9303:
15373:: "One of the issues that most occupied the travelers was the physiognomy of the Turks.120 Both mentally and physically, Turks appeared to the Arab authors as very different from themselves.121 The shape of these "broad faced people with small eyes" and their physique impressed the travelers crossing the Eurasian lands." "According to this explanation: Because of the Turks' distance from the course of the sun and from the sun's rising and descending, the snow in their lands is abundant and coldness and humidity dominate it. This caused the bodies of this land's inhabitants to become mellow and their epidermis thick.124 Their sleek hair is spare and its colour is pale with an inclination to red. Due to the cold weather of their surroundings, coldness dominates their temper. In effect, the cold climate breeds abundant flesh. The arctic temperature compresses the heat and makes it visible. This gives them their pink skin. It is noticeable among the people who have bulky bodies and pale colour. Whilst a chilly wind hits them, their faces, lips, fingers and legs became red. This is because while they were warm their blood expanded, and then the cold temperature caused it to amass."
9394:
8352:
10497:, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."
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10491:, p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The “Turks” intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11"
12325:: "In contrast, the early West Xiongnu (earlyXiongnu_west) and late Sarmatian Xiongnu (lateXiongnu_Sarmatian) derived ancestry mainly from West Eurasian; for example, early West Xiongnu exhibited 68.4% Afanasievo‐related ancestry. Among the Central Steppe pastoralists, Wusun, Kangju, and Tianshan Hun derived a majority of their ancestry (62.4%–73%) from Western Steppe nomadic Afanasievo groups with the remainder (37.6%–27%) characterized as BMAC (the Bactria‐Margiana Archaeological Complex) and East Eurasian. The Turkic Karluk, Kipchak, and Karakhanid could be modeled derived 35%–50.6% of ancestry from Afanasievo, 10.5%–21.7% from BMAC, and 38.9%–49.4% from YR_IA."
9129:
12866::"Specifically, individuals from Iron Age steppe and Xiongnu have an ancestry related to present-day and ancient Iranian/Caucasus/Turan populations in addition to the ancestry components derived from the Late Bronze Age populations. We estimate that they derive between 5 and 25% of their ancestry from this new source, with 18% for Xiongnu (Table 2). We speculate that the introduction of this new western Eurasian ancestry may be linked to the Iranian elements in the Xiongnu linguistic material, while the Turkic-related component may be brought by their eastern Eurasian genetic substratum." Table 2: Sintashta_MLBA, 0.239; Khovsgol LBA, 0.582; Gonur1 BA 0.178
8975:
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9338:
712:
1211:
400:
730:
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4696:
19461:
2062:
1919:
1493:
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Turkic-speaking populations (i.e., Kazakh, Uyghur, Turkmen, and Uzbek; 34.9–55.2%) higher than that to the Tajik populations (11.6–18.6%; fig. 4A), suggesting Tajiks suffer fewer impacts of the recent admixtures (Martínez-Cruz et al. 2011). Consequently, the Tajik populations generally present patterns of genetic continuity of
Central Asians since the Bronze Age. Our results are consistent with linguistic and genetic evidence that the spreading of Indo-European speakers into Central Asia was earlier than the expansion of Turkic speakers (Kuz′mina and Mallory 2007; Yunusbayev et al. 2015).
3153:
182:
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419:
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12060:: "Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., Reference Ning, Li, Wang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Cuiin press; Li et al., Reference Li, Zhang, Zhao, Chen, Ochir, Sarenbilige and Zhou2018)."
4702:
50:
9033:
2094:
10539:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."
5298:
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11229:, p. 305. "The origins of the Karamanlides have long been disputed, there being two basic theories on the subject. According to one, they are the remnants of the Greek-speaking Byzantine population which, though it remained Orthodox, was linguistically Turkified. The second theory holds that they were originally Turkish soldiers which the Byzantine emperors had settled in Anatolia in large numbers and who retained their language and Christian religion after the Turkish conquests..."
8661:
4632:
and linguistic groups. According to a study by
Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, published in 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Human Sciences by Cambridge University Press, "the predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic". However, genetic studies found a mixture of western and eastern Eurasian ancestries, suggesting a large genetic diversity within the Xiongnu. The Turkic-related component may be brought by eastern Eurasian genetic substratum.
343:
1990:
1619:
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1521:
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hypothesis that early Turkic was their major language37. Further migrations of East Asians westwards find a good linguistic correlate in the influence of
Mongolian on Turkic and Iranian in the last millennium38. As such, the genomic history of the Eurasian steppe is the story of a gradual transition from Bronze Age pastoralists of western Eurasian ancestry, towards mounted warriors of increased East Asian ancestry – a process that continued well into historical times.
1418:
263:
10477::"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe."
243:
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5380:, he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer
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indicating there was a genetic substructure of the Türkic empire." The early medieval Türk samples were modelled as having 37.8% West
Eurasian ancestry and 62.2% Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry and historic Central Steppe Türk samples were also an admixture of West Eurasian and Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, while historic Karakhanid, Kipchak and the Turkic Karluk samples had 50.6%-61.1% West Eurasian ancestry and 38.9%–49.4% Iron Age
479:
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4193:, based on varying degrees of specific East Asian genetic substratum among modern Turkic speakers. According to historians, "the Proto-Turkic subsistence strategy included an agricultural component, a tradition that ultimately went back to the origin of millet agriculture in Northeast China". This view is however questioned by other geneticists, who found no evidence for a shared "Neolithic Hongshan ancestry", but in contrary primary
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82:
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7024:, whose men possess a high frequency of haplogroup C2's subclade C2b1b1 (59.7 to 78%). Lee and Kuang also suggest that the high frequency (63.9%) of the Y-DNA haplogroup R-M73 among Karakypshaks (a tribe within the Kipchaks) allows inference about the genetics of Karakypshaks' medieval ancestors, thus explaining why some medieval Kipchaks were described as possessing "blue eyes and red hair.
4317:-speaking groups with largely western Eurasian ancestry to increasing East Asian ancestry with Turkic and Mongolian groups in the past 4000 years, including extensive Turkic migrations out of Mongolia and slow assimilation of local populations. A 2022 suggested that Turkic and Mongolic populations in Central Asia formed via admixture events during the Iron Age between "local
12974:"The Türks, while still vassals of the Rouran, are first mentioned in the Zhoushu (chap. 50) in the early 540s when they came to the border seeking to obtain silk goods and establish a relationship with China. Shortly thereafter a series of embassies in 545 and 546 between the Türks and the Western Wei followed in which a Sogdian, An Nuopantuo (Nakbanda), represented China."
8858:
8854:
expressed towards
Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uighur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan (meaning Buddha, acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.
6778:
suggest that many modern Turkic-speaking populations are not directly descended from early Turkic peoples. Lee and Kuang concluded that "both medieval
Chinese histories and modern DNA studies point to the fact that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations."
4326:
after the spread of Indo-European speakers into the area. Another 2022 study found that all Altaic‐speaking (Turkic, Tungusic, and
Mongolic) populations "were a mixture of dominant Siberian Neolithic ancestry and non-negligible YRB ancestry", suggesting their origins were somewhere in Northeast Asia, most likely the
10420:: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)."
9721:"Population: 17,948,816 (July 2014 est.)" "Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1%, Russian 23.7%, Uzbek 2.9%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Uighur 1.4%, Tatar 1.3%, German 1.1%, other 4.4% (2009 est.)" Assuming Kazakh, Uzbek, Uighur and Tatar are included as Turks, 63.1% + 2.9% + 1.4% + 1.3% = 68.7%. 68.7% of 17.9m = 12.3m
15342:
Even then, the term 'Turk' was still applied in a loose sense, and we find for instance the
Magyars (Majghari) or the Rus described as Turks by the same Muslim writers.70 And this is a fact which cannot be explained by assuming that these were people who were under the rule of the Turks, or, in other
12217:
Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov
Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor
12034:
identified here) and further experienced influence from
Neolithic YRB farmers. All Altaic people but eastern and southern Mongolic-speaking populations possessed a high proportion of West Eurasian-related ancestry, in accordance with the linguistically documented language borrowing in Turkic language.
7511:
The genetic distances between the different populations of Uzbeks scattered across Uzbekistan is no greater than the distance between many of them and the Karakalpaks. This suggests that Karakalpaks and Uzbeks have very similar origins. The Karakalpaks have a somewhat greater bias towards the eastern
7015:
eyes. It also states that they had a "vile" and "peculiar" appearance, and that some Chinese people would not want to marry them. Russian anthropologist Oshanin (1964: 24, 32) notes that "the 'Mongoloid' phenotype, characteristic of modern Kazakhs and Qirghiz, prevails among the skulls of the Qipchaq
4357:
origin, while roughly 2-4% was of West Eurasian origin, indicating ancient admixture. This study weakened the "western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses". However, they also noted that "Central Steppe and early Medieval Türk exhibited a high but variable degree of West Eurasian ancestry,
12375:
From the late first millennium BCE onward, a series of hierarchical and centrally organized empires arose on the Eastern Steppe, notably the Xiongnu (209 BCE–98 CE), Türkic (552–742 CE), Uyghur (744–840 CE), and Khitan (916–1125 CE) empires...Genetic data for the subsequent Early Medieval period are
12033:
All Altaic-speaking populations were a mixture of dominant Siberian Neolithic ancestry and non-negligible YRB ancestry, suggesting that Altaic-people and their language were more likely to originate from the Northeast Asia (mostly likely the ARB and surrounding regions as the primary common ancestry
4631:
speakers. The Turks may ultimately have been of Xiongnu descent. Although little is known for certain about the Xiongnu language(s), it seems likely that at least a considerable part of Xiongnu tribes spoke a Turkic language. Some scholars believe they were probably a confederation of various ethnic
4325:
form an outlier among Central Asian Turkic-speakers with a lower frequency of the Baikal component (c. 22%) and a lack of the Han-like component, being closer to other Indo-Iranian groups. A subsequent study in 2022 also found that the spread of Turkic-speaking populations into Central Asia happened
4241:
According to Uchiyama et al. 2020 the "ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of
6802:
referred to the people of Tibet and the mountains between Tibet and Bengal as "Turks" and "people with Turkish features." Medieval Arab and Persian descriptions of Turks state that they looked strange from their perspective and were extremely physically different from Arabs. Turks were described as
7267:
Every year, one city in the Turkic world is selected as the "Cultural Capital of the Turkic World". Within the framework of events to celebrate the Cultural Capital of the Turkic World, numerous cultural events are held, gathering artists, scholars and intellectuals, giving them the opportunity to
6777:
origin, weakening the "western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses". Lee and Kuang believe it is likely "early and medieval Turkic peoples themselves did not form a homogeneous entity and that some of them, non-Turkic by origin, had become Turkicised at some point in history." They also
4272:
Genetic data found that almost all modern Turkic peoples retained at least some shared ancestry associated with populations in "South Siberia and Mongolia" (SSM), supporting this region as the "Inner Asian Homeland (IAH) of the pioneer carriers of Turkic languages" which subsequently expanded into
4242:
China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact."
15382:
Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 207-208 of 197–239 Quote: "The Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian
12943:
The collapse of the Hephthalite domains made neighbours of the Türk Khāqānate and the Sasanian Empire, both sharing a border that ran the length of the River Oxus. Further Turkish expansion to the west and around the Caspian Sea saw them dominate the western steppes and its people and extend this
8630:
in 751, in which Turkic tribes sided with the Arabs against Chinese forces, which marked a significant milestone in the history of Islam in the region. From then onwards much of the Turkic heartland became Muslim. In the 19th century, Turkic Muslim progressives in the Russian Empire spearheaded a
4285:
further East. Historical data suggests that the Mongol Empire period acted as secondary force of "turkification", as the Mongol conquest "did not involve massive re-settlements of Mongols over the conquered territories. Instead, the Mongol war machine was progressively augmented by various Turkic
12070:
Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Loman, Valeriy; Hedeager, Lotte; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Nielsen, Kasper (May
11660:
Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina (21 April 2015).
8724:
for the most part in the second half of the 19th century. As a result, festivals and rites were made to coincide with Orthodox feasts, and Christian rites replaced their traditional counterparts. A minority of the Chuvash still profess their traditional faith. Between the 9th and 14th centuries,
6781:
Like Chinese historians, Medieval Muslim writers generally depicted the Turks as having an East Asian appearance. Unlike Chinese historians, Medieval Muslim writers used the term "Turk" broadly to refer to not only Turkic-speaking peoples but also various non-Turkic speaking peoples, such as the
5407:
starting with Later Tang. The Shatuo chief Zhuye Chixin's family was adopted by the Tang dynasty and given the title prince of Jin and the Tang dynasty imperial surname of Li, which is why the Shatuo of Later Tang claimed to be restoring the Tang dynasty and not founding a new one. The official
11764:
The ancient Turkic Urheimat appears to have been located in Southern Siberia from the Lake Baikal region to Eastern Mongolia. The "Proto-Turks" in their Southern Siberian-Mongolian "homeland" were in contact with speakers of Eastern Iranian (Scytho-Sakas, who were also in Mongolia), Uralic and
8853:
insulted the Uyghur Buddhists as "Uighur dogs" and called them "Tats", which referred to the "Uighur infidels" according to the Tuxsi and Taghma, while other Turks called Persians "tat". While Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turks diviners beliefs and "national customs", he
2860:
Even though Chinese historians routinely ascribed Xiongnu origin to various nomadic peoples, such ascriptions do not necessarily indicate the subjects' exact origins; for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Turkic-speaking Göktürks and Tiele as well as Para-Mongolic-speaking Kumo Xi and
6961:
described them as having blue eyes, light skin, and reddish hair. Istakhri mentions that there were "Black Khazars" and "White Khazars." Most scholars believe these were political designations: black being lower class while white being higher class. Constantin Zuckerman argues that these "had
12135:
The diversification within the Turkic languages suggests that several waves of migrations occurred35, and on the basis of the impact of local languages gradual assimilation to local populations were already assumed36. The East Asian migration starting with the Xiongnu complies well with the
12266:
By contrast, the Kyrgyz, together with other Turkic-speaking populations, originated from the admixture since the Iron Age. The Historical Era gene flow derived from the Eastern Steppe with the representative of Mongolia_Xiongnu_o1 made a more substantial contribution to Kyrgyz and other
12204:
Modern DNA studies suggested that the Indo-Iranian group was present in Central Asia before the Turko-Mongol group11, maybe as early as Neolithic times; the Turko-Mongol group emerged later from the admixture between a group related to local Indo-Iranian and a South-Siberian or Mongolian
4562:, often viewed Inner Asian tribes, "as forming a single entity regardless of their linguistic affiliation" commonly used Turk as a generic name for Inner Asians (whether Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking). Only in modern era do modern historians use Turks to refer to all peoples speaking
6671:
According to historians Joo-Yup Lee and Shuntu Kuang, Chinese official histories do not depict Turkic peoples as belonging to a single uniform entity called "Turks". However "Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian
4577:. The Tiele however were probably one of many early Turkic groups, ancestral to later Turkic populations. However, according to Lee & Kuang (2017), Chinese histories do not describe the Ashina and the Göktürks as descending from the Dingling or the Tiele confederation.
1070:
was originally a noun and meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'". Hakan Aydemir (2022) also contends that
6676:, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy." According to "fragmentary information on the Xiongnu language that can be found in the Chinese histories, the Xiongnu were Turkic", however historians have been unable to confirm whether or not they were Turkic.
15356:
11789:
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander N.; Zhang, Hu-Qin; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Sirak, Kendra; Cheronet, Olivia; Kovalev, Alexey; Rohland, Nadin; Kim, Alexander M.; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Yi-Chang (March 2021).
8846:
Kashgari claimed that the Prophet assisted in a miraculous event where 700,000 Yabāqu infidels were defeated by 40,000 Muslims led by Arslān Tegīn claiming that fires shot sparks from gates located on a green mountain towards the Yabāqu. The Yabaqu were a Turkic people.
9642:"Population: 34,600,000 (January 2021 est.)" "Ethnic groups: Uzbek 84.6%, Russian 2.1%, Tajik 4.9%, Kazakh 2.4%, Karakalpak 2.2%, other 4.1% (2021 est.)" Assuming Uzbek, Kazakh and Karakalpak are included as Turks, 84.6% + 2.4% + 2.2% = 89.2%. 89.2% of 34.6m = 31.9m
1117:" living on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe who were not related to the actual Scythians. Medieval European chroniclers subsumed various Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe as "Scythians". Between 400 CE and the 16th century, Byzantine sources use the name Σκύθαι (
15674:"To illustrate the complexity of the Ming-Muslim relationship, consider a legal statute" "...Kipchaks have light hair and blue eyes. Their appearance is vile and peculiar, so there are those who do not wish to marry them." (Da Ming lü jijie fuli 6.36b)
7091:, a medieval Turkic people, as resembling Kyrgyzes who were "all tall, red-haired, pale-faced, green-irised"; New Book of Tang also states that Kyrgyzes regarded black hair as "infelicitous" and insisted that black-eyed individuals were descendants of
5364:
In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik.
15270:, had frankly Mongoloid features. Perhaps in the hope of finding an occasion to claim rulership over China, or because the high birth of the mother warranted seniority, the Inner Asian monarchs sought alliances165 with dynasties reigning in China."
5040:), the first recorded use of "Turk" as a political name. In the 6th-century, Ashina's power had increased such that they conquered the Tiele on their Rouran overlords' behalf and even overthrew Rourans and established the First Turkic Khaganate.
5645:
are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying
12376:
relatively sparse and uneven, and few Xianbei or Rouran sites have yet been identified during the 400-year gap between the Xiongnu and Türkic periods. We observed high genetic heterogeneity and diversity during the Türkic and Uyghur periods...
8475:
played an important role in the history of Turkic peoples, with the first Turkic state adopting and supporting the spread of Buddhism being the Turkic Shahis and the Göktürks. The Göktürks syncretized Buddhism with their traditional religion
6839:
coins "the faces of the governor and governess are clearly Mongoloid (a roundish face, narrow eyes), and the portrait have definite old Türk features (long hair, absence of headdress of the governor, a tricorn headdress of the governess)".
8817:
The Uyghur Turks, who once belonged to a variety of religions, were gradually Islamized during a period spanning the 10th and 13th centuries. Some scholars have linked the phenomenon of recently Islamized Uyghur soldiers recruited by the
14745:
Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392–411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
9377:
6987:
also states that the neighboring Boma tribe resembled the Kyrgyz but their language was different, which may imply the Kyrgyz were originally a non-Turkic people, who were later Turkicized through inter-tribal marriages. According to
6934:(Genealogy of the Turkmens) that "their chin started to become narrow, their eyes started to become large, their faces started to become small, and their noses started to become big' after five or six generations". Ottoman historian
9393:
13595:
ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures
6040:, as well as newfound economic growth. The cultural progress of the Timurid period ended as soon as the empire collapsed in the early 16th century, leaving many intellecuals and artists to turn elsewhere in search of employment.
2706:
Figure combines population of Turkmen and Uzbeks only. Population estimates of Turkmenistan's minority groups often widely vary. Some sources have cast doubt on the reliability of official government data for minority population
12944:
frontier down to the Caucasus where they also shared a border with the Sasanians. Khusrow is noted at the time for improving the fortifications on either side of the Caspian, Bāb al-Abwāb at Derbent and the Great Wall of Gorgān.
15343:
words, by assuming that the word is always used as a political-territorial ethnonym.71 Tibetans are also frequently confused with Turks, for instance by Al-Biruni, who speaks of 'Turks from Tibet' and 'Turks of Tibetan origin'
10090:): Presseausschnitte zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Autors: Deutsches Orient–Institut; Deutsches Übersee–Institut. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient–Institut, 1996, seite 33.
13765:
8998:
13315:"The Kipchak Turkic - speaking khans of Sibir had ruled there from the thirteenth century to the sixteenth , and their realm represented the northernmost position ever occupied by an Islamic state."
18050:
Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995) (in
14038:"The sedentary ruling stratum (the Kangar) was of Iranian origin" ... "The ruling elite spoke Iranian, whereas most of the population spoke Turkic with a significant admixture of Hunno-Bulgar elements."
6651:. Immediately after the independence of the Turkic states, Turkey began seeking diplomatic relations with them. Over time political meetings between the Turkic countries increased and led to the establishment of
11779:, p. 203: "There is, indeed, reason to assume that Mongolia is primarily the source region of the Turkic language family, while the Mongolic homeland was located further to the east, in western Manchuria."
5419:. They adopted Chinese names and united Turkic and Chinese traditions. Later Tang fell in 937 but the Shatuo rose to become a powerful faction of northern China. They created two other dynasties, including the
12301:: "The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E)."
10886:
Peter B. Golden, Introduction to the History of the Turkic People, p. 12: "... source (Herod.IV.22) and other authors of antiquity, Togarma of the Old Testament, Turukha/Turuska of Indic sources, Turukku of
4330:. Except Eastern and Southern Mongolic-speakers, all "possessed a high proportion of West Eurasian-related ancestry, in accordance with the linguistically documented language borrowing in Turkic languages".
15553:
txt: "又有駁馬者,或曰弊剌,曰遏羅支, 人貌多似結骨,而語不相通。" tr: "There are also Piebald-Horse folk, also called either Bila or Eluozhi . peoples' faces much resemble Kyrghyzes', yet the languages are not mutually intelligible."
8599:. Alevi Turks, who were once primarily dwelling in eastern Anatolia, are today concentrated in major urban centers in western Turkey with the increased urbanism. Turkic Sunni Muslims generally follow the
4293:
Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia. Turkic-speaking populations are shown in red. The upper barplot shows only Turkic-speaking
10761:
7263:
Türksoy carries out activities to strengthen cultural ties between Turkic peoples. One of the main goals to transmit their common cultural heritage to future generations and promote it around the world.
15023:"But the only countries that make full use of the economic potential of the Turkish World -with the exception of the only independent country of this area , namely Turkey- are Soviet Russia and China."
5408:
language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names. Some Shaotuo Turk emperors (of the Later Jin, Later Han and Northern Han) also claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.
15215:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134"
10465:: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..."
7016:
and Pecheneg nomads found in the kurgans in eastern Ukraine"; Lee & Kuang (2017) propose that Oshanin's discovery is explainable by assuming that the historical Kipchaks' modern descendants are
12398:"後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。於是匈奴貴人大臣皆服,以冒頓單于爲賢。" tr. "Later north subjugated the nations of Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. Therefore, the Xiongnu nobles and dignitaries all admired regarded
10235:
6454:. The main migration of the Oghuz Turks occurred in medieval times, when they spread across most of Asia and into Europe and the Middle East. They also took part in the military encounters of the
4117:
6896:"are distinguished from other Turks by their valour, their slanted eyes, and the smallness of their stature." Later Muslim writers noted a change in the physiognomy of Oghuz Turks. According to
4957:. In the 540s AD, this text mentions that the Turks came to China's border seeking silk goods and a trade relationship. A Sogdian diplomat represented China in a series of embassies between the
10053:
15262:
period describe the turcophone Kirgiz with green eyes and red hair. They must have been in majority Europeoids although intermarriages with the Chinese had begun long ago. The Kök-Türk kagan
13799:
15883:
14617:, Vol. IV: "The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century", Part One: "The Historical, Social and Economic Setting". Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
13705:
Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of
2785:
quote: "悅般國 其風俗言語與高車同" translation: "Yueban nation Their customs and language are the same as the Gaoche"; Gaoche (高車; lit. "High-Carts") was another name of the Turkic-speaking Tiele
600:
Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as
15468:
Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 208 of 197–239
12313:: "Central Steppe Türk (Kyrgyzstan_Turk and Kazakhstan_Turk) could be modeled as an admixture of ANA (Mongolia_N_North), BMAC, and West Steppe pastoralists (Afanasievo) (P = 0.0196)"
16943:
The Turcophone Orthodox Christians from Coexistence to Ethno-religious Homogenisation: A study of the 'Karamanlidhika' Press during the Greek-Turkish War and the Population Exchange
9579:
Approximately 200 million people,... speak nearly 40 Turkic languages and dialects. Turkey is the largest Turkic state, with about 60 million ethnic Turks living in its territories.
6966:
sources called the Khazars the "White Ugry" and the Magyars the "Black Ugry." Soviet excavated Khazar remains show Slavic-type, European-type, and a minority Mongoloid-type skulls.
6874:, there survives a partially conserved portrait depicting a turbaned and haloed adolescent figure with full cheeks, slanted eyes, and a small, sinuous mouth. The Armenian historian
8930:
Horses have been essential and even sacred animals for Turks living as nomadic tribes in the Central Asian steppes. Turks were born, grew up, lived, fought and died on horseback.
8496:
coexisted, with several Buddhist temples, monasteries, figures and steles, with images of Buddhist characters and sceneries, were constructed by various Turkic tribes. Throughout
15266:
was also depicted with blue eyes and an elongated ruddy face. Probably as a result of the repeated marriages, the members of the Kök-Türk dynasty (pl. XLVII/a), and particularly
8504:, and the spread of Islam among locals, Buddhism (and Tengrism) started to lose ground, however a certain influence of the Buddhist teachings remained during the next centuries.
7127:
5114:. The Khaganate was also the first state known as "Turk". It eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts, but many states and peoples later used the name "Turk".
13051:
quote: "突厥者,其先居西海之右,獨為部落,蓋匈奴之別種也。" translation: "The Tujue, their ancestors dwelt on the right bank of the Western Sea; a lone tribe, probably a separate branch of the Xiongnu"
8351:
5218:
The Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 922 and influenced the region as it controlled many trade routes. In the 13th century, Mongols invaded Europe and established the
2794:
Merkits were always counted as a part of the Mongols within the Mongol Empire, however, some scholars proposed additional Turkic ancestry for Merkits; Christopher P. Atwood –
7043:, and described him in the following terms: "In the first place, as I have seen him frequently, I shall say that he is a little, short, thick man, with the physiognomy of a
6680:'s description of their legendary origins suggest their physiognomy was "not too different from that of... Han (漢) Chinese population", but a subset of Xiongnu known as the
6481:
emerged as the new important Turkic state, that came to dominate not only the Middle East, but even southeastern Europe, parts of southwestern Russia, and northern Africa.
8163:
was borrowed from the Persians for frying, but traditionally nomadic Turks did most of their cooking using the qazan, saj and shish. Meals were served in a bowl, called a
7327:
has announced to be interested in joining the Organization of Turkic States. Since August 2018, Hungary has official observer status in the Organization of Turkic States.
5051:
warrior from the Göktürk period. The horse's tail is knotted in Turkic style. His hair is long, braided and his big-collared caftan and boots are Turkic clothing features.
4281:
period. Based on single-path IBD tracts, the common Turkic ancestral population lived prior to these migration events, and likely stem from a similar source population as
4110:
5431:(Later Han and Northern Han were ruled by the same family, with the latter being a rump state of the former). The Shatuo Liu Zhiyuan was a Buddhist and he worshipped the
8896:, described a game called "tepuk" among Turks in Central Asia. In the game, people try to attack each other's castle by kicking a ball made of sheep leather. (see also:
20783:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
13655:
Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of
10209:
3058:
runiform scripts, noted for their exceptional uniformity of language and paleography. The Turkic alphabets are divided into four groups, the best known of which is the
2946:; as well as in Western Europe, Australia and the Americas as a result of immigration. The remainder of the Turkic people are concentrated in Central Asia, Russia, the
12540:
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".
11464:
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".
10650:
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".
9128:
2922:
and through to the Middle East. Some 170 million people have a Turkic language as their native language; an additional 20 million people speak a Turkic language as a
15970:
8274:
Herd animals were usually slaughtered during the winter months and various types of sausages were prepared to preserve the meats, including a type of sausage called
10194:
9080:
18018:
Karatay, Osman. The Genesis of the Turks: An Ethno-Linguistic Inquiry into the Prehistory of Central Eurasia. United Kingdom, Cambridge Scholars Publishing., 2022.
9354:
8839:
The Basmil, Yabāḳu and Uyghur states were among the Turkic peoples who fought against the Kara-Khanids spread of Islam. The Islamic Kara-Khanids were made out of
4289:
10006:
9092:
7191:
There are several international organizations created with the purpose of furthering cooperation between countries with Turkic-speaking populations, such as the
5531:
Army. The Pecheneg state was established by the 11th century and at its peak carried a population of over 2.5 million, composed of many different ethnic groups.
4269:
share underlying genetic ancestry "that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool", the proto-Turkic language likely originated in northeastern Asia.
4103:
12879:
9172:
8946:
began with the nomadic Turkic peoples who have come from farther north and east spreading westward from China and Mongolia between the 10th and 15th centuries.
9148:
6765:
of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and that their appearance shifted to an East Asian one due to intermarriage with foreign nobility. As a result, by the time of
5384:
with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain.
5137:
ruled large parts of the former Göktürk area. After several wars between Turks, Chinese and Tibetans, the weakened Second Turkic Khaganate was replaced by the
1927:
1124:
In the modern Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a distinction is made between "Turks" and the "Turkic peoples" in loosely speaking: the term
18061:Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge.
10794:
5545:
The Yatuks, a tribe within the Kangar state who could not accompany the Kangars as they migrated West, remained in the old lands, where they are known as the
5454:
in central Mongolia, leaving much of the Uyghur civilization in ruins. Much of the Uyghur population relocated to the southwest of Mongolia, establishing the
8248:
6803:"broad faced people with small eyes", having light-colored, often reddish hair, and with pink skin, as being "short, with small eyes, nostrils, and mouths" (
1128:
corresponds specifically to the "Turkish-speaking" people (in this context, "Turkish-speaking" is considered the same as "Turkic-speaking"), while the term
9242:
5354:. The Uyghur Khaganate was tolerant of religious diversity and practiced variety of religions including Buddhism, Christianity, shamanism and Manichaeism.
12414:
Peter Zieme: The Old Turkish Empires in Mongolia. In: Genghis Khan and his heirs. The Empire of the Mongols. Special tape for Exhibition 2005/2006, p. 64
9032:
5538:
origin, and they likely spoke an Iranian language, while most of the Pecheneg population spoke a Turkic language, with a significant percentage speaking
4362:
farmer ancestry. A 2020 study also found "high genetic heterogeneity and diversity during the Türkic and Uyghur periods" in the early medieval period in
12570:"A Brief Description of the Early and Medieval Türks" in Turkic Christians in Central Asia and China (5th – 14th Centuries), Studies in Turkic philology
5281:
and indigenous Uralic peoples. It was the northernmost Islamic state in recorded history and it survived up until 1598 when it was conquered by Russia.
19416:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
15160:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 13. THE TURK SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN"
9556:
5133:
during a civil war. The Han-Chinese successfully overthrew the Eastern Turks in 630 and created a military Protectorate until 682. After that time the
10061:
9184:
11163:, p. 1346: "Greek authors frequently applied the name Scythians to later nomadic groups who had no relation whatever to the original Scythians"
10243:
9592:
6570:
16304:
13818:
12908:
N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996,
12896:
8974:
4174:, has received support but also criticism, with opponents attributing similarities to long-term contact. The proto-Turkic-speakers may be linked to
16743:
15807:
13084:. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." quoted and translated in Xu (2005),
8501:
16414:
Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union: with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union: an historical and statistical handbook
11367:
8603:
rite. Azeris are traditionally Shiite Muslims. Religious observance is less strict in the Republic of Azerbaijan compared to Iranian Azerbaijan.
7192:
7178:
5020:
confederation. Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國), north of the Xiongnu. The Ashina tribe were famed
956:'lid', semantically stretchable to 'helmet', as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.
8986:
8175:). Both bowl and spoon were historically made from wood. Other traditional utensils used in food preparation included a thin rolling pin called
17921:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
17905:
An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East
13786:
From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica)
12399:
11111:
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98–108.
10545:: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations"
9782:
5443:
Turks living in Inner Mongolia after the Song dynasty conquered the last Shatuo dynasty of Northern Han. The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.
10319:
8771:
during the 16th century, and continued to Christianized under subsequent Russian rulers and Orthodox clergy up to the mid-eighteenth century.
