 4393:. High Heat Flux Engineering. 4354:Optical Engineering of Diamond 3890:"Superconductivity in diamond" 3485:David Nield (April 25, 2024). 1603: 1590:], November 3, 1828, volume 9, 1581: 1554: 1518:"On the nature of the diamond" 1509: 1483: 1456: 1433: 1400: 1295:inspired by Hannay and Moissan 1203:grown using cremated remains. 1194:Synthetic diamonds for use as 1067: 1016:, laser arrays and high-power 815:Mohs scale of mineral hardness 1: 5904:Om konsten att göra diamanter 5860: 5421: 5034:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.02.015 5014:Diamond and Related Materials 4954:10.1088/0268-1242/23/3/035026 4554:10.1016/j.diamond.2004.12.043 4534:Diamond and Related Materials 4209:10.1016/S0925-9635(03)00074-8 4189:Diamond and Related Materials 3653:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00232-X 3623:Diamond and Related Materials 3472:10.1016/j.diamond.2008.01.112 3386:10.1126/science.133.3467.1821 3336:10.1016/S0925-9635(99)00354-4 3316:Diamond and Related Materials 3170:10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00079-2 3133:10.1016/S0263-4368(00)00039-1 2931:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.08.008 2911:Diamond and Related Materials 2599:10.1016/j.diamond.2005.09.007 2511: 2287:"Errors in diamond synthesis" 2269: 2014: 1394: 768: 5861:O'Donoghue, Michael (2006). 5839: 4718:IEEE Electron Device Letters 4672:IEEE Electron Device Letters 4174:10.1016/0890-6955(95)93044-7 3575:Handbook of Electrochemistry 3090:10.1126/science.128.3322.445 3019: 2561: 2549:10.1016/0022-0248(90)90126-6 2499: 2065: 1906:Hershey, J. Willard (1940). 1879:Hershey, J. Willard (2004). 1338:placed in contact with pure 1175: 863:) and put the lattice under 658:in the growth chamber using 88:3D form—and share identical 7: 5278:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001 4356:. Wiley. pp. 239–276. 4090:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764 2885:10.1088/0034-4885/61/12/002 1653:September 11, 2017, at the 1634:September 11, 2017, at the 1597:September 11, 2017, at the 1280: 1142:Stanford Linear Accelerator 955:Machining and cutting tools 808: 712:) of detonation nanodiamond 448:U.S. Department of Commerce 10: 5978: 5881: 5301:Journal of Applied Physics 4892:10.1016/j.nima.2005.06.030 4855:November 18, 2011, at the 4331:. JHU Press. p. 229. 4327:Nusinovich, G. S. (2004). 3973:Journal of Applied Physics 3867:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.155205 3814:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.115202 3572:Zoski, Cynthia G. (2007). 3559: 3539:10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7 2797:"Diamond Melee definition" 2727: 2672: 2611: 1575: 1560: 1516:Tennant, Smithson (1797). 1179: 1122:radiation detection device 832: 697: 630: 606:Schematic of a BARS system 534:Manufacturing technologies 242: 5867:. Butterworth-Heinemann. 5846:. Butterworth-Heinemann. 5439:October 21, 2012, at the 5138:10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026 4828:10.1080/10408430008951119 4362:10.1002/9783527648603.ch8 3679:. IET. pp. 142–147. 3578:. Elsevier. p. 136. 3429:10.1134/S1070427206120019 3268:Kopf, R. F., ed. (2003). 2529:Journal of Crystal Growth 2033:. Elsevier. p. 194. 2027:Feigelson, R. S. (2004). 1778:Crookes, William (1909). 1365:communicated a note from 1291:(1895): a short story by 911:isotopically pure diamond 829:Impurities and inclusions 763:chemical vapor deposition 633:Chemical vapor deposition 627:Chemical vapor deposition 563:Schematic of a belt press 520:chemical vapor deposition 290:claimed success in 1909. 126:chemical vapor deposition 5638:"A New Diamond Industry" 5166:. Kitco. July 12, 2013. 4693:10.1109/LED.2012.2210020 4489:(Submitted manuscript). 4125:Holtzapffel, C. (1856). 2687:Russian Chemical Reviews 2445:"Preparation of diamond" 1825:10.1002/zaac.19170990109 1309: 1271:Federal Trade Commission 1106:field-effect transistors 694:Detonation of explosives 307:Charles Algernon Parsons 186:field-effect transistors 102:heaviest natural diamond 31:laboratory-grown diamond 5902:Lundblad, Erik (1988). 