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230:(I/O) facilities because a system-software project usually develops its own I/O mechanisms or builds on basic monitor I/O or screen management facilities. The distinction between languages used for system programming and application programming became blurred over time with the widespread popularity of
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While PL360 is at the semantic level of assembly language, another kind of system programming language operates at a higher semantic level, but has specific extensions designed to make the language suitable for system programming. An early example of this kind of language is LRLTRAN, which extended
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could be developed that generated efficient object programs on modest hardware. Such a language generally omits features that cannot be implemented efficiently, and adds a small number of machine-dependent features needed to access specific hardware abilities;
266:
Mid-level languages "have much of the syntax and facilities of a higher level language, but also provide direct access in the language (as well as providing assembly language) to machine features." The earliest of these was
221:
In contrast with application languages, system programming languages typically offer more-direct access to the physical hardware of the machine: an archetypical system programming language in this sense was
302:, signifying that registers 8 and 7 should be and'ed together, the result shifted left 8 bits, the result of that or'ed with the contents of register 6, and the final result placed into register 9.
159:
General-purpose programming languages tend to focus on generic features to allow programs written in the language to use the same code on different platforms. Examples of such languages include
170:
System languages, in contrast, are designed not for compatibility, but for performance and ease of access to the underlying hardware while still providing high-level programming concepts like
254:
primarily because there was no alternative, but also for reasons including efficiency of object code, compilation time, and ease of debugging. Application languages such as
167:. This generic quality typically comes at the cost of denying direct access to the machine's internal workings, and this often has negative effects on performance.
1333:
1252:
Mendicino, Sam F.; Hughes, Robert A.; Martin, Jeanne T.; McMahon, Frank H.; Ranelletti, John E.; Zwakenberg, Richard G. (1968). "The LRLTRAN Compiler".
1174:. IFIP Working Conference on Machine Oriented Higher Level Languages (MOHL). Trondheim, Norway: International Federation for Information Processing.
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Subsequently, languages such as C were developed, where the combination of features was sufficient to write system software, and a
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in syntax but tuned to their respective platforms. Others are cross-platform but designed to work close to the hardware, like
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Some languages straddle the system and application domains, bridging the gap between these uses. The canonical example is
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were used for system programming, although they usually still required some routines to be written in assembly language.
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but whose statements directly manipulated CPU registers and memory. Other languages in this category include
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Wulf, W. A.; Russell, D. B.; Haberman, A. N. (December 1971). "BLISS: A Language for
Systems Programming".
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Fortran with features for character and bit manipulation, pointers, and directly addressed jump tables.
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Military, aerospace mass transportation, high-integrity computation, and operating system kernels
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statement, is often used for this purpose. Although many such languages were developed, C and
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1334:"What programming languages are used for equipment onboard aircraft?"
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van der Poel, W. L.; Maarssen, L. A., eds. (27–31 August 1973).
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1225:(1968). "PL360, A Programming Language for the 360 Computers".
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271:on Burroughs mainframes in about 1960, followed by
226:. System programming languages often lack built-in
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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669:(versions 1 and 2 only), IBM mainframe firmware
1317:"Case Study, BAE Systems Eurofighter Typhoon"
544:R. Daniel Bergeron, et al. (Brown University)
1165:
1163:
298:As an example, a typical PL360 statement is
250:The earliest system software was written in
279:(first written on a Burroughs system as a
140:; such languages are designed for writing
19:For the HP language of the same name, see
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1184:
1182:
1455:"PL/I as a Tool for System Programming"
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1172:Machine oriented higher level languages
720:subsystems, most compilers, FSE editor
16:Class of computer programming languages
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261:
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150:machine oriented high order languages
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1348:"TGVweb - the TGV Signaling System"
283:), which had the general syntax of
13:
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14:
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300:R9 := R8 and R7 shll 8 or R6
1453:Corbató, Fernando (1969-05-06).
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539:Language for Systems Development
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182:, both of which are similar to
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379:Many systems, mostly military
367:System Development Corporation
1:
1497:Systems programming languages
1189:Sammet, Jean (October 1971).
1154:
333:are the ones which survived.
65:"System programming language"
1146:Automatic Reference Counting
21:Systems Programming Language
7:
1487:Programming language topics
1433:"Mozilla Research Projects"
1176:Proceedings published 1974.