8194:
Medieval grain dishes included preparations of whole grains, soups, porridges, breads and pastries. Fried or toasted whole grains were called
7548:
The following incomplete list of Turkic people shows the respective groups' core areas of settlement and their estimated sizes (in millions):
4442:
The Tiele were first mentioned in Chinese literature from the 6th to 8th centuries. Some scholars (Haneda, Onogawa, Geng, etc.) proposed that
3152:
20367:
8259:
3113:
16328:
16046:
15858:
Substantial numbers (possibly several millions) of maghrebis of the former Ottoman colonies in North Africa are of Ottoman Turkish descent.
15383:
physiognomy, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy. DNA studies corroborate such characterisation of the Turkic peoples."
8492:
region. Buddhism had also considerable impact and influence onto various other historical Turkic groups. In pre-Islamic times, Buddhism and
20752:
16072:
14050:, p. 318"According to Pritsak, the Pecheneg ruling elite (i.e the Kangar tribes) were Iranian speakers."
12486:
11286:
9320:
6900:, "because of the climate their features gradually changed into those of Tajiks. Since they were not Tajiks, the Tajik peoples called them
6652:
16249:
15833:
10929:(Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, p. 17
9044:
7508:
branches. The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks, while the remaining five, in such a classificatory scheme, are called Eastern Turks.
6335:, on his mother's side. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.
17872:
17536:
16499:
15033:
14831:
10872:
4695:
2965:
were found to be converging rather than diverging over the centuries. Opponents of the theory proposed that the similarities are due to
19734:
17061:
16744:"Harvard Ukrainian Studies Eucharisterion: Essays Presented to Omeljan Pritsak on his Sixtieth Birthday by his Colleagues and Students"
16354:
15762:
11997:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity"
9934:
9916:
9337:
9056:
8550:
3019:
The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from the 8th century, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the
2884:
15904:
14245:
Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol.2, p.163,
9160:
4655:
to the 19th century, and consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and few painted images. Excavations done during 1924–1925 in
2782:
933:
and so on; but the information gap is so substantial that any connection of these ancient people to the modern Turks is not possible.
651:. Nevertheless, Turkic peoples share, to varying degrees, non-linguistic characteristics like cultural traits, ancestry from a common
17968:
Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996,
17561:
16188:
14328:; Blackwell Publishing, 1998; pg. 370: "Though Turkic in origin Alp Tegin, Sebuk Tegin, and Mahmud were all thoroughly Persianized".
13601:
13597:
9190:
7336:
6908:)." Ḥāfiẓ Tanīsh Mīr Muḥammad Bukhārī also related that the Oghuz' 'Turkic face did not remain as it was' after their migration into
17998:
18164:
16098:
9218:
5254:(the European section). The Golden Horde disintegrated into several khanates and hordes in the 15th and 16th century including the
4934:
4286:
tribes as they expanded, and in this way Turkic peoples eventually reinforced their expansion over the Eurasian steppe and beyond."
16689:
15789:
11404:
The Making of the Tuoba Northern Wei: Constructing Material Cultural Expressions in the Northern Wei Pingcheng Period (398–494 CE)
6588:
The Turkic peoples of Central Asia were not organized in nation-states during most of the 20th century, after the collapse of the
4209:
20785:
19449:
16604:
14865:
10896:
German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p. 90
4162:
A possible genealogical link of the Turkic languages to Mongolic and Tungusic languages, specifically a hypothetical homeland in
11995:
He, Guang-Lin; Wang, Meng-Ge; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Liu, Chang-Hui; Liu, Chao; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (January 2022).
10293:
9418:
8759:
are an indigenous Turkic people in Russia, most Nağaybäk are Christian and were largely converted during the 18th century. Many
5331:
became a wealthy center of commerce, and a significant portion of the Uyghur population abandoned their nomadic lifestyle for a
17336:"Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics"
15696:
The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century
12838:
10627:
6996:
states that the Kyrgyz "intermixed with the Dingling." The Kyrgyz "regarded those with black eyes as descending from Ling," a
5404:
6721:
4363:
18090:
17947:
17929:
17815:
17715:
17655:
17574:
17550:
17455:
17384:
17324:
17263:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
17251:
17151:
17132:
17107:
17079:
16898:
16848:
16807:
16726:
16699:
16614:
16587:
16560:
16449:
16380:
16215:
16156:
15947:
15667:
15631:
15366:
15335:
15236:
14805:
14701:
14674:
14647:
14541:
14084:
14031:
14004:
13977:
13950:
13923:
13896:
13849:
13569:
13542:
13483:
13456:
13429:
13402:
13375:
13336:
13308:
13281:
13254:
13214:
13190:
12967:
12936:
12848:
12796:
11741:
11507:
11338:
10771:
10149:
10125:
9990:
9900:
9873:
9846:
9606:
9572:
8622:
the year before. Some of the earliest rulers to convert to Islam were the Turkic princes of the city-states in the region of
5165:
established themselves in between the Caspian and Black Seas in the 5th and 6th centuries, followed by their conquerors, the
2802:
15737:
10213:
16672:
15939:
15694:
11439:. vol 95. "芮芮一號大檀,又號檀檀,亦匈奴別種" tr. "Ruìruì, one appellation is Dàtán, also called Tántán, likewise a Xiōngnú splinter stock"
7225:– Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status, was established on 25 January 2013. It is an
1497:
15995:
8865:
6219:
14989:
12876:
10190:
9376:
9104:
7332:
2097:
16205:
9116:
6130:. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars. During Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the
5335:
one. The Uyghur Khaganate produced extensive literature, and a relatively high number of its inhabitants were literate.
20820:
20475:
16232:
13518:
13502:
13061:
10266:
10014:
9435:
7362:, across Central Asia, to Southern Europe. As of 2011 the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—
6992:, the Kyrgyz were mixed with "Saqlabs" (Slavs), which explains the red hair and white skin among the Kyrgyz, while the
6946:
are of confused ethnic origin. Among its notables there are few whose lineage does not go back to a convert to Islam."
19427:
17183:
16288:
10954:
Faruk Suümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)
8958:" is used in the Caucasus and Central Asia to describe a skillful and brave equestrian, or a brave person in general.
8779:
Today there are several groups that support a revival of the ancient traditions. Especially after the collapse of the
8557:
attributed with a rapid and almost total disappearance of it and other religions in North India and Central Asia. The
5266:(among others), which were one by one conquered and annexed by the Russian Empire in the 16th through 19th centuries.
1349:
18066:
18041:
18026:
17988:
17973:
17962:
17912:
17897:
17889:
17830:
17788:
17232:
16482:
16421:
14875:
14841:
14607:
14566:
14533:
13873:
13812:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13155:
12913:
12899:(Paper presented at the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.)
12671:
11226:
6745:
has reported that genetic testing of the proposed descendants of the Ashina tribe does seem to confirm a link to the
5230:
were absorbed by the Golden Horde in the 13th century; in the 14th century, Islam became the official religion under
5006:
3040:
2934:
Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers. More than one third of these are ethnic
16888:
16797:
13473:
11328:
10450:: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia"
7027:
Byzantine historians of the 11th-12th centuries provided description of Turkmens as very different from the Greeks.
5361:
Turks emerged as power factor in Northern and Central China and were recognized by the Tang Empire as allied power.
16670:
14416:
The Cambridge History of Islam (Volume IA): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War
10850:
Prof. Dr. Ercümend Kuran, Türk Adı ve Türklük Kavramı, Türk Kültürü Dergisi, Yıl, XV, S. 174, Nisan 1977. s. 18–20.
10798:
6692:
affiliation, and regardless of whether or not the Xiongnu were Turkic, they were a hybrid people. According to the
5197:
in the 13th century. Other Bulgars settled in Southeastern Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries, and mixed with the
4998:
seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from the prevailing dynasty. Alternatively, according to the
1345:
16973:
16671:
Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998).
10408:, p. 1. "The Turkic peoples represent a diverse collection of ethnic groups defined by the Turkic languages."
6962:
physical and racial differences and explained that they stemmed from the merger of the Khazars with the Barsils."
6517:. Some groups of Turkic people practice other religions, including their original animistic-shamanistic religion,
20810:
20076:
18443:
17399:"Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production"
15186:
13784:
Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in
6597:
6400:), particularly after the 10th century. Examples of regional de facto independent states include the short lived
5633:
valley (see map). The Oguz political association developed in the 9th and 10th centuries in the Syr Darya basin.
3794:
1075:
originally did not mean "strong, powerful" but "gathered; united, allied, confederated" and was derived from Pre-
13559:
13448:
From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars & Quartet Conflicts
13446:
8966:
5071:, "sky, sky-coloured, blue, blue-grey". Unlike its Xiongnu predecessor, the Göktürk Khaganate had its temporary
944:
as derived from 'helmet', explaining that this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in the
20528:
14620:
Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999).
14593:
14588:
Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999).
13532:
12391:
10979:
Golden, Peter B. "Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples". (2006) In:
10141:
Reconciling Cultural and Political Identities in a Globalized World: Perspectives on Australia-Turkey Relations
9561:
Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts
9452:
9019:
7226:
7047:. He has a broad and brown face, high cheek bones, a round beard, a great and crooked nose, with little eyes".
6382:
5323:
had established itself by the year 744 AD. Through trade relations established with China, its capital city of
4302:
3129:
1923:
14391:, ed. by P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). pg 147.
14249:, "Turkish dominated mamluk regiments...dynasty of mamluk origin (the GHAZNAVID line) carved out an empire..."
12148:
Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (14 January 2022).
20815:
20747:
20362:
19776:
16838:
16780:
16171:
10396:. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic subfamily..."
9268:
8721:
8500:, there exist various historical Buddhist sites, including an underground Buddhist cave monastery. After the
7277:
6660:
6648:
6593:
4889:
3863:
3856:
2066:
1686:
1353:
16146:
15159:
14920:
11595:"Review of Robbeets, Martine (2015): Diachrony of verb morphology. Japanese and the Transeurasian languages"
8078:. Dairy was a staple of the nomadic diet and there are many Turkic words for various dairy products such as
7028:
5311:
909:. There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names might have been foreign transcriptions of
821:
20410:
18978:
18157:
17643:
16716:
16524:
15158:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
15131:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
14526:
Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire
14501:
10963:
10101:"All-Ukrainian population census 2001 – General results of the census – National composition of population"
5849:
in terms of language, culture, literature and habits and hence is regarded by some as a "Persian dynasty".
3121:
9285:
8892:
6718:, whereas "no comparable depiction of the Kök Türks or Tiele is found in the official Chinese histories."
6684:
were described having "deep-set eyes", "high nose bridges" and "heavy facial hair". The Jie may have been
5376:. In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning
721:
19442:
18047:
Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (in Russian).
16311:
11721:
11034:"TÜRK Adının Kökeni Üzerine (On the origin of the ethnonym TÜRK 'Turkic, Turkish') + an English abstract"
5223:
753:
589:. Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became
16762:
6303:
was a Turko-Mongol empire that, at its greatest territorial extent, ruled most of South Asia, including
4627:
It has even been suggested that the Xiongnu themselves, who were mentioned in Han dynasty records, were
20296:
19044:
18113:
Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 198 (in Russian).
17597:
17410:
17124:
13836:
11856:
8649:
6804:
6094:(1785–1920). In 1710, the Kokand Khanate (1710–1876) separated from the Bukhara Khanate. In 1511–1920,
5424:
5420:
1691:
16968:
15779:"Press Release of the Sixth Summit of the Turkic Council". Turkic Council. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
14904:
14889:
14557:
Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens".
11527:
11310:
10574:
10557:
18080:
15132:
14239:
13180:
11298:
8381:
6843:
4249:
Around 2,200 BC, the (agricultural) ancestors of the Turkic peoples probably migrated westwards into
2838:
13016:
quote: "突厥之先,平涼今平涼郡雜胡也,蓋匈奴之別種,姓阿史那氏。後魏太武滅沮渠氏,沮渠茂虔都姑臧,謂之北涼,為魏所滅。阿史那以五百家奔蠕蠕,代居金山,狀如兜鍪,俗呼兜鍪為「突厥」,因以為號。"
10841:
Pomponius Mela's Description of the World, Pomponius Mela, University of Michigan Press, 1998, p. 67
10344:
9469:
4671:
produced objects with over 20 carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to the
4223:); green, West Eurasian‐related ancestry; and yellow, associated with neolithic millet farmers from
20124:
19376:
19335:
18503:
17861:
17803:
15903:. Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan — Presidential Library.
14293:
14271:
13864:
Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"
10579:
7955:
7122:
6958:
6879:
6836:
6199:
6146:, ruling over Iran from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing
6078:
was an Uzbek state that existed from 1501 to 1785. The khanate was ruled by three dynasties of the
5602:
5277:
who established Islam as the official religion in western Siberia over the partly Islamized native
5126:
5122:
4938:
The First Turkic Khaganate at its greatest extent, in 576, with neighbouring contemporary polities.
4436:
4058:
3704:
3683:
8787:
converted or openly practice animistic and shamanistic rituals. It is estimated that about 60% of
6577:. Ethnic nationalism also developed in Ottoman Empire during the 19th century, taking the form of
5446:
The Yenisei Kyrgyz allied with China to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate in the year 840 AD. From the
4321:
and a South-Siberian or Mongolian group with a high East-Asian ancestry (around 60%)." Modern day
17:
20805:
20152:
20096:
19843:
19839:
19679:
19497:
19492:
18543:
18468:
18232:
18225:
18150:
17542:
17262:
17071:
16332:
16050:
14581:
Bosworth, C. E. (2001). 0Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi".
14350:
14312:
12959:
From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin DeWeese
11623:
Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal, М., 1983, p. 44
9564:
9507:
8705:
8635:, calling for a return to basic Islamic beliefs while simultaneously accepting modernist trends.
6774:
6769:(684 AD), members of the Ashina dynasty had East Asian features. A 2023 genetic study found that
5910:
5885:
5503:). The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains. Among the Pechenegs, the
5134:
4354:
4216:
4194:
3712:
2376:
2361:
2319:
2285:
2251:
2232:
2190:
2156:
2141:
2108:
2010:
1967:
1825:
1727:
1564:
1463:
737:
711:
18116:
Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983 (in Russian).
17586:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia"
17170:
16076:
15912:Религия. Управление делами Президента Азербайджанской Республики — Президентская библиотека
14023:
Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area
13048:
12764:
12490:
12473:
11283:
10100:
10087:
9796:
6565:
The Ottoman Empire gradually grew weaker in the face of poor administration, repeated wars with
20389:
19747:
19724:
19539:
19435:
19366:
18137:
16246:
15550:
14298:
13081:
12994:
12444:
Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99
10028:
9952:
9836:
9756:
9705:
9512:
7803:
6897:
6799:
6316:
6280:
5539:
5495:
state in the former territory of the Western Turkic Khaganate (the entire present-day state of
5455:
4948:
4748:
4215:
Ancestral composition of modern-day Turkic-speaking populations, using three components: blue,
4009:
3874:
3675:
2957:. Howeover since the 1950s, a majority of linguists have rejected the proposal, after supposed
729:
655:, and historical experiences. Some of the most notable modern Turkic ethnic groups include the
597:
18012:
17793:
Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (in Russian).
17118:
16474:
15657:
15226:
14893:
14074:
14021:
13994:
13940:
13392:
13365:
13244:
12454:
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). "The 'High Carts': A Turkish-Speaking People before the Türks".
9890:
9863:
9652:
9068:
6494:
6110:
was named after the Turkic Afshar tribe to which they belonged. The Afshars had migrated from
20619:
20573:
20181:
19022:
18317:
17469:
17394:
17220:
16577:
16265:
16025:
15621:
15325:
14794:
H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank (1981).
14691:
14664:
14637:
14472:
14354:
14280:
13967:
13913:
13886:
13419:
13326:
13298:
13271:
12926:
12786:
12606:
11294:
10165:
10139:
9821:
8967:
Battle, hunting and blacksmithing scenes in Turkic rock art of the early Middle Ages in Altai
8408:. Later this animistic tradition would form the more organized Tengrism. The chief deity was
6875:
6742:
6020:
was a Turko-Mongol empire founded in the late 14th century through military conquests led by
5432:
5118:
5106:
monks and practiced a syncretic religion. The Göktürks were the first Turkic people to write
4628:
4471:
4136:
3588:
2878:
898:
574:
17836:
17666:
16550:
16466:
16358:
12957:
12605:
Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011,
11096:
10723:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"
7319:. The idea of setting up this cooperative council was first put forward by Kazakh President
6930:
5234:
where the general population (Turks) as well as the aristocracy (Mongols) came to speak the
975:, which means 'created, born' or 'strong'. Turkologist Peter B. Golden agrees that the term
20772:
19835:
19554:
19509:
19361:
18698:
18322:
18202:
17007:
16946:
15897:
15884:""Şeyxülislam qeyd edib ki, Azərbaycanda 35 faiz sünni, 65 faiz isə şiə məzhəbinə mənsub…""
13768:"阿剌兀思剔吉忽里,汪古部人,係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the
13702:
13652:
12161:
12084:
11803:
11726:
Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018
11314:
10502:
9199:
7611:
7320:
6921:
6751:
the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'
6178:. In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Iran's integral areas to the
5927:. At its greatest extent, the Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from western
4643:, some scholars argue that the older Xiongnu writings are precursors to the earliest known
4350:
3362:
3091:
2327:
2289:
2198:
1110:
949:
648:
640:
17994:
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.
17500:
13942:
Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History
13722:
13591:
Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his
11050:
The Peoples of the Steppe Frontier in Early Chinese Sources, Edwin G. Pulleyblank, page 35
9731:
9693:
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division – Country Profile: Iran, May 2008, page 5
6983:
but "The people are all tall and big and have red hair, white faces, and green eyes." The
6942:
that Anatolian Turks and Ottoman elites are ethnically mixed: "Most of the inhabitants of
5411:
After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907, the Shatuo Turks replaced them and created the
8:
20513:
20132:
19757:
19579:
19225:
18513:
18248:
18072:
17995:
17808:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
15873:(Spencer Wells, 2001); and discussion and conclusions at www.karakalpak.com/genetics.html
15834:"Organization of Turkic States pledges observer status for Turkish Cyprus – Türkiye News"
13706:
13660:
13656:
12640:
Cheng, Fangyi. "The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes".
12609:"Türk, or Türküt, refers to a state of Ašina clan (of Tiele tribe by ancestral lineage)"
12150:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia"
10562:
9982:
9783:"Census 2021: 84.6% of population define themselves as Bulgarians, 8.4% Turks, 4.4% Roma"
8712:
of Russia, while containing many ancient Turkic concepts, also shares some elements with
8581:
8247:
is a fried bread that may be sprinkled with dried fruit or meat, rolled, and sliced like
8143:
can be used to prepare certain steamed foods, like the traditional meat dumplings called
7942:
7875:
6855:
6175:
6163:
6025:
5971:
5897:
5803:
5351:
4790:
4546:. In contrast, medieval Muslim writers, including Turkic speakers like Ottoman historian
4432:
3842:
3452:
3067:
3047:
3020:
2687:
1894:
1755:
964:
837:
17843:
Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
17667:"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"
17616:
17585:
17429:
17398:
17011:
16102:
12165:
12088:
11996:
11807:
11482:
10915:
Golden, Peter B. "Türks and Iranians: Aspects of Türk and Khazaro-Iranian Interaction".
9613:
The greatest are the 65 million Turks of Turkey, who speak Turkish, a Turkic language...
8614:
Islam first made contact with the Turkic peoples in 642, when Muslim armies crossed the
8294:, was made from horsemeat and another variety was filled with a mixture of ground meat,
20508:
20330:
19564:
19457:
18906:
18708:
18618:
18518:
17759:
17726:
17694:
17041:
16653:
15442:
15206:
14493:
14206:. 43–44. Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212.
14160:
14121:
12734:
12721:
12688:
12361:
12336:
12252:
12219:
12190:
12149:
12126:
12024:
11925:
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11791:
11747:
11697:
11662:
10742:
10616:
10530:
9366:
9275:
9229:
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8850:
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7946:
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exchange their experiences, as well as promoting the city in question internationally.
7195:(TÜRKSOY) and the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries (TÜRKPA) and the
7112:
6640:
6574:
6463:
6292:
6098:(Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Arabshahid dynasty and the Uzbek dynasty of Kungrats.
6091:
6061:
6049:
5920:
5778:
5708:
5202:
5154:
4652:
4186:
4182:
3959:
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2296:
1849:
1094:, located in South Siberia. Another example of an early Turkic population would be the
829:
745:
716:
578:
18021:
Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994,
17244:
The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran
14769:
The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896
14187:(PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.
12928:
The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia
12897:
Writing the Landscape: the Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China).
12788:
The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia
10862:
8922:(chase the girl) has been played by Turkic people at festivals since time immemorial.
6557:
6412:
and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the
5867:
A map showing the Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092.
5415:
dynasty in 923. The Shatuo Turks ruled over a large part of northern China, including
5222:
in Eastern Europe, western & northern Central Asia, and even western Siberia. The
5149:
3050:
scripts, unlike other typologically close scripts of the world, do not have a uniform
3016:. Most of the preserved inscriptions were dated to between 8th and 10th centuries CE.
20649:
20568:
20321:
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14697:
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14643:
14639:
The Ottoman 'Wild West': The Balkan Frontier in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
14537:
14529:
14164:
14141:"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun"
14125:
14102:"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun"
14080:
14027:
14000:
13973:
13946:
13919:
13892:
13869:
13845:
13838:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов
13808:
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11702:
11684:
11503:
11368:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
11334:
11222:
11136:, p. 200"Historians know with certainty that the Dingling were a Turkic people"
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10746:
10620:
10608:
10534:
10522:
10145:
10083:
9986:
9896:
9869:
9842:
9602:
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8768:
8752:
8644:
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6714:
described the Hu people of his day as "blue-eyed and red bearded" descendants of the
6644:
6405:
6370:
6315:
from the early 16th to the early 18th centuries. The Mughal dynasty was founded by a
6296:
6183:
6147:
6057:
5686:
5622:
4314:
4178:
3818:
3584:
3515:
3133:
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were found not to be valid, hypothesized sound shifts were not found, and Turkic and
2911:
2827:
2798:
833:
733:
17045:
16989:
12130:
12072:
8436:
7465:. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from
4701:
49:
20614:
20594:
20372:
20148:
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20128:
20116:
20092:
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18594:
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18523:
18508:
18493:
18463:
18453:
18429:
18365:
18272:
18106:
Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III."
17754:
17744:
17678:
17611:
17601:
17532:
17524:
17495:
17485:
17481:
17465:
17424:
17414:
17361:
17351:
17312:
17278:
17274:
17187:
17165:
17161:
17023:
17015:
16994:
16645:
15426:
15198:
14827:
14690:
Blair, Ann; Duguid, Paul; Goeing, Anja-Silvia; Grafton, Anthony (26 January 2021).
14570:
14275:
14152:
14113:
12716:
12708:
12700:
12553:
12549:
12356:
12348:
12247:
12231:
12185:
12169:
12100:
12092:
12008:
11907:
11868:
11827:
11811:
11729:
11692:
11674:
11606:
11074:
Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.
10968:"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk""
10734:
10600:
10514:
10370:"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002"
9502:
9497:
8870:
8808:
8681:
8669:
8530:
8512:
8393:
8377:
8363:
8131:
8013:
7851:
7827:
7779:
7708:
7584:
7132:
7117:
7084:
6980:
6975:
6935:
6917:
6694:
6685:
6538:
6474:
6417:
6203:
6171:
6107:
6053:
5982:(1095–1099). From c. 1150–1250, the Seljuk empire declined, and was invaded by the
5975:
5963:
5876:
5835:
5767:
5744:
5702:
5674:
5373:
5343:
5320:
5306:
5270:
5259:
5235:
5193:. These Bulgars were conquered by the Mongols following their westward sweep under
5138:
5012:
4900:
4847:
4779:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4531:
4282:
4274:
4262:
4190:
4171:
4167:
3936:
3806:
3629:
3532:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3398:
3353:
3344:
3327:
3117:
3009:
3004:
The Turkic alphabets are sets of related alphabets with letters (formerly known as
2966:
2954:
2953:
The Turkic language family was traditionally considered to be part of the proposed
2927:
2874:
2676:
2557:
2342:
2262:
2213:
2072:
1936:
1793:
1143:
777:
617:
605:
567:
520:
55:
20604:
19504:
16963:
16387:
14666:
Entrepreneurial Renaissance: Cities Striving Towards an Era of Rebirth and Revival
9694:
9625:
5731:(modern Turkey) in many waves. The date of the initial expansion remains unknown.
4551:
2093:
914:
20768:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
20450:
20427:
20400:
20140:
20112:
20108:
20080:
20049:
19986:
19943:
19926:
19752:
19714:
19649:
19634:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19589:
19574:
19569:
19559:
19549:
19529:
19519:
19487:
19381:
18988:
18899:
18738:
18718:
18623:
18613:
18599:
18528:
18488:
18483:
18448:
18349:
18303:
18277:
18002:
17749:
17214:
17210:
17097:
17065:
17003:
16439:
16292:
16253:
15931:
15016:
14795:
14477:
14246:
13760:
12883:
12335:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S, Taylor WT, Miller BK, Bemmann JH, et al. (2020).
11679:
11495:
11290:
11262:
11121:
10980:
8627:
8619:
8030:
8003:
7794:
7755:
7685:
7661:
7232:
6963:
6702:"was not given a high military post by the Ashina rulers because of his Sogdian (
6689:
6566:
6284:
6272:
6179:
6131:
6123:
6075:
5815:
5724:
5670:
5278:
5255:
5243:
5205:. Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed with the local populations to varying degrees.
5025:
4858:
4757:
4640:
4306:
4254:
4023:
3995:
3693:
3506:
3497:
3479:
3416:
3389:
3380:
3055:
2982:
2923:
2903:
2823:
2668:
2542:
2398:
2270:
2167:
1575:
1216:
1051:
945:
868:
601:
504:
405:
17783:
Amanjolov A.S., "History of the Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003,
16914:
12689:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
9838:
The Statesman's Yearbook 2007: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
9004:
Battle scene of a Turkic horseman with typical long hair (Gokturk period, Altai)
8050:
Markets in the steppe region had a limited range of foodstuffs available—mostly
6600:. For much of the 20th century, Turkey was the only independent Turkic country.
5372:) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in the
5273:
was established in the 1490s by fleeing Tatar aristocrats of the disintegrating
4975:
4337:(568–578 AD), a Royal Göktürk, whose remains were recovered from a mausoleum in
20762:
20659:
20639:
20533:
20518:
20483:
20384:
20156:
20144:
20120:
20100:
20061:
20010:
19971:
19876:
19866:
19719:
19704:
19684:
19669:
19664:
19639:
19624:
19544:
19482:
19417:
19300:
19049:
18804:
18728:
18670:
18589:
18533:
18498:
18473:
18458:
18389:
18216:
17636:
16636:(January–March 1975). "Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and Superstitions of the Turks".
16633:
16003:
15859:
14514:
14179:
13592:
13085:
12752:
12352:
12173:
11815:
11733:
11485:
entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking populations and regions.
11449:
11425:. vol. 91 "蠕蠕,東胡之苗裔也,姓郁久閭氏。" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"
11244:
11197:
11146:
9492:
9252:
9233:
9015:
8713:
8709:
8697:
8677:
8481:
8111:
7979:
7923:
7899:
7890:
7866:
7837:
7813:
7789:
7765:
7732:
7571:
7505:
7501:
7296:, aims to integrate these organizations into a tighter geopolitical framework.
7196:
7137:
7032:
6970:
6871:
6862:, the small mouth and the strongly slanted eyes were characteristically Turkic.
6851:
6787:
6770:
6656:
6636:
6589:
6546:
6478:
6459:
6451:
6288:
6232:
6225:
6143:
6118:
in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the military commander
6017:
6011:
5991:
5823:
5694:
5678:
5650:
5263:
5227:
4987:
4708:
4616:
4569:
According to some researchers (Duan, Xue, Tang, Lung, Onogawa, etc.) the later
4555:
4519:
4396:
4334:
4220:
4016:
3615:
3605:
3488:
3470:
3461:
3407:
3371:
3141:
3125:
3107:
3036:
2939:
2935:
2907:
2767:
2612:
1995:
1721:
1668:
1624:
1593:
1540:
1366:
1188:
1087:
1059:
1022:
Scholars, including Toru Haneda, Onogawa Hidemi, and Geng Shimin believed that
856:
825:
789:
684:
664:
628:
225:
220:
31:
19186:
18584:
17727:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"
17490:
17356:
17335:
17283:
17019:
14993:
12997:
quote: "突厥之先,平涼雜胡也,姓阿史那氏。後魏太武滅沮渠氏,阿史那以五百家奔茹茹,世居金山,工於鐵作。金山狀如兜鍪,俗呼兜鍪為「突厥」,因以為號。"
12514:"The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oghuric Tribes"
12096:
11912:
11895:
11663:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"
10738:
4345:. The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to the North-East Asian
4235:
4155:. Other studies suggested an early presence of Turkic peoples in Mongolia, or
2017:
1334:
20799:
20695:
20685:
20488:
20377:
20276:
20231:
20104:
20026:
20022:
19992:
19936:
19921:
19886:
19793:
19709:
19689:
19674:
19345:
19150:
19120:
19054:
18993:
18885:
18878:
18825:
18713:
18703:
18478:
18298:
17690:
17646:(2015). "The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.).
17509:
17292:
17202:
17179:
17175:
16758:
15438:
15202:
14483:
14234:, Ed. Scott Cameron Levi and Ron Sela, (Indiana University Press, 2010), 83;
13013:
12395:
12243:
12235:
12181:
12114:
12020:
11921:
11880:
11823:
11688:
10867:
10612:
10604:
10526:
10518:
9459:
9327:
8819:
8788:
8764:
8756:
8701:
8685:
8480:
and also incorporated elements of the Iranian traditional religions, such as
8440:
8421:
8285:
8119:
8115:
8097:
7989:
7842:
7770:
7742:
7474:
7142:
7076:
6758:
6746:
6730:
6498:
6470:
6392:
emerged as the de facto rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (apart from
6300:
6257:
5983:
5979:
5907:
5858:
5842:
5698:
5682:
5666:
5582:
5535:
5492:
5463:
5451:
5447:
5377:
5328:
5186:
5111:
4944:
4878:
4801:
4676:
4648:
4539:
4318:
4310:
4278:
4083:
4072:
3922:
3665:
3264:
3098:
is the only known complete manuscript text written in the Old Turkic script.
3079:
3071:
3059:
2848:
2683:
2680:
2482:
2133:
2035:
1943:
1804:
1568:
1526:
1470:
1086:
The earliest Turkic-speaking peoples identifiable in Chinese sources are the
902:
809:
676:
668:
632:
613:
348:
18133:
16865:
16714:
15430:
14867:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
14156:
14117:
14101:
13033:
10272:
8660:
8431:
symbolizes honour and is also considered the mother of most Turkic peoples.
6882:
as "broad-faced, without eyelashes, and with long flowing hair like women".
5863:
20674:
20460:
20088:
20030:
20014:
19976:
19828:
19798:
19393:
19260:
19245:
19059:
18998:
18968:
18932:
18892:
18756:
18628:
18605:
18373:
18309:
18196:
17768:
17625:
17438:
17206:
17037:
16552:
The War on the Uyghurs: China's Internal Campaign against a Muslim Minority
16285:
15263:
15259:
14076:
Winds of Jingjiao: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
13697:
13647:
13025:
12730:
12370:
12261:
12199:
12122:
11872:
11841:
11706:
11610:
11435:
11101:
ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
10832:– Harvard University Press, vol. II (Libri III-VII); reprinted 1961, p. 351
8784:
8780:
8760:
8748:
8738:
8448:
8432:
8355:
8145:
8123:
7700:
7594:
7371:
7328:
7004:
6783:
6762:
6754:
6707:
6620:
6604:
6518:
6413:
6332:
6155:
6037:
5944:
5940:
5690:
5642:
5436:
5428:
5274:
5219:
5212:
5076:
5000:
4954:
4953:
The earliest certain mentioning of the politonym "Turk" was in the Chinese
4838:
4574:
4570:
4410:
4391:
4359:
4224:
4046:
3758:
3725:
3654:
3219:
3083:
3063:
3062:
version of the Enisei group. The Orkhon script is the alphabet used by the
3051:
3028:
2993:
2843:
2627:
2527:
2383:
1978:
1908:
1435:
1423:
1232:
1076:
937:
749:
660:
656:
624:
551:
543:
268:
17316:
17216:
Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses
15711:
14574:
12147:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11522:
10369:
8934:
became the most important sporting and ceremonial game of Turkish people.
