156:
1620:
7829:
2432:(distant paternal ancestry) from the Indigenous people. This demonstrated the anticipated Creole population formed from the Taíno, Spanish, and Africans. Histories of the Caribbean commonly describe the Taíno as extinct, due to being killed off by disease, slavery, and war with the Spaniards. Some present-day residents of the Caribbean self-identify as Taíno, and claim that Taíno culture and identity have survived into the present. Groups advocating this point of view are known as Neo-Taínos and are also established in the Puerto Rican communities located in New Jersey and New York. A few Neo-Taíno groups are pushing not only for recognition but respect for their cultural assets.
2349:
7963:
7933:
2184:
7948:
7918:
7903:
1392:
708:
1933:, there was no such rebound for the Indigenous populations of the Caribbean. He concludes that, even though the Spanish were aware of deadly diseases such as smallpox, there is no mention of them in the New World until 1519, meaning perhaps they did not spread as fast as initially believed, and that, unlike Europeans, the Indigenous populations were subjected to enslavement, exploitation, and forced labor in gold and silver mines on an enormous scale. Reséndez says that "slavery has emerged as a major killer" of the Indigenous people of the Caribbean. Anthropologist
1230:
378:
1101:
845:
699:, "studies confirm that a wave of pottery-making farmers—known as Ceramic Age people—set out in canoes from the north-eastern coast of South America starting some 2,500 years ago and island-hopped across the Caribbean. They were not, however, the first colonizers. On many islands, they encountered foraging people who arrived some 6,000 or 7,000 years ago...The ceramicists, who are related to today's Arawak-speaking peoples, supplanted the earlier foraging inhabitants—presumably through disease or violence—as they settled new islands."
953:
1527:
1172:
2458:
2444:
1460:
2105:
1766:
1018:. According to archeological evidence, the Taíno islands were able to support a high number of people for approximately 1,500 years. Every individual living in the Taíno society had a task to do. The Taíno believed that everyone living on their islands should eat properly. They followed a very efficient nature harvesting and agricultural production system. Either people were hunting, searching for food, or doing other productive tasks.
49:
1951:
617:
1689:, each adult over 14 years of age was expected to deliver a hawks bell full of gold every three months, or when this was lacking, twenty-five pounds of spun cotton. If this tribute was not brought, the Spanish cut off the hands of the Taíno and left them to bleed to death These savage, cruel practices inspired many revolts by the Taíno and campaigns against the Spanish—some being successful, some not.
2050:
1992:
1329:
and cigars. Alternatively, they finely crushed the leaves and inhaled them through a hollow tube. The natives employed uncomplicated yet efficient tools for planting and caring for their crops. Their primary tool was a planting stick, referred to as a "coa" among the Taino, which measured around five feet in length and featured a sharp point that had been hardened through fire.
720:
784:. Men, and sometimes women, might have two or three spouses. Ramón Pané, a Catholic friar who traveled with Columbus on his second voyage and was tasked with learning the Indigenous people's language and customs, wrote in the 16th century that caciques tended to have two or three wives and the principal ones had as many as 10, 15, or 20.
3418:
1159:, soothe them when they were angry, and intercede on the tribe's behalf. It was their duty to cure the sick, heal the wounded, and interpret the will of the gods in ways that would satisfy the expectations of the tribe. Before carrying out these functions, the bohíques performed certain cleansing and purifying
1645:
They traded with us and gave us everything they had, with good will ... they took great delight in pleasing us ... They are very gentle and without knowledge of what is evil; nor do they murder or steal...Your highness may believe that in all the world there can be no better people ...
1880:
characterizes the encomienda as a genocidal system that "had driven many millions of native peoples in
Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths." It would take some time before the Taíno revolted against their oppressors—both Native and Spanish alike—and many military campaigns before
1587:
explains that the Sun and Moon came out of caves. Another story tells of the first people, who once lived in caves and only came out at night because it was believed that the Sun would transform them; a sentry became a giant stone at the mouth of the cave, and others became birds or trees. The Taíno
1541:
1892:
Disease played a significant role in the destruction of the
Indigenous population, but forced labor was also one of the chief reasons behind the depopulation of the Taíno. The first man to introduce this forced labor among the Taínos was the leader of the European colonization of Puerto Rico, Ponce
1249:, also known as a suckerfish, to a line secured to a canoe and wait for the fish to attach itself to a larger fish or even a sea turtle. Once this happened, someone would dive into the water to retrieve the catch. Another method used by the Taínos involved shredding the stems and roots of poisonous
2376:
movement in Puerto Rico as a useful counter to the domination of the island by the United States and the
Spanish legacies of island society. She also notes that "what could be seen as a useless anachronistic reinvention of a 'Boricua coqui' identity can also be conceived as a productive example of
1900:
In thirty years, between 80% and 90% of the Taíno population died. Because of the increased number of people (Spanish) on the island, there was a higher demand for food. Taíno cultivation was converted to
Spanish methods. In hopes of frustrating the Spanish, some Taínos refused to plant or harvest
1818:
Early population estimates of
Hispaniola, thought to have likely been the most populous island inhabited by Taínos, range from 10,000 to 1,000,000 people. The maximum estimates for Jamaica and Puerto Rico are 600,000 people. A 2020 genetic analysis estimated the population to be no more than a few
1750:
mobilized more than 3,000 Taíno in a successful rebellion in the 1520s. These Taíno were accorded land and a charter from the royal administration. Despite the small
Spanish military presence in the region, they often used diplomatic divisions and, with help from powerful native allies, controlled
1328:
in his journal described how
Indigenous people used tobacco by lighting dried herbs wrapped in a leaf and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco, derived from the Taino word "tabaco", was used in medicine and in religious rituals. The Taino people utilized dried tobacco leaves, which they smoked using pipes
1901:
their crops. The supply of food became so low in 1495 and 1496 that some 50,000 died from famine. Historians have determined that the massive decline was due more to infectious disease outbreaks than any warfare or direct attacks. By 1507, their numbers had shrunk to 60,000. Scholars believe that
1443:
Maquetaurie
Guayaba or Maketaori Guayaba was the zemi of Coaybay or Coabey, the land of the dead. Opiyelguabirán', a dog-shaped zemi, watched over the dead. Deminán Caracaracol, a male cultural hero from whom the Taíno believed themselves to be descended, was worshipped as a zemí. Macocael was a
1060:
The chiefs had both temporal and spiritual functions. They were expected to ensure the welfare of the tribe and to protect it from harm from both natural and supernatural forces. They were also expected to direct and manage the food production process. The cacique's power came from the number of
776:, reported that a chief was succeeded by a son of a sister. Las Casas was not specific as to which son of a sister would succeed, but d'Anghiera stated that the order of succession was the oldest son of the oldest sister, then the oldest son of the next oldest sister. Post-marital residence was
2423:
studies of peoples in the
Spanish-speaking Caribbean and its diaspora (mostly Puerto Ricans) have shown that between 10% and 20% of their DNA is indigenous. Some individuals have slightly higher scores, and others have lower scores or no indigenous DNA at all. A recent study of a population in
1803:
In contrast to the significant autonomy granted to women in Taíno society, Taíno women were taken by
Spaniards as hostages to be used during negotiations. Some sources report that Taíno women became so-called commodities for Spaniards to trade, seen by some as the beginning of a period of more
744:, who inherited their position through their mother's noble line. (This was a matrilineal kinship system, with social status passed through the female lines.) The nitaínos functioned as sub-caciques in villages, overseeing the work of naborias. Caciques were advised by priests/healers known as
1088:
of South American origin, made of an alloy of gold and copper. This symbolized the first Taíno mythical cacique Anacacuya, whose name means "star of the center", or "central spirit". In addition to the guanín, the cacique used other artifacts and adornments to serve to identify his role. Some
2397:. "Comparing the ancient Bahamian genome to those of contemporary Puerto Ricans, the researchers found that they were more closely related to the ancient Taíno than any other indigenous group in the Americas." The research team compared the genome to 104 Puerto Ricans who participated in the
1439:
Minor Taíno zemis are related to the growing of cassava, the process of life, creation, and death. Baibrama was a minor zemi worshiped for his assistance in growing cassava and curing people of its poisonous juice. Boinayel and his twin brother Márohu were the zemis of rain and fair weather,
1428:
Guabancex was the non-nurturing aspect of the zemi Atabey who was believed to have control over natural disasters. She is identified as the goddess of hurricanes or as the zemi of storms. Guabancex had twin sons: Guataubá, a messenger who created hurricane winds, and Coatrisquie, who created
352:
Some anthropologists and historians have argued that the Taíno were no longer extant centuries ago, or they gradually merged into a common identity with African and Hispanic cultures. However, many people today identify as Taíno or claim Taíno descent, most notably in subsections of the
1800:. Potentially, this meant Taíno women could make important choices for the village and could assign tasks to tribe members. There is evidence that suggests that the women who were the wealthiest among the tribe collected crafted goods that they would then use for trade or as gifts.