5840:Barnard, A. S. (2000). 5307:(8): 083517–083517–10. 5069:10.1023/A:1026526729357 4739:10.1109/LED.2006.876325 4640:10.1126/science.1074374 4589:10.1126/science.1060258 3749:Physica Status Solidi A 3227:Physica Status Solidi A 2801:Encyclopædia Britannica 1269:In July 2018, the U.S. 851:(and, in some cases, a 551:of graphite solutions. 545:detonation nanodiamonds 320: 261:James Ballantyne Hannay 5513:Bloomberg Businessweek 4275:Harris, D. C. (1999). 4027:10.1021/acsami.7b16812 3769:10.1002/pssa.200409033 3720:(2): 026112–026112–3. 3247:10.1002/pssa.200561920 2105:10.1098/rspa.1907.0062 2078:Parson, C. A. (1907). 1684:10.1098/rspl.1879.0144 1666:Hannay, J. B. (1879). 1615:June 29, 2014, at the 1535:10.1098/rstl.1797.0005 1377: 1367:Mr. Cagniard de Latour 1361:, November 10, 1828: " 1357: 1326: 1191: 968: 713: 700:Detonation nanodiamond 642: 607: 564: 463: 406:Nobel Prize in Physics 366: 330: 252: 149: 26: 5458:June 1, 2015, at the 4435:on September 17, 2008 4263:U.S. patent 6,924,170 4113:U.S. patent 4,488,821 2839:on September 10, 2015 2626:U.S. patent 3,030,188 2171:Hazen, R. M. (1999). 2127:Desch, C. H. (1928). 1974:Lonsdale, K. (1962). 1381:, December 1, 1828: " 1299:Synthetic alexandrite 1189: 962: 737:Ultrasound cavitation 708:Electron micrograph ( 707: 640: 631:Further information: 605: 562: 461: 361: 328: 250: 198:high-energy particles 190:light-emitting diodes 146: 24: 4256:Ravi, Kramadhati V. 2585:(11–12): 1916–1919. 2334:Hall, H. T. (1960). 1678:(200–205): 450–461. 1094:n-type semiconductor 1076:, because it can be 915:thermal conductivity 875:Thermal conductivity 859:(defects within the 849:electrical conductor 845:electrical insulator 277:electric arc furnace 158:thermal conductivity 5809:Nationaljeweler.com 5396:The Washington Post 5345:on October 17, 2012 5313:2005JAP....97h3517C 5260:1979RPPh...42.1605W 5061:1988JApEl..18..410W 5026:2007DRM....16.1648N 4977:Electrochimica Acta 4946:2008SeScT..23c5026B 4884:2005NIMPA.552..189B 4820:2000CRSSM..25..163R 4731:2006IEDL...27..570U 4685:2012IEDL...33.1471R 4632:2002Sci...297.1670I 4626:(5587): 1670–1672. 4581:2001Sci...292.1899K 4575:(5523): 1899–1901. 4546:2005DRM....14..491D 4499:2003RScI...74.2467J 4403:1993SPIE.1739..628K 4244:10.1049/el:19920123 4236:1992ElL....28..197S 4224:Electronics Letters 4201:2003DRM....12.1300A 4082:1993PhRvL..70.3764W 3985:1999JAP....86..698C 3927:10.1038/nature02449 3919:2004Natur.428..542E 3859:2011PhRvB..84o5205A 3806:2009PhRvB..79k5202L 3761:2004PSSAR.201R..25Y 3726:2005RScI...76b6112S 3635:1998DRM.....7..427B 3531:2024Natur.629..348G 3464:2008DRM....17..931K 3378:1961Sci...133.1821D 3372:(3467): 1821–1822. 3328:2000DRM.....9..861I 3239:2005PSSAR.202.2177B 3162:2002Litho..60..145P 3082:1958Sci...128..445H 2962:2004DokPh..49..150G 2923:2007DRM....16.2018O 2877:1998RPPh...61.1665W 2699:1970RuCRv..39..783D 2652:1968JAP....39.2915A 2591:2005DRM....14.1916A 2541:1990JCrGr.104..257B 2489:on January 8, 2014. 2464:1959Natur.184.1094B 2458:(4693): 1094–1098. 2429:on January 8, 2014. 2404:1955Natur.176...51B 2385:"Man-made diamonds" 2372:on January 8, 2014. 2355:1960RScI...31..125H 2303:1993Natur.365...19B 2145:1928Natur.121..799C 2096:1907RSPSA..79..532P 1992:1962Natur.196..104L 1952:on January 12, 2016 1850:Nassau, K. (1980). 1588:Academy of Sciences 1471:on January 28, 2013 1347:Mechanics' Magazine 1058:diffraction grating 913:, have the highest 454:Further development 5962:1953 introductions 5643:The Mining Journal 4487:Rev. Sci. Instrum. 3560:Spear and Dismukes 3452:Diam. Relat. Mater 2743:. April 11, 2017. 2728:Spear and Dismukes 2673:Spear and Dismukes 2612:Spear and Dismukes 2579:Diam. Relat. Mater 2175:The diamond makers 1858:. pp. 12–25. 1672:Proc. R. Soc. Lond 1576:Spear and Dismukes 1561:Spear and Dismukes 1215:, ultraviolet, or 1192: 1182:Diamond (gemstone) 969: 865:compressive stress 779:optical dispersion 714: 682:, or other means. 