8210:
that could be served with boiled or roasted meat; cut noodles were called
6949:
Kevin Alan Brook states that like "most nomadic Turks, the Western Turkic
6729:
ruler named Sri Ranasrikari "The Lord who brings excellence through war" (
5970:, before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia. Here the Seljuks won the
5173:
who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the
20664:
20316:
20261:
19966:
19896:
19397:
19280:
19275:
19219:
18723:
18639:
18566:
18435:
18416:
18239:
16175:
14846:
14729:
14599:
13769:
13692:
13642:
13609:
13605:
11421:
11388:
11266:
9677:
9135:
9038:
Old Uyghur king from Turfan, from the murals at the Dunhuang Mogao Caves.
9023:
8508:
8417:
8055:
7861:
7485:
7415:
7236:
7186:
7092:
6997:
6909:
6889:
6699:
6673:
6578:
6447:
6409:
6304:
6029:
5955:
5951:
5924:
5913:
5846:
5799:
5795:
5590:
5586:
5558:
5512:
5369:
5339:
5194:
5182:
5084:
4958:
4814:
4768:
4668:
4423:
4387:
4277:
took place during the 5th–16th centuries, partially overlapping with the
4198:
4148:
4140:
3697:
3183:
2779:
2552:
2487:
2421:
2406:
2304:
2175:
2126:
1932:
1901:
1856:
1762:
1698:
1661:
1630:
1608:
1533:
1502:
1459:
1428:
1400:
1372:
1300:
1272:
1221:
1106:
1102:
928:
890:
876:
864:
801:
593:
248:
17606:
17117:
Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).
17028:
16840:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
12704:
12105:
11857:"Diachrony of verb morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian languages"
10938:
10876:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
9892:
Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century
9822:"Uzbeks and Turkmens – Minorities and indigenous peoples in Afghanistan"
5181:. One group of Bulgars settled in the Volga region and mixed with local
5169:
who converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century. After them came the
5048:
20644:
20609:
20465:
20445:
20440:
20435:
20306:
19644:
19080:
18327:
17419:
16753:. III/IV 1979–1980. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University: 160.
15446:
15417:
Schlumberger, Daniel (1952). "Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar".
15327:
Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries
14947:
14389:
The Central islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War
13780:
13778:
11966:
11792:"Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia"
10010:
9917:"Unpublished Census Provides Rare and Unvarnished Look at Turkmenistan"
8792:
8497:
8397:
7747:
7653:
7630:
7603:
7443:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7289:
7285:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7157:
7152:
7088:
7040:
7021:
6867:
6791:
6726:
6681:
6624:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6522:
6416:
and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the
6358:
6354:
6343:
6312:
6308:
6191:
6119:
6115:
6079:
5936:
5831:
5811:
5753:
5662:
5630:
5610:
5598:
5496:
5412:
5324:
5231:
5107:
5056:
5021:
4922:
4827:
4644:
4612:
4608:
4511:
4327:
4135:
The origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion.
4034:
3983:
3910:
3770:
2659:
Possible Proto-Turkic ancestry, at least partial, has been posited for
2446:
2323:
2194:
2043:
2002:
1601:
1586:
1486:
1323:
1295:
1268:
1248:
980:
765:
609:
559:
328:
288:
207:
167:
107:
20271:
19265:
18409:
17682:
17448:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
16657:
15623:
The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own
12012:
10591:
Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".
9862:
Leitner, Gerhard; Hashim, Azirah; Wolf, Hans-Georg (11 January 2016).
8122:, who were historically part of the Turkic nomadic group known as the
6433:
6378:
6327:(Tamerlane) on his father's side and from Chagatai, second son of the
3782:
2894:
20690:
20669:
20634:
20629:
20578:
20538:
20523:
20493:
20396:
20347:
20256:
20018:
19931:
19891:
19812:
19808:
19295:
19285:
19232:
19199:
19085:
18871:
18833:
18814:
18794:
18769:
18675:
18209:
17665:
Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin (17 November 2023).
17224:
15267:
14833:
Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day
14383:
B. Spuler, "The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East", in the
13756:
12986:
12664:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
12387:
11033:
9824:. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. 19 June 2015.
9517:
9362:
9310:
9248:
8744:
8665:
8615:
8534:
8428:
8405:
8371:
8225:
8153:, a griddle that was traditionally placed on stones over a fire, and
8017:
7818:
7723:
7676:
7478:
7454:
7395:
7358:
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from
7173:
6893:
6885:
6847:
6808:
6711:
6677:
6628:
6534:
6389:
6111:
6083:
6033:
6021:
5819:
5720:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5528:
5507:
formed the elite of the Pecheneg tribes. After being defeated by the
5400:
5381:
5332:
5297:
5190:
5170:
5130:
5099:
5095:
4983:
4635:
Using the only extant possibly Xiongnu writings, the rock art of the
4600:
4559:
4402:
4175:
4163:
3898:
3746:
3570:
3546:
3318:
3228:
3095:
3087:
3024:
2977:
2943:
2919:
2814:
Refers to forest peoples of the North, including the Turkic-speaking
2722:
2651:
2602:
2577:
2517:
2334:
2224:
2182:
1960:
1738:
1557:
1452:
1147:
1114:
1091:
894:
652:
555:
547:
424:
20679:
17528:
16938:
16778:
15808:"Turkish Cyprus gains Organization of Turkic States observer status"
15562:
Xin Tangshu, "vol. 217b", txt: "黠戛斯,古堅昆國也。 或曰居勿,曰結骨。 人皆長大,赤髮、皙面、綠瞳"
14140:
13775:
13746:
Mote, F.W.: Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, 1999
11594:
10722:
10696:
10670:
7331:
also joined as an observer state to the organization at 8th summit.
6247:
5589:
in 766, located geographically in an area between the coasts of the
5479:
4413:(also known as Gaoche 高車, lit. "High Carts"), may be related to the
2847:. Uriankhai people are possibly linked to the Wuluohun tribe of the
20721:
20654:
20599:
20548:
20503:
20352:
20326:
20301:
20251:
20226:
20043:
19856:
19820:
19804:
19405:
19250:
19194:
19180:
19165:
19140:
19130:
19100:
18789:
18776:
18762:
18343:
18056:
The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies
18034:
Les Saces: Les « Scythes » d'Asie, VIII siècle apr. J.-C.
17731:
17347:
17205:(2003). "Ethnicity and language in prehistoric Northeast Asia". In
16962:
16649:
15394:
15358:
Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World
14217:
Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (1 January 2012).
12631:
Suribadalaha, "New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols", p. 46–47
12568:
12513:
11416:
11383:
11250:
11005:
T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, and A. P. Martinez (2012),
10393:
9865:
Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language
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8231:
8180:
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7994:
7933:
7914:
7695:
7489:
7484:
Sometimes ethnographers group Turkic people into six branches: the
7431:
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7347:
7229:
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7008:
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5289:
5178:
5103:
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4911:
4664:
4656:
4604:
4596:
4418:
4338:
4322:
4299:
4250:
4152:
4139:
proposes two locations for the Proto-Turkic Urheimat: the southern
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3032:
3013:
2990:
2947:
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2104:
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2006:
1971:
1880:
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1814:
1797:
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1407:
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1261:
1095:
741:
680:
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636:
582:
444:
231:
15738:"Cultural Capital of the Turkic World 2016: Sheki :: TURKSOY"
15395:"The Imperial Titles on the Coins of the Western Turkic Qaghanate"
12337:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
11202:
Historie des Turks – Deux mille ans du Pacifique á la Méditerranée
10325:(in Romanian). Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova
8606:
8264:
7202:
7147:
6761:
have argued that West Eurasian features were typical of the royal
5569:
5208:
5121:) quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 the
3560:
875:
among the people of the same area. However, English archaeologist
627:
have throughout history become part of the Turkic peoples through
20731:
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20624:
20241:
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20038:
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18799:
18784:
18633:
18402:
18356:
18267:
18142:
16500:"Kyrgyz Religious Hatred Trial Throws Spotlight On Ancient Creed"
13969:
A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century
11638:
9598:
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8919:
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7162:
7096:
7017:
6989:
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6490:
6261:
6195:
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6087:
6024:. The establishment of a cosmopolitan empire was followed by the
5987:
5716:
5707:
Turkic peoples and related groups migrated west from present-day
5554:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5416:
5247:
5242:" by Russians and Westerners. This country was also known as the
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5092:
5088:
5043:
5017:
4869:
4660:
4636:
4586:
4414:
4383:
4353:, and that approximately 96-98% of her autosomal ancestry was of
4266:
4258:
4253:, where they adopted a pastoral lifestyle, in part borrowed from
4201:, supporting an origin from Northeast Asia rather than Manchuria.
4144:
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3734:
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3174:
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1307:
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387:
15996:"Buddhism history in Kazakhstan · · "Kazakhstan History" portal"
15763:"Uzbekistan Officially Applies For Membership In Turkic Council"
15034:"Turkic Council's name changed to Organization of Turkic States"
13915:
China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State
12220:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"
11659:
8803:
8416:, worshipped by the upper classes of early Turkic society until
8290:
6733:). In this realistic portrait, he wears the Turkic double-lapel
5483:
Kangar Union after the fall of Western Turkic Khaganate, 659–750
4439:. Historically they were established after the 6th century BCE.
4427:, the Tiele people were the remnants of the Chidi (赤狄), the red
1046:, which means 'powerful' and 'strength', and its plural form is
20757:
20716:
20498:
20455:
20405:
20266:
20221:
20211:
20195:
20189:
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20000:
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19255:
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19155:
19145:
19125:
19105:
19090:
19004:
18940:
18926:
18858:
18843:
18838:
18819:
18647:
18561:
17470:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese"
13006:
12804:
12476:"高車,蓋古赤狄之餘種也,初號為狄歷,北方以為勑勒,諸夏以為高車、丁零。其語略與匈奴同而時有小異,或云其先匈奴之甥也" tr.
12432:
11205:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9476:
9442:
9400:
9344:
8931:
8908:
8840:
8826:
8811:
8717:
8600:
8562:
8538:
8456:
8409:
8339:
8268:
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8155:
8092:
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7965:
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7909:
7885:
7718:
7638:
7625:
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7576:
7466:
7458:
7439:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7391:
7383:
7312:
7293:
7248:
7044:
6859:
6734:
6573:, and it finally gave way after World War I to the present-day
6510:
6362:
6349:
6328:
6002:
5967:
5932:
5916:
5786:
5781:
5757:
5550:
5546:
5500:
5459:
5396:
5358:
5251:
5239:
5174:
5072:
5033:
4995:
4739:
4730:
4719:
3300:
3291:
3282:
2997:
2819:
2815:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2537:
2512:
2492:
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2451:
2436:
1863:
1769:
1705:
1637:
1279:
1204:
885:
785:
700:
696:
688:
563:
147:
87:
16890:
Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present
14793:
13996:
Byzantium and the Pechenegs: The Historiography of the Problem
11219:
Studies on Byzantium, Seljuks, and Ottomans: Reprinted Studies
6943:
6158:, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the
5450:, the Kyrgyz pushed south and eastward in to Xinjiang and the
5435:
in 945. The Shatuo dynasties were replaced by the Han Chinese
5338:
The official state religion of the early Uyghur Khaganate was
4386:
confederation about 200 BCE (contemporaneous with the Chinese
2926:. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is
20726:
20311:
20246:
19981:
19413:
19310:
19270:
19175:
19135:
18853:
18848:
18680:
18395:
18101:
Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages
17635:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
17631:
13604:, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-
12069:
11941:
11939:
10861:
9404:
9139:
8596:
8589:
8558:
8452:
8444:
8344:
8311:
8295:
8281:
8276:
8216:
8106:
8101:
8087:
8075:
8067:
8051:
7399:
7083:堅昆部落) as "yellow-haired, green-eyed, red-mustached bearded".
6715:
6514:
6397:
6393:
6324:
6320:
6276:
6253:
6006:
Map of the Timurid Empire at its greatest extent under Timur.
5827:
5440:
5387:
5250:, as well as the entirety of modern-day southern and eastern
5198:
4991:
4672:
4620:
4591:
4428:
4346:
4342:
3886:
3574:
3556:
3246:
3005:
2986:
2826:. The ethnonym Uriankhai is etymologically Mongolic, compare
2726:薛 in the 7th century; the Yenisei Kyrgyz were first known as
2672:
2622:
2607:
2572:
2562:
2476:
2205:
2148:
2061:
2050:
1918:
1492:
1389:
1340:
1134:
refers generally to the people of modern "Turkic Republics" (
1130:
1066:
is never used in the generalized sense of 'strong'" and that
368:
187:
18011:. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007.
17865:
17848:
An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish
16990:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
15589:
15076:
12956:
Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff (11 October 2021).
12643:
12073:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
9531:
8795:
there are about 54,000 followers of the ancient traditions.
20767:
20543:
19409:
19401:
17740:
17144:
Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes
15790:"Turkic Council reforms into Organization of Turkic States"
15515:
15513:
15307:
15305:
15303:
15278:
15276:
15105:
15103:
15066:
15064:
15062:
15049:
15047:
14509:
Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
14435:
14020:
Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone (31 December 2013).
12410:
12408:
12205:
group11,13,14 with a high East-Asian ancestry (around 60%).
11502:. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.
10967:
9935:"First (actual) demographic data for Turkmenistan released"
9408:
8897:
8160:
8071:
7970:
7403:
7387:
7335:
was admitted to the organization as observer member at the
7222:
7012:
6913:
6632:
6607:, five Turkic states gained their independence. These were
6182:
over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day
6174:, and Mohammad Khan was formally crowned as Shah after his
6151:
6127:
5791:
5647:
5606:
5534:
The elite of the Kangar tribes are believed to have had an
4687:
4156:
2664:
1786:
1008:
586:
308:
127:
17583:
16826:. Vol. 6. Atatürk Kültür Merkezi. 2009. p. 2128.
16498:
Ashakeeva, Gulaiym; Najibullah, Farangis (February 2012).
15254:
A History of Pre-Islamic and Early-Islamic Turkish Culture
14858:
13328:
China's Last Nomads: History and Culture of China's Kazaks
13126:, "vol. 50" quote: "居金山之陽,為茹茹鐵工。金山形似兜鍪,其俗謂兜鍪為「突厥」,遂因以為號焉。"
12057:
12039:
11979:
11936:
11722:"THE CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNICITY IN MEDIEVAL TURKIC EURASIA"
10983:. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 143.
10474:
10447:
10428:
10426:
10417:
10191:"2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/"
8829:
and other gods was mocked and insulted by the Muslim Turk
6592:
living either in the Soviet Union or (after a short-lived
6279:-based kingdoms, two of which were of Turkic origins: the
5036:, from which they were said to have gotten their name 突厥 (
725:(11th century), showing the distribution of Turkic tribes.
17116:
16715:
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü; Gary Leiser; Robert Dankoff (2006).
15354:
14925:
14852:
14236:
The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...
12827:
Nicola di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies, S. 163ff.
11956:
11954:
10638:
Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks
10076:
9979:
Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective
8857:
8537:
was the main religion after Manichaeism. They worshipped
8392:. The Turkic animistic traditions were mostly focused on
8126:, continued to develop new variations of dairy products.
8063:
7481:, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
18134:
Turkish Studies – Turkic republics, regions, and peoples
15699:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 278.
15601:
15510:
15300:
15288:
15273:
15100:
15088:
15059:
15044:
15021:. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü. 1964. p. 155.
14689:
14466:
Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century
14372:
Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century
14232:
Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources
13170:. Series Turcologica, Band IX. Otto-Harrassowitz. p. 117
12843:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
12405:
10294:"Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon"
10268:
Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon
8223:
There are many types of bread doughs in Turkic cuisine.
7003:
In a Chinese legal statute from the early period of the
6458:. In 1090–91, the Turkic Pechenegs reached the walls of
5087:
authority controlled by a council of tribal chiefs. The
15157:
15130:
14979:
Moses Parkson, "Ottoman Empire and its past life" p. 98
14219:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
11178:
10763:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, p. 826
10423:
8822:
to the slow conversion of Uyghur populations to Islam.
8202:
was crushed grain that was cooked with dairy products.
5790:
origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of
5581:, meaning "Oguz Land", "Oguz Country")(750–1055) was a
5201:
population, adopting what eventually became the Slavic
2938:, dwelling predominantly in Turkey proper and formerly
20753:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
17637:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
15488:
15486:
13801:Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен
13588:
13225:
13223:
11951:
11896:"New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem"
11020:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish
10905:
Sinor, Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Page 295
10210:"Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition"
8861:
Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia (6th to 8th century)
8334:
6450:
established their own state and later constructed the
4675:
letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the
1928:
Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County
15577:
15376:
14423:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13132:
13114:"vol. 99 – section Tujue" quote: "又曰突厥之先,出於索國,在匈奴之北。"
12807:
descent, part of the military nobility of the Róurán.
12687:
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (10 May 2020).
12334:
11166:
11070:
11068:
10399:
10387:
6466:
with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army.
6043:
5890:
3043:
was recorded in Central Europe's Hungary in 1699 CE.
2906:
of some 30 languages, spoken across a vast area from
1885:
1746:
1142:). However, the proper usage of the term is based on
20204:
16785:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 160.
13835:Очир А. (2016). Э. П. Бакаева; К. В. Орлова (eds.).
13168:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
12803:
The Türks emerged from the Āshĭnà clan, of probable
12417:
12216:
11488:
11355:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
11053:
10994:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
9009:
8798:
7239:) organization of currently three Turkic countries (
6082:, Janids and the Uzbek dynasty of Mangits. In 1785,
5458:
in Gansu where their descendants are the modern day
2942:-dominated areas of Southern and Eastern Europe and
1840:
18082:
Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule
17529:"The Transeurasian homeland: where, what and when?"
16886:
16497:
15498:
15483:
15471:
14418:, (Cambridge University Press, 1977), 151, 231–234.
13966:Chaliand, GŽrard; Wong, R. Bin (17 November 2014).
13246:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
13231:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492
13220:
12982:
12980:
11855:Fuente, José Andrés Alonso de la (1 January 2016).
10128:
SPO, Economic and Social Indicators 2014, pages=2–3
9557:"A Pan-Turkic Dream: Language Unification of Turks"
8310:meaning "to tear off", the latter dish is known as
8284:, historically Turkic nomads also had a variety of
6773:(568–578 AD), a Royal Göktürk, had nearly entirely
4580:
4542:by Chinese, Tibetans, and even the Turkic-speaking
1121:) in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples.
832:in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan". The
17979:Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998.
17725:Yunusbayev, Bayazit; et al. (21 April 2015).
16233:"The Gagauz: 'Christian Turks' between two worlds"
15399:History of Central Asia in Modern Medieval Studies
14885:
14883:
14216:
14139:Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (23 October 2023).
14019:
13945:. Central European University Press. p. 288.
13608:area during the political chaos at the end of the
13129:
11315:Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids
11065:
9630:Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
8561:"Yellow Yughurs" of Western China, as well as the
6176:punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects
5958:(989–1060) in 1037. From their homelands near the
5748:Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE
4374:The earliest separate Turkic peoples, such as the
18121:Classification and index of the World's languages
17876:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 468–473.
17798:Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages
17724:
16628:
16626:
13394:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present
13297:Soucek, Branko; Soucek, Svat (17 February 2000).
13087:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
12438:
12328:
11788:
11644:
11451:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
11148:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10671:"The Khüis Tolgoi inscription – signs and sounds"
10405:
9861:
9542:
6571:emergence of nationalist movements in the Balkans
5342:, which was introduced through the conversion of
3156:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
3012:. Inscriptions in Turkic alphabets were found in
824:, most likely not later than 587 AD. A letter by
495:
20797:
17825:. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
17650:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–192.
17446:Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).
16199:
16197:
15683:Lee & Kuang (2017). p. 213, 217–218, 225–226
15659:Routledge Handbook of Race and Ethnicity in Asia
15348:
14821:
14606:. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center.
14145:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
14106:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
12977:
12583:Duan: Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele. 1988, pp. 39–41
10443:
10441:
10375:. Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office
8626:. Mass conversions did not take place until the
8507:Tengri Bögü Khan initially made the now extinct
7271:
5974:in 1071 and conquered most of Anatolia from the
5657:Iranian, Indian, Arabic, and Anatolian expansion
5284:
4961:dynasty and the Turks in the years 545 and 546.
3031:, Arabic script in the Middle and Western Asia,
1101:In Late Antiquity itself, as well as in and the
940:(7th century) presents an etymology of the name
808:) applied to only one Turkic group, namely, the
577:originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in
17917:
17841:Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux.
17821:Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006.
17642:
17538:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
17261:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017).
16987:
16416:(2nd ed.). London: KPI. pp. 431–432.
16189:The Gagauz Between Christianity and Turkishness
15228:Linguistic Mysteries of Ethnonyms in Inner Asia
14880:
14761:
14613:Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998).
14326:A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia
14221:. Princeton University Press. pp. 410–411.
13207:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
11271:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
11124:. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.
10697:"Interpretation of the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription"
10007:"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province"
9086:Old Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals.
8420:was introduced as the official religion of the
7390:. Additionally, Turkic people are found within
7193:Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture
6101:
5986:around 1260. The Mongols divided Anatolia into
5810:) from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by
5739:
5564:
5153:The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of
4369:
3082:inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the
1517:
339:
18007:Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In:
16824:Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Kongresi Bildirileri
16795:
16742:Ševčenko, Ihor; Sysyn, Frank E., eds. (1980).
16687:
16664:
16623:
16602:
14642:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–18.
14488:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
14339:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
13351:
13324:
12955:
12381:
11990:
11988:
11655:
11653:
11256:
11082:
11080:
10320:"2017 Anuarul Statisitc al Republicii Moldova"
8733:. It even revived in Gaochang and expanded in
8595:, although a significant number in Turkey are
7168:
6979:as having the same script and language as the
5145:Bulgars, Golden Horde and the Siberian Khanate
4382:(薪犁), appeared on the peripheries of the late
3039:in Central Europe. The latest recorded use of
2796:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
259:
19443:
18158:
17664:
17445:
17393:
16779:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (1980).
16741:
16194:
16144:
15971:"History of Buddhism among the Turkic People"
15412:
15410:
15408:
14782:A companion to the history of the Middle East
14521:, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164.
14441:
14404:, (Edinburgh University Press, 2015), 1–378.
13797:
12863:
12686:
12322:
12310:
12298:
12287:
12283:
12281:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12045:
11945:
11626:
11476:
10727:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
10438:
9682:Nationalism in Late and Post-Communist Europe
9559:, in Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (eds.),
8720:Judaism, and Islam. The Chuvash converted to
8459:, are also main figures of Turkic mythology.
7449:A small number of Turkic people also live in
6957:described Khazars as having black hair while
5997:
5814:upon his succession to rule of the region of
4538:) was initially reserved exclusively for the
4111:
239:
20786:State with limited international recognition
18078:
17648:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
17584:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020).
16887:Christensen, karen; Levinson, David (1999).
16151:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1937.
15416:
15386:
14624:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
14414:P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis,
14198:Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.).
14138:
14099:
13965:
13716:
13714:
13296:
11994:
11592:
11583:. Cambridge University Press. Pages 211–216.
11540:Lyle Campbell and Mauricio J. Mixco (2007):
11330:World History: Journeys from Past to Present
10236:"Tension adds to existing wounds in Lebanon"
9361:Turkish girls in their traditional clothes,
9098:Old Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals.
8980:Turk vassal blacksmiths under Mongolian rule
6142:The Qajar dynasty was created by the Turkic
6137:
5852:
4651:. Petroglyphs of this region dates from the
319:
279:
198:
158:
98:
16988:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018).
16464:
14072:
13723:"Shatuo Türks 沙陀突厥 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
12453:
11985:
11650:
11154:
11077:
10458:
10456:
9868:. Cambridge University Press. p. 241.
9775:
9548:
9178:Old Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho.
9110:Old Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals.
9050:Old Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals.
8741:period. It disappeared after its collapse.
8676:The major Christian-Turkic peoples are the
6357:329 (940/941 CE), with the names of Caliph
5597:. Oguz tribes occupied a vast territory in
4566:, differentiated from non-Turkic speakers.
2851:, who were predominantly Mongolic-speaking.
1951:
1548:
1443:
983:, yet is not convinced by attempts to link
573:According to historians and linguists, the
415:
19450:
19436:
18165:
18151:
18119:Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977.
16148:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z
15662:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 200.
15405:
15323:
14696:. Princeton University Press. p. 36.
14468:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143.
14411:(Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 1–328.
14374:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143.
14302:, Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007
13475:History of Central Asia, the: 4-volume set
13303:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
12877:On the new evidence on Xiongnu's writings.
12840:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
12505:
12272:
11573:
11454:, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 179-180
11211:
11086:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.
10970:. bartleby.com. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
10908:
10575:"Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG"
10567:
10558:"Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG"
10550:
9998:
9154:Old Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals.
9122:Old Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals.
9062:Old Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals.
8992:Turkic hunting scene, Gokturk period Altai
8873:dressed in "Turkic" long coats, 6th–8th c.
8551:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
7904:Orthodox Christianity and Turkic Paganism
6807:), as being "full-faced with small eyes" (
6323:(reigned 1526–30), who was descended from
6275:is a term used to cover five short-lived,
5978:, which became one of the reasons for the
4118:
4104:
3035:in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, and
2885:List of alphabets used by Turkic languages
1871:
1645:
1252:
1113:literature for various groups of nomadic "
435:
48:
18073:Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule
17810:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
17758:
17748:
17705:
17615:
17605:
17499:
17489:
17428:
17418:
17365:
17355:
17333:
17282:
17241:
17160:
17027:
16555:. Princeton University Press. p. 8.
16145:Minahan, James; Wendel, Peter T. (2002).
15317:
15245:
15218:
14341:, "Ghaznavids", London u.a. 2006, p. 294.
13911:
13711:
13665:
12886:(Wanfang Data: Digital Periodicals, 2004)
12720:
12360:
12251:
12189:
12104:
11960:
11911:
11831:
11696:
11678:
11593:De la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2016).
11172:
11038:Türk Dunyası Sosyal Bilimler - Sempozyumu
11036:. In Şahin, İbrahim; Akgün, Atıf (eds.).
10981:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World
10258:
10201:
9166:Old Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho.
8791:practice a form of animistic rituals. In
8515:in 763 and it was also popular among the
6603:In 1991, after the disintegration of the
6086:, formalized the family's dynastic rule (
5523:, and after forming an alliance with the
5474:
5016:, the Ashina clan was a component of the
4595:Territory of the Xiongnu, which included
952:(1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word,
475:
455:
133:15,000,000–20,000,000 (18% of population)
19733:
17523:
17464:
17260:
17201:
16638:Journal of the American Oriental Society
16207:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
15926:
15924:
15922:
15920:
15918:
15607:
15595:
15519:
15311:
15294:
15282:
15109:
15094:
15082:
15070:
15053:
14622:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
14615:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
14590:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
14528:. University of California Press, 2003,
14457:and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock,
13972:. Univ of California Press. p. 82.
13938:
13791:
13325:Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (2016).
13150:(Oxford University Press, October 2004)
13000:
12649:
12511:
11776:
11133:
10932:
10542:
10462:
10453:
9772:"Population: 9,780,780 (July 2015 est.)"
9594:Fundamentals of World Regional Geography
9584:
9554:
8907:
8864:
8856:
8833:, who wrote a verse referring to them –
8802:
8659:
8648:
8605:
8576:
8462:
8350:
8338:
8110:(dried yoghurt). During the Middle Ages
7346:
7201:
7172:
6842:
6720:
6556:
6342:
6065:
6001:
5862:
5822:, who was a breakaway ex-general of the
5743:
5636:
5568:
5478:
5386:
5310:
5301:Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals
5296:
5288:
5207:
5148:
5042:
4688:Göktürks – Turkic Khaganate (5th–8th c.)
4590:
4288:
2976:
2893:
1677:
1161:
728:
710:
138:
78:
17377:The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty
17095:
17067:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
17059:
16632:
16575:
16548:
15932:"The Horseback Kitchen of Central Asia"
15692:
15619:
15574:, "vol. 217b", txt: "以黑髮為不祥。黑瞳者,必曰陵苗裔也"
15392:
15256:. Istanbul: Ünal Matbaasi. p. 116.
14870:, pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014
14662:
14556:
14511:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24.
14287:
14100:Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (2016).
13885:Mierse, William E. (31 December 2022).
13834:
13615:
13530:
13424:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
13363:
13185:(in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1999.
13019:
11581:Languages of the World, An Introduction
11494:
11406:(PhD). University of Oxford. p. 1.
11251:Encyclopedia Britannica. Turkic peoples
11160:
11151:, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176.
11031:
10494:
10394:Encyclopedia Britannica. Turkic peoples
10137:
9888:
9138:Elect depicted on a temple banner from
7011:are described as having blond hair and
5403:dynasties in northern China during the
5102:, although it received missionaries of
1986:
1357:
959:It is generally accepted that the name
359:
178:
14:
20798:
18110:1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
17141:
16936:
16437:
16411:
15910:from the original on 23 November 2011.
15655:
15184:
15151:
14409:Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture
14073:Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2016).
14047:
13992:
13884:
13844:. Элиста: КИГИ РАН. pp. 133–135.
13828:
13531:Dardess, John W. (10 September 2010).
13471:
13276:. Metropolitan Books. pp. 45–46.
13242:
12765:"An Introduction to the Turkic Tribes"
12661:
12573:. Minzu University Press. p. VII.
11854:
11719:
11570:. Cambridge University Press. Page 32.
11555:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
11326:
11238:
11122:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
11059:
10633:
10590:
10500:
10432:
10004:
9976:
9970:
9834:
8129:Nomadic Turks cooked their meals in a
6561:Independent Turkic states shown in red
6423:
6377:fought against the pagan Turks in the
5818:after the death of his father-in-law,
5405:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
5399:Turks had founded several short-lived
5315:Uyghur royals in Chinese-style dresses
4836:
4788:
4777:
4737:
4717:
4390:) and later among the Turkic-speaking
4219:(Northern Mongolia and exemplified by
1777:
1083:"heap up, collect, gather, assemble".
889:Ἱύρκαι, a people who dwelt beyond the
299:
118:
19431:
18146:
17907:(Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992)
17860:
17559:
17374:
16953:
16837:Mayor, Adrienne (22 September 2014).
16836:
16582:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 77.
16549:Roberts, Sean R. (8 September 2020).
16469:Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey
16230:
15915:
15583:
15504:
15492:
15477:
14635:
14429:
14407:Christian Lange; Songül Mecit, eds.,
14026:. Oxbow Books, Limited. p. 238.
13918:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17.
13788:Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
13390:
13269:
12931:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65.
12836:
12791:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 64.
11632:
11500:Languages of the World, Third Edition
11401:
10859:
10720:
10337:
10264:
10207:
10158:
10105:State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
10021:
9590:
8668:(thirteenth/fourteenth century) with
8584:, the largest mosque in Central Asia.
7657:
7634:
7616:Shia Islam (65%), Sunni Islam (35%) (
7607:
7580:
7280:, founded on 3 November 2009, by the
7000:general who defected to the Xiongnu.
6953:were racially and ethnically mixed."
6513:, and most of them gradually adopted
6385:. Turkic soldiers in the army of the
6090:dynasty), and the khanate became the
5653:women during the early Ming dynasty.
5368:The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin (
4920:
4909:
4898:
4876:
4867:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4766:
4746:
4728:
4706:
4185:, which is to be associated with the
18013:Turkic languages: Linguistic history
17671:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
16799:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi
16691:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi
16606:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi
16203:
15940:Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery
15355:Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (2005).