1588:
believed they were descended from the union of the cultural hero Deminán Caracaracol and a female turtle (who was born of the former's back after being afflicted with a blister). The origin of the oceans is described in the story of a huge flood that occurred when the great spirit
756:
instead of the round ones of ordinary villagers, and sitting on wooden stools to be above the guests they received. Bohíques were extolled for their healing powers and ability to speak with deities. They were consulted and granted the Taíno permission to engage in important tasks.
1777:
system and descent was traced through the mother. Women lived in village groups containing their children. The men lived separately. As a result, Taíno women had extensive control over their lives and their fellow villagers. The Taínos told Columbus that another Indigenous tribe,
454:
was used by Columbus's sailors, not by the islanders who greeted them, although there is room for interpretation. The sailors may have been saying the only word they knew in a native Caribbean tongue, or perhaps they were indicating to the "commoners" on the shore that they were
6324:, A dictionary of words of the Indigenous peoples of Caribbean from the encyclopedia "Clásicos de Puerto Rico, second edition, publisher, Ediciones Latinoamericanas. S.A., 1972" compiled by Puerto Rican historian Dr. Cayetano Coll y Toste of the "Real Academia de la Historia".
806:
Taíno women commonly wore their hair with bangs in front and longer in the back, and they occasionally wore gold jewelry, paint, and/or shells. Taíno men and unmarried women did not usually wear clothes but went naked. After marriage, women wore a small cotton apron, called a
818:, which varied in size depending on the location. Those in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola were the largest and those in the Bahamas were the smallest. In the center of a typical village was a central plaza, used for various social activities, such as games, festivals, religious
780:, meaning a newly married couple lived in the household of the maternal uncle. He was more important in the lives of his niece's children than their biological father; the uncle introduced the boys to men's societies in his sister and his family's clan. Some Taíno practiced
369:, showing that they are descendants through the direct female line. While some communities claim an unbroken cultural heritage passed down from the old Taíno peoples, often in secret, others are revivalist communities who seek to incorporate Taíno culture into their lives.
1332:
Contrary to mainland practices, corn was not ground into flour and baked into bread, but was cooked and eaten off the cob. Corn bread becomes moldy faster than cassava bread in the high humidity of the Caribbean. Corn also was used to make an alcoholic beverage known as
1471:
Zemí was also the name the people gave to physical representations of Zemis, which could be objects or drawings. They took many forms and were made of many materials and were found in a variety of settings. The majority of zemís were crafted from wood, but stone,
675:
Taíno culture as documented is believed to have developed in the Caribbean. The Taíno creation story says they emerged from caves in a sacred mountain on present-day Hispaniola. In Puerto Rico, 21st-century studies have shown that a high proportion of people have
2202:
was originally an exonym, contemporary descendants of the Taínos have begun to reclaim the name and assert a Taíno Caribbean-Indigenous identity. Rural communities which have retained Taíno-derived customs and identities can be found on Caribbean islands such as
768:, descent, and inheritance. Spanish accounts of the rules of succession for a chief are not consistent, and the rules of succession may have changed as a result of the disruptions to Taíno society that followed the Spanish intrusion. Two early chroniclers,
5842:
Schroeder, Hannes; Sikora, Martin; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Cassidy, Lara M.; Maisano Delser, Pierpaolo; Sandoval Velasco, Marcela; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Rasmussen, Simon; Homburger, Julian R.; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Allentoft, Morten E. (2018-02-20).
2816:
Schroeder, Hannes; Sikora, Martin; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Cassidy, Lara M.; Maisano Delser, Pierpaolo; Sandoval Velasco, Marcela; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Rasmussen, Simon; Homburger, Julian R.; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Allentoft, Morten E. (2018-03-06).
1897:. The purpose of the military expeditions was to capture the Indigenous people. This violence by the Spaniards was a reason why there was a decline in the Taíno population since it forced many of them to emigrate to other islands and the mainland.
389:
Various scholars have addressed the question of who were the native inhabitants of the Caribbean islands to which Columbus voyaged in 1492. They face difficulties, since European accounts cannot be read as objective evidence of a native Caribbean
1789:
and the Taíno people. When Taíno men were away fighting against intervention from other groups, women assumed the roles of primary food producers or ritual specialists. Women appeared to have participated in all levels of the Taíno political
1425:(Hispaniola) called her son, "Yúcahu|Yucahú Bagua Maorocotí", which meant "White Yuca, great and powerful as the sea and the mountains". He was considered the spirit of cassava, the zemi of cassava – the Taínos' main crop – and the sea.
1269:
Taíno groups located on islands that had experienced relatively high development, such as Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Jamaica, relied more on agriculture (farming and other jobs) than did groups living elsewhere. Fields for important
2322:
At the 2010 U.S. census, 1,098 people in Puerto Rico identified as "Puerto Rican Indian", 1,410 identified as "Spanish American Indian", and 9,399 identified as "Taíno". In total, 35,856 Puerto Ricans identified as Native American.
1843:
Researchers today doubt Las Casas' figures for the pre-contact levels of the Taíno population, considering them an exaggeration. For example, Karen Anderson Córdova estimates a maximum of 500,000 people inhabiting the island. The
1633:
to encounter the Taíno people, as they landed in The Bahamas on October 12, 1492. After their first interaction, Columbus described the Taínos as a physically tall, well-proportioned people, with noble and kind personalities.
293:, whose culture has been continued today by Taíno descendant communities and Taíno revivalist communities. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of what is now
2250:
culture. Census records from the year 1514 reveal that 40% of Spanish men on the island of Hispaniola had Taíno wives. Nevertheless, Spanish documents declared the Taíno to be extinct in the 16th century, as early as—550.
652:, migrating along the Lesser Antilles to Cuba and the Bahamas. Evidence that supports the theory includes the tracing of the ancestral cultures of these people to the Orinoco Valley and their languages to the Amazon Basin.