643: 608: 565: 464: 367: 354:GE diamond project 343:Baltzar von Platen 331: 296:J. Willard Hershey 253: 150: 71:obtained by mining 43:laboratory-created 27: 5952:Synthetic diamond 5917:Schulz, William. 5895:978-0-471-53589-8 5885:Synthetic diamond 5874:978-0-7506-5856-0 5853:978-0-7506-4244-6 5478:Gems and Gemology 5321:10.1063/1.1866501 5254:(10): 1605–1659. 5104:10.1149/1.1390963 5055:(12): 1345–1350. 4783:978-3-03813-096-3 4679:(10): 1471–1473. 4507:10.1063/1.1544084 4421:10.1117/12.140532 4338:978-0-8018-7921-0 4286:978-0-8194-3482-1 4146:978-1-879335-39-4 4076:(24): 3764–3767. 3903:(6982): 542–545. 3734:10.1063/1.1850654 3714:Rev. Sci. Instrum 3686:978-0-85296-785-0 3662:on July 21, 2011. 3585:978-0-444-51958-0 3525:(8011): 348–354. 3423:(12): 1913–1918. 3281:978-1-56677-391-1 3233:(11): 2177–2181. 3199:978-3-527-40801-6 3076:(3322): 445–449. 3054:978-0-8129-2275-2 2970:10.1134/1.1710678 2917:(12): 2018–2022. 2871:(12): 1665–1710. 2660:10.1063/1.1656693 2472:10.1038/1841094a0 2363:10.1063/1.1716907 2343:Rev. Sci. Instrum 2190:978-0-521-65474-6 2139:(3055): 799–800. 2040:978-0-444-51650-3 1986:(4850): 104–106. 1919:978-0-486-41816-2 1892:978-1-4179-7715-4 1865:978-0-8019-6773-3 1807:Ruff, O. (1917). 1578:, pp. 23, 512–513 1288:The Diamond Maker 1275:diamond simulants 1201:memorial diamonds 1003:Thermal conductor 861:crystal structure 748:using ultrasonic 404:, who received a 300:McPherson College 257:Antoine Lavoisier 202:thermal expansion 184:, high-frequency 162:electron mobility 75:diamond simulants 39:lab-grown diamond 37:), also called a 5969: 5938: 5899: 5878: 5857: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5543: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5469: 5463: 5450: 5444: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5271: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5195:Kitco Commentary 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5020:(8): 1648–1651. 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4878:(1–2): 189–196. 4866: 4860: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4540:(3–7): 491–498. 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4431:. Archived from 4414: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4195:(8): 1300–1306. 4184: 4178: 4177: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4021:(5): 4808–4815. 4006: 3997: 3996: 3993:10.1063/1.370787 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3951: 3912: 3910:cond-mat/0404156 3894: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3655:. Archived from 3646: 3629:(2–5): 427–431. 3620: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3515:Ruoff, Rodney S. 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3344: 3322:(3–6): 861–865. 3313: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3156:(3–4): 145–159. 3143: 3137: 3136: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3042: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2995:"HPHT synthesis" 2991: 2982: 2981: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2860: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2832:National Jeweler 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2482:. Archived from 2449: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2422:. Archived from 2412:10.1038/176051a0 2389: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2365:. Archived from 2340: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2312:10.1038/365019a0 2282: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2178: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154:10.1038/121799a0 2124: 2118: 2117: 2107: 2090:(533): 532–535. 