15251:
15224:
14585:, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313.
14359:The Middle East: a history: Volume 1
14252:
13888:Artifacts from the Ancient Silk Road
13720:
13444:
13418:Golden, Peter B. (14 January 2011).
13270:Figes, Orlando (20 September 2022).
13068:, 21 (2): p. 298 of 291–327, fn. 36.
12924:
12784:
12001:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
11893:
11542:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics
11273:, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.
11040:(in Turkish). İzmir: Ege University.
11032:Aydemir, Hakan (2–3 December 2022).
10759:
9945:
9789:
9749:
8835:The Infidels – May God destroy them!
8729:was popular among Turks such as the
8653:Saint John the Baptist Cathedral in
8523:. It existed in the Buddhist Uyghur
8484:. Buddhism had its height among the
8235:is a type of fried bread dough, and
7823:
7799:
7775:
7751:
7728:
7704:
7681:
6892:in Yengi-kent near the mouth of the
4887:
4845:
4755:
4682:
1498:Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture
760:The first known mention of the term
73:Regions with significant populations
17309:The Turkic Peoples in World History
17306:
16721:. Psychology Press. pp. 147–.
16718:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature
16441:Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union
15729:
15703:
15187:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"
15006:, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy
14800:. Brill Archive. pp. 65, 370.
14693:Information: A Historical Companion
14636:Antov, Nikolay (28 December 2017).
14305:
14197:
14177:
14079:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 223.
13695:was of Shatuo origin. According to
13645:was of Shatuo origin. According to
13557:
13472:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
13397:. Simon and Schuster. p. 256.
13062:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"
12560:
12539:
11728:, Gorgias Press, pp. 420–428,
11557:. Chicago University Press. Page 4.
11544:; University of Utah Press. Page 7.
11463:
10649:
10503:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"
10488:
10138:Michael, Michális (29 April 2016).
9724:
9698:
9618:
8519:. It was gradually replaced by the
8335:Early Turkic mythology and Tengrism
7999:
7975:
7951:
7919:
7895:
7871:
7847:
7333:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
6737:. Late 7th to early 8th century CE.
6122:who deposed the last member of the
5880:
5771:
5024:and were granted land south of the
4856:
3066:from the 8th century to record the
2766:(黠戛斯), all being transcriptions of
2098:Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District
1105:, the name "Scythians" was used in
883:Τῦρκαι is "a false correction" for
24:
18172:
17996:Classification of Turkic languages
17957:(Greenwood Press, November 1993),
17850:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17777:
17397:; et al. (14 February 2020).
17334:Li, Tao; et al. (June 2020).
15626:. Taylor and Francis. p. 73.
15121:Göbl 1967, 254; Vondrovec tyre 254
14784:, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.
13391:Foltz, Richard (1 November 2013).
11720:Golden, Peter B. (27 April 2018),
10914:
10197:from the original on 15 July 2021.
9889:Dresser, Norine (7 January 2011).
8708:. The traditional religion of the
8320:is a typical fried meat dish, and
8298:and rice. Chopped meat was called
8214:in the Middle Ages and are called
6827:), and unpleasing lips and teeth (
6044:Central Asian khanates (1501–1920)
6028:, a period of local enrichment in
5962:, the Seljuks advanced first into
5902:'House of Saljuq') or the
5519:, they migrated west and defeated
5246:and covered most of what is today
5098:religion, that later evolved into
5091:retained elements of its original
4197:(ANA) Neolithic ancestry from the
3151:
3078:variant is known from 9th-century
2902:The Turkic languages constitute a
2898:Descriptive map of Turkic peoples.
2716:The Xueyantuo were first known as
1169:List of the modern Turkic peoples
27:Family of ethnic groups of Eurasia
25:
20832:
18127:
17940:The Turks (The Peoples of Europe)
16863:
15735:
15709:
15642:have yellow hair and blue eyes' (
15166:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
15139:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
14608:The University of Texas at Austin
14567:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
13939:Róna-Tas, András (1 March 1999).
13684:New History of the Five Dynasties
13674:Old History of the Five Dynasties
13634:New History of the Five Dynasties
13624:Old History of the Five Dynasties
13558:Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021).
13364:Szostak, Rick (22 October 2020).
10819:Moriyasu & Ochir 1999, p. 123
10694:
10501:Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018).
9645:
9210:
9014:Images of Buddhist and Manichean
9010:Bezeklik caves and Mogao grottoes
8825:The non-Muslim Turks' worship of
8799:Muslim Turks and non-Muslim Turks
8565:of Russia are the only remaining
8026:
6688:, although others maintaining an
6659:in 2009, which later was renamed
6552:
6170:with ease, putting an end to the
5950:The Seljuk empire was founded by
5845:Turkic origin, it was thoroughly
5357:During the same time period, the
5125:in Kazakhstan separated from the
5007:History of the Northern Dynasties
4333:A 2023 study analyzed the DNA of
2690:, Rourans' supposed descendants.
19775:
19459:
19408:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
17630:
17569:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
17102:. Oxford University Press, USA.
16907:
16880:
16857:
16830:
16816:
16789:
16772:
16735:
16708:
16681:
16596:
16569:
16542:
16517:
16491:
16458:
16431:
16405:
16373:
16347:
16321:
16297:
16279:
16258:
16239:
16224:
16181:
16165:
16138:
16117:
16091:
16065:
16039:
16018:
15988:
15963:
15890:
15876:
15864:
15852:
15826:
15800:
15782:
15773:
15755:
15686:
15677:
15649:
15613:
15565:
15556:
15540:
15525:
15462:
15453:
15178:
15124:
15115:
15026:
15009:
14982:
14973:
14961:
14940:
14913:
14898:
14787:
14774:
14749:
14739:
14723:
14710:
14683:
14656:
14629:
14549:
14447:
14394:
14377:
14364:
14344:
14331:
14318:
14265:
14225:
14210:
14191:
14171:
14132:
14093:
14066:
14053:
14041:
14013:
13986:
13959:
13932:
13912:Holdstock, Nick (13 June 2019).
13905:
13878:
13858:
13749:
13740:
13578:
13551:
13524:
13508:
13492:
13465:
13438:
13411:
13384:
13357:
13345:
13318:
13290:
13263:
13236:
13205:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010).
13199:
13173:
13160:
13117:
13105:
13093:
13071:
13060:Golden, Peter B. (August 2018).
13054:
13039:
12949:
12918:
12902:
12889:
12869:
12857:
12837:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
12830:
12821:
12812:
12778:
12757:
12745:
12680:
12655:
12634:
12625:
12612:
12599:
12586:
12577:
12566:
12533:
12524:
12479:
12466:
12447:
12426:
12316:
12304:
12292:
12210:
12141:
12063:
12051:
11900:Journal of Language Relationship
11887:
11848:
11782:
11770:
11713:
11617:
11586:
11560:
11547:
11534:
11516:
11457:
11442:
11428:
11410:
11395:
11377:
10760:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010).
10668:
9468:
9451:
9434:
9417:
9392:
9375:
9353:
9336:
9319:
9301:
9284:
9267:
9241:
9217:
9198:
9191:Fresco of Palm Sunday from Qocho
9183:
9171:
9159:
9147:
9127:
9115:
9103:
9091:
9079:
9067:
9055:
9043:
9031:
8997:
8985:
8973:
7457:. Small numbers inhabit eastern
7069:
7057:
6811:), as possessing "a large head (
6446:After many battles, the western
6432:
6246:
6218:
5549:people, who are now part of the
5238:and were collectively known as "
4974:, they were "mixed barbarians" (
4700:
4694:
4581:Xiongnu (3rd c. BCE – 1st c. CE)
4257:. Given nomadic peoples such as
4234:
4208:
2854:
2092:
2060:
1988:
1953:
1917:
1887:
1873:
1842:
1813:
1779:
1748:
1715:
1679:
1647:
1617:
1550:
1519:
1491:
1479:
1445:
1416:
1388:
1359:
1346:Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
1339:
1328:
1316:
1288:
1254:
1241:
1209:
1197:
497:
477:
457:
437:
417:
398:
380:
361:
341:
321:
301:
281:
261:
241:
219:
200:
180:
160:
140:
120:
100:
80:
20758:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
17855:Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta
17340:Archaeological Research in Asia
17184:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
17146:. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române.
17142:Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011).
16576:Frankel, James (17 June 2021).
16504:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
16465:Yemelianova, Galina M. (2002).
15767:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
14967:Babur: Encyclopædia Britannica
14836:, Penguin UK, 6 November 2008.
14663:Formica, Piero (5 April 2017).
14490:, Routledge, 2005, p. 399.
14061:Origin of the Karakalpak people
13445:Yuan, Hong (14 November 2022).
13249:. Hachette Books. p. 436.
13209:. Infobase Publishing. p. 829.
13102:, "vol. 50" "或云突厥之先出於索國,在匈奴之北。"
12224:Molecular Biology and Evolution
11531:, Online Academic Edition, 2008
11366:*Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000).
11360:
11353:Peter Benjamin Golden, (1992),
11347:
11320:
11304:
11276:
11232:
11191:
11139:
11127:
11114:
11105:
11089:
11044:
11025:
11012:
10999:
10986:
10973:
10957:
10948:
10943:Turkish Etymological Dictionary
10923:
10899:
10890:
10880:
10853:
10844:
10835:
10822:
10813:
10787:
10753:
10714:
10688:
10662:
10643:
10584:
10480:
10468:
10411:
10362:
10312:
10286:
10271:, Zaman Al Wasl, archived from
10228:
10183:
10131:
10119:
10093:
10046:
9927:
9909:
9882:
9855:
9828:
9814:
9260:
8638:
8326:is a soup of noodles and lamb.
8229:is the thinnest type of dough,
7342:
6627:. Other Turkic regions such as
6569:, Austria and Hungary, and the
6484:
6365:(de facto ruler of the country)
6126:and proclaimed himself King of
5990:. Eventually one of these, the
5617:rivers, the Aral Sea area, the
5469:
2889:
2808:
2788:
2773:
2710:
2700:
1724:or Yakutia (Russian Federation)
1350:Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County
963:is ultimately derived from the
18032:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006).
17880:Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005.
17862:Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe
17710:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
17535:; Savelyev, Alexander (eds.).
17501:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7
17064:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
16843:. Princeton University Press.
16231:Lipka, Michael (22 May 2022).
15133:"The Countenance of the other"
14604:On Romani origins and identity
14594:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
13243:McLynn, Frank (14 July 2015).
13090:, University of Helsinki, 2005
12554:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101
12392:Records of the Grand Historian
11724:, in Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.),
11568:The Rise and Fall of Languages
9835:Turner, B. (7 February 2017).
9687:
9671:
8288:. One type of sausage, called
8187:, and a grinding stone called
8159:. In later times, the Persian
7566:Predominant religion and sect
7461:and the south-eastern part of
7106:
6666:
6383:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
4466:all transliterated underlying
4303:single-nucleotide polymorphism
2989:was designed in order to help
2969:between the groups concerned.
1924:Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
1397:Uyghur Autonomous Region (PRC)
1042:all came from the Turkic word
1003:, which possibly transcribed *
812:, who were also mentioned, as
13:
1:
20748:Organization of Turkic States
17853:Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964.
17563:Irk bitig (the book of omens)
17120:The Cambridge History of Iran
16974:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
16172:Turkic peoples' road to Islam
15401:. Tashkent: Yangi Nashr: 331.
14718:Central Asia in World History
13807:. Бишкек: Илим. p. 103.
13421:Central Asia in World History
13367:Making Sense of World History
12925:Haug, Robert (27 June 2019).
12785:Haug, Robert (27 June 2019).
12666:. Stanford University Press.
11894:Dybo, Anna (1 January 2017).
11221:. Undena Publications, 1981,
9524:
9330:with traditional instruments.
8877:
8722:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
8588:Most Turkic people today are
8502:Arab conquest of Central Asia
7278:Organization of Turkic States
7272:Organization of Turkic States
7087:(finished in 1060) describes
6661:Organization of Turkic States
6594:First East Turkestan Republic
6509:later came into contact with
6338:
6209:
6198:. The dynasty was founded by
5621:valley, the foothills of the
5391:The Turkic Later Tang dynasty
5285:Uyghur Khaganate (8th–9th c.)
3142:History of the Turkic peoples
2822:, and also Mongolic-speaking
2067:Sunan Yugur Autonomous County
1354:Mori Kazakh Autonomous County
1144:the linguistic classification
855:During the first century CE,
20357:
17750:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068
17474:Language Dynamics and Change
16939:"Chapter One – Introduction"
16191:. 10.5771/9783956506925-123.
15537:txt: "堅昆部落 其人髮黃, 目綠, 赤髭髯"
15258:"The Chinese sources of the
15191:The Medieval History Journal
14502:Council on Foreign Relations
13066:The Medieval History Journal
12518:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
12462:(1). Academia Sinica: 21–22.
11680:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068
10964:American Heritage Dictionary
10860:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1911).
10593:The Medieval History Journal
10507:The Medieval History Journal
9428:man in traditional clothing.
8843:, Yaghma, Çiğil and Karluk.
8751:, and the vast majority are
8282:Islamic dietary restrictions
8263:are varieties of bread, and
8241:is a deep fried flat bread.
8104:(fermented mare's milk) and
7550:
7079:described the Kyrgyz tribe (
7050:
7031:, a French traveller to the
6102:Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
5954:(1016–1063) and his brother
5841:Although the dynasty was of
5740:Ghaznavid dynasty (977–1186)
5573:Oghuz Yabgu State (c.750 CE)
5565:Oghuz Yabgu State (766–1055)
4370:Early historical attestation
2967:mutual linguistic influences
2950:, China, and northern Iraq.
863:in the forests north of the
736:(AD 684–731), prince of the
706:
542:are a collection of diverse
7:
17884:. Oxford University Press.
17823:Turkic languages in contact
17796:Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969.
17590:Evolutionary Human Sciences
17403:Evolutionary Human Sciences
17096:Findley, Carter V. (2005).
16893:. Oxford University Press.
15693:Vryonis, Speros Jr (1971).
15361:. Brill. pp. 222–223.
13891:. ABC-CLIO. p. xlvii.
12693:Evolutionary Human Sciences
12662:Hucker, Charles O. (1975).
12323:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
12311:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
12299:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
12288:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
12046:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
11483:Turkic Language family tree
10082:Nahost-Informationsdienst (
9485:
9278:girls in traditional dress.
8706:Eastern Orthodox Christians
8467:
8329:
7354:, painting from 1812, Paris
7169:International organizations
6878:describes the Turks of the
5891:
5224:Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
4498:while Tujue transliterated
3948:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
3795:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
3070:. It was later used by the
3008:), used for writing mostly
2972:
2868:
2805:, Facts on File, Inc. 2004.
1058:means 'strong' in general,
1054:supports the proposal that
901:, iv. 22), and were likely
754:National Museum of Mongolia
10:
20837:
18058:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
17882:The Turks in World History
17857:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
17598:Cambridge University Press
17411:Cambridge University Press
17125:Cambridge University Press
17123:. Vol. 7. Cambridge:
17099:The Turks in World History
16958:, Rowman & Littlefield
16954:Brook, Kevin Alan (2018),
16929:
16866:"Turkish Jereed (Javelin)"
16802:. Isis Press. p. 79.
16694:. Isis Press. p. 79.
16674:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
16609:. Isis Press. p. 81.
16444:. Routledge. p. 100.
15393:Babayar, Gaybulla (2013).
15231:. Lexington. p. 190.
14559:Journal of Islamic Studies
14498:Central Asia and the World
14385:Cambridge History of Islam
14063://KSIE, Moscow, 1947. p.75
13561:Warfare in Chinese History
13370:. Routledge. p. 672.
13352:Benson & Svanberg 2016
13148:The Turks in World History
13036:quote: "突厥者,蓋匈奴之別種,姓阿史那氏。"
12353:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
12174:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
11816:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2
11734:10.31826/9781463240035-054
11333:. Routledge. p. 210.
11297:, Sixth Edition, 2001–05,
11007:ARCHIVUM EURASIAEMEDII AEV
9841:. Springer. p. 1238.
9313:girl in traditional dress.
8961:
8903:
8774:
8642:
8631:reformist movement called
8511:the state religion of the
8361:
8302:and spit-roasted meat was
8167:, and eaten with a knife (
8045:
7258:
7184:
7029:Bertrandon de la Broquière
6805:Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi
6649:People's Republic of China
6047:
6009:
5998:Timurid Empire (1370–1507)
5994:, would conquer the rest.
5856:
5751:
5660:
5304:
4942:
4584:
4431:people competing with the
4181:agricultural societies in
4166:, such as proposed in the
4130:
3555:Chief gods and goddesses:
3111:
3105:
3101:
2882:
2872:
2693:
2122:
1150:sense. In short, the term
1062:points out that "the word
1015:, which transliterated to
254:4,600,000–5,300,000 (2017)
29:
20821:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
20781:
20740:
20704:
20587:
20561:
20474:
20426:
20419:
20340:
20289:
19784:
19773:
19473:
19390:
19354:
19328:
19073:
19031:
18977:
18949:
18747:
18689:
18656:
18575:
18552:
18509:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
18382:
18336:
18291:
18260:
18189:
18180:
18099:Samoilovich, A. N. 1922.
18036:Editions Errance, Paris.
17955:The Turks of Central Asia
17953:Hostler, Charles Warren.
17706:Yarshater, Ehsan (2001).
17491:10.1163/22105832-00702005
17367:21.11116/0000-0005-D82B-8
17357:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177
17284:10.1163/22105018-12340089
17242:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006).
17020:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
16782:Harvard Ukrainian studies
16751:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
15330:. BRILL. pp. 68–69.
14756:Cambridge History of Iran
14519:The Empire of the Steppes
14442:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
14311:Encyclopædia Britannica,
14200:"The Salar Khazui System"
13612:in the early 3rd century.
13534:Governing China: 150-1850
13331:. Routledge. p. 35.
13049:"vol. 99 – section Tujue"
12864:Savelyev & Jeong 2020
12818:Lebedynsky (2006), p. 59.
12713:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4
12620:Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele
12097:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
11913:10.31826/jlr-2017-141-208
11765:Paleo-Siberian languages.
11299:Columbia University Press
11095:Theobald, Ulrich (2012).
10992:Golden, Peter B. (1992),
10739:10.1163/25898833-12340008
10721:Vivin, Alexander (2019).
9591:Hobbs, Joseph J. (2017),
9462:traditional eagle hunter.
9445:with traditional cuisine.
8937:
8925:
8610:Muslim Uyghurs at prayer.
8139:; a wooden rack called a
7512:markers than the Uzbeks.
7299:The member countries are
6138:Qajar dynasty (1789–1925)
5853:Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
5734:
4309:slowly transitioned from
4305:study suggested that the
3976:11th century–13th century
2024:
1582:
1168:
781:
531:
526:
519:
514:
494:
474:
454:
434:
414:
396:
378:
358:
338:
318:
298:
278:
258:
238:
217:
197:
177:
157:
137:
117:
97:
77:
72:
67:
62:
47:
20363:Timeline of the Göktürks
19377:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
19045:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
17918:Peter B. Golden (1992).
17804:Beckwith, Christopher I.
17644:de la Vaissière, Étienne
16525:"Religion in Kazakhstan"
16210:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
15871:The Karakalpak Gene Pool
15656:Weiner, Michael (2021).
15203:10.1177/0971945818775373
14669:. Springer. p. 18.
13837:
11579:Asya Pereltsvaig (2012)
11402:Tseng, Chin Yin (2012).
11206:Librairie Arthème Fayard
10605:10.1177/0971945818775373
10580:Bain Tsokto inscriptions
10519:10.1177/0971945818775373
10144:. Springer. p. 29.
9347:man in national costume.
9232:, from the Chronicle of
8949:
8882:
8572:
8527:up to the 12th century.
8439:, the first Khan of the
8267:is a type of filled pie
6880:Western Turkic Khaganate
6870:' residential palace of
6545:, and a small number of
6489:Turkic peoples like the
6200:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
5439:. The Shatuo became the
5127:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5123:Western Turkic Khaganate
4437:Spring and Autumn period
4168:Transeurasian hypothesis
4143:region, and in Southern
4059:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
3705:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3684:Western Turkic Khaganate
3630:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
3054:as do, for example, the
2415:Historical Turkic groups
1180:National-state formation
967:migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰
822:Khüis Tolgoi inscription
54:The distribution of the
30:Not to be confused with
18534:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
18190:Azerbaijani communities
18075:(Hartford: AACAR, 1989)
18071:Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy:
18009:Encyclopædia Britannica
17873:Encyclopædia Britannica
17846:Clausen, Gerard. 1972.
17543:Oxford University Press
17072:Oxford University Press
16969:Encyclopædia Britannica
16796:Robert Dankoff (2008).
16688:Robert Dankoff (2008).
16603:Robert Dankoff (2008).
16438:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
16412:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
16178:. Retrieved 21 May 2024
15712:"About :: TURKSOY"
15620:Jaschok, Maria (2013).
15431:10.3406/syria.1952.4789
14905:Encyclopædia Britannica
14890:Encyclopædia Britannica
14771:, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3.
14734:A History of Inner Asia
14504:(May 1994), p. 79.
14461:, Vol. 54, (2004), 97.
14351:Sydney Nettleton Fisher
14243:Encyclopædia Britannica
14204:Central Asiatic Journal
14157:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003
14118:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003
13993:Melnyk, Mykola (2022).
13868:, Ankara, 2002, p. 98,
13300:A History of Inner Asia
12882:19 October 2007 at the
12542:Central Asiatic Journal
11566:R. M. W. Dixon (1997):
11553:Johanna Nichols (1992)
11528:Encyclopædia Britannica
11466:Central Asiatic Journal
11317:, Online Edition, 2007.
11311:Encyclopædia Britannica
10873:Encyclopædia Britannica
10652:Central Asiatic Journal
10005:Bassem, Wassim (2016).
9657:Encyclopædia Britannica
9565:Oxford University Press
9555:Garibova, Jala (2011),
9508:Turco-Persian tradition
9386:girl in national dress.
9295:boys in national dress.
8747:are a sub-group of the
8696:, the vast majority of
8280:. Though prohibited by
6798:. In the 13th century,
6775:Ancient Northeast Asian
6473:declined following the
6235:with a turban ornament.
5966:and then into mainland
5919:, originating from the
5135:Second Turkic Khaganate
5110:in a runic script, the
5032:), which looked like a
4659:kurgans located in the
4518:(OT: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚) (whence
4364:Eastern Eurasian Steppe
4355:Ancient Northeast Asian
4273:Central Asia. The main
4217:Ancient Northeast Asian
4195:Ancient Northeast Asian
3713:Second Turkic Khaganate
1694:by Ukraine and Russia)
840:(735 CE) use the terms
738:Second Turkic Khaganate
20811:Ethnic groups in China
20077:Bosnia and Herzegovina
19367:Crimean Tatar diaspora
18544:Western Thracian Turks
18479:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
18138:University of Michigan
17800:. Moscow (in Russian).
17375:Mecit, Songül (2014).
17074:. pp. 1346–1347.
17060:Dickens, Mark (2018).
16291:17 August 2011 at the
16204:Cole, Jeffrey (2011).
16187:Menz, Astrid. (2007).
15646:, Vol. 6, 1969 copy)."
15425:(3/4): 263 & 267.
15225:Wang, Penglin (2018).
15185:Golden, Peter (2018).
14780:Choueiri, Youssef M.,
14716:Peter B.Golden (2011)
14464:Meisami, Julie Scott,
14370:Meisami, Julie Scott,
14361:, (McGraw-Hill, 1997).
14299:Encyclopaedia of Islam
13999:. BRILL. p. 318.
13798:Аристов Н. А. (2003).
13229:Haywood, John (1998),
12530:Cheng (2012), p. 84-87
12423:Findley (2005), p. 29.
12236:10.1093/molbev/msac179
11873:10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo
11767:
11645:Yunusbayev et al. 2015
11611:10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo
11327:Walton, Linda (2013).
11097:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz"
10406:Yunusbayev et al. 2015
9977:Triana, María (2017),
9895:. Wiley. p. 270.
9653:"Azerbaijani (people)"
9543:Yunusbayev et al. 2015
9513:Turco-Mongol tradition
8916:
8874:
8862:
8814:
8673:
8657:
8611:
8585:
8435:is the wolf mother of
8359:
8348:
8066:. Turks mostly herded
8008:Orthodox Christianity
7832:Orthodox Christianity
7604:Republic of Azerbaijan
7516:Historical population:
7355:
7218:
7182:
7065:Kangar union#Etymology
7063:For its etymology see
6898:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
6863:
6738:
6706:胡人) physiognomy." The
6562:
6493:(mainly 8th century),
6439:Ottoman empire in 1683
6366:
6071:
6007:
5939:in the east, and from
5868:
5749:
5577:The Oguz Yabgu State (
5574:
5484:
5475:Kangar union (659–750)
5456:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
5392:
5327:in central Mongolia's
5316:
5302:
5294:
5215:
5158:
5052:
4949:First Turkic Khaganate
4750:FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE
4663:River in the northern
4624:
4295:
3875:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
3676:First Turkic Khaganate
3157:
3001:
2955:Altaic language family
2899:
1146:in order to avoid any
757:
726:
623:Many vastly differing
20574:Proto-Turkic language
20205:Extinct Turkic groups
19074:Extinct Turkic groups
19032:Turkic minorities in
18979:Turkic minorities in
18950:Turkic minorities in
18748:Turkic minorities in
18226:Georgian Azerbaijanis
18123:. New York: Elsevier.
18079:H. B. Paksoy (1989).
17983:. London: Routledge.
17560:Tekin, Talat (1993).
17317:10.4324/9781003256496
17307:Lee, Joo-Yup (2023).
17221:One World Archaeology
16937:Baydar, Ayça (2016).
16677:. Brill. p. 689.
16473:. Palgrave. pp.
16381:"7–11 世紀景教在陸上絲綢之路的傳播"
14473:Encyclopaedia Iranica
14315:, Online Edition 2007
14284:, Online Edition 2006
14281:Encyclopaedia Iranica
11762:
11295:Columbia Encyclopedia
10265:Ahmed, Yusra (2015),
10054:"Obama, recognize us"
9205:Manicheans from Qocho
8911:
8868:
8860:
8806:
8663:
8652:
8609:
8580:
8463:Religious conversions
8354:
8342:
8135:, a pot similar to a
7350:
7337:2022 Samarkand Summit
7216: Observer States
7205:
7185:Further information:
7176:
6973:are mentioned in the
6959:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
6876:Movses Kaghankatvatsi
6846:
6829:lab va dandān na nīkū
6724:
6647:remained part of the
6560:
6346:
6069:
6005:
5866:
5747:
5637:Salar Oghuz migration
5572:
5482:
5466:in Turpan, Xinjiang.
5433:Mengshan Giant Buddha
5390:
5314:
5300:
5292:
5211:
5152:
5119:First Turkic Kaganate
5046:
4594:
4292:
4137:Peter Benjamin Golden
3984:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
3616:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
3155:
3094:of the 10th century.
2996:communicate with the
2980:
2897:
2883:Further information:
2879:Proto-Turkic language
2734:(堅昆), later known as
2686:ancestry. as well as
2377:Orthodox Christianity
2362:Orthodox Christianity
2320:Orthodox Christianity
2286:Orthodox Christianity
2252:Orthodox Christianity
2233:Orthodox Christianity
2191:Orthodox Christianity
2157:Orthodox Christianity
2142:Orthodox Christianity
2109:Orthodox Christianity
2100:(Russian Federation)
2011:Orthodox Christianity
1999:(Russian Federation)
1968:Orthodox Christianity
1964:(Russian Federation)
1826:Orthodox Christianity
1790:(Russian Federation)
1728:Orthodox Christianity
1565:Orthodox Christianity
1464:Orthodox Christianity
1193:60,000,000–65,000,000
1162:List of ethnic groups
820:, in the 6th-century
732:
714:
575:Proto-Turkic language
93:60,000,000–65,000,000
20816:Central Asian people
20773:World Turks Qurultai
19392:Central Asian (i.e.
19362:Azerbaijani diaspora
18699:Iranian Azerbaijanis
18337:Turkmen communities
18233:Western Azerbaijanis
18203:Iranian Azerbaijanis
18054:Menges, K. H. 1968.
18001:8 April 2011 at the
17981:The Turkic languages
17708:Encyclopedia Iranica
17227:. pp. 195–208.
17171:Encyclopædia Iranica
16956:The Jews of Khazaria
16947:University of London
16768:on 18 November 2015.
16317:on 30 November 2011.
16006:on 20 September 2022
15769:. 13 September 2019.
15644:Ming Lu Ji Jue Fu Li
15608:Lee & Kuang 2017
15596:Lee & Kuang 2017
15520:Lee & Kuang 2017
15312:Lee & Kuang 2017
15295:Lee & Kuang 2017
15283:Lee & Kuang 2017
15164:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
15137:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
15110:Lee & Kuang 2017
15095:Lee & Kuang 2017
15083:Lee & Kuang 2017
15071:Lee & Kuang 2017
15054:Lee & Kuang 2017
14921:"the Mughal dynasty"
14864:Timothy C. Dowling.
14453:* "Aḥmad of Niǧde's
14400:* A. C. S. Peacock,
13233:, Barnes & Noble
13166:Golden, P.B. (1992)
12962:. BRILL. p. 9.
12650:Lee & Kuang 2017
12058:Uchiyama et al. 2020
11980:Uchiyama et al. 2020
11134:Lee & Kuang 2017
10543:Lee & Kuang 2017
10475:Uchiyama et al. 2020
10463:Lee & Kuang 2017
10448:Uchiyama et al. 2020
10418:Uchiyama et al. 2020
9983:Taylor & Francis
9251:portrait, Palace of
9074:Old Uyghur Princess.
8893:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
8539:Täŋri Täŋrisi Burxan
7321:Nursultan Nazarbayev
7282:Nakhchivan Agreement
6922:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
6850:portrait, Palace of
6823:), and a flat nose (
6749:, emphasizing that "
6202:and continued until
6070:Central Asia in 1636
5723:-region towards the
5527:, they defeated the
4982:) who migrated from
4935:class=notpageimage|
3092:Old Hungarian script
1898:(Russian Federation)
1853:(Russian Federation)
1759:(Russian Federation)
1658:(Russian Federation)
1561:(Russian Federation)
1530:(Russian Federation)
1456:(Russian Federation)
1265:(Russian Federation)
948:. Hungarian scholar
649:religious conversion
562:as well as parts of
20514:Karachay-Cherkessia
18383:Turkish communities
18249:Javanshir Qizilbash
17924:. O. Harrassowitz.
17607:10.1017/ehs.2020.11
17012:2018Natur.557..369D
16393:on 30 December 2011
15838:Hürriyet Daily News
15796:. 13 November 2021.
15324:André Wink (2002).
15252:Esin, Emel (1980).
14948:"Kamat's Potpourri"
14575:10.1093/jis/13.1.75
14402:Great Seljuk Empire
14313:"Ghaznavid Dynasty"
14296:, "Ghaznavids", in
14240:"Ghaznavid Dynasty"
13707:Emperor Ming of Han
13661:Emperor Ming of Han
13273:The Story of Russia
13182:Türk Tarih Kongresi
13146:Carter V. Findley,
12705:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
12166:2022NatSR..12..733G
12089:2018Natur.557..369D
11808:2021Natur.591..413W
10801:on 21 February 2014
10563:Orkhon inscriptions
10064:on 5 September 2014
10017:on 17 October 2016.
9785:. 24 November 2022.
9479:traditional shaman.