2356:
As of 2006, there were a couple of dozen activist Taíno descendant organizations from Florida to Puerto Rico and California to New York with growing memberships numbering in the thousands. These efforts are known as the
2364:
In Puerto Rico, the history of the Taíno is being taught in schools, and children are encouraged to celebrate the culture and identity of Taíno through dance, costumes, and crafts. Martínez Cruzado, a geneticist at the
1751:
most of the region. In "exchange" for a seasonal salary, and religious and language education, the Taíno were forced to work for Spanish and erroneously-labeled "Indian" landowners. This system of labor was part of the
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derived, referred to an elite social class, not to an ethnic group. No 16th-century Spanish documents use this word to refer to the tribal affiliation or ethnicity of the natives of the Greater Antilles. The word
1921:) was an overwhelming cause of the population decline of the Indigenous people, and also attributed a "large number of Taíno deaths...to the continuing bondage systems" that existed. Academics, such as historian
8332:
1282:. This improved soil drainage and fertility as well as delayed erosion while allowing for the longer storage of crops in the ground. Less important crops such as corn were cultivated in clearings made using the
4049:
410:
is not a universally accepted denomination—it was not the name this people called themselves originally, and there is still uncertainty about their attributes and the boundaries of the territory they occupied.
1929:, assert that disease alone does not explain the destruction of Indigenous populations of Hispaniola. While the populations of Europe rebounded following the devastating population decline associated with the
4558:
Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole (February 2021).
866:
ball. Normally, the teams were composed of men, but occasionally women played the game as well. The Classic Taíno played in the village's center plaza or on especially designed rectangular ball courts called
8327:
833:), constructed with wooden poles, woven straw, and palm leaves. These houses, built surrounding the central plaza, could hold 10–15 families each. The cacique and his family lived in rectangular buildings (
4659:
Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole (2020-12-23).
1253:
plants and throwing them into nearby streams or rivers. After eating the bait, the fish would be stunned and ready for collection. These practices did not render fish inedible. The Taíno also collected
875:
are believed to have been used for conflict resolution between communities. The most elaborate ball courts are found at chiefdom boundaries. Often, chiefs made wagers on the possible outcome of a game.
1155:
who represented religious beliefs. Bohíques dealt with negotiating with angry or indifferent gods as the accepted lords of the spiritual world. The bohíques were expected to communicate with the
1097:, crowns, and masks or "guaizas" of cotton with feathers; colored stones, shells, or gold; cotton woven belts; and necklaces of snail beads or stones, with small masks of gold or other material.
803:) were of various sizes and could hold from 2 to 150 people; an average-sized canoe would hold 15–20. They used bows and arrows for hunting and developed the use of poisons on their arrowheads.
5567:
1619:
2246:, a Dominican historian, documented that Spanish colonists intermarried with Taíno women. Over time, some of their mixed-race descendants intermarried with Africans, creating a tripartite
463:
was being used here to denote ethnicity, then it was used by the Spanish sailors to indicate that they were "not Carib", and gives no evidence of self-identification by the native people.
155:
3657:
1572:
tree. These trays have been found with ornately carved snuff tubes. Before certain ceremonies, Taínos would purify themselves, either by inducing vomiting (with a swallowing stick) or by
2270:, and religious views, even though such cultural traits may be considered backward in the cities. Among these rural communities, some families and individuals also identify as Taíno.
5285:
822:, and public ceremonies. These plazas had many shapes, including oval, rectangular, narrow, and elongated. Ceremonies where the deeds of the ancestors were celebrated, called
8418:
4757:
3277:
2282:
communities in the interior of the islands, where they developed into a mixed-race population who were relatively independent of Spanish authorities. For instance, when the
1607:
Taínos believed that Jupias, the souls of the dead, would go to Coaybay, the underworld, and there they rest by day. At night they would assume the form of bats and eat the
7809:
2715:
1576:. After communal bread was served, first to the zemí, then to the cacique, and then to the common people, the people would sing the village epic to the accompaniment of
4496:
Taylor, Patrick, and Frederick I. Case. The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions Volume 1: A-L; Volume 2: M-Z. Baltimore: U of Illinois, 2015. Web. Chapter title Taínos.
1313:
made completely from wood. Women processed the poisonous variety of cassava by squeezing it to extract its toxic juices. Roots were then ground into flour for bread.
8533:
7869:
6397:
1696:, a Dominican missionary in Hispaniola, became the first European to publicly denounce the abduction and enslavement of the Indigenous peoples of the island and the
1057:
line. A male ruler was more likely to be succeeded by his sister's children than his own unless their mother's lineage allowed them to succeed in their own right.
2254:
Despite this, scholars note that contemporary rural Dominicans retain elements of Taíno culture including linguistic features, agricultural practices, food ways,
2002:
1186:
Taíno staples included vegetables, fruit, meat, and fish. Though there were no large animals native to the Caribbean, they captured and ate small animals such as
1858:, and a seasonal salary. Under the pretense of searching for gold and other materials, many Spaniards took advantage of the regions now under the control of the
515:
have been used with numerous and contradictory meanings by writers, travelers, historians, linguists, and anthropologists. Often they were used interchangeably:
8575:
7804:
3147:
Martínez-Cruzado, JC; Toro-Labrador, G; Ho-Fung, V; et al. (Aug 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native ancestry in Puerto Rico".
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and who wanted to escape on Spanish ships to return home to Puerto Rico, used the term to indicate that they were the "good men", as opposed to the Caribs.
8241:
6342:
5733:
8747:
8558:
8312:
3891:
2537:
First edition. June, 2017. Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste de Puerto Rico (CEISCO). Lajas, Puerto Rico. Page 15.
1678:(Spanish for "Holy Savior"). Columbus erroneously called the Taíno "Indians", a reference that has grown to encompass all the Indigenous peoples of the
3232:
2890:
2794:
5927:
Vilar, Miguel G.; et al. (July 2014). "Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the island and the Caribbean".
1226:. The Taíno stored live animals until they were ready to be consumed: fish and turtles were stored in weirs, hutias and dogs were stored in corrals.
5331:
4487:
Dale, Corrine H., and J. H. E. Paine. Women on the Edge: Ethnicity and Gender in Short Stories by American Women. New York: Garland Pub., 1999. Web.
1835:
There were 60,000 people living on this island , including the Indians; so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war,
8692:
5849:
2823:
3649:
3594:. The Puerto Rico caciques map illustration was also reprinted by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, in 1948, in the
2013:
1604:. When the bones turned into fish, the gourd broke, an accident caused by Deminán Caracaracol, and all the water of the world came pouring out.
8607:
7784:
6430:
1893:
de León. Such forced labor eventually led to the Taíno rebellions, to which the Spaniards responded with violent military expeditions known as
5685:
5536:
4424:
Saunders, Nicholas J. Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Web.
3402:
787:
The Taíno women were skilled in agriculture, which the people depended on. The men also fished and hunted, making fishing nets and ropes from
8438:
8337:
8297:
7862:
7769:
1436:
Iguanaboína was the goddess of good weather. She also had twin sons: Boinayel, the messenger of rain, and Marohu, the spirit of clear skies.
493:, expressing their connection to the continental peoples. Since then, numerous scholars and writers have referred to the Indigenous group as
3245:
8682:
8580:
8367:
6293:
1132:
and the family of the cacique. Advisors who assisted in operational matters such as assigning and supervising communal work, planting and
6746:
6369:
5253:
5185:
3108:
2235:), communities of people of substantial Taíno ancestry have survived into the present, and preserve cultural practices of Taíno origin.
8485:
8015:
3586:
San Juan, Puerto Rico: Tipografía Boletín Mercantil. 1907. p.298. (Reprinted by Editorial El Nuevo Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2011.
8614:
8428:
8307:
8132:
7937:
7774:
5501:
5215:
2449:
6044:
Nieves-Rivera, Ángel M., José Muñoz-Vázquez, and Carlos Betancourt-López, "Hallucinogens used by Taíno Indians in the West Indies."