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001:10.1038/196104a0 1971: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1909:Book of Diamonds 1903: 1897: 1896: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1852:Gems made by Man 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1663: 1657: 1644: 1638: 1625: 1619: 1607: 1601: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1537: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1497:. April 13, 2023 1487: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1404: 1388: 1380: 1360: 1340:carbon disulfide 1329: 1320: 1304:List of diamonds 1140:detector at the 1102:carrier mobility 1086:valence electron 1024:Optical material 936: 934: 933: 926: 925: 908: 907: 906: 899: 898: 889:covalent bonding 719: 617:cemented carbide 410:tungsten carbide 387:Second World War 371:General Electric 220: 219: 218: 63:cultured diamond 5977: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5942: 5941: 5913: 5896: 5875: 5854: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5730: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5670: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5611:The Diamond Pro 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5470: 5466: 5460:Wayback Machine 5451: 5447: 5441:Wayback Machine 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5297: 5293: 5248:Rep. Prog. Phys 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5118: 5111: 5088: 5084: 5045: 5041: 5010: 5006: 4973: 4969: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4867: 4863: 4857:Wayback Machine 4847: 4843: 4803: 4799: 4784: 4758: 4754: 4712: 4708: 4667: 4663: 4616: 4612: 4565: 4561: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4412:10.1.1.261.1970 4383: 4379: 4372: 4371:978-352764860-3 4350: 4346: 4339: 4325: 4321: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4220: 4216: 4185: 4181: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4070:Phys. Rev. Lett 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4007: 4000: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3833: 3829: 3780: 3776: 3745: 3741: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3644:10.1.1.520.7265 3618: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3448: 3444: 3413: 3409: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3282: 3266: 3262: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3200: 3184: 3177: 3144: 3140: 3117: 3113: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2950:Doklady Physics 2945: 2938: 2907: 2900: 2865:Rep. Prog. Phys 2861: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2398:(4471): 51–55. 2387: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2169: 2162: 2125: 2121: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2041: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 1972: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1920: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1856:Chilton Book Co 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1738: 1734: 1711: 1707: 1664: 1660: 1655:Wayback Machine 1645: 1641: 1636:Wayback Machine 1626: 1622: 1617:Wayback Machine 1608: 1604: 1599:Wayback Machine 1586: 1582: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1283: 1253:Consumer demand 1184: 1178: 1128:and has a wide 1070: 1043: 1026: 1012:for high-power 1005: 963:Diamonds in an 957: 952: 932: 930: 929: 928: 924: 922: 921: 920: 918: 905: 903: 902: 901: 897: 895: 894: 893: 892: 877: 837: 831: 811: 801:to hundreds of 787: 771: 758: 739: 717: 702: 696: 635: 629: 557: 536: 499:phosphorescence 456: 356: 323: 288:William Crookes 263:in 1879 and by 245: 217: 214: 213: 212: 210: 51:artisan-created 17: 12: 11: 5: 5975: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5940: 5939: 5912: 5911:External links 5909: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5888:. Wiley-IEEE. 5879: 5873: 5858: 5852: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5795: 5783: 5751: 5721: 5695: 5661: 5628: 5597: 5576:"CNN Business" 5566: 5530: 5499: 5464: 5445: 5426: 5414: 5382: 5356: 5326: 5291: 5269:10.1.1.467.443 5238: 5212: 5181: 5155: 5109: 5082: 5039: 5004: 4983:(2): 191–199. 4967: 4923: 4897: 4861: 4841: 4814:(3): 163–277. 