8753:Orthodox Christians
8618:after toppling the
8582:Astana Grand Mosque
8343:A shaman doctor of
8249:pinwheel sandwiches
8149:. They also used a
7943:Karachay-Cherkessia
7075:9th-century author
6424:Anatolia – Ottomans
6307:, Pakistan, India,
6260:and Mughal emperor
6164:Mohammad Khan Qajar
6026:Timurid Renaissance
5972:battle of Manzikert
5904:Great Seljuq Empire
5804:Indian subcontinent
5352:An Lushan rebellion
4575:Tiele confederation
4573:descended from the
4421:. According to the
4189:and the succeeding
3864:Eastern Kara-Khanid
3857:Western Kara-Khanid
3843:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3068:Old Turkic language
3021:Old Uyghur alphabet
1895:Karachay-Cherkessia
1756:Karachay-Cherkessia
1140:Türk Cumhuriyetleri
1136:Türki Cumhuriyetler
1007:(probably meaning '
838:Orkhon inscriptions
772:or 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛
44:
20705:Traditional sports
20509:Kabardino-Balkaria
20129:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
18907:Siberian Bukharans
18709:Chaharmahali Turks
18690:Turkic minorities
18657:Turkic minorities
18576:Turkic minorities
18292:Kyrgyz communities
18261:Kazakh communities
17942:(Blackwell 2005),
17837:Chavannes, Édouard
17468:(1 January 2017).
17420:10.1017/ehs.2020.4
17062:"Scythians (Saka)"
16868:. All About Turkey
16361:on 30 October 2012
16305:"唐代中围景教与景教本部教会的关系"
16252:1 May 2005 at the
15840:. 11 November 2022
15814:. 11 November 2022
15598:, p. 204-205.
15085:, p. 228-229.
14996:on 27 October 2009
14853:Fisher et al. 1991
14524:Wendy M. K. Shaw,
14494:Michael Mandelbaum
14480:", Online Edition.
14455:al-Walad al-Shafīq
14355:William Ochsenwald
14181:A Grammar of Wutun
13824:on 1 January 2017.
13721:Theobald, Ulrich.
12652:, p. 201-202.
12487:"丁零—铁勒的西迁及其所建西域政权"
12347:(4): 890–904.e29.
12218:(25 August 2022).
12154:Scientific Reports
11946:Nelson et al. 2020
11289:2013-09-22 at the
11022:(1972). p. 542-543
10695:Vovin, Alexander.
10349:The World Factbook
10246:on 11 January 2012
10170:The World Factbook
10058:St. Louis American
10033:The World Factbook
9957:The World Factbook
9801:The World Factbook
9761:The World Factbook
9736:The World Factbook
9710:The World Factbook
9367:Balikesir Province
8917:
8888:Mahmud al-Kashgari
8875:
8863:
8851:Mahmud al-Kashgari
8831:Mahmud al-Kashgari
8815:
8727:Church of the East
8674:
8658:
8612:
8586:
8360:
8349:
7947:Kabardino-Balkaria
7600:Iranian Azerbaijan
7398:region of western
7356:
7219:
7183:
7113:Xinglongwa culture
7035:, met with sultan
6931:Shajara-i Tarākima
6904:, i.e. Turk-like (
6864:
6739:
6641:Russian Federation
6575:Republic of Turkey
6563:
6367:
6361:and Amir al-umara
6293:Qutb Shahi dynasty
6283:(1206–90) and the
6092:Emirate of Bukhara
6072:
6062:Emirate of Bukhara
6050:Khanate of Bukhara
6008:
5869:
5802:and the northwest
5784:dynasty of Turkic
5750:
5727:, South Asia, and
5709:Northeastern China
5585:state, founded by
5575:
5487:The Kangar Union (
5485:
5393:
5317:
5303:
5295:
5216:
5203:Bulgarian language
5159:
5157:in the 7th century
5155:Old Great Bulgaria
5053:
4653:9th millennium BCE
4625:
4506:. The appellation
4296:
4187:Xinglongwa culture
4183:Northeastern China
3960:Khwarazmian Empire
3831:Karluk Yabgu State
3569:Epics and heroes:
3158:
3002:
2963:Mongolic languages
2900:
1850:Kabardino-Balkaria
830:Emperor Wen of Sui
758:
746:Arkhangai Province
727:
579:Altai-Sayan region
374:800,000–1,000,000+
42:
20793:
20792:
20569:Old Turkic script
20557:
20556:
20368:Timeline 500–1300
20285:
20284:
19771:
19770:
19630:Kipchak languages
19585:Karamanli Turkish
19425:
19424:
19324:
19323:
19235:
19228:
19189:
19065:Tatars of Romania
19038:
19007:
18964:Mongolian Kazakhs
18935:
18909:
18902:
18895:
18888:
18881:
18874:
18867:
18779:
18772:
18765:
18642:
18608:
18519:Palestinian Turks
18514:Montenegrin Turks
18438:
18419:
18412:
18405:
18398:
18368:
18359:
18352:
18312:
18283:Mongolian Kazakhs
18251:
18242:
18235:
18228:
18219:
18212:
18205:
18092:978-0-9621379-9-0
17948:978-0-631-15897-4
17931:978-3-447-03274-2
17903:Golden, Peter B.
17816:978-0-691-13589-2
17717:978-0-933273-56-6
17683:10.1111/jse.12938
17657:978-1-107-63388-9
17576:978-3-447-03426-5
17552:978-0-19-880462-8
17533:Robbeets, Martine
17525:Robbeets, Martine
17466:Robbeets, Martine
17457:978-1-84885-887-9
17386:978-1-134-50899-0
17326:978-1-000-90421-5
17253:978-1-84511-056-7
17162:Ivantchik, Askold
17153:978-973-1871-96-7
17134:978-0-521-20095-0
17109:978-0-19-517726-8
17081:978-0-19-174445-7
16900:978-0-19-513195-6
16850:978-1-4008-6513-0
16809:978-975-428-366-2
16728:978-0-415-36686-1
16701:978-975-428-366-2
16616:978-975-428-366-2
16589:978-0-7556-3884-0
16562:978-0-691-20221-1
16451:978-1-136-14274-1
16217:978-1-59884-302-6
16158:978-0-313-32384-3
15975:studybuddhism.com
15949:978-0-907325-79-6
15669:978-1-351-24668-2
15633:978-1-136-83880-4
15368:978-90-04-14096-7
15337:978-0-391-04174-5
15238:978-1-4985-3528-1
14807:978-90-04-06196-5
14758:Volume 7, pp. 2–4
14703:978-0-691-17954-4
14676:978-3-319-52660-7
14649:978-1-316-86553-8
14542:978-0-520-23335-5
14507:Jonathan Dewald,
14459:Anatolian Studies
14324:David Christian:
14262:. Edinburgh, 1963
14086:978-3-643-90754-7
14033:978-1-78297-167-2
14006:978-90-04-50522-3
13979:978-0-520-28360-2
13952:978-963-386-572-9
13925:978-1-78831-982-9
13898:978-1-4408-5829-1
13851:978-5-903833-93-1
13727:chinaknowledge.de
13571:978-90-04-48294-4
13544:978-1-60384-447-5
13485:978-1-83860-868-2
13458:978-1-6632-4258-7
13431:978-0-19-972203-7
13404:978-1-78074-309-7
13377:978-1-000-20167-3
13338:978-1-315-28519-1
13310:978-0-521-65704-4
13283:978-1-250-79690-5
13256:978-0-306-82395-4
13215:978-1-4381-1913-7
13192:978-975-16-0260-2
12969:978-90-04-47117-7
12938:978-1-78831-722-1
12850:978-0-521-12433-1
12798:978-1-78831-722-1
12622:. 1988, pp. 39–41
12083:(7705): 369–374.
12013:10.1111/jse.12827
11802:(7850): 413–419.
11743:978-1-4632-4003-5
11509:978-0-415-25004-7
11340:978-1-135-08828-6
11217:Vryonis, Speros.
10945:, Sevan Nişanyan.
10773:978-1-4381-1913-7
10435:, pp. 37–38.
10345:"North Macedonia"
10275:on 23 August 2017
10151:978-1-137-49315-6
9992:978-1-317-42368-3
9902:978-1-118-04028-7
9875:978-1-107-06261-0
9848:978-0-230-27135-7
9684:, p. 293 (20 mil)
9608:978-1-305-85495-6
9574:978-0-19-983799-1
9403:men and women in
8769:Ivan the Terrible
8645:Turkic Christians
8521:Mahayana Buddhism
8380:was dominated by
8314:in modern times.
8043:
8042:
7984:Tibetan Buddhism
7797:(Russia/Ukraine)
7557:Primary homeland
7546:
7545:
7453:, the capital of
7382:, in addition to
7227:intergovernmental
6926:Chagatai language
6815:), a broad face (
6645:Chinese Turkestan
6381:Khaganate in the
6297:Deccan sultanates
6256:, founder of the
6058:Khanate of Kokand
5901:
5889:
5764:Ghaznavid dynasty
5687:Deccan sultanates
5623:Karatau Mountains
5189:in what is today
5141:in the year 744.
4964:According to the
4818:
4805:
4683:Steppe expansions
4128:
4127:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4035:Qarlughid Kingdom
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3899:Pecheneg Khanates
3892:
3880:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3819:Oghuz Yabgu State
3812:
3800:
3788:
3783:Türgesh Khaganate
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3717:
3709:
3688:
3680:
3646:
3621:
3596:
3595:
3523:
3522:
3335:
3334:
3146:
3134:Liao civilization
2803:978-0-8160-4671-3
2412:
2411:
734:Bust of Kul Tigin
536:
535:
532:Various religions
16:(Redirected from
20828:
20615:Tibetan Buddhism
20595:Turkic mythology
20476:Autonomous areas
20428:Sovereign states
20424:
20423:
20202:
20201:
20184:
20159:
20056:
20033:
19995:
19946:
19911:
19872:Crimean Karaites
19846:
19823:
19779:
19731:
19730:
19610:Khorasani Turkic
19464:
19463:
19462:
19452:
19445:
19438:
19429:
19428:
19372:Turkish diaspora
19231:
19224:
19185:
19036:
19018:Karategin Uzbeks
19003:
18931:
18905:
18898:
18891:
18884:
18877:
18870:
18865:Astrakhan Tatars
18863:
18828:
18775:
18768:
18761:
18734:Iranian Turkmens
18666:Crimean Karaites
18638:
18604:
18504:Macedonian Turks
18469:Dodecanese Turks
18434:
18415:
18408:
18401:
18394:
18366:Iranian Turkmens
18364:
18355:
18348:
18308:
18247:
18238:
18231:
18224:
18215:
18208:
18201:
18187:
18186:
18167:
18160:
18153:
18144:
18143:
18108:Turkic Languages
18096:
17938:Heywood, Colin.
17935:
17877:
17869:
17772:
17762:
17752:
17721:
17702:
17677:(6): 1056–1064.
17661:
17634:
17629:
17619:
17609:
17580:
17568:
17556:
17520:
17518:
17516:
17503:
17493:
17461:
17442:
17432:
17422:
17390:
17371:
17369:
17359:
17330:
17303:
17301:
17299:
17286:
17257:
17238:
17223:. Vol. 29.
17211:Spriggs, Matthew
17198:
17196:
17194:
17188:Brill Publishers
17157:
17138:
17113:
17092:
17090:
17088:
17056:
17054:
17052:
17031:
16984:
16982:
16980:
16964:"Turkic peoples"
16959:
16950:
16949:. pp. 9–33.
16923:
16922:
16911:
16905:
16904:
16884:
16878:
16877:
16875:
16873:
16861:
16855:
16854:
16834:
16828:
16827:
16820:
16814:
16813:
16793:
16787:
16786:
16776:
16770:
16769:
16767:
16761:. Archived from
16748:
16739:
16733:
16732:
16712:
16706:
16705:
16685:
16679:
16678:
16668:
16662:
16661:
16630:
16621:
16620:
16600:
16594:
16593:
16573:
16567:
16566:
16546:
16540:
16539:
16537:
16535:
16521:
16515:
16514:
16512:
16510:
16495:
16489:
16488:
16472:
16462:
16456:
16455:
16435:
16429:
16427:
16409:
16403:
16402:
16400:
16398:
16392:
16386:. Archived from
16385:
16377:
16371:
16370:
16368:
16366:
16357:. Archived from
16351:
16345:
16344:
16342:
16340:
16331:. Archived from
16325:
16319:
16318:
16316:
16310:. Archived from
16309:
16301:
16295:
16286:高昌回鹘与环塔里木多元文化的融合
16283:
16277:
16276:
16274:
16272:
16262:
16256:
16245:Guide to Russia:
16243:
16237:
16236:
16228:
16222:
16221:
16201:
16192:
16185:
16179:
16169:
16163:
16162:
16142:
16136:
16135:
16133:
16131:
16121:
16115:
16114:
16112:
16110:
16105:on 22 March 2012
16101:. Archived from
16095:
16089:
16088:
16086:
16084:
16075:. Archived from
16069:
16063:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16049:. Archived from
16043:
16037:
16036:
16034:
16032:
16022:
16016:
16015:
16013:
16011:
16002:. Archived from
16000:edu.e-history.kz
15992:
15986:
15985:
15983:
15981:
15967:
15961:
15960:
15958:
15956:
15936:Food on the Move
15928:
15913:
15911:
15909:
15902:
15894:
15888:
15887:
15880:
15874:
15868:
15862:
15856:
15850:
15849:
15847:
15845:
15830:
15824:
15823:
15821:
15819:
15804:
15798:
15797:
15786:
15780:
15777:
15771:
15770:
15759:
15753:
15752:
15750:
15748:
15733:
15727:
15726:
15724:
15722:
15707:
15701:
15700:
15690:
15684:
15681:
15675:
15673:
15653:
15647:
15637:
15617:
15611:
15605:
15599:
15593:
15587:
15581:
15575:
15569:
15563:
15560:
15554:
15544:
15538:
15529:
15523:
15517:
15508:
15502:
15496:
15490:
15481:
15475:
15469:
15466:
15460:
15457:
15451:
15450:
15414:
15403:
15402:
15390:
15384:
15380:
15374:
15372:
15352:
15346:
15345:
15321:
15315:
15309:
15298:
15292:
15286:
15280:
15271:
15257:
15249:
15243:
15242:
15222:
15216:
15214:
15182:
15176:
15175:
15173:
15171:
15155:
15149:
15148:
15146:
15144:
15128:
15122:
15119:
15113:
15107:
15098:
15092:
15086:
15080:
15074:
15068:
15057:
15051:
15042:
15041:
15030:
15024:
15022:
15013:
15007:
15005:
15003:
15001:
14992:. Archived from
14986:
14980:
14977:
14971:
14965:
14959:
14958:
14956:
14954:
14944:
14938:
14937:
14935:
14933:
14917:
14911:
14902:
14896:
14887:
14878:
14862:
14856:
14850:
14844:
14828:Michael Axworthy
14825:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14814:
14791:
14785:
14778:
14772:
14765:
14759:
14753:
14747:
14743:
14737:
14727:
14721:
14714:
14708:
14707:
14687:
14681:
14680:
14660:
14654:
14653:
14633:
14627:
14578:
14553:
14547:
14451:
14445:
14439:
14433:
14427:
14421:
14398:
14392:
14381:
14375:
14368:
14362:
14348:
14342:
14335:
14329:
14322:
14316:
14309:
14303:
14291:
14285:
14269:
14263:
14256:
14250:
14229:
14223:
14222:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14195:
14189:
14188:
14186:
14178:Sandman, Erika.
14175:
14169:
14168:
14136:
14130:
14129:
14097:
14091:
14090:
14070:
14064:
14057:
14051:
14045:
14039:
14037:
14017:
14011:
14010:
13990:
13984:
13983:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13936:
13930:
13929:
13909:
13903:
13902:
13882:
13876:
13862:
13856:
13855:
13843:
13832:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13817:. Archived from
13806:
13795:
13789:
13782:
13773:
13753:
13747:
13744:
13738:
13737:
13735:
13733:
13718:
13709:
13669:
13663:
13619:
13613:
13582:
13576:
13575:
13555:
13549:
13548:
13528:
13522:
13512:
13506:
13496:
13490:
13489:
13469:
13463:
13462:
13442:
13436:
13435:
13415:
13409:
13408:
13388:
13382:
13381:
13361:
13355:
13349:
13343:
13342:
13322:
13316:
13314:
13294:
13288:
13287:
13267:
13261:
13260:
13240:
13234:
13227:
13218:
13203:
13197:
13196:
13177:
13171:
13164:
13158:
13144:
13127:
13121:
13115:
13109:
13103:
13097:
13091:
13075:
13069:
13058:
13052:
13043:
13037:
13023:
13017:
13004:
12998:
12984:
12975:
12973:
12953:
12947:
12946:
12922:
12916:
12906:
12900:
12893:
12887:
12873:
12867:
12861:
12855:
12854:
12834:
12828:
12825:
12819:
12816:
12810:
12809:
12782:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12761:
12755:
12749:
12743:
12742:
12724:
12684:
12678:
12677:
12659:
12653:
12647:
12641:
12638:
12632:
12629:
12623:
12616:
12610:
12603:
12597:
12594:History of Turks
12590:
12584:
12581:
12575:
12574:
12564:
12558:
12557:
12537:
12531:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12489:. Archived from
12483:
12477:
12470:
12464:
12463:
12458:. Third series.
12451:
12445:
12442:
12436:
12430:
12424:
12421:
12415:
12412:
12403:
12385:
12379:
12378:
12364:
12332:
12326:
12320:
12314:
12308:
12302:
12296:
12290:
12285:
12270:
12269:
12255:
12214:
12208:
12207:
12193:
12145:
12139:
12138:
12108:
12067:
12061:
12055:
12049:
12043:
12037:
12036:
11992:
11983:
11977:
11964:
11958:
11949:
11943:
11934:
11933:
11915:
11891:
11885:
11884:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11786:
11780:
11774:
11768:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11717:
11711:
11710:
11700:
11682:
11657:
11648:
11642:
11636:
11630:
11624:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11590:
11584:
11577:
11571:
11564:
11558:
11551:
11545:
11538:
11532:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11496:Katzner, Kenneth
11492:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11461:
11455:
11446:
11440:
11432:
11426:
11414:
11408:
11407:
11399:
11393:
11381:
11375:
11364:
11358:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11324:
11318:
11308:
11302:
11280:
11274:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11242:
11236:
11230:
11215:
11209:
11195:
11189:
11186:Byzantinoturcica
11182:
11176:
11170:
11164:
11158:
11152:
11143:
11137:
11131:
11125:
11118:
11112:
11109:
11103:
11093:
11087:
11084:
11075:
11072:
11063:
11057:
11051:
11048:
11042:
11041:
11029:
11023:
11016:
11010:
11003:
10997:
10990:
10984:
10977:
10971:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10946:
10936:
10930:
10927:
10921:
10920:
10912:
10906:
10903:
10897:
10894:
10888:
10884:
10878:
10877:
10865:
10857:
10851:
10848:
10842:
10839:
10833:
10826:
10820:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10797:. Archived from
10791:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10757:
10751:
10750:
10718:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10707:
10692:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10666:
10660:
10659:
10647:
10641:
10631:
10625:
10624:
10588:
10582:
10578:
10571:
10565:
10561:
10554:
10548:
10538:
10484:
10478:
10472:
10466:
10460:
10451:
10445:
10436:
10430:
10421:
10415:
10409:
10403:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10374:
10366:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10341:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10324:
10316:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10242:. Archived from
10232:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10212:. Archived from
10205:
10199:
10198:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10097:
10091:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10069:
10060:. Archived from
10050:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10013:. Archived from
10002:
9996:
9995:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9963:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9779:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9728:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9702:
9696:
9691:
9685:
9675:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9649:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9632:. 19 August 2021
9622:
9616:
9615:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9552:
9546:
9540:
9503:Turkic mythology
9498:Turkic migration
9472:
9455:
9438:
9421:
9396:
9379:
9357:
9340:
9323:
9305:
9288:
9271:
9245:
9221:
9202:
9187:
9175:
9163:
9151:
9131:
9119:
9107:
9095:
9083:
9071:
9059:
9047:
9035:
9001:
8989:
8977:
8670:Syriac Christian
8664:Gravestone from
8569:Turkic peoples.
8531:Tibetan Buddhism
8513:Uyghur Khaganate
8394:ancestor worship
8378:Turkic mythology
8364:Turkic mythology
7563:Modern language
7551:
7542:150–200 million
7520:
7519:
7215:
7209:
7133:Kurumchi culture
7118:Hongshan culture
7100:
7085:New Book of Tang
7073:
7067:
7061:
6985:New Book of Tang
6976:New Book of Tang
6888:writes that the
6819:), narrow eyes (
6695:Old Book of Tang
6655:in 1993 and the
6639:remained in the
6598:Chinese Republic
6539:Crimean Karaites
6462:, where Emperor
6436:
6418:Byzantine Empire
6369:The Arab Muslim
6291:saw rise of the
6250:
6222:
6204:Ahmad Shah Qajar
6172:Afsharid dynasty
6108:Afsharid dynasty
6054:Khanate of Khiva
5976:Byzantine Empire
5896:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5836:Greater Khorasan
5773:
5703:Afsharid dynasty
5675:Mamluk Sultanate
5374:Uyghur Khaganate
5321:Uyghur Khaganate
5307:Uyghur Khaganate
5293:Uyghur Khaganate
5271:Siberian Khanate
5269:In Siberia, the
5260:Khanate of Kazan
5236:Kipchak language
5139:Uyghur Khaganate
5129:in Mongolia and
5013:New Book of Tang
4929:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4863:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4764:
4762:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4698:
4564:Turkic languages
4532:standard Chinese
4328:Amur river basin
4283:Mongolic peoples
4275:Turkic expansion
4238:
4212:
4191:Hongshan culture
4172:Martine Robbeets
4120:
4113:
4106:
4087:
4062:
4050:
4038:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3937:Sultanate of Rum
3926:
3914:
3911:Ghaznavid Empire
3902:
3890:
3878:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3807:Uyghur Khaganate
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3735:Khazar Khaganate
3715:
3707:
3686:
3678:
3644:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3606:Pre-14th century
3583:Major concepts:
3538:
3537:
3533:Turkic Mythology
3350:
3349:
3345:Turkic Languages
3328:Crimean Karaites
3265:Cherniye Klobuki
3171:
3170:
3145:pre–14th century
3144:
3138:
3137:
3118:Turkic expansion
3010:Turkic languages
2875:Turkic languages
2862:
2858:
2852:
2833:"war motto" and
2812:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2343:Orthodox Judaism
2263:Crimean Karaites
2214:Tibetan Buddhism
2096:
2073:Tibetan Buddhism
2065:
2064:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1937:Tibetan Buddhism
1922:
1921:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1818:
1817:
1794:Tibetan Buddhism
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1720:
1719:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1393:
1392:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1166:
1165:
1154:can be used for
783:
568:Turkic languages
521:Turkic languages
507:
503:
501:
500:
487:
483:
481:
480:
467:
463:
461:
460:
447:
443:
441:
440:
430:59,488 (Turkish)
427:
423:
421:
420:
404:
402:
401:
386:
384:
383:
371:
367:
365:
364:
351:
347:
345:
344:
331:
327:
325:
324:
311:
307:
305:
304:
291:
287:
285:
284:
271:
267:
265:
264:
251:
247:
245:
244:
224:
223:
210:
206:
204:
203:
190:
186:
184:
183:
170:
166:
164:
163:
150:
146:
144:
143:
130:
126:
124:
123:
110:
106:
104:
103:
90:
86:
84:
83:
68:Over 170 million
63:Total population
56:Turkic languages
52:
45:
41:
21:
20836:
20835:
20831:
20830:
20829:
20827:
20826:
20825:
20796:
20795:
20794:
20789:
20784:
20777:
20736:
20700:
20583:
20553:
20470:
20451:Northern Cyprus
20415:
20401:Altai Mountains
20336:
20281:
20200:
20180:
20125:North Macedonia
20067:
20048:
20005:
19991:
19987:Siberian Tatars
19942:
19927:Khorasani Turks
19907:
19834:
19803:
19780:
19767:
19729:
19650:Ottoman Turkish
19570:Karachay-Balkar
19469:
19460:
19458:
19456:
19426:
19421:
19386:
19382:Kazakh diaspora
19350:
19320:
19069:
19035:
19033:
19027:
18989:Afghan Turkmens
18980:
18973:
18951:
18945:
18900:Siberian Tatars
18824:
18749:
18743:
18739:Iranian Kazakhs
18719:Khorasani Turks
18691:
18685:
18658:
18652:
18595:Chinese Kazakhs
18577:
18571:
18554:
18553:Turkic peoples
18548:
18449:Bulgarian Turks
18425:Abkhazian Turks
18378:
18350:Afghan Turkmens
18332:
18287:
18278:Iranian Kazakhs
18273:Chinese Kazakhs
18256:
18176:
18171:
18130:
18093:
18003:Wayback Machine
17932:
17780:
17778:Further reading
17775:
17718:
17658:
17577:
17566:
17553:
17514:
17512:
17458:
17387:
17327:
17297:
17295:
17254:
17246:. I.B. Tauris.
17235:
17192:
17190:
17154:
17135:
17110:
17086:
17084:
17082:
17050:
17048:
17004:Nature Research
16978:
16976:
16932:
16927:
16926:
16919:dic.academic.ru
16913:
16912:
16908:
16901:
16885:
16881:
16871:
16869:
16864:Burak, Sansal.
16862:
16858:
16851:
16835:
16831:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16810:
16794:
16790:
16777:
16773:
16765:
16746:
16740:
16736:
16729:
16713:
16709:
16702:
16686:
16682:
16669:
16665:
16634:Dankoff, Robert
16631:
16624:
16617:
16601:
16597:
16590:
16574:
16570:
16563:
16547:
16543:
16533:
16531:
16523:
16522:
16518:
16508:
16506:
16496:
16492:
16485:
16463:
16459:
16452:
16436:
16432:
16424:
16410:
16406:
16396:
16394:
16390:
16383:
16379:
16378:
16374:
16364:
16362:
16353:
16352:
16348:
16338:
16336:
16335:on 4 March 2016
16327:
16326:
16322:
16314:
16307:
16303:
16302:
16298:
16293:Wayback Machine
16284:
16280:
16270:
16268:
16264:
16263:
16259:
16254:Wayback Machine
16244:
16240:
16229:
16225:
16218:
16202:
16195:
16186:
16182:
16170:
16166:
16159:
16143:
16139:
16129:
16127:
16123:
16122:
16118:
16108:
16106:
16097:
16096:
16092:
16082:
16080:
16073:"回鹘文《陶师本生》及其特点"
16071:
16070:
16066:
16056:
16054:
16053:on 4 March 2016
16045:
16044:
16040:
16030:
16028:
16026:"关于回鹘摩尼教史的几个问题"
16024:
16023:
16019:
16009:
16007:
15994:
15993:
15989:
15979:
15977:
15969:
15968:
15964:
15954:
15952:
15950:
15930:
15929:
15916:
15907:
15900:
15896:
15895:
15891:
15882:
15881:
15877:
15869:
15865:
15857:
15853:
15843:
15841:
15832:
15831:
15827:
15817:
15815:
15806:
15805:
15801:
15788:
15787:
15783:
15778:
15774:
15761:
15760:
15756:
15746:
15744:
15734:
15730:
15720:
15718:
15708:
15704:
15691:
15687:
15682:
15678:
15670:
15654:
15650:
15634:
15618:
15614:
15606:
15602:
15594:
15590:
15582:
15578:
15570:
15566:
15561:
15557:
15545:
15541:
15530:
15526:
15518:
15511:
15503:
15499:
15491:
15484:
15476:
15472:
15467:
15463:
15458:
15454:
15415:
15406:
15391:
15387:
15381:
15377:
15369:
15353:
15349:
15338:
15322:
15318:
15310:
15301:
15293:
15289:
15281:
15274:
15250:
15246:
15239:
15223:
15219:
15183:
15179:
15169:
15167:
15156:
15152:
15142:
15140:
15129:
15125:
15120:
15116:
15108:
15101:
15093:
15089:
15081:
15077:
15069:
15060:
15052:
15045:
15032:
15031:
15027:
15018:Cultura Turcica
15015:
15014:
15010:
14999:
14997:
14990:"The Pechenegs"
14988:
14987:
14983:
14978:
14974:
14966:
14962:
14952:
14950:
14946:
14945:
14941:
14931:
14929:
14919:
14918:
14914:
14903:
14899:
14888:
14881:
14863:
14859:
14851:
14847:
14826:
14822:
14812:
14810:
14808:
14792:
14788:
14779:
14775:
14766:
14762:
14754:
14750:
14744:
14740:
14736:(2000), p. 180.
14728:
14724:
14715:
14711:
14704:
14688:
14684:
14677:
14661:
14657:
14650:
14634:
14630:
14554:
14550:
14452:
14448:
14440:
14436:
14428:
14424:
14399:
14395:
14382:
14378:
14369:
14365:
14349:
14345:
14337:J. Meri (Hg.),
14336:
14332:
14323:
14319:
14310:
14306:
14292:
14288:
14270:
14266:
14258:C.E. Bosworth:
14257:
14253:
14230:
14226:
14215:
14211:
14196:
14192:
14184:
14176:
14172:
14137:
14133:
14128:. hal-03427697.
14098:
14094:
14087:
14071:
14067:
14058:
14054:
14046:
14042:
14034:
14018:
14014:
14007:
13991:
13987:
13980:
13964:
13960:
13953:
13937:
13933:
13926:
13910:
13906:
13899:
13883:
13879:
13863:
13859:
13852:
13841:
13839:
13833:
13829:
13821:
13815:
13804:
13796:
13792:
13783:
13776:
13770:Wild Goose Pass
13761:History of Yuan
13754:
13750:
13745:
13741:
13731:
13729:
13719:
13712:
13670:
13666:
13620:
13616:
13583:
13579:
13572:
13556:
13552:
13545:
13529:
13525:
13513:
13509:
13497:
13493:
13486:
13470:
13466:
13459:
13443:
13439:
13432:
13417:
13416:
13412:
13405:
13389:
13385:
13378:
13362:
13358:
13350:
13346:
13339:
13323:
13319:
13311:
13295:
13291:
13284:
13268:
13264:
13257:
13241:
13237:
13228:
13221:
13204:
13200:
13193:
13179:
13178:
13174:
13165:
13161:
13145:
13130:
13122:
13118:
13110:
13106:
13098:
13094:
13076:
13072:
13059:
13055:
13044:
13040:
13024:
13020:
13005:
13001:
12985:
12978:
12970:
12954:
12950:
12939:
12923:
12919:
12907:
12903:
12894:
12890:
12884:Wayback Machine
12874:
12870:
12862:
12858:
12851:
12835:
12831:
12826:
12822:
12817:
12813:
12799:
12783:
12779:
12769:
12767:
12763:
12762:
12758:
12750:
12746:
12685:
12681:
12674:
12660:
12656:
12648:
12644:
12639:
12635:
12630:
12626:
12617:
12613:
12604:
12600:
12592:Xue, Zongzheng
12591:
12587:
12582:
12578:
12565:
12561:
12548:(1–2): 101–32.
12538:
12534:
12529:
12525:
12510:
12506:
12496:
12494:
12493:on 15 July 2015
12485:
12484:
12480:
12471:
12467:
12452:
12448:
12443:
12439:
12431:
12427:
12422:
12418:
12413:
12406:
12386:
12382:
12333:
12329:
12321:
12317:
12309:
12305:
12297:
12293:
12286:
12273:
12215:
12211:
12146:
12142:
12068:
12064:
12056:
12052:
12044:
12040:
11993:
11986:
11978:
11967:
11959:
11952:
11944:
11937:
11906:(1–2): 71–106.
11892:
11888:
11853:
11849:
11787:
11783:
11775:
11771:
11756:
11754:
11744:
11718:
11714:
11673:(4): e1005068.
11658:
11651:
11647:, pp. 1–2.