5275:
4506:
Deagan, Kathleen (2004). "Reconsidering Taino Social Dynamics after Spanish Conquest: Gender and Class in Culture Contact Studies".
4026:
Nieves-Rivera, Ángel M., José Muñoz-Vázquez, and Carlos Betancourt-López, "Hallucinogens used by Taíno Indians in the West Indies."
3376:"Columbus, Ramon Pane, and the beginnings of American anthropology by Bourne, Edward Gaylord, 1860-1908. [from old catalog]"
3039:
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enabled the cacique to have women and create family alliances in different localities, thus extending his power. As a symbol of his
8687:
8392:
7855:
6778:
6179:
841:), sleeping and sitting mats made of palms, wooden chairs (dujo or duho) with woven seats and platforms, and cradles for children.
2366:
1266:
found in shallow waters. Some young boys hunted waterfowl from flocks that "darkened the sun", according to Christopher Columbus.
1069:
communities in a territory; they would band together as a defensive strategy to face external threats, such as the attacks by the
1065:, matrimonial, and ceremonial ties. According to an early 20th-century Smithsonian study, these alliances showed the unity of the
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2725:
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8727:
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3527:
2535:
A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto histórico de la Playa de Ponce - Desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX.
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signified "men of the good". The Taíno people, or Taíno culture, have been classified by some authorities as belonging to the
8757:
8468:
8074:
6766:
6241:
Tinker, Tink; Freeland, Mark (2008). "Thief, Slave Trader, Murderer: Christopher Columbus and Caribbean Population Decline".
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3018:
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5147:
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8267:
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6795:
3598:, Julian H. Steward, ed., volume 4, for the Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, for their Bulletin 143.)
1731:, allied with the Carib and tried to oust the Spaniards. The revolt was suppressed by the Indio-Spanish forces of Governor
542:, who are not seen as belonging to the same people. Linguists continue to debate whether the Carib language is an Arawakan
505:
and Basil Reid) have recognized that the Taíno developed a distinct language and culture from the Arawak of South America.
2068:
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1646:
They love their neighbors as themselves, and they have the sweetest talk in the world, and are gentle and always laughing.
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5637:"Taino Warriors?: Strategies for Recovering Indigenous Voices in Colonial and Contemporary Hispanic Caribbean Discourses"
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to their face to appear fierce toward their enemies. They ingested substances at religious ceremonies and invoked zemis.
290:
113:
3318:"All in the Family: Descent and Succession in the Protohistoric Chiefdoms of the Greater Antilles -- A comment on Curet"
2424:
eastern Puerto Rico, where the majority of persons tested claimed Taíno ancestry and pedigree, showed that they had 61%
435:, with the meaning "good" or "prudent", was mentioned twice in an account of Columbus's second voyage by his physician,
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85:
6209:"Some important research contributions of Genetics to the study of Population History and Anthropology in Puerto Rico"
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1937:
estimates that the lethal forced labor in these mines killed a third of the Indigenous people there every six months.
1682:. A group of about 24 Taíno people were abducted and forced to accompany Columbus on his 1494 return voyage to Spain.
345:
with fixed settlements and a matrilineal system of kinship and inheritance. Taíno religion centered on the worship of
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found, one does not exist in the Taíno ancestral group, so other Native people are also among the genetic ancestors.
132:
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482:, the languages of which were historically present throughout the Caribbean, and much of Central and South America.
8642:
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160:
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1421:, fresh waters, and fertility. Other names for her included Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and Guimazoa. The Taínos of
663:, who originated this concept, suggests a migration from the Andes to the Caribbean and a parallel migration into
655:
The alternate theory, known as the circum-Caribbean theory, contends that the Taíno's ancestors diffused from the
531:, or to the northern Caribbean inhabitants, as well as to the Indigenous population of all the Caribbean islands.
92:
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2114:
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8008:
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were three feet high, nine feet in circumference, and were arranged in rows. The primary root crop was yuca or
70:
7695:
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8590:
7952:
7705:
6946:
6450:
6279:
5059:
3883:
1882:
403:
7721:
4548:
Sloan, Kathryn A. Women's Roles in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2011. Web.
3846:
Rodríguez Ramos, Reniel (2019-02-25), "Current Perspectives in the Precolonial Archaeology of Puerto Rico",
2361:, a revival movement for Taíno culture that seeks official recognition of the survival of the Taíno people.
99:
8742:
8737:
7907:
7799:
7727:
7691:
6761:
6341:
Amy H. Roberts. The St. Thomas Source. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 6 April 2022. Accessed 5 May 2022.
6327:
5963:
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2882:
2784:
2683:
6187:"Ocama-Daca Taíno (Hear Me, I Am Taíno): Taíno Survival on Hispaniola, Focusing on the Dominican Republic"
5459:
4117:
4042:"Continuity, Cultural Dynamics, and Alcohol: The Reinterpretation of Identity through Chicha in the Andes"
1739:, a Taíno chieftain who had fled from Hispaniola to Cuba with 400 natives to unite the Cuban natives, was
1685:
On Columbus' second voyage in 1493, he began to demand tribute from the Taíno in Hispaniola. According to
1041:
were not always rulers in their own right, but were mistakenly acknowledged as such because they were the
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5421:""No one will be left behind?" Taíno indigenous communities in the Caribbean and the road to SDGs 2030"
773:
81:
5382:"Rooted in the Land: Taíno identity, oral history and stories of reclamation in contemporary contexts"
3073:
Reid, Basil (1994). "Tainos not Arawaks: The Indigenous Peoples of Jamaica and the Greater Antilles".
2278:
Evidence suggests that some Taíno women and African men intermarried and lived in relatively isolated
8277:
8142:
8001:
6230:
6219:
5317:
1000:
The Taíno society, as described by the Spanish chroniclers, was composed of four social classes: the
693:
studies changed some of the traditional beliefs about pre-Columbian Indigenous history. According to
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1964:
1820:
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66:
37:
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have Taíno ancestry, with 61% of Puerto Ricans, up to 30% of Dominicans, and 33% of Cubans having
2006:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1503:. Yucahú, the zemi of cassava, was represented with a three-pointed zemí, which could be found in
8231:
8053:
7902:
7403:
7076:
6573:
4900:
4381:"CARTAS de Pedro de Córdoba y de la Comunidad Dominica, algunas refrendadas por los Franciscanos"
837:) of similar construction, with wooden porches. Taíno home furnishings included cotton hammocks (
486:
59:
7628:
3010:
3004:
1552:
Some zemís were accompanied by small tables or trays, which are believed to be a receptacle for
715:
in 1565: grating yuca roots into paste, shaping the bread, and cooking it on a fire-heated burén
436:
8563:
8372:
8246:
8105:
7847:
5678:"American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010 (CPH-T-6)"
5529:"American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010 (CPH-T-6)"
3557:
2915:
Curet, Antonio L. (Spring 2015). "Indigenous Revival, Indigeneity, and the Jíbaro in Borikén".
2369:
said celebrating and learning about their Taíno roots is helping Puerto Ricans feel connected.
2343:
2183:
2118:
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479:
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Race, Identity and Indigenous Politics: Puerto Rican Neo-Taínos in the Diaspora and the Island
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5667:, ed. E. Kofi Agorsah (Kingston: University of the West Indies Canoe Press, 1994), pp. 180–1.
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Two schools of thought have emerged regarding the origin of the Indigenous Caribbean people.