4797: 4782: 4752: 4725:(7): 570–572. 4706: 4661: 4610: 4559: 4524: 4473: 4446: 4377: 4370: 4344: 4337: 4319: 4292: 4285: 4267: 4249: 4230:(2): 197–199. 4214: 4179: 4168:(5): 761–774. 4152: 4145: 4117: 4103: 4060: 3998: 3963: 3880: 3843:(15): 155205. 3827: 3790:(11): 115202. 3774: 3739: 3704: 3685: 3665: 3603: 3584: 3564: 3552: 3505: 3477: 3458:(6): 931–936. 3442: 3407: 3356: 3299: 3280: 3260: 3217: 3198: 3175: 3138: 3111: 3060: 3053: 3024: 3012: 3001:on May 1, 2009 2983: 2956:(3): 150–153. 2936: 2898: 2850: 2818: 2788: 2758: 2732: 2720: 2693:(9): 783–788. 2677: 2665: 2630: 2616: 2604: 2566: 2554: 2535:(2): 257–279. 2516: 2504: 2492: 2432: 2375: 2326: 2274: 2262: 2235: 2215: 2196: 2189: 2160: 2119: 2070: 2058: 2039: 2019: 2007: 1963: 1937: 1918: 1898: 1891: 1871: 1864: 1842: 1799: 1770: 1749:Comptes Rendus 1741:Moissan, Henri 1732: 1705: 1658: 1639: 1620: 1602: 1580: 1565: 1553: 1508: 1482: 1455: 1444:. Diamondrensu 1432: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1374: 1371:Mr. Gay-Lussac 1354: 1343: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1282: 1279: 1243:diamond mining 1180:Main article: 1177: 1174: 1126:radiation hard 1069: 1066: 1041: 1025: 1022: 1004: 1001: 989:ferrous alloys 956: 953: 951: 948: 931: 923: 904: 896: 876: 873: 853:superconductor 833:Main article: 830: 827: 810: 807: 786: 783: 770: 767: 757: 754: 738: 735: 698:Main article: 695: 692: 628: 625: 612:BARS apparatus 593:platonic solid 556: 553: 535: 532: 455: 452: 402:Percy Bridgman 355: 352: 322: 319: 244: 241: 215: 206:spectral range 196:(UV) light or 182:power stations 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5974: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5666: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4940:(3): 035026. 4939: 4935: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3562:, pp. 308–309 3561: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2730:, pp. 265–266 2729: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640:J. Appl. Phys 2634: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2236:91-7616-018-1 2232: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2165: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1968: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819:(1): 73–104. 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1721:(2): 116–30. 1720: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1443: 1436: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1248:Blood Diamond 1244: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1188: 1183: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:semiconductor 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1038:zinc selenide 1035: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:heat spreader 1000: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 977:cutting tools 974: 973:machine tools 966: 965:angle grinder 961: 947: 944: 938: 935: 916: 912: 890: 885: 882: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 836: 826: 824: 819: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 785:Crystallinity 782: 780: 776: 766: 764: 753: 751: 747: 743: 734: 732: 728: 724: 711: 706: 701: 691: 688: 683: 681: 680:electron beam 677: 673: 672:welding torch 669: 668:arc discharge 665: 661: 657: 653: 647: 639: 634: 624: 622: 618: 613: 604: 600: 598: 594: 590: 584: 582: 576: 574: 570: 561: 552: 550: 546: 542: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 512: 509: 505: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 460: 451: 449: 445: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 365: 360: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 327: 318: 316: 312: 311:steam turbine 308: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 249: 240: 238: 237:spectroscopic 233: 228: 226: 222: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 23: 19: 5926: 5922: 5884: 5863: 5842: 5834:Bibliography 5829: 5817:. 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