11643:
11639:
11631:
11627:
11622:
11618:
11591:
11587:
11578:
11574:
11565:
11561:
11552:
11548:
11539:
11535:
11521:
11517:
11510:
11493:
11489:
11481:
11477:
11462:
11458:
11448:Xu Elina-Qian,
11447:
11443:
11433:
11429:
11415:
11411:
11400:
11396:
11382:
11378:
11365:
11361:
11352:
11348:
11341:
11325:
11321:
11309:
11305:
11291:Wayback Machine
11281:
11277:
11261:
11257:
11249:
11245:
11237:
11233:
11216:
11212:
11196:
11192:
11183:
11179:
11171:
11167:
11159:
11155:
11145:Xu Elina-Qian,
11144:
11140:
11132:
11128:
11119:
11115:
11110:
11106:
11094:
11090:
11085:
11078:
11073:
11066:
11058:
11054:
11049:
11045:
11030:
11026:
11017:
11013:
11004:
11000:
10991:
10987:
10978:
10974:
10962:
10958:
10953:
10949:
10937:
10933:
10928:
10924:
10913:
10909:
10904:
10900:
10895:
10891:
10885:
10881:
10858:
10854:
10849:
10845:
10840:
10836:
10830:Natural History
10827:
10823:
10818:
10814:
10804:
10802:
10795:"新亞研究所 – 典籍資料庫"
10793:
10792:
10788:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10758:
10754:
10719:
10715:
10705:
10703:
10693:
10689:
10679:
10677:
10667:
10663:
10658:(1–2): 103–108.
10648:
10644:
10632:
10628:
10589:
10585:
10573:
10572:
10568:
10556:
10555:
10551:
10485:
10481:
10473:
10469:
10461:
10454:
10446:
10439:
10431:
10424:
10416:
10412:
10404:
10400:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10367:
10363:
10353:
10351:
10343:
10342:
10338:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10317:
10313:
10303:
10301:
10298:Syrian Observer
10292:
10291:
10287:
10278:
10276:
10263:
10259:
10249:
10247:
10234:
10233:
10229:
10219:
10217:
10216:on 20 June 2018
10206:
10202:
10189:
10188:
10184:
10174:
10172:
10164:
10163:
10159:
10152:
10136:
10132:
10124:
10120:
10110:
10108:
10099:
10098:
10094:
10081:
10077:
10067:
10065:
10052:
10051:
10047:
10037:
10035:
10027:
10026:
10022:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9985:, p. 168,
9975:
9971:
9961:
9959:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9939:www.asianews.it
9933:
9932:
9928:
9915:
9914:
9910:
9903:
9887:
9883:
9876:
9860:
9856:
9849:
9833:
9829:
9820:
9819:
9815:
9805:
9803:
9795:
9794:
9790:
9781:
9780:
9776:
9765:
9763:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9740:
9738:
9730:
9729:
9725:
9714:
9712:
9704:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9688:
9676:
9672:
9661:
9659:
9651:
9650:
9646:
9635:
9633:
9624:
9623:
9619:
9609:
9601:, p. 223,
9589:
9585:
9575:
9567:, p. 268,
9553:
9549:
9541:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9488:
9481:
9480:
9473:
9464:
9463:
9456:
9447:
9446:
9439:
9430:
9429:
9422:
9413:
9412:
9397:
9388:
9387:
9380:
9371:
9370:
9358:
9349:
9348:
9341:
9332:
9331:
9324:
9315:
9314:
9306:
9297:
9296:
9289:
9280:
9279:
9272:
9263:
9256:
9246:
9237:
9222:
9213:
9206:
9203:
9194:
9188:
9179:
9176:
9167:
9164:
9155:
9152:
9143:
9132:
9123:
9120:
9111:
9108:
9099:
9096:
9087:
9084:
9075:
9072:
9063:
9060:
9051:
9048:
9039:
9036:
9012:
9005:
9002:
8993:
8990:
8981:
8978:
8969:
8964:
8952:
8940:
8928:
8906:
8885:
8880:
8801:
8777:
8647:
8641:
8628:Battle of Talas
8620:Sassanid Empire
8575:
8543:Quanšï Im Pusar
8470:
8465:
8449:predatory birds
8374:
8362:Main articles:
8358:of Shamans 1911
8337:
8332:
8306:—from the root
8048:
8014:Turkic Karaites
7956:Karachay-Balkar
7534:2–2.5 million?
7345:
7284:confederation,
7274:
7261:
7233:law enforcement
7217:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7189:
7171:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7074:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7053:
6964:Old East Slavic
6858:noted that the
6821:chashmhā-i tang
6669:
6555:
6487:
6475:Mongol invasion
6444:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6426:
6341:
6285:Tughlaq dynasty
6273:Delhi Sultanate
6269:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6251:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6223:
6212:
6140:
6132:Sassanid Empire
6124:Safavid dynasty
6104:
6076:Bukhara Khanate
6064:
6048:Main articles:
6046:
6014:
6000:
5861:
5855:
5830:, north of the
5760:
5752:Main articles:
5742:
5737:
5725:Iranian plateau
5705:
5671:Delhi Sultanate
5661:Main articles:
5659:
5639:
5567:
5477:
5472:
5309:
5287:
5279:Siberian Tatars
5256:Crimean Khanate
5244:Kipchak Khanate
5147:
5079:clan, who were
5026:Altai Mountains
4986:(now in modern
4951:
4943:Main articles:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4892:Paleo-Siberians
4890:
4888:
4886:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4685:
4667:hills north of
4641:Helan Mountains
4589:
4583:
4494:transliterated
4372:
4307:Eurasian Steppe
4255:Iranian peoples
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4213:
4133:
4124:
4095:
4094:
4024:Tughlaq dynasty
3996:Delhi Sultanate
3694:Tokhara Yabghus
3655:Tiele (Gaoche)
3620:202 BCE–13th CE
3608:
3598:
3597:
3541:Belief system:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3480:Karachay-Balkar
3347:
3337:
3336:
3168:
3136:
3130:Genetic history
3110:
3104:
3041:Turkic alphabet
2983:Codex Kumanicus
2975:
2936:Turks of Turkey
2924:second language
2904:language family
2892:
2887:
2881:
2873:Main articles:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2824:Altai Uriankhai
2813:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2669:Pannonian Avars
2657:
2543:Yenisei Kirghiz
2271:Karaite Judaism
2168:Siberian Tatars
2059:
1989:
1987:
1954:
1952:
1916:
1888:
1886:
1874:
1872:
1843:
1841:
1812:
1780:
1778:
1749:
1747:
1714:
1680:
1678:
1648:
1646:
1618:
1616:
1576:Khorasani Turks
1551:
1549:
1520:
1518:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1446:
1444:
1417:
1415:
1387:
1360:
1358:
1338:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1289:
1287:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1240:
1217:Northern Cyprus
1210:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1164:
1158:or vice versa.
1052:Gerhard Doerfer
950:András Róna-Tas
946:Altai Mountains
893:, according to
879:contended that
869:Pliny the Elder
709:
505:North Macedonia
498:
496:
478:
476:
458:
456:
438:
436:
418:
416:
406:Northern Cyprus
399:
397:
381:
379:
362:
360:
342:
340:
322:
320:
302:
300:
282:
280:
262:
260:
242:
240:
218:
201:
199:
181:
179:
161:
159:
141:
139:
121:
119:
101:
99:
81:
79:
58:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20834:
20824:
20823:
20818:
20813:
20808:
20806:Turkic peoples
20791:
20790:
20782:
20779:
20778:
20776:
20775:
20770:
20765:
20763:Turkic Academy
20760:
20755:
20750:
20744:
20742:
20738:
20737:
20735:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20708:
20706:
20702:
20701:
20699:
20698:
20693:
20688:
20683:
20677:
20672:
20667:
20662:
20660:Khalwati order
20657:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20640:Bektashi Order
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20617:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20597:
20591:
20589:
20585:
20584:
20582:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20565:
20563:
20559:
20558:
20555:
20554:
20552:
20551:
20546:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20519:Karakalpakstan
20516:
20511:
20506:
20501:
20496:
20491:
20486:
20484:Altai Republic
20480:
20478:
20472:
20471:
20469:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20432:
20430:
20421:
20417:
20416:
20414:
20413:
20408:
20403:
20394:
20393:
20392:
20385:Nomadic empire
20382:
20381:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20360:
20355:
20350:
20344:
20342:
20338:
20337:
20335:
20334:
20324:
20319:
20314:
20309:
20304:
20299:
20293:
20291:
20287:
20286:
20283:
20282:
20280:
20279:
20274:
20269:
20264:
20259:
20254:
20249:
20244:
20239:
20234:
20229:
20224:
20219:
20214:
20208:
20206:
20199:
20198:
20193:
20187:
20186:
20185:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20161:
20160:
20153:Western Thrace
20059:
20058:
20057:
20041:
20036:
20035:
20034:
19998:
19997:
19996:
19984:
19979:
19974:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19949:
19948:
19947:
19934:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19913:
19912:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19877:Crimean Tatars
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19848:
19847:
19826:
19825:
19824:
19796:
19790:
19788:
19782:
19781:
19774:
19772:
19769:
19768:
19766:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19745:
19739:
19737:
19728:
19727:
19722:
19717:
19712:
19707:
19702:
19697:
19692:
19687:
19682:
19680:Siberian Tatar
19677:
19672:
19667:
19662:
19657:
19652:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19612:
19607:
19602:
19597:
19592:
19587:
19582:
19577:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19557:
19552:
19547:
19542:
19537:
19532:
19527:
19522:
19517:
19512:
19507:
19502:
19501:
19500:
19495:
19485:
19479:
19477:
19471:
19470:
19455:
19454:
19447:
19440:
19432:
19423:
19422:
19391:
19388:
19387:
19385:
19384:
19379:
19374:
19369:
19364:
19358:
19356:
19352:
19351:
19349:
19348:
19343:
19338:
19332:
19330:
19326:
19325:
19322:
19321:
19319:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19303:
19301:Yenisei Kyrgyz
19298:
19293:
19288:
19283:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19237:
19236:
19229:
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19197:
19192:
19191:
19190:
19178:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19148:
19143:
19138:
19133:
19128:
19123:
19118:
19113:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19077:
19075:
19071:
19070:
19068:
19067:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19050:Finnish Tatars
19047:
19041:
19039:
19029:
19028:
19026:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19009:
19008:
18996:
18991:
18985:
18983:
18975:
18974:
18972:
18971:
18966:
18961:
18955:
18953:
18947:
18946:
18944:
18943:
18938:
18937:
18936:
18924:
18919:
18914:
18913:
18912:
18911:
18910:
18896:
18889:
18882:
18875:
18868:
18856:
18851:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18831:
18830:
18829:
18817:
18812:
18807:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18781:
18780:
18773:
18766:
18753:
18751:
18745:
18744:
18742:
18741:
18736:
18731:
18726:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18706:
18701:
18695:
18693:
18687:
18686:
18684:
18683:
18678:
18673:
18671:Crimean Tatars
18668:
18662:
18660:
18654:
18653:
18651:
18650:
18645:
18644:
18643:
18631:
18626:
18621:
18616:
18614:Chinese Uzbeks
18611:
18610:
18609:
18600:Chinese Kyrgyz
18597:
18592:
18590:Chinese Tatars
18587:
18581:
18579:
18573:
18572:
18570:
18569:
18564:
18558:
18556:
18550:
18549:
18547:
18546:
18541:
18539:Tunisian Turks
18536:
18531:
18526:
18524:Romanian Turks
18521:
18516:
18511:
18506:
18501:
18496:
18494:Lebanese Turks
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18474:Egyptian Turks
18471:
18466:
18461:
18456:
18454:Croatian Turks
18451:
18446:
18441:
18440:
18439:
18430:Algerian Turks
18427:
18422:
18421:
18420:
18413:
18406:
18399:
18386:
18384:
18380:
18379:
18377:
18376:
18371:
18370:
18369:
18362:
18361:
18360:
18340:
18338:
18334:
18333:
18331:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18314:
18313:
18304:Chinese Kyrgyz
18301:
18295:
18293:
18289:
18288:
18286:
18285:
18280:
18275:
18270:
18264:
18262:
18258:
18257:
18255:
18254:
18253:
18252:
18245:
18244:
18243:
18229:
18222:
18221:
18220:
18213:
18193:
18191:
18184:
18178:
18177:
18174:Turkic peoples
18170:
18169:
18162:
18155:
18147:
18141:
18140:
18129:
18128:External links
18126:
18125:
18124:
18117:
18114:
18111:
18104:
18097:
18091:
18076:
18069:
18059:
18052:
18048:
18045:
18030:
18019:
18016:
18005:
17992:
17977:
17966:
17951:
17936:
17930:
17915:
17901:
17878:
17858:
17851:
17844:
17834:
17819:
17801:
17794:
17791:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17773:
17722:
17716:
17703:
17662:
17656:
17640:
17581:
17575:
17557:
17551:
17521:
17462:
17456:
17450:. I.B.Tauris.
17443:
17391:
17385:
17372:
17331:
17325:
17304:
17258:
17252:
17239:
17233:
17203:Janhunen, Juha
17199:
17158:
17152:
17139:
17133:
17114:
17108:
17093:
17080:
17057:
16985:
16960:
16951:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16925:
16924:
16906:
16899:
16879:
16856:
16849:
16829:
16815:
16808:
16788:
16771:
16734:
16727:
16707:
16700:
16680:
16663:
16650:10.2307/599159
16622:
16615:
16595:
16588:
16579:Islam in China
16568:
16561:
16541:
16516:
16490:
16483:
16457:
16450:
16430:
16422:
16404:
16372:
16346:
16320:
16296:
16278:
16257:
16238:
16223:
16216:
16193:
16180:
16164:
16157:
16137:
16116:
16090:
16064:
16038:
16017:
15987:
15962:
15948:
15914:
15889:
15875:
15863:
15860:Finnish Tatars
15851:
15825:
15799:
15781:
15772:
15754:
15736:Polat, Orhan.
15728:
15710:Polat, Orhan.
15702:
15685:
15676:
15668:
15648:
15632:
15612:
15610:, p. 215.
15600:
15588:
15586:, p. 3-4.
15576:
15564:
15555:
15539:
15524:
15522:, p. 204.
15509:
15497:
15482:
15470:
15461:
15452:
15404:
15385:
15375:
15367:
15347:
15336:
15316:
15314:, p. 207.
15299:
15297:, p. 198.
15287:
15285:, p. 226.
15272:
15244:
15237:
15217:
15177:
15150:
15123:
15114:
15112:, p. 202.
15099:
15097:, p. 201.
15087:
15075:
15073:, p. 199.
15058:
15056:, p. 228.
15043:
15025:
15008:
14981:
14972:
14960:
14939:
14912:
14897:
14894:Mughal Dynasty
14879:
14857:
14855:, p. 330.
14845:
14820:
14806:
14786:
14773:
14767:Abbas Amanat,
14760:
14748:
14738:
14722:
14709:
14702:
14682:
14675:
14655:
14648:
14628:
14626:
14625:
14618:
14611:
14597:
14586:
14548:
14546:
14545:
14522:
14515:Grousset, Rene
14512:
14505:
14491:
14481:
14469:
14446:
14434:
14432:, p. 128.
14422:
14420:
14419:
14412:
14393:
14376:
14363:
14343:
14330:
14317:
14304:
14286:
14264:
14260:The Ghaznavids
14251:
14247:Online Edition
14224:
14209:
14190:
14170:
14131:
14092:
14085:
14065:
14052:
14040:
14032:
14012:
14005:
13985:
13978:
13958:
13951:
13931:
13924:
13904:
13897:
13877:
13857:
13850:
13827:
13813:
13790:
13774:
13748:
13739:
13710:
13664:
13614:
13577:
13570:
13550:
13543:
13523:
13515:Zizhi Tongjian
13507:
13499:Zizhi Tongjian
13491:
13484:
13464:
13457:
13437:
13430:
13410:
13403:
13383:
13376:
13356:
13344:
13337:
13317:
13309:
13289:
13282:
13262:
13255:
13235:
13219:
13198:
13191:
13172:
13159:
13128:
13116:
13104:
13092:
13070:
13053:
13038:
13018:
12999:
12976:
12968:
12948:
12937:
12917:
12901:
12895:Paola Demattè
12888:
12868:
12856:
12849:
12829:
12820:
12811:
12797:
12777:
12756:
12744:
12679:
12672:
12654:
12642:
12633:
12624:
12611:
12598:
12585:
12576:
12559:
12532:
12523:
12512:Cheng Fangyi.
12504:
12478:
12465:
12446:
12437:
12425:
12416:
12404:
12380:
12327:
12315:
12303:
12291:
12271:
12209:
12140:
12062:
12050:
12038:
12007:(1): 230–250.
11984:
11965:
11961:Li et al. 2020
11950:
11935:
11886:
11867:(4): 530–537.
11847:
11781:
11769:
11742:
11712:
11649:
11637:
11625:
11616:
11605:(4): 530–537.
11585:
11572:
11559:
11546:
11533:
11523:Turkic peoples
11515:
11508:
11498:(March 2002).
11487:
11475:
11456:
11441:
11427:
11409:
11394:
11376:
11359:
11346:
11339:
11319:
11303:
11275:
11255:
11243:
11231:
11210:
11198:Jean-Paul Roux
11190:
11184:G. Moravcsik,
11177:
11173:Ivantchik 2018
11165:
11153:
11138:
11126:
11120:Hyun Jin Kim:
11113:
11104:
11088:
11076:
11064:
11052:
11043:
11024:
11011:
10998:
10985:
10972:
10956:
10947:
10931:
10922:
10907:
10898:
10889:
10879:
10868:Chisholm, Hugh
10863:"Iyrcae"
10852:
10843:
10834:
10821:
10812:
10786:
10772:
10752:
10733:(1): 162–197.
10713:
10687:
10669:Maue, Dieter.
10661:
10642:
10626:
10599:(2): 291–327.
10583:
10566:
10549:
10547:
10546:
10540:
10513:(2): 291–327.
10498:
10492:
10479:
10467:
10452:
10437:
10422:
10410:
10398:
10386:
10361:
10336:
10311:
10285:
10257:
10227:
10200:
10182:
10157:
10150:
10130:
10118:
10092:
10075:
10045:
10020:
9997:
9991:
9969:
9944:
9926:
9908:
9901:
9881:
9874:
9854:
9847:
9827:
9813:
9788:
9774:
9748:
9723:
9697:
9686:
9670:
9644:
9617:
9607:
9583:
9573:
9547:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9493:Turkic history
9489:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9475:
9474:
9467:
9465:
9458:
9457:
9450:
9448:
9441:
9440:
9433:
9431:
9424:
9423:
9416:
9414:
9399:
9398:
9391:
9389:
9382:
9381:
9374:
9372:
9360:
9359:
9352:
9350:
9343:
9342:
9335:
9333:
9326:
9325:
9318:
9316:
9308:
9307:
9300:
9298:
9291:
9290:
9283:
9281:
9274:
9273:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9253:Lashkari Bazar
9247:
9240:
9238:
9234:John Skylitzes
9223:
9216:
9212:
9211:Medieval times
9209:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9197:
9195:
9189:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9146:
9144:
9133:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9030:
9024:Mogao grottoes
9020:Bezeklik caves
9011:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9003:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8951:
8948:
8939:
8936:
8927:
8924:
8905:
8902:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8800:
8797:
8776:
8773:
8714:Zoroastrianism
8643:Main article:
8640:
8637:
8574:
8571:
8482:Zoroastrianism
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8451:, such as the
8437:Tumen Il-Qağan
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8028:
8025:
8020:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8001:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7977:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7953:
7950:
7940:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7921:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7897:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7878:
7873:
7870:
7867:Karakalpakstan
7864:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7849:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7825:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7790:Crimean Tatars
7786:
7785:
7782:
7777:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7753:
7750:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7730:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7706:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7659:
7656:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7636:
7633:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7609:
7606:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7582:
7579:
7574:
7572:Turkish people
7568:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7344:
7341:
7323:back in 2006.
7273:
7270:
7260:
7257:
7212:
7206:
7197:Turkic Council
7170:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7138:Saltovo-Mayaki
7135:
7130:
7125:
7123:Čaatas culture
7120:
7115:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7068:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7033:Ottoman Empire
6971:Yenisei Kyrgyz
6872:Lashkari Bazar
6852:Lashkari Bazar
6837:Western Turkic
6771:Empress Ashina
6757:and Professor
6668:
6665:
6657:Turkic Council
6590:Russian Empire
6554:
6553:Modern history
6551:
6486:
6483:
6479:Ottoman Empire
6460:Constantinople
6452:Ottoman Empire
6438:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6414:Seljuk dynasty
6408:in Egypt. The
6340:
6337:
6289:Southern India
6281:Mamluk dynasty
6252:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6233:Prince Khurram
6226:Mughal Emperor
6224:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6148:Lotf 'Ali Khan
6139:
6136:
6103:
6100:
6045:
6042:
6018:Timurid Empire
6012:Timurid Empire
6010:Main article:
5999:
5996:
5947:in the south.
5857:Main article:
5854:
5851:
5824:Samanid Empire
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5695:Ottoman Empire
5679:Timurid Empire
5658:
5655:
5638:
5635:
5566:
5563:
5489:Qanghar Odaghu
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5305:Main article:
5286:
5283:
5264:Kazakh Khanate
5228:Volga Bulgaria
5185:to become the
5146:
5143:
5117:The Göktürks (
4988:Gansu province
4933:
4932:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4647:alphabet, the
4617:Inner Mongolia
4585:Main article:
4582:
4579:
4520:Middle Chinese
4514:: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) ~
4474:proposed that
4371:
4368:
4335:Empress Ashina
4240:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4221:Empress Ashina
4214:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4017:Khalji dynasty
4013:
4010:Mamluk dynasty
4003:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3979:
3978:
3972:Kerait Khanate
3967:
3966:
3955:
3954:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3166:Turkic peoples
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3126:Nomadic empire
3122:Confederations
3108:Turkic history
3106:Main article:
3103:
3100:
3037:Latin alphabet
2974:
2971:
2928:Turkish proper
2908:Eastern Europe
2891:
2888:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2807:
2787:
2772:
2709:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2681:Proto-Mongolic
2679:, who were of
2656:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Chorni Klobuky
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Orkhon Uyghurs
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1722:Sakha Republic
1712:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1674:
1671:
1669:Crimean Tatars
1665:
1664:
1659:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:Karakalpakstan
1614:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1088:Yenisei Kyrgyz
1060:Gerard Clauson
1050:. Even though
859:refers to the
857:Pomponius Mela
826:Ishbara Qaghan
790:Middle Chinese
708:
705:
685:Turkish people
665:Chuvash people
629:language shift
540:Turkic peoples
534:
533:
529:
528:
524:
523:
517:
516:
512:
511:
508:
492:
491:
488:
472:
471:
468:
452:
451:
448:
432:
431:
428:
412:
411:
408:
394:
393:
390:
376:
375:
372:
356:
355:
352:
336:
335:
332:
316:
315:
312:
296:
295:
292:
276:
275:
272:
256:
255:
252:
236:
235:
228:
226:European Union
215:
214:
211:
195:
194:
191:
175:
174:
171:
155:
154:
151:
135:
134:
131:
115:
114:
111:
95:
94:
91:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
53:
43:Turkic peoples
38:
32:Turkish people
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20833:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20803:
20801:
20787:
20780:
20774:
20771:
20769:
20766:
20764:
20761:
20759:
20756:
20754:
20751:
20749:
20746:
20745:
20743:
20741:Organizations
20739:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20709:
20707:
20703:
20697:
20696:Vattisen Yaly
20694:
20692:
20689:
20687:
20684:
20681:
20678:
20676:
20673:
20671:
20668:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20616:
20613:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20593:
20592:
20590:
20586:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20570:
20567:
20566:
20564:
20560:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20505:
20502:
20500:
20497:
20495:
20492:
20490:
20489:Bashkortostan
20487:
20485:
20482:
20481:
20479:
20477:
20473:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20434:
20433:
20431:
20429:
20425:
20422:
20418:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20398:
20395:
20391:
20388:
20387:
20386:
20383:
20379:
20378:Turkification
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20365:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20346:
20345:
20343:
20339:
20332:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20310:
20308:
20305:
20303:
20300:
20298:
20295:
20294:
20292:
20288:
20278:
20275:
20273:
20270:
20268:
20265:
20263:
20260:
20258:
20255:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20235:
20233:
20230:
20228:
20225:
20223:
20220:
20218:
20215:
20213:
20210:
20209:
20207:
20203:
20197:
20194:
20191:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20177:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20158:
20154:
20150:
20146:
20142:
20138:
20134:
20130:
20126:
20122:
20118:
20114:
20110:
20106:
20102:
20098:
20094:
20090:
20086:
20082:
20078:
20074:
20070:
20065:
20064:
20063:
20060:
20055:
20051:
20047:
20046:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20032:
20028:
20024:
20020:
20016:
20012:
20008:
20004:
20003:
20002:
19999:
19994:
19993:Baraba Tatars
19990:
19989:
19988:
19985:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19973:
19970:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19945:
19940:
19939:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19910:
19905:
19904:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19845:
19841:
19837:
19832:
19831:
19830:
19827:
19822:
19818:
19814:
19810:
19806:
19802:
19801:
19800:
19797:
19795:
19792:
19791:
19789:
19787:
19783:
19778:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19748:Common Turkic
19746:
19744:
19741:
19740:
19738:
19736:
19732:
19726:
19725:Western Yugur
19723:
19721:
19718:
19716:
19713:
19711:
19708:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19631:
19628:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19611:
19608:
19606:
19603:
19601:
19598:
19596:
19593:
19591:
19588:
19586:
19583:
19581:
19578:
19576:
19573:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19540:Crimean Tatar
19538:
19536:
19533:
19531:
19528:
19526:
19523:
19521:
19518:
19516:
19513:
19511:
19508:
19506:
19503:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19490:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19480:
19478:
19476:
19472:
19467:
19453:
19448:
19446:
19441:
19439:
19434:
19433:
19430:
19420:territories).
19419:
19415:
19411:
19407:
19403:
19399:
19395:
19389:
19383:
19380:
19378:
19375:
19373:
19370:
19368:
19365:
19363:
19360:
19359:
19357:
19353:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19337:
19334:
19333:
19331:
19327:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19302:
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19234:
19230:
19227:
19223:
19222:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19198:
19196:
19193:
19188:
19184:
19183:
19182:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19121:Black Klobuks
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19078:
19076:
19072:
19066:
19063:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19043:
19042:
19040:
19037:(exc. Russia)
19030:
19024:
19023:Afghan Kyrgyz
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19006:
19002:
19001:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18986:
18984:
18982:
18976:
18970:
18967:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18956:
18954:
18948:
18942:
18939:
18934:
18930:
18929:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18915:
18908:
18904:
18903:
18901:
18897:
18894:
18890:
18887:
18883:
18880:
18879:Mishar Tatars
18876:
18873:
18869:
18866:
18862:
18861:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18827:
18823:
18822:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18778:
18774:
18771:
18767:
18764:
18760:
18759:
18758:
18755:
18754:
18752:
18746:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18696:
18694:
18688:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18663:
18661:
18655:
18649:
18646:
18641:
18637:
18636:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18607:
18603:
18602:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18582:
18580:
18574:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18559:
18557:
18555:in Uzbekistan
18551:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18529:Serbian Turks
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18489:Kosovan Turks
18487:
18485:
18484:Israeli Turks
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18464:Cypriot Turks
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18445:
18444:Bosnian Turks
18442:
18437:
18433:
18432:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18418:
18414:
18411:
18407:
18404:
18400:
18397:
18393:
18392:
18391:
18388:
18387:
18385:
18381:
18375:
18372:
18367:
18363:
18358:
18354:
18353:
18351:
18347:
18346:
18345:
18342:
18341:
18339:
18335:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18318:Afghan Kyrgyz
18316:
18311:
18307:
18306:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18296:
18294:
18290:
18284:
18281:
18279:
18276:
18274:
18271:
18269:
18266:
18265:
18263:
18259:
18250:
18246:
18241:
18237:
18236:
18234:
18230:
18227:
18223:
18218:
18214:
18211:
18207:
18206:
18204:
18200:
18199:
18198:
18195:
18194:
18192:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18179:
18175:
18168:
18163:
18161:
18156:
18154:
18149:
18148:
18145:
18139:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18122:
18118:
18115:
18112:
18109:
18105:
18102:
18098:
18094:
18088:
18084:
18083:
18077:
18074:
18070:
18068:
18067:0-415-14198-2
18064:
18060:
18057:
18053:
18049:
18046:
18043:
18042:2-87772-337-2
18039:
18035:
18031:
18028:
18027:5-02-017741-5
18024:
18020:
18017:
18014:
18010:
18006:
18004:
18000:
17997:
17993:
17990:
17989:0-415-08200-5
17986:
17982:
17978:
17975:
17974:92-3-102846-4
17971:
17967:
17964:
17963:0-275-93931-6
17960:
17956:
17952:
17949:
17945:
17941:
17937:
17933:
17927:
17923:
17922:
17916:
17914:
17913:3-447-03274-X
17910:
17906:
17902:
17899:
17898:0-19-517726-6
17895:
17891:
17890:0-19-516770-8
17887:
17883:
17879:
17875:
17874:
17868:
17867:"Turks"
17863:
17859:
17856:
17852:
17849:
17845:
17842:
17838:
17835:
17832:
17831:3-447-05212-0
17828:
17824:
17820:
17817:
17813:
17809:
17805:
17802:
17799:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17789:9965-16-204-2
17786:
17782:
17781:
17770:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17742:
17738:
17734:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17719:
17713:
17709:
17704:
17700:
17696:
17692:
17688:
17684:
17680:
17676:
17672:
17668:
17663:
17659:
17653:
17649:
17645:
17641:
17638:
17633:
17627:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17599:
17595:
17591:
17587:
17582:
17578:
17572:
17565:
17564:
17558:
17554:
17548:
17544:
17540:
17539:
17534:
17530:
17526:
17522:
17511:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17492:
17487:
17483:
17479:
17475:
17471:
17467:
17463:
17459:
17453:
17449:
17444:
17440:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17412:
17408:
17404:
17400:
17396:
17395:Nelson, Sarah
17392:
17388:
17382:
17379:. Routledge.
17378:
17373:
17368:
17363:
17358:
17353:
17349:
17345:
17341:
17337:
17332:
17328:
17322:
17318:
17314:
17311:. Routledge.
17310:
17305:
17294:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17276:
17272:
17268:
17264:
17259:
17255:
17249:
17245:
17240:
17236:
17234:0-415-11761-5
17230:
17226:
17222:
17218:
17217:
17212:
17208:
17207:Blench, Roger
17204:
17200:
17189:
17185:
17181:
17180:United States
17177:
17176:New York City
17173:
17172:
17167:
17163:
17159:
17155:
17149:
17145:
17140:
17136:
17130:
17126:
17122:
17121:
17115:
17111:
17105:
17101:
17100:
17094:
17083:
17077:
17073:
17069:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17047:
17043:
17039:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17021:
17017:
17013:
17009:
17005:
17001:
16997:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16975:
16971:
16970:
16965:
16961:
16957:
16952:
16948:
16944:
16940:
16935:
16934:
16921:(in Russian).