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United Confederation of Taíno People (UCTP) / Confederación Unida de el Pueblo Taíno (CUPT)
6186:
5858:
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5125:
4572:
4160:
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system forced many Taíno to work in the fields and mines in so-called exchange for Spanish
1391:
1325:
707:
330:
7026:
5995:"Criollos: The Birth of a Dynamic New Indo-Afro-European People and Culture on Hispaniola"
5207:
4750:"Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals"
3268:"Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals"
2129:
1782:, were fierce warriors, who made frequent raids on the Taínos, often capturing the women.
561:(except the western tip of Cuba and small pockets of Hispaniola), as well as those of the
8:
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3035:
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1623:
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562:
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was applied to the Greater Antillean natives only, but could include the Bahamian or the
334:
6658:
6113:
Ricardo Alegría (April 1951). "The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles".
5862:
4576:
2836:
2565:
Caciques and Cemi Idols: The Web Spun by Taino Rulers Between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
1229:
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377:
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crops, and keeping peace among the village's inhabitants, were selected from among the
1100:
382:
338:
298:
182:
165:
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1548:
overlaid with chalk in the Caguana Indigenous Ceremonial Center in Utuado, Puerto Rico
1324:
Tobacco was grown by pre-Columbian peoples in the Americas for centuries before 1492.
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1704:
892:
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660:
366:
214:
210:
8677:
7011:
6876:
6842:
6191:
Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival
5817:"Study identifies traces of indigenous 'Taíno' in present-day Caribbean populations"
5768:
Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival
5025:
3317:
3176:
2493:
2009:
1813:
1444:
cultural hero worshipped as a zemi, who had failed to guard the mountain from which
550:. They also speculate that it was an independent language isolate, with an Arawakan
443:. José R. Oliver writes that the Natives of Borinquén, who had been captured by the
230:
33:
8656:
8553:
8528:
8207:
8202:
8187:
7514:
7454:
7438:
7321:
7285:
7192:
7096:
6896:
6713:
6688:
6505:
6500:
6250:
6122:
5936:
5884:
5866:
5471:
5432:
5393:
4691:
4673:
4598:
4580:
4515:
4119:
An Account of the Antiquities of the Indians: Chronicles of the New World Encounter
3851:
3816:
3535:
3329:
3237:
3156:
2983:
2947:
2850:
2840:
2596:
2463:
2429:
2409:
2299:
2290:), both Taíno men and women fled to the Bastidas Mountains (currently known as the
1855:
1740:
1686:
1410:
986:
640:, as indicated by linguistic, cultural, and ceramic evidence. They migrated to the
528:
395:
226:
5816:
5636:
5475:
1492:
in caves, such as the zemi carved into a stalagmite in a cave in La Patana, Cuba.
467:
450:
According to Peter Hulme, however, most translators appear to agree that the word
8221:
8197:
8192:
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7275:
7260:
7223:
7187:
7081:
6976:
6891:
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1533:
1526:
664:
633:
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318:
218:
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6153:
Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti
4391:(54). El Centro de Estudios y Cooperación para América Latina (CECAL): 155–207.
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Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566
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4678:
4585:
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Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498
2307:
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1877:
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Valley on the north coast, before reaching the Caribbean by way of what is now
586:
391:
322:
222:
8355:
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7654:
7474:
5239:
Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
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4775:(PhD dissertation). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
4773:
Hispaniola and Puerto Rico: Indian Acculturation and Heterogeneity, 1492–1550
4687:
4639:
4594:
4396:
3503:
3295:
3036:"The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations"
2600:
2420:
2408:
DNA evidence shows that a large proportion of the current populations of the
2303:
1824:
1250:
1171:
1081:
1070:
884:
539:
354:
7615:
7611:
6603:
6598:
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1970:
1596:(who was about to murder his father). The father put his son's bones into a
459:, i.e., important people, from elsewhere and thus entitled to deference. If
7607:
7583:
7539:
7489:
7484:
7373:
7358:
7342:
7207:
7158:
7153:
7128:
7106:
7071:
6951:
6653:
6588:
6545:
6229:"Shamanic Inebriants in South American Archaeology: Recent Investigations"
6010:
5948:
5898:
4705:
4612:
3680:
Puerto Rico : an interpretive history from pre-Columbian times to 1900
3363:...suelen tener dos o tres, y los principales, hasta diez, quince y veinte.
3168:
2864:
2503:
2267:
2263:
1934:
1651:
1553:
1445:
1318:
1022:
858:
637:
621:
596:
Modern groups with Caribbean-Indigenous heritage have reclaimed the exonym
502:
273:
7091:
6254:
4727:
3241:
3160:
1785:
Taíno women played an important role in intercultural interaction between
1654:
in the western tip of Cuba, the Island-Caribs in the Lesser Antilles from
1507:
to increase the yield of cassava. Wood and stone zemís have been found in
1061:
villages he controlled and was based on a network of alliances related to
7603:
7593:
7212:
7143:
6996:
6966:
6673:
6565:
6445:
6286:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and El Museo del Barrio. 1973.
5665:
Maroon Heritage: Archaeological, Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives
5460:"Prophetic repairs: Narrative and social action among Puerto Rican Taíno"
5276:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
4161:"The Idol of Patana: The Troubled History of the Taíno Deity of Boinayel"
2759:
2394:
2216:
1930:
1667:
968:
896:
761:
534:
Modern historians, linguists, and anthropologists now hold that the term
314:
310:
194:
5126:
Arthur C. Aufderheide; Conrado Rodríguez-Martín; Odin Langsjoen (1998).
4404:
4255:
3650:"El desarrollo del cacicazgo en las sociedades tardías de Puerto Rico -"
2352:
Flag of the Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation, a Taíno revivalist community
1540:
7641:
7479:
7459:
6901:
6693:
6455:
5940:
5506:
5313:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
4527:
4380:
3817:"Bulletin : Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology"
3473:
2561:"Who Were the Taínos and Where Did They Come From? Believers of Ceíism"
2311:
2259:
1846:
1819:
tens of thousands of people. Spanish priest and defender of the Taíno,
1753:
1747:
1697:
1655:
1568:
1545:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1310:
1271:
1223:
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888:
777:
684:
677:
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440:
245:
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6134:
2405:
ancestry, which was "closely related to the ancient Bahamian genome."
1720:
1459:
1163:, such as fasting for several days and inhaling sacred tobacco snuff.
924:
8387:
8024:
7993:
7886:
7662:
7658:
7633:
7383:
6718:
6608:
5761:
3914:
Puerto Rico: an interpretive history from pre-columbian times to 1900
3785:
Puerto Rico: an interpretive history from pre-columbian times to 1900
3749:
Puerto Rico: an interpretive history from pre-Columbian times to 1900
3613:
Puerto Rico: an interpretive history from pre-columbian times to 1900
2588:
1910:
1791:
1786:
1724:
1370:
1354:
1242:
1034:
981:
979:
began to occupy the hierarchical position that would give way to the
792:
645:
365:
nationalities. Many Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Dominicans have Taíno
326:
7167:
6837:
5841:
4628:"Opinion | Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean"
4519:
3146:
2815:
1674:. Guanahaní was the Taíno name for the island that Columbus renamed
1414:
1085:
523:
natives, excluding the Puerto Rican and Leeward nations. Similarly,
48:
8182:
7649:
7499:
7041:
7036:
6926:
6906:
6126:
2789:
2477:
2255:
1906:
1902:
1779:
1728:
1601:
1477:
1369:
were grown around the houses. Other fruits and vegetables, such as
1362:
1346:
1263:
1125:
1077:
937:. It was about one inch thick and was similar to the coco macaque.
781:
748:. Caciques enjoyed the privilege of wearing golden pendants called
649:
554:
used for communication purposes with other peoples, as in trading.