1113:Computer programming portal
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620:system software, including
595:System Programming Language
216:
130:system programming language
10:
1513:
520:Carnegie Mellon University
426:ALGOL, FORTRAN, some COBOL
245:
18:
1281:Communications of the ACM
1254:Communications of the ACM
751:, Windows, etc.), games (
324:
1131:
583:operating system kernels
1461:: 68–76. Archived from
1121:Ousterhout's dichotomy
665:compiler development,
306:Higher-level languages
172:structured programming
1303:10.1145/362919.362936
1266:10.1145/364139.364154
1239:10.1145/321439.321442
1208:10.1145/942596.807055
455:OS/360 and successors
390:Burroughs Corporation
134:programming language
50:improve this article
1390:"Jgrivera67/HiRTOS"
1195:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
262:Mid-level languages
174:. Examples include
1227:Journal of the ACM
747:GUI applications (
323:code, such as C's
138:system programming
1096:
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1056:app development
731:Bjarne Stroustrup
252:assembly language
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503:Apollo Computer
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1447:External links
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1439:on 2014-01-04.
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1410:"Modular Inc."
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1458:
1437:the original
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
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1233:(1): 37–74.
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1226:
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1198:
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1171:
1140:
1005:Linux kernel
829:Digital Mars
793:Jean Ichbiah
639:ESPOL, ALGOL
585:, including
313:
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297:
265:
249:
228:input/output
220:
200:
169:
158:
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129:
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72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1201:(9): 1–19.
1144:Swift uses
1029:Objective-C
533:(portions)
1481:Categories
1469:2012-01-23
1459:Datamation
1418:2024-03-25
1362:"Ironclad"
1155:References
1017:Apple Inc.
916:Kubernetes
527:ALGOL-PL/I
350:Birth date
347:Originator
106:April 2022
76:newspapers
1289:CiteSeerX
1126:PreScheme
633:Burroughs
587:Unix-like
356:Used for
136:used for
1099:See also
1001:Redox OS
877:Modula-3
802:ALGOL 68
774:ALGOL 68
609:ALGOL 60
589:systems
474:ALGOL 60
398:ALGOL 60
375:ALGOL 58
344:Language
316:compiler
285:ALGOL 60
217:Features
1081:LLVM IR
1050:watchOS
984:Haskell
779:ICL VME
618:HP 3000
498:ALGOL W
478:ALGOL W
430:Multics
289:MOL-360
256:FORTRAN
246:History
90:scholar
1395:GitHub
1291:
1052:, and
988:Erlang
946:Python
920:Docker
911:Pascal
903:Oberon
895:Google
869:Oberon
857:Python
814:Eiffel
806:Pascal
743:Simula
713:JOVIAL
709:1970's
684:1970's
657:1970's
636:1970's
507:MacApp
485:Pascal
446:1960's
362:JOVIAL
240:Pascal
192:JOVIAL
165:Pascal
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1320:(PDF)
1132:Notes
1069:2016
1042:macOS
1012:Swift
997:Servo
954:Swift
934:2023
770:1980s
700:SYMPL
613:ESPOL
597:(SPL)
581:Most
541:(LSD)
515:BLISS
462:PL360
419:SHARE
385:ESPOL
277:PL360
269:ESPOL
211:Swift
188:BLISS
184:ALGOL
176:ESPOL
161:ALGOL
154:mohol
152:, or
132:is a
97:JSTOR
83:books
1089:Rust
1054:tvOS
1037:Rust
1021:2014
992:Ruby
976:2010
967:Rust
950:Rust
927:Mojo
899:2009
865:Lisp
853:2008
833:2001
798:1983
735:1979
693:CP-6
688:PL/I
675:PL-6
661:PL/I
648:PL.8
642:MCP
629:NEWP
605:1972
573:BCPL
569:1972
551:PL/I
547:1971
524:1970
494:1970
471:1968
450:PL/I
437:PL/S
423:1964
410:PL/I
394:1961
371:1960
293:PL/S
291:and
238:and
232:PL/I
224:BCPL
209:and
207:Rust
196:BCPL
194:and
178:and
163:and
69:news
1299:doi
1262:doi
1235:doi
1203:doi
1077:C++
1062:Zig
1046:iOS
980:C++
958:Zig
942:C++
873:C++
861:Ada
846:Nim
837:C++
810:C++
788:Ada
766:ICL
726:C++
718:NOS
705:CDC
667:AIX
653:IBM
622:MPE
531:VMS
442:IBM
415:IBM
403:MCP
331:C++
326:asm
275:'s
180:SPL
52:by
1483::
1457:.
1392:.
1297:.
1285:14
1283:.
1258:11
1256:.
1231:15
1229:.
1197:.
1193:.
1181:^
1162:^
1087:,
1085:Go
1083:,
1079:,
1075:,
1048:,
1044:,
1035:,
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