16920:
16916:
16910:
16902:
16896:
16892:
16891:
16883:
16867:
16860:
16852:
16846:
16842:
16841:
16833:
16825:
16819:
16811:
16805:
16801:
16800:
16792:
16784:
16783:
16775:
16764:
16760:
16756:
16752:
16745:
16738:
16730:
16724:
16720:
16719:
16711:
16703:
16697:
16693:
16692:
16684:
16676:
16675:
16667:
16659:
16655:
16651:
16647:
16643:
16639:
16635:
16629:
16627:
16618:
16612:
16608:
16607:
16599:
16591:
16585:
16581:
16580:
16572:
16564:
16558:
16554:
16553:
16545:
16530:
16526:
16520:
16505:
16501:
16494:
16486:
16484:0-333-68354-4
16480:
16476:
16471:
16470:
16461:
16453:
16447:
16443:
16442:
16434:
16425:
16423:0-7103-0188-X
16419:
16415:
16408:
16389:
16382:
16376:
16360:
16356:
16350:
16334:
16330:
16324:
16313:
16306:
16300:
16294:
16290:
16287:
16282:
16267:
16261:
16255:
16251:
16248:
16242:
16234:
16227:
16219:
16213:
16209:
16208:
16200:
16198:
16190:
16184:
16177:
16173:
16168:
16160:
16154:
16150:
16149:
16141:
16126:
16120:
16104:
16100:
16094:
16079:on 6 May 2013
16078:
16074:
16068:
16052:
16048:
16047:"元明时期的新疆藏传佛教"
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15063:
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15048:
15039:
15038:www.aa.com.tr
15035:
15029:
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15012:
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14991:
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14976:
14970:
14964:
14949:
14943:
14928:
14927:
14922:
14916:
14910:
14906:
14901:
14895:
14891:
14886:
14884:
14877:
14876:1-59884-948-4
14873:
14869:
14868:
14861:
14854:
14849:
14843:
14842:0-14-190341-4
14839:
14835:
14834:
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14809:
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14783:
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14579:
14576:
14572:
14568:
14564:
14560:
14552:
14543:
14539:
14535:
14534:0-520-23335-2
14531:
14527:
14523:
14520:
14516:
14513:
14510:
14506:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14492:
14489:
14485:
14484:Josef W. Meri
14482:
14479:
14475:
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14470:
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14456:
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14380:
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14356:
14352:
14347:
14340:
14334:
14327:
14321:
14314:
14308:
14301:
14300:
14295:
14294:C.E. Bosworth
14290:
14283:
14282:
14277:
14273:
14272:C.E. Bosworth
14268:
14261:
14255:
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14244:
14241:
14237:
14233:
14228:
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14213:
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14166:
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14142:
14135:
14127:
14123:
14119:
14115:
14111:
14107:
14103:
14096:
14088:
14082:
14078:
14077:
14069:
14062:
14059:Tolstoi V.P.
14056:
14049:
14044:
14035:
14029:
14025:
14024:
14016:
14008:
14002:
13998:
13997:
13989:
13981:
13975:
13971:
13970:
13962:
13954:
13948:
13944:
13943:
13935:
13927:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13908:
13900:
13894:
13890:
13889:
13881:
13875:
13874:975-6782-56-0
13871:
13867:
13861:
13853:
13847:
13840:
13831:
13820:
13816:
13814:5-8355-1297-X
13810:
13803:
13802:
13794:
13787:
13781:
13779:
13771:
13767:
13763:
13762:
13758:
13752:
13743:
13728:
13724:
13717:
13715:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13699:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13685:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13671:According to
13668:
13662:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13649:
13644:
13640:
13636:
13635:
13630:
13626:
13625:
13621:According to
13618:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13581:
13573:
13567:
13563:
13562:
13554:
13546:
13540:
13536:
13535:
13527:
13520:
13516:
13511:
13504:
13500:
13495:
13487:
13481:
13477:
13476:
13468:
13460:
13454:
13450:
13449:
13441:
13433:
13427:
13423:
13422:
13414:
13406:
13400:
13396:
13395:
13387:
13379:
13373:
13369:
13368:
13360:
13353:
13348:
13340:
13334:
13330:
13329:
13321:
13312:
13306:
13302:
13301:
13293:
13285:
13279:
13275:
13274:
13266:
13258:
13252:
13248:
13247:
13239:
13232:
13226:
13224:
13216:
13212:
13208:
13202:
13194:
13188:
13184:
13183:
13176:
13169:
13163:
13157:
13156:0-19-517726-6
13153:
13149:
13143:
13141:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13133:
13125:
13120:
13113:
13108:
13101:
13096:
13089:
13088:
13083:
13079:
13074:
13067:
13063:
13057:
13050:
13047:
13042:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13022:
13015:
13012:
13008:
13003:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12983:
12981:
12971:
12965:
12961:
12960:
12952:
12945:
12940:
12934:
12930:
12929:
12921:
12915:
12914:92-3-102846-4
12911:
12905:
12898:
12892:
12885:
12881:
12878:
12872:
12865:
12860:
12852:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12833:
12824:
12815:
12808:
12806:
12800:
12794:
12790:
12789:
12781:
12766:
12760:
12754:
12748:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12683:
12675:
12673:0-8047-2353-2
12669:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12646:
12637:
12628:
12621:
12615:
12608:
12602:
12596:(1992). 39–85
12595:
12589:
12580:
12572:
12571:
12563:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12536:
12527:
12519:
12515:
12508:
12492:
12488:
12482:
12475:
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12461:
12457:
12450:
12441:
12434:
12429:
12420:
12411:
12409:
12401:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12389:
12384:
12377:
12372:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12338:
12331:
12324:
12319:
12312:
12307:
12300:
12295:
12289:
12284:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12268:
12263:
12259:
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12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12225:
12221:
12213:
12206:
12201:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12167:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12086:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12066:
12059:
12054:
12047:
12042:
12035:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11991:
11989:
11981:
11976:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11962:
11957:
11955:
11947:
11942:
11940:
11931:
11927:
11923:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11890:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11851:
11843:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11785:
11778:
11777:Janhunen 2003
11773:
11766:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11716:
11708:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11667:PLOS Genetics
11664:
11656:
11654:
11646:
11641:
11634:
11629:
11620:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11576:
11569:
11563:
11556:
11550:
11543:
11537:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11511:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11491:
11484:
11479:
11471:
11467:
11460:
11453:
11452:
11445:
11438:
11437:
11431:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11405:
11398:
11391:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11356:
11350:
11342:
11336:
11332:
11331:
11323:
11316:
11312:
11307:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11279:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11259:
11252:
11247:
11240:
11235:
11228:
11227:0-89003-071-5
11224:
11220:
11214:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11194:
11188:II, p. 236–39
11187:
11181:
11174:
11169:
11162:
11157:
11150:
11149:
11142:
11135:
11130:
11123:
11117:
11108:
11102:
11098:
11092:
11083:
11081:
11071:
11069:
11062:, p. 27.
11061:
11056:
11047:
11039:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11015:
11008:
11002:
10995:
10989:
10982:
10976:
10969:
10965:
10960:
10951:
10944:
10940:
10935:
10926:
10918:
10911:
10902:
10893:
10883:
10875:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10856:
10847:
10838:
10831:
10825:
10816:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10775:
10769:
10765:
10764:
10756:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10717:
10702:
10698:
10691:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10657:
10653:
10646:
10639:
10635:
10630:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10587:
10581:
10576:
10570:
10564:
10559:
10553:
10544:
10541:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10499:
10496:
10493:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10483:
10476:
10471:
10464:
10459:
10457:
10449:
10444:
10442:
10434:
10429:
10427:
10419:
10414:
10407:
10402:
10395:
10390:
10371:
10365:
10350:
10346:
10340:
10321:
10315:
10299:
10295:
10289:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10261:
10245:
10241:
10240:Today's Zaman
10237:
10231:
10215:
10211:
10204:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10171:
10167:
10161:
10153:
10147:
10143:
10142:
10134:
10127:
10122:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10089:
10085:
10079:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10049:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10001:
9994:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9973:
9958:
9954:
9948:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9922:
9918:
9912:
9904:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9885:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9858:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9839:
9831:
9823:
9817:
9802:
9798:
9797:"Afghanistan"
9792:
9784:
9778:
9762:
9758:
9752:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9711:
9707:
9701:
9695:
9690:
9683:
9679:
9674:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9631:
9627:
9621:
9614:
9610:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9595:
9587:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9551:
9544:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9530:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9478:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9328:Khakas people
9322:
9317:
9312:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9270:
9265:
9264:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9220:
9215:
9214:
9201:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9181:
9174:
9169:
9162:
9157:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9130:
9125:
9118:
9113:
9106:
9101:
9094:
9089:
9082:
9077:
9070:
9065:
9058:
9053:
9046:
9041:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9000:
8995:
8988:
8983:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8959:
8957:
8947:
8945:
8935:
8933:
8923:
8921:
8914:
8910:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8872:
8871:Penjikent man
8867:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8821:
8820:Mongol Empire
8813:
8810:
8805:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8789:Kyrgyz people
8786:
8782:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8765:Christianized
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8636:
8634:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8608:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8583:
8579:
8570:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8547:Maitri Burxan
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8423:
8422:Uyghur Empire
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8286:blood sausage
8283:
8279:
8278:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8227:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8171:) and spoon (
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8099:
8098:clotted cream
8095:
8094:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8002:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7869:(Uzbekistan)
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7844:
7843:Southern Iran
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7805:
7804:Crimean Tatar
7802:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7772:
7771:Bashkortostan
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7475:United States
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7265:
7256:
7255:as observer.
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7210: Members
7204:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7180:
7175:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:Saymaluu-Tash
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7128:Askiz culture
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7081:Jiankun buluo
7078:
7077:Duan Chengshi
7072:
7066:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6940:Künhüʾl-aḫbār
6938:commented in
6937:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6924:wrote in his
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6825:bīnī-i pakhch
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6759:Xue Zongzheng
6756:
6753:". Historian
6752:
6748:
6747:Indo-Iranians
6744:
6736:
6732:
6731:Brahmi script
6728:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6559:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6471:Seljuk Empire
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6435:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6319:prince named
6318:
6314:
6311:and parts of
6310:
6306:
6302:
6301:Mughal Empire
6298:
6295:, one of the
6294:
6290:
6287:(1320–1414).
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6263:
6259:
6258:Mughal Empire
6255:
6249:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:first crusade
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5911:Turko-Persian
5909:
5908:high medieval
5905:
5899:
5893:
5887:
5878:
5874:
5873:Seljuk Empire
5865:
5860:
5859:Seljuk Empire
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:Central Asian
5839:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5746:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5699:Mughal Empire
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5683:Bahri dynasty
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5667:Seljuk Empire
5664:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5481:
5467:
5465:
5464:Qocho Kingdom
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:Orkhon Valley
5449:
5448:Yenisei River
5444:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:Zhangxin Khan
5375:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:Orkhon Valley
5326:
5322:
5313:
5308:
5299:
5291:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:Volga Bulgars
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5112:Orkhon script
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:derives from
5062:
5058:
5055:The original
5050:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4928:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4853:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4785:
4774:
4763:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4697:
4680:
4678:
4677:Orkhon Valley
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:Orkhon script
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4552:Evliya Çelebi
4550:and explorer
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:Indo European
4308:
4304:
4301:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4279:Mongol Empire
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4237:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4086:
4085:
4084:Ottoman State
4081:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:Bahri dynasty
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3923:Seljuk Empire
3920:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:Sabiri People
3723:
3722:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:Uyghur Empire
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:A page from "
2979:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:Mediterranean
2909:
2905:
2896:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2857:
2850:
2849:Shiwei people
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:, as well as
2670:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:(from Shatuo)
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
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2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
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2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
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1569:Vattisen Yaly
1566:
1563:
1559:
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1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:Bashkortostan
1516:
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1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
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998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:has roots in
978:
974:
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966:
962:
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955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
931:
926:
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908:
905:ancestors of
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858:
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851:
847:
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839:
836:(584 CE) and
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:: Tūjué <
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
723:
718:
713:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Kyrgyz people
674:
670:
669:Gagauz people
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:acculturation
630:
626:
625:ethnic groups
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:ethnic groups
541:
530:
525:
522:
518:
513:
509:
506:
493:
489:
486:
473:
469:
466:
453:
449:
446:
433:
429:
426:
413:
409:
407:
395:
391:
389:
377:
373:
370:
357:
353:
350:
349:United States
337:
333:
330:
317:
313:
310:
297:
293:
290:
277:
273:
270:
257:
253:
250:
237:
233:
229:
227:
222:
216:
212:
209:
196:
192:
189:
176:
172:
169:
156:
152:
149:
136:
132:
129:
116:
112:
109:
96:
92:
89:
76:
71:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
20675:Qalandariyya
20650:Christianity
20461:Turkmenistan
20399: /
20390:Turco-Mongol
19829:Azerbaijanis
19785:
19465:
19060:Lipka Tatars
18933:Tozhu Tuvans
18893:Volga Tatars
18606:Akto Turkmen
18499:Libyan Turks
18459:Cretan Turks
18374:Akto Turkmen
18323:Tajik Kyrgyz
18310:Akto Turkmen
18197:Azerbaijanis
18181:
18173:
18120:
18107:
18103:. Petrograd.
18100:
18081:
18055:
18033:
18008:
17980:
17954:
17939:
17920:
17904:
17881:
17871:
17854:
17847:
17840:
17822:
17807:
17797:
17743:: e1005068.
17736:
17730:
17707:
17674:
17670:
17647:
17593:
17589:
17562:
17537:
17513:. Retrieved
17477:
17473:
17447:
17406:
17402:
17376:
17343:
17339:
17308:
17296:. Retrieved
17270:
17266:
17243:
17215:
17191:. Retrieved
17169:
17143:
17119:
17098:
17085:. Retrieved
17066:
17049:. Retrieved
17029:1887/3202709
16999:
16993:
16967:
16955:
16942:
16918:
16909:
16889:
16882:
16870:. Retrieved
16859:
16839:
16832:
16823:
16818:
16798:
16791:
16781:
16774:
16763:the original
16750:
16737:
16717:
16710:
16690:
16683:
16673:
16666:
16644:(1): 68–80.
16641:
16637:
16605:
16598:
16578:
16571:
16551:
16544:
16532:. Retrieved
16528:
16519:
16507:. Retrieved
16503:
16493:
16468:
16460:
16440:
16433:
16413:
16407:
16395:. Retrieved
16388:the original
16375:
16363:. Retrieved
16359:the original
16349:
16337:. Retrieved
16333:the original
16323:
16312:the original
16299:
16281:
16269:. Retrieved
16266:"景教艺术在西域之发现"
16260:
16241:
16235:. TRT World.
16226:
16206:
16183:
16167:
16147:
16140:
16128:. Retrieved
16119:
16107:. Retrieved
16103:the original
16093:
16081:. Retrieved
16077:the original
16067:
16055:. Retrieved
16051:the original
16041:
16029:. Retrieved
16020:
16010:15 September
16008:. Retrieved
16004:the original
15999:
15990:
15978:. Retrieved
15974:
15965:
15953:. Retrieved
15935:
15892:
15878:
15870:
15866:
15854:
15842:. Retrieved
15837:
15828:
15816:. Retrieved
15811:
15802:
15793:
15784:
15775:
15766:
15757:
15745:. Retrieved
15741:
15731:
15719:. Retrieved
15715:
15705:
15695:
15688:
15679:
15658:
15651:
15643:
15639:
15622:
15615:
15603:
15591:
15579:
15571:
15567:
15558:
15546:
15542:
15532:Youyang Zazu
15531:
15527:
15507:, p. 5.
15500:
15495:, p. 4.
15480:, p. 3.
15473:
15464:
15455:
15422:
15418:
15398:
15388:
15378:
15357:
15350:
15341:
15326:
15319:
15290:
15253:
15247:
15227:
15220:
15194:
15190:
15180:
15168:. Retrieved
15163:
15153:
15141:. Retrieved
15136:
15126:
15117:
15090:
15078:
15037:
15028:
15017:
15011:
14998:. Retrieved
14994:the original
14984:
14975:
14963:
14951:. Retrieved
14942:
14930:. Retrieved
14924:
14915:
14900:
14866:
14860:
14848:
14832:
14823:
14813:28 September
14811:. Retrieved
14797:Muslim World
14796:
14789:
14781:
14776:
14768:
14763:
14755:
14751:
14741:
14733:
14730:Soucek, Svat
14725:
14717:
14712:
14692:
14685:
14665:
14658:
14638:
14631:
14621:
14614:
14603:
14589:
14582:
14562:
14558:
14551:
14544:; p. 5.
14525:
14518:
14508:
14497:
14487:
14471:
14465:
14458:
14454:
14449:
14444:, p. 6.
14437:
14425:
14415:
14408:
14401:
14396:
14388:
14384:
14379:
14371:
14366:
14358:
14346:
14338:
14333:
14325:
14320:
14307:
14297:
14289:
14279:
14276:"Ghaznavids"
14267:
14259:
14254:
14242:
14235:
14231:
14227:
14218:
14212:
14203:
14193:
14180:
14173:
14148:
14144:
14134:
14109:
14105:
14095:
14075:
14068:
14060:
14055:
14043:
14022:
14015:
13995:
13988:
13968:
13961:
13941:
13934:
13914:
13907:
13887:
13880:
13865:
13860:
13830:
13819:the original
13800:
13793:
13785:
13755:
13751:
13742:
13730:. Retrieved
13726:
13698:Wudai Huiyao
13696:
13682:
13672:
13667:
13648:Wudai Huiyao
13646:
13632:
13622:
13617:
13584:
13580:
13560:
13553:
13533:
13526:
13514:
13510:
13498:
13494:
13474:
13467:
13447:
13440:
13420:
13413:
13393:
13386:
13366:
13359:
13354:, p. 65
13347:
13327:
13320:
13299:
13292:
13272:
13265:
13245:
13238:
13230:
13206:
13201:
13181:
13175:
13167:
13162:
13147:
13123:
13119:
13111:
13107:
13099:
13095:
13086:
13077:
13073:
13065:
13056:
13045:
13041:
13029:
13026:Linghu Defen
13021:
13010:
13002:
12990:
12958:
12951:
12942:
12927:
12920:
12904:
12891:
12871:
12859:
12839:
12832:
12823:
12814:
12802:
12787:
12780:
12768:. Retrieved
12759:
12747:
12696:
12692:
12682:
12663:
12657:
12645:
12636:
12627:
12619:
12614:
12601:
12593:
12588:
12579:
12569:
12562:
12545:
12541:
12535:
12526:
12517:
12507:
12495:. Retrieved
12491:the original
12481:
12468:
12459:
12455:
12449:
12440:
12428:
12419:
12400:Modun chanyu
12390:
12383:
12374:
12344:
12340:
12330:
12318:
12306:
12294:
12265:
12227:
12223:
12212:
12203:
12157:
12153:
12143:
12134:
12106:1887/3202709
12080:
12076:
12065:
12053:
12041:
12032:
12004:
12000:
11903:
11899:
11889:
11864:
11860:
11850:
11799:
11795:
11784:
11772:
11763:
11757:28 September
11755:, retrieved
11725:
11715:
11670:
11666:
11640:
11628:
11619:
11602:
11598:
11588:
11580:
11575:
11567:
11562:
11554:
11549:
11541:
11536:
11526:
11518:
11499:
11490:
11478:
11469:
11465:
11459:
11450:
11444:
11436:Book of Song
11434:
11430:
11420:
11412:
11403:
11397:
11387:
11379:
11371:
11362:
11354:
11349:
11329:
11322:
11306:
11278:
11270:
11258:
11246:
11241:, p. 21
11234:
11218:
11213:
11201:
11193:
11185:
11180:
11168:
11161:Dickens 2018
11156:
11147:
11141:
11129:
11116:
11107:
11100:
11091:
11055:
11046:
11037:
11027:
11019:
11018:Clauson, G.
11014:
11006:
11001:
10993:
10988:
10975:
10959:
10950:
10942:
10934:
10925:
10916:
10910:
10901:
10892:
10887:Assyrian..."
10882:
10871:
10855:
10846:
10837:
10829:
10824:
10815:
10803:. Retrieved
10799:the original
10789:
10777:. Retrieved
10766:. Infobase.
10762:
10755:
10730:
10726:
10716:
10704:. Retrieved
10701:Academia.edu
10700:
10690:
10678:. Retrieved
10675:Academia.edu
10674:
10664:
10655:
10651:
10645:
10637:
10629:
10596:
10592:
10586:
10569:
10552:
10510:
10506:
10495:Findley 2005
10482:
10470:
10413:
10401:
10389:
10377:. Retrieved
10364:
10352:. Retrieved
10348:
10339:
10327:. Retrieved
10314:
10302:. Retrieved
10297:
10288:
10277:, retrieved
10273:the original
10267:
10260:
10248:. Retrieved
10244:the original
10239:
10230:
10218:. Retrieved
10214:the original
10203:
10185:
10173:. Retrieved
10169:
10160:
10140:
10133:
10121:
10109:. Retrieved
10104:
10095:
10078:
10066:. Retrieved
10062:the original
10057:
10048:
10036:. Retrieved
10032:
10029:"Tajikistan"
10023:
10015:the original
10000:
9978:
9972:
9960:. Retrieved
9956:
9953:"Kyrgyzstan"
9947:
9938:
9929:
9920:
9911:
9891:
9884:
9864:
9857:
9837:
9830:
9816:
9804:. Retrieved
9800:
9791:
9777:
9764:. Retrieved
9760:
9757:"Azerbaijan"
9751:
9739:. Retrieved
9735:
9726:
9713:. Retrieved
9709:
9706:"Kazakhstan"
9700:
9689:
9681:
9673:
9668:(15 million)
9660:. Retrieved
9656:
9647:
9634:. Retrieved
9629:
9626:"Uzbekistan"
9620:
9612:
9593:
9586:
9578:
9560:
9550:
9261:Modern times
9013:
8953:
8941:
8929:
8918:
8891:
8886:
8849:
8845:
8838:
8834:
8824:
8816:
8785:Central Asia
8781:Soviet Union
8778:
8761:Volga Tatars
8749:Volga Tatars
8743:
8739:Yuan dynasty
8689:
8675:
8672:inscriptions
8639:Christianity
8613:
8587:
8529:
8506:
8471:
8426:
8398:polytheistic
8375:
8356:Circle dance
8321:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8289:
8275:
8273:
8258:
8252:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8222:
8215:
8211:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8140:
8130:
8128:
8124:Golden Horde
8105:
8096:(similar to
8091:
8083:
8079:
8056:dried fruits
8049:
7960:Sunni Islam
7928:Sunni Islam
7880:Sunni Islam
7808:Sunni Islam
7784:Sunni Islam
7760:Sunni Islam
7737:Sunni Islam
7713:Sunni Islam
7701:Turkmenistan
7690:Sunni Islam
7666:Sunni Islam
7643:Sunni Islam
7595:Azerbaijanis
7589:Sunni Islam
7547:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7483:
7448:
7372:Turkmenistan
7357:
7343:Demographics
7329:Turkmenistan
7298:
7281:
7275:
7266:
7262:
7220:
7190:
7080:
7071:
7059:
7026:
7022:Lesser Horde
7005:Ming dynasty
7002:
6993:
6984:
6974:
6968:
6948:
6939:
6929:
6905:
6901:
6884:
6865:
6856:Schlumberger
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6813:sar-i buzurg
6812:
6784:Hephthalites
6780:
6750:
6743:Peter Golden
6740:
6703:
6693:
6670:
6621:Turkmenistan
6605:Soviet Union
6602:
6587:
6564:
6547:Zoroastrians
6519:Christianity
6488:
6485:Islamization
6468:
6445:
6368:
6348:
6333:Genghis Khan
6317:Turko-Mongol
6270:
6156:Zand dynasty
6141:
6105:
6073:
6038:architecture
6015:
5949:
5945:Persian Gulf
5941:Central Asia
5914:Sunni Muslim
5903:
5872:
5870:
5840:
5785:
5774:
5763:
5761:
5706:
5691:Safavid Iran
5640:
5578:
5576:
5544:
5540:Hunno-Bulgar
5533:
5504:
5488:
5486:
5470:Central Asia
5445:
5437:Song dynasty
5429:Northern Han
5410:
5394:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5337:
5318:
5275:Golden Horde
5268:
5226:and Islamic
5220:Golden Horde
5217:
5213:Golden Horde
5160:
5116:
5080:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5037:
5029:
5011:
5005:
5001:Book of Zhou
4999:
4979:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4955:Book of Zhou
4952:
4902:
4891:
4880:
4829:
4710:
4634:
4629:Proto-Turkic
4626:
4571:Ashina tribe
4568:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4502:, plural of
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4422:
4408:
4401:
4395:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4360:Yellow River
4332:
4319:Indo-Iranian
4297:
4294:populations.
4271:
4248:
4225:Yellow River
4161:
4134:
4082:
4071:
4057:
4047:Golden Horde
4045:
4033:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3935:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3862:
3855:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3759:Kangar Union
3757:
3745:
3733:
3724:
3691:
3664:
3653:
3639:
3628:
3614:
3165:
3084:Talas Valley
3052:palaeography
3045:
3029:Central Asia
3018:
3003:
2994:missionaries
2952:
2901:
2890:Distribution
2856:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2810:
2795:
2790:
2775:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2658:
2628:Karamanlides
2091:
2058:
1676:
1627:(Uzbekistan)
1436:Volga Tatars
1424:Turkmenistan
1233:Azerbaijanis
1155:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1100:
1085:
1080:
1077:Proto-Turkic
1072:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
972:
968:
960:
958:
953:
941:
938:Book of Zhou
936:The Chinese
935:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
884:
880:
872:
860:
854:
849:
845:
841:
817:
813:
805:
797:
793:
773:
769:
761:
759:
750:Orkhon River
720:
661:Azerbaijanis
657:Altai people
622:
596:. Early and
594:pastoralists
572:
566:, who speak
539:
537:
269:Turkmenistan
39:Ethnic group
36:
20665:Malamatiyya
20317:Pan-Turkism
20297:Grey Wolves
20262:Oghuz Turks
20182:Afghanistan
19967:Qarai Turks
19897:Karakalpaks
19665:Sakha/Yakut
19555:Fuyü Gïrgïs
19510:Azerbaijani
19281:Toquz Oghuz
19220:Oghuz Turks
19187:Sir-Kıvchak
18981:Afghanistan
18724:Qarai Turks
18640:Tor Uyghurs
18619:Fuyu Kyrgyz
18567:Karakalpaks
18436:Kouloughlis
18240:Karapapakhs
17484:: 210–251.
17277:: 197–239.
17166:"Scythians"
17006:: 369–373.
16872:16 November
16176:Daily Sabah
15844:11 November
15818:11 November
15812:Daily Sabah
15742:turksoy.org
15716:turksoy.org
15572:Xin Tangshu
15551:"vol. 217b"
15547:Xin Tangshu
15459:Movses 105.
14600:Hancock, I.
14596:(Pvt. Ltd).
14387:, Vol. IA:
14048:Melnyk 2022
13693:Liu Zhiyuan
13659:, a son of
13643:Liu Zhiyuan
13610:Han Dynasty
13606:Han Chinese
13593:patrilineal
13078:Xin Tangshu
12875:MA Li-qing
12402:as capable"
11861:Diachronica
11635:, p. 1
11599:Diachronica
11472:(1–2): 105.
11422:Book of Wei
11389:Book of Wei
11372:Early China
11239:Baydar 2016
11060:Golden 2011
10917:Turcologica
10634:Golden 2011
10433:Golden 2011
10208:Al-Akhbar.
10111:2 September
9715:21 December
9678:Egbert Jahn
9636:13 February
9276:Azerbaijani
9134:Old Uyghur
9016:Old Uyghurs
8559:Sari Uygurs
8509:Manichaeism
8418:Manichaeism
8206:were broad
7862:Karakalpaks
7856:Shia Islam
7800:0.5 to 2 M
7612:Azerbaijani
7560:Population
7526:Population
7506:Sakha/Yakut
7486:Oghuz Turks
7442:and former
7416:Afghanistan
7402:, northern
7237:gendarmerie
7187:Pan-Turkism
7107:Archaeology
6998:Han dynasty
6936:Mustafa Âlî
6910:Transoxiana
6906:Turk-mānand
6890:Oghuz Turks
6763:Ashina clan
6700:Ashina Simo
6674:physiognomy
6667:Physiognomy
6579:Pan-Turkism
6448:Oghuz Turks
6305:Afghanistan
6162:. In 1796,
6150:, the last
6144:Qajar tribe
6030:mathematics
5956:Chaghri Beg
5952:Tughril Beg
5925:Oghuz Turks
5892:Āl-e Saljuq
5847:Persianised
5800:Transoxiana
5796:Afghanistan
5587:Oghuz Turks
5513:Oghuz Turks
5370:Li Guochang
5344:Bögü Qaghan
5340:Manichaeism
5195:Ogedei Khan
5183:Volga Finns
5096:shamanistic
5081:subordinate
5022:metalsmiths
4966:Book of Sui
4959:Western Wei
4669:Ulaanbaatar
4554:as well as
4548:Mustafa Âlî
4470:; however,
4424:Book of Wei
4388:Han dynasty
4349:haplogroup
4199:Amur region
4151:to eastern
4149:Lake Baikal
4141:Altai-Sayan
3698:Turk Shahis
3645:71 BC–?? AD
3363:Azerbaijani
3184:Oghuz Turks
3046:The Turkic
2839:alternation
2780:Book of Wei
2553:Toquz Oghuz
2488:Oghuz Turks
2407:Sunni Islam
2305:Sunni Islam
2297:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2176:Sunni Islam
2127:Sunni Islam
1933:Sunni Islam
1902:Sunni Islam
1857:Sunni Islam
1763:Sunni Islam
1699:Sunni Islam
1673:<500,000
1662:Sunni Islam
1631:Sunni Islam
1609:Karakalpaks
1534:Sunni Islam
1503:Sunni Islam
1460:Sunni Islam
1429:Sunni Islam
1401:Sunni Islam
1373:Sunni Islam
1335:Bayan-Ölgii
1301:Sunni Islam
1273:Sunni Islam
1222:Sunni Islam
1107:Greco-Roman
1103:Middle Ages
891:Thyssagetae
877:Ellis Minns
865:Sea of Azov
802:Old Tibetan
768:: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰
740:, found in
641:intermixing
249:Afghanistan
230:5,876,318 (
20800:Categories
20645:Burkhanism
20610:Aiyy Faith
20529:Nakhchivan
20466:Uzbekistan
20446:Kyrgyzstan
20441:Kazakhstan
20436:Azerbaijan
20307:Burkhanism
20133:Montenegro
20097:Dodecanese
19758:Old Uyghur
19743:Old Turkic
19645:Old Turkic
19580:Karakalpak
18328:Van Kyrgyz
18210:Shahsevans
17350:: 100177.
17346:(100177).
17267:Inner Asia
16977:Retrieved
16945:(Thesis).
16529:WorldAtlas
16355:"新闻_星岛环球网"
16329:"景教在西域的传播"
15980:3 December
15898:"Religion"
15584:Brook 2018
15505:Brook 2018
15493:Brook 2018
15478:Brook 2018
15197:(2): 314.
15000:27 October
14430:Mecit 2014
13766:"Vol. 118"
12751:Silk-Road:
12567:Tang, Li.
12456:Asia Major
12160:(1): 733.
11633:Tekin 1993
11263:Pritsak O.
10996:, p. 93-95
10919:(105): 25.
10706:4 November
10680:4 November
10304:10 October
10279:11 October
10166:"Mongolia"
10011:Al-Monitor
9680:, (2009).
9662:24 January
9525:References
9136:Manichaean
8878:Old sports
8809:Old Uyghur
8793:Kazakhstan
8783:, many in
8498:Kazakhstan
8086:(butter),
7997:(Moldova)
7876:Karakalpak
7748:Kyrgyzstan
7654:Kazakhstan
7631:Uzbekistan
7444:Yugoslavia
7422:, and the
7380:Azerbaijan
7376:Uzbekistan
7368:Kyrgyzstan
7364:Kazakhstan
7317:Uzbekistan
7309:Kyrgyzstan
7305:Kazakhstan
7301:Azerbaijan
7290:Kyrgyzstan
7286:Kazakhstan
7253:Kazakhstan
7245:Kyrgyzstan
7241:Azerbaijan
7158:Ordu-Baliq
7153:Por-Bazhyn
7041:Adrianople
6868:Ghaznavids
6817:rūy-i pahn
6741:Historian
6727:Turk Shahi
6710:historian
6682:Jie people
6625:Uzbekistan
6617:Kyrgyzstan
6613:Kazakhstan
6609:Azerbaijan
6523:Burkhanism
6406:Ikhshidids
6359:al-Muttaqi
6339:Arab world
6313:Uzbekistan
6309:Bangladesh
6210:South Asia
6192:Azerbaijan
6120:Nader Shah
6116:Azerbaijan
6080:Shaybanids
5937:Hindu Kush
5923:branch of
5832:Hindu Kush
5812:Sabuktigin
5798:, much of
5779:Persianate
5775:ġaznaviyān
5754:Ghaznavids
5663:Ghaznavids
5631:Chui River
5629:, and the
5601:along the
5599:Kazakhstan
5559:Karakalpak
5542:dialects.