444:
337:
on October 12, 1492. The Taíno historically spoke a dialect of the
265:
261:
5663:
Agorsah, E. Kofi, "Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica",
4041:
7645:
7182:
7066:
6807:
6703:
6678:
6663:
6583:
6578:
6535:
6510:
6480:
2472:
2232:
2228:
2212:
2188:
1914:
1836:
1796:
1716:
1708:
1671:
1659:
1573:
1500:
1481:
1422:
1358:
1291:
1275:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1175:
1133:
1129:
1094:
1002:
990:
972:
829:
Often, the general population lived in large circular buildings (
765:
740:
712:
668:
641:
543:
342:
302:
198:
190:
7877:
7111:
5354:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
1448:
arose. He was punished by being turned into stone, or a bird, a
862:. Opposing teams had 10 to 30 players per team and used a solid
8125:
7588:
7578:
6961:
6956:
6881:
6817:
6698:
6648:
6638:
6613:
6017:
The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus
4724:
Student-Employee Assistance Program Against Chemical Dependency
4046:
Identity Crisis: Archaeological Perspectives on Social Identity
3596:
Handbook of South American Indians: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes
2659:"Genes of 'extinct' Caribbean islanders found in living people"
2513:
2390:
1918:
1873:
1736:
1712:
1663:
1577:
1561:
1520:
1366:
1350:
1334:
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were speared and fish were caught in nets, speared, trapped in
1160:
1152:
1090:
1062:
964:
933:
863:
819:
788:
632:
One group of scholars contends that the Taíno's ancestors were
581:, from Jamaica, most of Cuba, and the Lucayan archipelago; and
551:
475:
358:
277:
269:
257:
6185:
Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcarate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006).
5502:"Cuba's Taino people: a flourishing culture, believed extinct"
5091:
5057:
4927:
4853:
4819:
4785:
4344:
4310:
4276:
4083:. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Edit. Punto y Coma. pp. 69, 84.
2372:
Scholar Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel sees the development of a
931:
For warfare, the men made wooden war clubs, which they called
616:
478:
peoples. Their language is considered to have belonged to the
32:
This article is about the Taíno people. For the language, see
7882:
7228:
7172:
7163:
7051:
6628:
3350:
Relación acerca de las antigüedades de los indios (Siglo XVI)
2482:
2425:
2393:
of the tooth belonging to an 8th- to 10th–century woman from
1769:
Cacique (Chief) Taína, Indigenous of the island of Hispaniola
1608:
1597:
1516:
1508:
1430:
1379:
1374:
1342:
1302:
1295:
1203:
1187:
1156:
976:
796:
680:
346:
306:
186:
7810:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6377:
6184:
4658:
4557:
4225:
North American Exploration: A New World Disclosed. Volume: 1
1804:
regular Spanish abduction and systemic rape of Taíno women.
1765:
1144:
were the more numerous working peasants of the lower class.
928:("hurricane"), have been incorporated into other languages.
557:
Rouse classifies all inhabitants of the Greater Antilles as
6270:
Guitar, Lynne. "Documenting the Myth of Taíno Extinction".
6150:
Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Méléance, Elmide (2006).
5386:
AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples
2204:
2192:
2003:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1869:
1839:
and the mines. Who in future generations will believe this?
1473:
1453:
1449:
1418:
1406:
1211:
1042:
294:
178:
6332:
article on Taíno culture remnant in the Dominican Republic
6288:(Chapter 1: "The Art of the Taino Indians of Puerto Rico")
5793:"Puerto Rico pageant celebrates a vanished native culture"
3911:
3782:
3746:
3677:
3610:
3009:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Rethinking Schools, Ltd. pp.
2533:
Eli D. Oquendo-Rodríguez. Pablo L. Crespo-Vargas, editor.
1463:
Zemí, a physical object housing a zemi, spirit or ancestor
6282:
The art heritage of Puerto Rico, pre-Columbian to present
5095:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
5061:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4931:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4857:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4823:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4789:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4348:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4314:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4280:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
4000:
John M. Kingsbury, "Christopher Columbus as a botanist."
3682:. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 12.
2386:
2125:
975:
groups that previously had some prestige and rank in the
690:
6314:
2740:
538:
should refer to all the Taíno/Arawak nations except the
1452:, or a reptile, depending on the interpretation of the
719:
4770:
4237:
Kirkpatrick Sale, "The Conquest of Paradise", p. 155,
3848:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
2227:
In isolated parts of eastern Cuba (including parts of
2178:
7805:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
5845:"Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taino"
5823:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
3878:
3876:
3874:
3090:
3088:
2819:"Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taino"
2639:
1278:, were prepared by heaping up mounds of soil, called
1112:, social organization was composed of two tiers: The
738:(nobles). They were governed by male chiefs known as
341:
group. They lived in agricultural societies ruled by
2439:
2187:
Native woman (probably Luisa Gainsa) with a girl in
5634:
5613:
3407:(ebook ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 346.
3006:
Rethinking Columbus – The Taínos: "Men of the Good"
2612:
2595:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02,
1499:were found on secular objects such as pottery, and
1409:(spirits or ancestors). Major Taíno zemis included
963:The Taíno were the most culturally advanced of the
671:, Venezuela, and the Amazon Basin of South America.
527:has been used to refer only to those living in the
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6014:
5762:L. Guitar; P. Ferbel-Azcarate; J. Esteves (2006).
5129:The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology
4961:
4892:
3955:
3871:
3496:
3459:
3457:
3085:
2785:"The Taíno were written off as extinct. Until now"
2428:(distant maternal ancestry) from the Taíno and 0%
1868:to exploit the native population by seizing their
1703:In 1511, several caciques in Puerto Rico, such as
1650:At this time, the neighbors of the Taíno were the
1488:were carved on rocks in streams, ball courts, and
573:, from most of Hispaniola and all of Puerto Rico;
569:. He subdivides the Taíno into three main groups:
6156:. Paintings by Ulrick Jean-Pierre. Educa Vision.
5419:Smith, Johnnel; Spencer, Andrew J. (2020-01-01).
5007:(Thesis). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
4895:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
4222:
4116:Pané, Ramón; José, Juan; Griswold, Susan (1999).
3644:
3642:
3640:
3219:
3196:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 121.
3054:
2976:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
2940:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
2713:
1629:Columbus and the crew of his ship were the first
620:The Guanahatabey region in relation to Taíno and
8669:
6058:. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation
5457:
4662:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"
4561:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"
4115:
3809:
2965:
2963:
2302:of the east, including those communities led by
6149:
6112:
5850:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4626:Reich, David; Patterson, Orlando (2020-12-23).
4102:
4100:
3953:
3845:
3719:
3454:
3189:
2824:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2337:
2286:was under the rule of Spain (known then as the
856:The Taíno played a ceremonial ball game called
7785:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
7770:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
6240:
5379:
5004:Historia De La Esclavitud Negra en Puerto Rico
4625:
4078:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3778:
3776:
3637:
3606:
3604:
2777:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
1405:Taíno spirituality centered on the worship of
1033:if the ruler was a woman. Many women whom the
8009:
7863:
6363:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4652:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3520:
3228:"Rebuilding the genome of a hidden ethnicity"
2960:
2294:). There the Taíno intermingled with escaped
1523:, and various abstract and human-like faces.
726:, a wooden ceremonial chair crafted by Taínos
600:as a self-descriptor, although terms such as
5911:
5635:Martínez-San Miguel, Yolanda (Spring 2011).
5551:
5418:
4122:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 6.
4097:
3958:The Tainos: The People who Welcomed Columbus
3751:. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 12–13.
3106:
2760:"Taino | History & Culture | Britannica"
2714:Baracutei Estevez, Jorge (14 October 2019).