5515:, and the
5499:, without
5497:Kazakhstan
5413:Later Tang
5350:after the
5325:Ordu Baliq
5232:Uzbeg Khan
5108:Old Turkic
5093:animistic-
5057:Old Turkic
4830:ZHANGZHUNG
4613:Kyrgyzstan
4609:Kazakhstan
4599:, Western
4558:scientist
4512:Old Turkic
4179:East Asian
3771:Turk Shahi
3453:Karakalpak
3112:See also:
2762:(居勿), and
2720:薪犁, later
2324:Burkhanism
2195:Burkhanism
2044:Shia Islam
2022:>60,000
2003:Burkhanism
1602:Shia Islam
1587:Shia Islam
1487:Kyrgyzstan
1384:11,900,000
1324:Kazakhstan
1312:15,193,000
1296:Uzbekistan
1284:30,700,000
1269:Shia Islam
1249:Azerbaijan
1237:31,300,000
1177:Population
1115:barbarians
981:Old Turkic
965:Old-Turkic
913:, such as
871:lists the
766:Old Turkic
560:North Asia
354:1,000,000+
329:Tajikistan
289:Kyrgyzstan
213:10,000,000
208:Azerbaijan
193:11,647,000
173:12,300,000
168:Kazakhstan
153:12,751,502
113:31,900,000
108:Uzbekistan
20691:Zahediyeh
20686:Safaviyya
20635:Bayramiye
20630:Batiniyya
20605:Shamanism
20588:Religions
20579:Turkology
20539:Tatarstan
20524:Khakassia
20494:Chuvashia
20420:Locations
20397:Tian Shan
20373:Migration
20348:Turkestan
20331:Hungarian
20322:Turkesism
20019:Kryashens
20007:Astrakhan
19932:Krymchaks
19892:Karachays
19813:Telengits
19809:Kumandins
19735:Alphabets
19565:Ili Turki
19475:Languages
19355:Diasporas
19296:Xueyantuo
19286:Uriankhai
19233:Pechenegs
19226:Turkomans
19200:Kutrigurs
18872:Kryashens
18834:Kumandins
18815:Karachays
18795:Besermyan
18770:Telengits
18676:Krymchaks
18659:in Crimea
18624:Ili Turks
18217:Küresünni
18085:. AACAR.
18051:Russian).
17699:255690237
17691:1674-4918
17510:2210-5832
17293:2210-5018
17225:Routledge
16759:0363-5570
16125:"回鶻彌勒信仰考"
16099:"回鹘观音信仰考"
15794:TRT World
15439:0039-7946
15268:Köl Tigin
15211:166026934
14569:: 75–76.
14165:146919944
14151:(1): 85.
14126:146919944
14112:(1): 88.
13866:The Turks
13772:'s Shatuo
13757:Song Lian
13585:Wudai Shi
13082:vol. 215A
12987:Wei Zheng
12739:218935871
12520:: 81–114.
12435:, vol. 84
12388:Sima Qian
12244:0737-4038
12182:2045-2322
12115:1476-4687
12029:245849003
12021:1674-4918
11930:212688205
11922:2219-4029
11881:0176-4225
11824:1476-4687
11752:198684158
11689:1553-7404
11313:article:
10747:198833565
10621:166026934
10613:0971-9458
10535:166026934
10527:0971-9458
10088:0949-1856
9921:Jamestown
9518:Turkology
9363:Dursunbey
9249:Ghaznavid
9018:from the
8745:Kryashens
8682:Chuvashia
8666:Kirgistan
8616:Amu Darya
8553:and west
8549:. Turkic
8535:Vajrayana
8406:shamanism
8382:Shamanism
8372:Shamanism
8232:bawi̅rsaq
8196:qawïrmach
8018:Krymchaks
7973:(Russia)
7949:(Russia)
7934:Karachays
7917:(Russia)
7893:(Russia)
7821:(Russia)
7819:Chuvashia
7814:Chuvashes
7773:(Russia)
7726:(Russia)
7724:Tatarstan
7677:Altishahr
7479:Australia
7455:Lithuania
7396:Altishahr
6928:treatise
6894:Syr Darya
6886:Al-Masudi
6848:Ghaznavid
6809:Al-Tabari
6767:Kul Tigin
6755:Emel Esin
6725:An early
6712:Yan Shigu
6686:Yeniseian
6678:Sima Qian
6663:in 2021.
6629:Tatarstan
6596:) in the
6535:Krymchaks
6464:Alexius I
6231:presents
6112:Turkestan
6084:Shahmurad
6034:astronomy
6022:Timurlane
5886:romanized
5820:Alp Tigin
5806:(part of
5721:Turkestan
5627:Tien-Shan
5619:Syr Darya
5595:Aral Seas
5529:Byzantine
5425:Later Han
5421:Later Jin
5401:sinicized
5382:Shi Xiong
5333:sedentary
5191:Tatarstan
5171:Pechenegs
5131:Manchuria
5100:Tengriism
5089:Khaganate
5085:sovereign
5075:from the
4994:) to the
4984:Pingliang
4862:KHAGANATE
4849:BYZANTINE
4665:Mongolian
4601:Manchuria
4560:Ulugh Beg
4528:tɦut-kyat
4524:dwət-kuɑt
4400:(紇骨) and
4378:(鬲昆) and
4300:autosomal
4227:in China.
4176:Neolithic
4164:Manchuria
4088:1299–1922
4063:1250–1517
4051:1242–1502
4039:1224–1266
4000:1206–1526
3988:1136–1225
3964:1077–1231
3952:1067–1239
3927:1037–1194
3747:Xueyantuo
3589:Grey wolf
3571:Ergenekon
3547:Shamanism
3319:Krymchaks
3229:Kutrigurs
3096:Irk Bitig
3088:Turkestan
2944:West Asia
2932:Anatolian
2920:Manchuria
2783:vol. 102.
2652:Uriankhai
2603:Xueyantuo
2578:Kutrigurs
2518:Pechenegs
2399:Ili Turks
2335:Krymchaks
2328:shamanism
2290:shamanism
2225:Kumandins
2199:shamanism
2183:Telengits
1961:Khakassia
1822:(Moldova)
1739:Karachays
1580:1,000,000
1558:Chuvashia
1545:1,500,000
1541:Chuvashes
1514:1,700,000
1475:6,000,000
1453:Tatarstan
1440:6,200,000
1412:8,000,000
1183:Religion
1148:political
1111:Byzantine
899:Histories
895:Herodotus
798:dwət-kuɑt
794:tɦut-kyat
774:Kök Türük
715:Map from
707:Etymology
653:gene pool
620:peoples.
618:Yeniseian
610:Tocharian
515:Languages
425:Australia
334:1,200,000
314:3,000,000
294:4,500,000
274:4,233,600
20655:Hurufism
20600:Tengrism
20549:Xinjiang
20504:Gagauzia
20353:Mongolia
20327:Turanism
20302:Kemalism
20290:Politics
20252:Kipchaks
20232:Göktürks
20227:Dughlats
20081:Bulgaria
20069:Abkhazia
20044:Turkmens
20027:Nağaybäk
19857:Bashkirs
19821:Tubalars
19805:Chelkans
19799:Altaians
19753:Cyrillic
19655:Pecheneg
19620:Krymchak
19525:Chagatai
19498:Southern
19493:Northern
19406:Turkmens
19394:Turkmeni
19251:Saragurs
19195:Kurykans
19181:Kipchaks
19166:Keraites
19151:Göktürks
19141:Dughlats
19131:Dingling
19101:Berendei
18952:Mongolia
18922:Tofalars
18886:Nağaybäk
18790:Bashkirs
18777:Tubalars
18763:Chelkans
18757:Altaians
18578:in China
18410:Tahtacıs
18403:Muhacirs
18344:Turkmens
17999:Archived
17864:(1911).
17839:(1900):
17806:(2009):
17769:25898006
17732:PLOS One
17626:37588381
17617:10427466
17527:(2020).
17439:37588355
17430:10427276
17348:Elsevier
17213:(eds.).
17193:8 August
17164:(2018).
17087:27 April
17051:11 April
17046:13670282
17038:29743675
17002:(7705).
16915:"ДЖИГИТ"
16534:18 April
16509:18 April
16365:18 March
16339:18 March
16289:Archived
16271:18 March
16250:Archived
16130:18 March
16083:18 March
16057:18 March
16031:18 March
15942:. 1996.
15905:Archived
15535:"vol. 4"
15260:Kök-Türk
14953:18 March
14932:18 March
14907:Article:
14892:Article:
14602:(2006).
14478:Šahrbānu
13759:et al.,
13732:30 April
13657:Huaiyang
13519:vol. 247
13503:vol. 246
13028:et al.,
13014:vol. 197
13011:Tongdian
12989:et al.,
12880:Archived
12770:18 March
12731:35663512
12497:18 March
12474:vol. 103
12472:Weishu,
12396:Vol. 110
12371:33157037
12262:36006373
12200:35031610
12131:13670282
12123:29743675
11842:33618348
11707:25898006
11417:Wei Shou
11392:. Vol. 1
11384:Wei Shou
11357:, p. 110
11287:Archived
10966:(2000).
10805:18 March
10489:Lee 2023
10379:23 April
10329:23 April
10195:Archived
10068:18 March
9486:See also
9230:Bulgaria
8757:Nağaybäk
8735:Xinjiang
8700:and the
8684:and the
8655:Gagauzia
8633:Jadidism
8624:Sogdiana
8567:Buddhist
8555:Xinjiang
8525:Gaochang
8494:Tengrism
8490:Xinjiang
8478:Tengrism
8473:Buddhism
8468:Buddhism
8441:Göktürks
8424:in 763.
8390:Tengrism
8368:Tengrism
8330:Religion
8304:söklünch
8198:, while
8189:tāgirmān
8185:süzgu̅çh
8181:colander
8137:cauldron
8082:(milk),
8039:Judaism
8035:Krymchak
8027:0.004 M
7995:Gagauzia
7915:Dagestan
7766:Bashkirs
7696:Turkmens
7679:(China)
7608:30–35 M
7498:Siberian
7432:Bulgaria
7352:Bashkirs
7230:military
7181:members.
7095:general
7037:Murad II
7009:Kipchaks
6994:New Book
6955:Istakhri
6833:Keikavus
6796:Tibetans
6583:Turanism
6543:Buddhism
6507:Kipchaks
6503:Turkmens
6456:Crusades
6402:Tulunids
6375:Abbasids
6371:Umayyads
6229:Jahangir
6188:Dagestan
6180:Russians
6160:Caucasus
6096:Khwarazm
5988:emirates
5964:Khorasan
5960:Aral Sea
5931:and the
5929:Anatolia
5881:آل سلجوق
5808:Pakistan
5777:) was a
5729:Anatolia
5719:and the
5713:Mongolia
5561:tribes.
5509:Kipchaks
5491:) was a
5348:Sogdians
5179:Kipchaks
5177:and the
5104:Buddhist
5061:Kök Türk
4971:Tongdian
4968:and the
4945:Göktürks
4759:SASANIAN
4657:Noin-Ula
4605:Xinjiang
4597:Mongolia
4540:Göktürks
4490:, &
4480:Dingling
4462:, &
4452:Dingling
4419:Dingling
4417:and the
4339:Xianyang
4323:Turkmens
4251:Mongolia
4153:Mongolia
3915:963–1186
3903:860–1091
3891:856–1335
3879:848–1036
3847:840–1212
3823:750–1055
3799:743–1035
3739:618–1048
3666:Göktürks
3641:Dingling
3543:Tengrism
3516:Krymchak
3256:Kipchaks
3193:Saragurs
3114:Timeline
3090:and the
3064:Göktürks
3048:runiform
3033:Cyrillic
3014:Mongolia
2991:Catholic
2973:Alphabet
2959:cognates
2948:Caucasus
2910:and the
2869:Language
2764:Xiajiasi
2730:(鬲昆) or
2707:figures.
2654:(partly)
2648:(partly)
2642:(partly)
2640:Keraites
2636:(partly)
2630:(partly)
2618:Berendei
2508:Kurykans
2503:Kipchaks
2483:Göktürks
2462:Saragurs
2427:Dingling
2392:Tengrism
2358:Tengrism
2350:Tofalars
2312:Chelkans
2256:Tengrism
2237:Tengrism
2218:Tengrism
2161:Tengrism
2134:Nağaybäk
2105:Tengrism
2077:Tengrism
2007:Tengrism
1979:Altaians
1972:Tengrism
1881:Dagestan
1820:Gagauzia
1798:Tengrism
1732:Tengrism
1692:disputed
1655:Dagestan
1510:Bashkirs
1408:Turkmens
1395:Xinjiang
1262:Dagestan
1174:Ethnonym
1096:Dingling
1032:Dingling
989:Dingling
810:Göktürks
752:valley.
742:Khashaat
717:Kashgari
681:Turkmens
645:adoption
637:conquest
606:Mongolic
598:medieval
583:Mongolia
527:Religion
445:Mongolia
234:508,375)
232:Bulgaria
20732:Chovgan
20712:Kyz kuu
20625:Alevism
20562:Studies
20358:History
20341:Origins
20272:Türgesh
20242:Khazars
20237:Karluks
20217:Bulgars
20192:(Sakha)
20170:Uyghurs
20149:Tunisia
20137:Romania
20117:Lebanon
20085:Croatia
20073:Algeria
20062:Turkish
20054:Iranian
20039:Tofalar
20011:Chinese
19972:Qashqai
19957:Naimans
19902:Kazakhs
19882:Dolgans
19867:Chuvash
19862:Chulyms
19852:Balkars
19844:Georgia
19840:Armenia
19817:Teleuts
19794:Afshars
19786:Peoples
19763:Persian
19700:Turkmen
19695:Turkish
19660:Qashqai
19615:Kipchak
19535:Chuvash
19515:Bashkir
19418:Ottoman
19402:Iranian
19398:Afghani
19346:Mughals
19341:Hazaras
19291:Utigurs
19266:Türgesh
19241:Onogurs
19215:Nushibi
19210:Naimans
19171:Khazars
19161:Karluks
19116:Chigils
19111:Bulgars
19096:Barsils
19034:Europe
19013:Ansarlu
18959:Khotons
18917:Teleuts
18810:Dolgans
18805:Chuvash
18800:Chulyms
18785:Balkars
18729:Qashqai
18714:Khalajs
18692:in Iran
18634:Uyghurs
18357:Ansarlu
18268:Kazakhs
18182:Peoples
17760:4405460
17600:: e16.
17515:20 June
17298:20 June
17008:Bibcode
16979:21 June
16930:Sources
16397:3 April
16247:Chuvash
16109:3 April
15955:16 July
15447:4390312
15170:16 July
15143:16 July
14969:Article
14720:, p.115
13689:vol. 10
13679:vol. 99
13639:vol. 10
13629:vol. 99
13602:Shi Fen
13598:Shi Que
13589:ch. 75.
13124:Zhoushu
13100:Zhoushu
13034:vol. 50
13030:Zhoushu
12995:vol. 84
12805:Xiōngnú
12753:Xiongnu
12722:7612788
12362:7664836
12253:9469894
12191:8760286
12162:Bibcode
12085:Bibcode
12071:2018).
11833:7993749
11804:Bibcode
11698:4405460
11374:. p. 20
11293:", The
11267:Golb. N
11208:, 2000.
11009:, p. 85
10870:(ed.).
10828:Pliny,
10779:24 June
10250:6 April
10220:2 March
9766:30 July
9732:"China"
9599:Cengage
9384:Turkmen
9311:Chuvash
9293:Bashkir
9226:Omurtag
8962:Gallery
8920:Kyz kuu
8913:Kyz kuu
8904:Kyz kuu
8890:in his
8775:Animism
8737:in the
8731:Naimans
8710:Chuvash
8698:Chuvash
8694:Moldova
8690:Gökoğuz
8678:Chuvash
8593:Muslims
8517:Karluks
8488:in the
8486:Uyghurs
8414:sky god
8402:animism
8386:Animism
8323:kullama
8317:Qawirma
8244:Qatlama
8238:chälpäk
8220:today.
8208:noodles
8183:called
8177:oqlaghu
8173:qashi̅q
8102:qi̅mi̅z
8046:Cuisine
8023:Ukraine
7990:Gagauzs
7938:Balkars
7891:Yakutia
7852:Qashqai
7845:(Iran)
7838:Qashqai
7828:Chuvash
7780:Bashkir
7743:Kyrgyzs
7709:Turkmen
7672:Uyghurs
7658:13.8 M
7649:Kazakhs
7635:28.3 M
7585:Turkish
7554:People
7502:Chuvash
7490:Kipchak
7471:Germany
7463:Finland
7451:Vilnius
7436:Romania
7428:Moldova
7424:Balkans
7360:Siberia
7325:Hungary
7259:TÜRKSOY
7179:TÜRKSOY
7177:Map of
7163:Jankent
7097:Li Ling
7051:Remarks
7020:of the
7018:Kazakhs
6990:Gardizi
6981:Uyghurs
6951:Khazars
6902:turkmān
6866:In the
6800:Juzjani
6792:Magyars
6690:Iranian
6653:TÜRKSOY
6637:Yakutia
6531:Khazars
6527:Judaism
6511:Muslims
6495:Uyghurs
6491:Karluks
6469:As the
6390:caliphs
6387:Abbasid
6379:Türgesh
6347:Silver
6262:Humayun
6196:Armenia
6184:Georgia
6168:Mashhad
6166:seized
6154:of the
6088:Manghit
5992:Ottoman
5984:Mongols
5943:to the
5935:to the
5900:
5888::
5877:Persian
5772:غزنویان
5768:Persian
5717:Siberia
5651:Tibetan
5591:Caspian
5579:Oguz il
5536:Iranian
5525:Bulgars
5521:Magyars
5517:Khazars
5501:Zhetysu
5417:Beijing
5346:by the
5248:Ukraine
5167:Khazars
5163:Bulgars
5073:Khagans
5030:Jinshan
5018:Xiongnu
4996:Rourans
4881:Khitans
4871:TUYUHUN
4711:Kyrgyzs
4661:Selenga
4637:Yinshan
4611:, East
4607:, East
4587:Xiongnu
4556:Timurid
4544:Uyghurs
4435:in the
4415:Xiongnu
4384:Xiongnu
4315:Iranian
4298:A 2018
4267:Xianbei
4259:Xiongnu
4147:, from
4145:Siberia
4131:Origins
3835:756–940
3811:744–840
3787:699–766
3775:665-850
3763:659–750
3751:628–646
3716:682–744
3708:581–650
3687:581–657
3679:552–581
3444:Qasgqai
3435:Chuvash
3426:Bashkir
3399:Turkmen
3354:Turkish
3310:Dolgans
3274:Uyghurs
3238:Karluks
3211:Bulgars
3202:Utigurs
3175:Onogurs
3102:History
3076:Yenisei
3023:in the
2985:". The
2940:Ottoman
2916:Siberia
2861:Khitan.
2831:uria(n)
2828:Khalkha
2750:(紇戛斯),
2748:Hejiasi
2746:(紇扢斯),
2732:Jiankun
2694:Remarks
2661:Xiongnu
2646:Merkits
2634:Naimans
2583:Utigurs
2568:Nushibi
2548:Chigils
2533:Turgesh
2523:Karluks
2498:Khazars
2493:Kanglys
2457:Onogurs
2442:Barsils
2432:Bulgars
2369:Chulyms
2278:Tubalar
2244:Teleuts
2116:Khotons
2084:Dolgans
2029:Alevism
1913:104,000
1868:110,000
1837:112,000
1833:Balkars
1809:126,000
1774:273,000
1743:346,000
1711:482,000
1708:(Sakha)
1642:520,000
1613:796,000
1598:949,000
1594:Qashqai
1380:Uyghurs
1308:Kazakhs
1226:Alevism
1119:Skuthai
1011:'), to
954:tturakä
930:Turukku
925:Turuška
921:Turukha
916:Togarma
911:Tür(ü)k
907:Magyars
778:Chinese
693:Uyghurs
673:Kazakhs
591:nomadic
552:Central
490:126,010
485:Moldova
470:200,000
465:Lebanon
450:135,618
410:313,626
392:398,600
388:Ukraine
20722:Kokpar
20717:Jereed
20680:Rifaʽi
20670:Qadiri
20499:Crimea
20456:Turkey
20406:Otuken
20267:Shatuo
20257:K'o-sa
20222:Cumans
20212:Bulaqs
20196:Yugurs
20190:Yakuts
20175:Uzbeks
20165:Tuvans
20141:Serbia
20113:Kosovo
20109:Israel
20093:Cyprus
20050:Afghan
20023:Mishar
20001:Tatars
19962:Nogais
19952:Kumyks
19937:Kyrgyz
19922:Khalaj
19917:Khakas
19887:Gagauz
19715:Uyghur
19635:Kyrgyz
19605:Khazar
19600:Khalaj
19595:Khakas
19590:Kazakh
19575:Karaim
19560:Gagauz
19550:Dolgan
19530:Chulym
19520:Bulgar
19483:Afshar
19468:topics
19466:Turkic
19414:Syrian
19336:Abdals
19329:Others
19316:Yabaku
19306:Yueban
19256:Shatuo
19246:Sabirs
19205:Merkit
19156:Kangly
19146:Esegel
19126:Cumans
19106:Bulaqs
19091:Basmyl
19055:Gagauz
19005:Timuri
18999:Aimaqs
18994:Afshar
18941:Yakuts
18927:Tuvans
18859:Tatars
18854:Soyots
18844:Nogais
18839:Kumyks
18826:Koibal
18820:Khakas
18750:Russia
18704:Afshar
18648:Yugurs
18562:Uzbeks
18417:Yörüks
18299:Kyrgyz
18089:
18065:
18040:
18025:
17987:
17972:
17961:
17946:
17928:
17911:
17900:(pbk.)
17896:
17888:
17829:
17814:
17787:
17767:
17757:
17714:
17697:
17689:
17654:
17624:
17614:
17573:
17549:
17508:
17454:
17437:
17427:
17413:: e5.
17409:(e5).
17383:
17323:
17291:
17250:
17231:
17150:
17131:
17106:
17078:
17044:
17036:
16995:Nature
16897:
16847:
16806:
16757:
16725:
16698:
16658:599159
16656:
16613:
16586:
16559:
16481:
16448:
16420:
16214:
16155:
15946:
15747:17 May
15721:17 May
15666:
15640:Qincha
15638:""....
15630:
15445:
15437:
15365:
15334:
15264:Mu-kan
15235:
15209:
14874:
14840:
14804:
14700:
14673:
14646:
14583:Oriens
14540:
14532:
14163:
14124:
14083:
14030:
14003:
13976:
13949:
13922:
13895:
13872:
13848:
13811:
13703:vol. 1
13681:, and
13653:vol. 1
13631:, and
13568:
13541:
13482:
13455:
13428:
13401:
13374:
13335:
13307:
13280:
13253:
13213:
13189:
13154:
13112:Beishi
13046:Beishi
13007:Du You
12991:Suishu
12966:
12935:
12912:
12847:
12795:
12737:
12729:
12719:
12670:
12618:Duan:
12433:Suishu
12369:
12359:
12260:
12250:
12242:
12198:
12188:
12180:
12129:
12121:
12113:
12077:Nature
12027:
12019:
11928:
11920:
11879:
11840:
11830:
11822:
11796:Nature
11750:
11740:
11705:
11695:
11687:
11506:
11337:
11265:&
11225:
10939:"Türk"
10770:
10745:
10619:
10611:
10533:
10525:
10354:13 May
10300:. 2015
10175:13 May
10148:
10107:. 2003
10086:
10038:13 May
9989:
9962:13 May
9899:
9872:
9845:
9806:13 May
9741:13 May
9605:
9571:
9460:Kyrgyz
9426:Kazakh
8944:kokpar
8938:Kokpar
8932:Jereed
8926:Jereed
8841:Tukhsi
8827:Tengri
8812:Khagan
8718:Khazar
8702:Gagauz
8686:Gagauz
8601:Hanafi
8597:Alevis
8563:Tuvans
8457:falcon
8443:. The
8433:Ashina
8410:Tengri
8376:Early
8370:, and
8269:pastry
8260:chöräk
8254:Toqach
8212:tutmaj
8169:bïchaq
8165:chanaq
8141:qasqan
8120:Tatars
8116:Kyrgyz
8112:Kazakh
8093:qaymaq
8076:horses
8062:, and
8060:spices
8052:grains
8031:Karaim
8004:Gagauz
8000:0.2 M
7976:0.3 M
7966:Tuvans
7952:0.4 M
7920:0.4 M
7910:Kumyks
7896:0.5 M
7886:Yakuts
7872:0.6 M
7848:0.9 M
7824:1.7 M
7795:Crimea
7756:Kyrgyz
7752:4.5 M
7719:Tatars
7686:Uyghur
7662:Kazakh
7626:Uzbeks
7618:Hanafi
7577:Turkey
7504:, and
7494:Karluk
7477:, and
7467:Turkey
7459:Poland
7440:Greece
7420:Cyprus
7412:Russia
7408:Israel
7392:Crimea
7384:Turkey
7378:, and
7313:Turkey
7294:Turkey
7251:) and
7249:Turkey
7214:
7208:
7045:Tartar
7007:, the
6860:turban
6835:). On
6794:, and
6735:caftan
6635:, and
6623:, and
6567:Russia
6505:, and
6499:Kyrgyz
6477:, the
6363:Bajkam
6350:dirham
6331:ruler
6329:Mongol
6299:. The
6060:, and
5968:Persia
5933:Levant
5917:empire
5906:was a
5816:Ghazna
5787:mamluk
5782:Muslim
5758:Uzbeks
5735:Persia
5701:, and
5643:Salars
5613:, and
5583:Turkic
5557:, and
5555:Kazakh
5547:Kangly
5505:Kangar
5493:Turkic
5460:Yugurs
5397:Shatuo
5359:Shatuo
5262:, and
5252:Russia
5240:Tatars
5199:Slavic
5175:Cumans
5077:Ashina
5049:Turkic
5034:helmet
5010:, and
4924:TOCHA-
4903:Tungus
4851:EMPIRE
4817:NORTH.
4804:NORTH.
4794:GUPTAS
4781:CHALU-
4770:ALCHON
4761:EMPIRE
4741:CHENLA
4645:Turkic
4619:, and
4526:> *
4500:Türküt
4496:Tegrek
4472:Golden
4263:Rouran
3507:Karaim
3498:Gagauz
3417:Kyrgyz
3390:Uyghur
3381:Kazakh
3301:Yakuts
3292:Kumyks
3283:Tatars
3132:, and
3080:Kyrgyz
3060:Orkhon
3056:Gothic
2998:Kumans
2820:Yakuts
2816:Tuvans
2801:
2768:Kyrgyz
2758:(契骨),
2754:(護骨),
2744:Hegusi
2742:(紇骨),
2738:(結骨),
2688:Tatars
2684:Donghu
2677:Rouran
2623:Yemeks
2598:Bulaqs
2593:Yueban
2588:Yabaku
2538:Tukhsi
2513:Kumans
2472:Shatuo
2467:Sabirs
2452:Basmyl
2437:Esegel
2210:3,600
2206:Soyots
2120:10,000
2088:13,000
2055:13,000
2051:Yugurs
2040:42,000
2036:Khalaj
1993:
1983:74,000
1958:
1948:75,000
1944:Khakas
1892:
1878:
1864:Nogais
1847:
1805:Gagauz
1784:
1770:Tuvans
1753:
1706:Yakuts
1687:Crimea
1684:
1652:
1638:Kumyks
1622:
1555:
1524:
1484:
1471:Kyrgyz
1450:
1421:
1364:
1321:
1293:
1280:Uzbeks
1259:
1246:
1214:
1205:Turkey
1202:
1079:verb *
1048:Türküt
1017:Türküt
1005:tegrek
999:, and
886:Iyrcae
881:Tyrcae
873:Tyrcae
867:, and
861:Turcae
842:Türküt
796:< *
786:Pinyin
780::
701:Yakuts
699:, and
697:Uzbeks
689:Tuvans
647:, and
614:Uralic
602:Iranic
564:Europe
558:, and
510:81,900
502:
482:
462:
442:
422:
403:
385:
366:
346:
326:
306:
286:
266:
246:
205:
185:
165:
148:Russia
145:
125:
105:
88:Turkey
85:
20727:Jigit
20620:Islam
20534:Sakha
20312:Jadid
20247:Kimek
20157:Yemen
20145:Syria
20121:Libya
20101:Egypt
20089:Crete
20031:Volga
20015:Lipka
19982:Shors
19977:Salar
19944:China
19909:China
19720:Uzbek
19705:Tuvan
19685:Tatar
19670:Salar
19640:Nogai
19625:Kumyk
19545:Cuman
19488:Altai
19410:Iraqi
19311:Yagma
19276:Torks
19271:Tuhsi
19261:Tiele
19176:Kimek
19136:Duolu
18969:Dukha
18849:Shors
18681:Urums
18629:Salar
18396:Gajal
18390:Turks
17739:(4).
17695:S2CID
17567:(PDF)
17531:. In
17482:Brill
17480:(2).
17275:Brill
17273:(2).
17042:S2CID
16766:(PDF)
16747:(PDF)
16654:JSTOR
16477:–41.
16391:(PDF)
16384:(PDF)
16315:(PDF)
16308:(PDF)
15908:(PDF)
15901:(PDF)
15443:JSTOR
15419:Syria
15207:S2CID
14909:Babur
14565:(1).
14185:(PDF)
14161:S2CID
14122:S2CID
13842:(PDF)
13822:(PDF)
13805:(PDF)
12735:S2CID
12607:p. 48
12230:(9).
12127:S2CID
12025:S2CID
11926:S2CID
11748:S2CID
11284:Timur
10866:. In
10743:S2CID
10617:S2CID
10531:S2CID
10373:(PDF)
10323:(PDF)
9477:Tuvan
9443:Uzbek
9405:Kyzyl
9401:Tuvan
9345:Nogai
9224:Khan
9140:Qocho
8956:jigit
8950:Jigit
8883:Tepuk
8763:were
8692:) of
8590:Sunni
8573:Islam
8533:, or
8453:eagle
8445:horse
8345:Kyzyl
8312:kebab
8300:qïyma
8296:offal
8291:qazi̅
8277:sujuk
8265:böräk
8226:Yupqa
8217:kesme
8204:Salma
8200:köchä
8156:shish
8146:manti
8132:qazan
8107:qurut
8088:ayran
8072:goats
8068:sheep
7980:Tuvan
7924:Kumyk
7900:Sakha
7733:Tatar
7639:Uzbek
7581:70 M
7469:) in
7400:China
7148:Bilär
7089:Alats
6920:khan
6918:Khiva
6716:Wusun
6704:huren
6515:Islam
6410:Oghuz
6398:Egypt
6394:Syria
6325:Timur
6321:Babur
6277:Delhi
6254:Babur
5921:Qiniq
5828:Balkh
5826:from
5603:Irgiz
5551:Uzbek
5441:Ongud
5083:to a
5059:name
5038:Tūjué
4992:China
4926:RIANS
4913:GOGU-
4792:LATER
4721:CHAM-
4673:runic
4621:Gansu
4536:Tūjué
4530:>
4508:Türük
4492:Tiele
4484:Chile
4464:Tujue
4456:Chile
4444:Tiele
4411:Tiele
4406:(薛).
4392:Tiele
4380:Xinli
4376:Gekun
4347:mtDNA
4343:China
4170:, by
3887:Qocho
3585:Sheka
3575:Asena
3561:Ülgen
3557:Kayra
3489:Tuvan
3471:Kumyk
3462:Sakha
3408:Tatar
3372:Uzbek
3247:Kimek
3220:Sabir
3006:runes
2987:Codex
2930:, or
2914:, to
2736:Jiegu
2728:Gekun
2718:Xinli
2673:Tuoba
2608:Torks
2573:Duolu
2563:Yagma
2528:Tiele
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