2554:
2552:
2550:
1807:
730:Taíno society was divided into two classes:
6005:(1). Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink: 1–17.
5810:
5808:
5806:
4968:. University Press of America. p. 44.
4372:
4227:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 13.
3980:
3938:
3773:
3601:
3193:Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations
2700:
2380:
1979:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1417:. Atabey was thought to be the zemi of the
8748:Extinct Indigenous peoples of the Americas
8016:
8002:
7870:
7856:
6370:
6356:
6051:
5755:
5000:
4989:
4253:
3947:
3704:
3550:
3504:"Caribbean Archaeology And Taino Survival"
3438:
3436:
3340:
3130:
3128:
3109:"Bringing Taíno Peoples Back Into History"
2716:"Meet the survivors of a 'paper genocide'"
2567:. University of Alabama Press. p. 6.
2128:. Please do not remove this message until
1940:
1218:were decoyed with domesticated birds, and
1021:Tribal groups settled in villages under a
501:. However, contemporary scholars (such as
154:
8429:Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act
7775:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6218:"The Role of Cohoba in Taíno Shamanism",
6213:Delaware Review of Latin American Studies
5929:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5916:. Latino Studies Press. pp. 111–117.
5888:
5870:
5300:
5229:
5199:
4695:
4677:
4602:
4584:
4433:
3142:
3140:
3107:Magazine, Smithsonian; Woodaman, Ranald.
2987:
2951:
2927:
2854:
2844:
2624:
2547:
2450:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2166:Learn how and when to remove this message
2148:Learn how and when to remove this message
2087:Learn how and when to remove this message
2032:Learn how and when to remove this message
1321:) was the next most important root crop.
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
8393:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
7984:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
6379:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
6292:Dutchen, Stephanie (December 23, 2020).
5803:
5583:"Indigenous Cuba: Hidden in Plain Sight"
5557:
5458:Feliciano-Santos, Sherina (2017-09-01).
5425:Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes
5306:
5235:
5092:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
5058:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4928:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4887:
4854:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4820:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4786:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4345:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4311:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4277:Anghiera Pietro Martire D' (July 2009).
4152:
3787:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 13.
3615:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 12.
3183:
3002:
2876:
2874:
2347:
2182:
2124:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1764:
1618:
1566:prepared from the beans of a species of
1539:
1525:
1458:
1390:
1228:
1170:
1099:
1053:and generally obtained power from their
951:
843:
718:
706:
615:
398:when Europeans arrived have been called
376:
8693:Ethnic groups in the Dominican Republic
6291:
5766:. In Maximilian Christian Forte (ed.).
5659:
5657:
5495:
5493:
5132:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
5026:"A Brief History of Dominican Republic"
3723:Rethinking Columbus: The Next 500 Years
3433:
3125:
3038:. Philadelphia, McCalla & Stavely.
3033:
3027:
2298:. They were among the ancestors of the
1746:In Hispaniola, a Taíno chieftain named
1166:
394:. The people who inhabited most of the
14:
8670:
8023:
6091:
5992:
5630:
5628:
5619:
5500:Baker, Christopher (6 February 2019).
5375:
5373:
5351:
5273:
5161:
4747:
4505:
4460:
4378:
3856:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.620
3400:
3368:
3315:
3265:
3137:
2972:"Making Sense of the Native Caribbean"
2936:"Making Sense of the Native Caribbean"
2558:
2330:has been recognized as a tribe by the
1794:, occupying roles as high up as being
852:) in Puerto Rico, outlined with stones
814:The Taíno lived in settlements called
8469:Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange
7997:
7851:
6351:
6174:Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors
6170:
6070:
6009:
5961:
5926:
5731:
5499:
5171:Disease and medicine in world history
5167:
4619:
4467:. Yale University Press. p. 32.
3720:Bigelow, Bill; Peterson, Bob (1998).
3404:The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia
3225:
3094:
3060:
2969:
2933:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2893:from the original on November 5, 2018
2880:
2871:
2746:
2681:
2645:
2618:
2367:University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
2238:
1484:, and cotton were used as well. Zemí
1383:roots, were collected from the wild.
1241:The Taíno people became very skilled
1214:, or caught with hook and line. Wild
381:Reconstruction of a Taíno village in
8569:Central American and Caribbean Games
6095:DK Discoveries: Christopher Columbus
5814:
5790:
5688:from the original on October 4, 2015
5654:
5568:Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine
5539:from the original on October 4, 2015
5490:
5380:Neeganagwedgin, Erica (2015-12-01).
5205:
4748:Lawler, Andrew (December 23, 2020).
4266:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4158:
3353:(in Spanish). Wikisource. p. 48
3292:"Caciques, nobles and their regalia"
3266:Lawler, Andrew (December 23, 2020).
3072:
2377:Spivak's 'strategic essentialism'".
2098:
2043:
1985:
1944:
1614:
1128:of the tribes. They were made up of
947:
489:referred to the Taíno people as the
173:Regions with significant populations
71:adding citations to reliable sources
42:
8683:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
8075:Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)
6803:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
6193:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
5625:
5370:
3912:Jimenez de Wagenheim, Olga (1998).
3783:Jimenez de Wagenheim, Olga (1998).
3747:Jimenez de Wagenheim, Olga (1998).
3678:Wagenheim, Olga Jiménez de (1998).
3611:Jimenez de Wagenheim, Olga (1998).
2179:Modern Taíno descendant communities
959:'s 1901 map of Puerto Rico caciques
470:, a direct translation of the word
325:branch of the Taíno were the first
24:
7795:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
6774:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
6269:
6037:
5288:from the original on June 23, 2019
4440:. Infobase Publishing. p. 9.
4081:Mitología y religión de los taínos
4079:Robiu-Lamarche, Sebastián (2006).
3190:Lorena Madrigal, Madrigal (2006).
2905:
2509:Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center
2059:tone or style may not reflect the
1827:), wrote in his 1561 multi-volume
993:and organized their chiefdoms, or
291:Indigenous people of the Caribbean
161:Statue of Agüeybaná II, "El Bravo"
29:Indigenous people of the Caribbean
25:
8769:
6786:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
6757:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
6308:
6189:. In Forte, Maximilian C. (ed.).
6052:Harrington, Mark Raymond (1921).
5962:Poole, Robert M. (October 2011).
5791:Cave, Damien (December 2, 2008).
4254:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3316:Keegan, William F. (April 2006).
3226:Young, Susan (October 17, 2011).
3034:Brinton, Daniel Garrison (1871).
2881:Poole, Robert M. (October 2011).
2682:Poole, Robert M. (October 2011).
2401:(2008), who had 10 to 15 percent
2332:governor of the US Virgin Islands
1960:This section has multiple issues.
1889:system as a form of enslavement.
940:The Taínos decorated and applied
7961:
7946:
7931:
7916:
7901:
7827:
6779:Archaeological sites in Colombia
6752:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
5985:
5955:
5920:
5905:
5835:
5784:
5725:
5708:"USVI Taino Chief Seeks Members"
5700:
5670:
5599:
5575:
5521:
5451:
5412:
5345:
5267:
5119:
5001:Diaz Soler, Luis Manuel (1950).
4437:A Brief History of the Caribbean
4039:
3827:from the original on 18 May 2016
3582:Cayetano Coll y Toste (author).
3346:
3042:from the original on 28 May 2016
2456:
2442:
2317:
2103:
2069:guide to writing better articles
2048:
1990:
1949:
1245:. One method used was to hook a
1222:were taken from trees and other
636:speakers from the center of the
47:
8688:Cultural history of Puerto Rico
8378:Association of Caribbean States
8237:Latin America and the Caribbean
6762:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
6338:USVI Taino Chief Seeks Members.
6171:Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907).
5334:from the original on 2019-10-14
5256:from the original on 2016-02-02
5218:from the original on 2011-09-08
5188:from the original on 2016-02-02
5150:from the original on 2016-02-02
5085:
5051:
5048:n°322, July–August 2007, p. 16.
5036:
5018:
4955:
4921:
4881:
4847:
4813:
4779:
4771:Karen Anderson Córdova (1990).
4764:
4741:
4712:
4551:
4542:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4454:
4427:
4418:
4338:
4304:
4270:
4247:
4231:
4216:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4143:
4109:
4072:
4063:
4052:from the original on 2018-12-10
4033:
4020:
4007:
3994:
3905:
3894:from the original on 2016-01-14
3839:
3740:
3671:
3660:from the original on 2019-05-27
3576:
3484:from the original on 2018-07-05
3466:
3445:
3421:from the original on 2017-04-12
3394:
3309:
3284:
3259:
3248:from the original on 2018-09-01
3210:
3100:
3066:
2996:
2970:Hulme, Peter (1 January 1993).
2934:Hulme, Peter (1 January 1993).
2809:
2797:from the original on 2018-05-08
2752:
2314:claim descent from the Taíno.
1968:or discuss these issues on the
1927:University of California, Davis
1386:
1073:on communities in Puerto Rico.
967:group to settle in what is now
848:Caguana Ceremonial ball court (
711:Some Taíno women are preparing
58:needs additional citations for
8698:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
5912:Haslip-Viera, Gabriel (2014).
5815:Kirk, Tom (19 February 2018).
5356:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
5274:Treuer, David (May 13, 2016).
5174:. Routledge. pp. 86, 91.
3962:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p.
3382:. January 14, 2022. p. 31
2675:
2651:
2581:
2527:
2489:Indigenous Amerindian genetics
1298:cultivated for its edible and
1182:) roots, the Taínos' main crop
1049:. Chiefs were chosen from the
902:Some words they used, such as
485:In 1871, early ethnohistorian
372:
13:
1:
8728:Social history of Puerto Rico
8090:Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)
8065:British Caribbean (1586–1834)
8049:Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)
7706:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
6767:Archaeological sites in Chile
5476:10.1016/j.langcom.2017.03.001
5098:. BiblioBazaar. p. 160.
5064:. BiblioBazaar. p. 108.
5042:"La tragédie des Taïnos", in
4934:. BiblioBazaar. p. 143.
4860:. BiblioBazaar. p. 111.
4826:. BiblioBazaar. p. 182.
4792:. BiblioBazaar. p. 112.
4351:. BiblioBazaar. p. 199.
4317:. BiblioBazaar. p. 132.
4283:. BiblioBazaar. p. 143.
4015:Encyclopedia of Latin America
3294:. elmuseo.org. Archived from
2520:
1773:Taíno society was based on a
1515:are sometimes represented by
404:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
8758:Ethnic groups in Puerto Rico
8439:Central banks and currencies
8085:German Caribbean (1685-1693)
8080:Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)
8070:French Caribbean (1625–1817)
7800:Mesoamerican writing systems
7757:
6796:Archaeological sites in Peru
5464:Language & Communication
4461:Deagan, Kathleen A. (2008).
3916:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
3401:Beding, Silvio, ed. (1002).
2338:Taíno revivalist communities
7:
8060:Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)
7696:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
6177:. Neale Publishing Company.
6074:Sugar: A Bitterweet History
5964:"What Became of the Taíno?"
5607:"What Became of the Taíno?"
5030:SpainExchange Country Guide
4962:David M. Traboulay (1994).
4720:"Endless War of Domination"
3850:, Oxford University Press,
3584:Prehistoria de Puerto Rico.
3532:Powhatan Museum's Home Page
2684:"What Became of the Taíno?"
2435:
2130:conditions to do so are met
1511:in Hispaniola and Jamaica.
10:
8774:
8753:Genocides in North America
8703:Indigenous peoples in Cuba
8434:Caribbean Development Bank
8111:Caribbean Court of Justice
7722:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
7625:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
5770:. Peter Lang. p. 62.
5732:Roman, Ivan (2000-10-16).
5437:10.1108/WHATT-02-2020-0011
5398:10.1177/117718011501100405
4679:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
4586:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
4223:Allen, John Logan (1997).
3888:www.proyectosalonhogar.com
3564:(in Spanish). May 15, 1912
2883:"What Became of the Taíno"
2341:
2273:
1811:
1274:, such as the staple crop
883:and used an early form of
702:
611:
31:
8636:
8598:
8589:
8514:
8505:
8486:in the Danish West Indies
8414:
8405:
8363:
8354:
8255:
8175:
8171:
8162:
8098:
8041:
8032:
7980:
7893:
7823:
7765:
7756:
7676:
7599:
7574:
7545:
7520:
7495:
7470:
7445:
7414:
7389:
7364:
7333:
7296:
7271:
7234:
7203:
7178:
7149:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7125:
7120:
6947:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
6732:
6564:
6421:
6385:
6071:Abbot, Elizabeth (2010).
6021:. Yale University Press.
5734:"Tainos Recover Identity"
5318:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
5236:Raudzens, George (2003).
4434:Figueredo, D. H. (2008).
4257:"Antonio Montesino"
4059:– via Academia.edu.
3558:"TAÍNOS: ARTE Y SOCIEDAD"
3451:Alegría, "Tainos" p. 346.
3334:10.1215/00141801-53-2-383
2989:10.1163/13822373-90002665
2953:10.1163/13822373-90002665
2593:Oxford English Dictionary
1808:Genocide and depopulation
1305:. It was planted using a
893:Taíno archeological sites
256:
251:
244:
239:
209:
204:
177:
172:
153:
7834:Civilizations portal
6791:Cultural periods of Peru
5212:Genocide Studies Program
4204:The Conquest of Paradise
4030:15.1-2 (1995): 125-139.
3954:Francine Jacobs (1992).
2559:Oliver, José R. (2009).
2381:DNA of Taíno descendants
1760:
1104:Cacicazgos of Hispaniola
1084:, the cacique carried a
997:, into a confederation.
8232:Caribbean South America
7728:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
6574:Mesoamerican chronology
6294:"Island investigations"
6048:15.1-2 (1995): 125-139.
5872:10.1073/pnas.1716839115
5684:. Census bureau. 2010.
5535:. Census bureau. 2010.
5168:Watts, Sheldon (2003).
4901:Oxford University Press
4379:Medina, P.M.A. (2017).
3474:"Taino Symbol Meanings"
3463:Alegría (1951), p. 348.
3003:Barreiro, José (1998).
2846:10.1073/pnas.1716839115
2633:Encyclopædia Britannica
2222:
1941:Taíno descendants today
1580:and other instruments.
1530:Cohoba Spoon, 1200–1500
1089:examples are tunics of
826:, were performed here.
774:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera
487:Daniel Garrison Brinton
329:peoples encountered by
8723:Pre-Columbian cultures
8718:Native American tribes
8708:Ethnic groups in Haiti
8373:Afro-Caribbean leftism
8247:Western Caribbean zone
6431:Archaeological periods
5993:Guitar, Lynne (2000).
5352:Hickel, Jason (2018).
3726:. Rethinking Schools.
2601:10.1093/oed/5528858803
2589:"Taino, n. & adj."
2353:
2344:Pedro Guanikeyu Torres
2195:
2012:by rewriting it in an
1841:
1821:Bartolomé de las Casas
1770:
1648:
1626:
1549:
1537:
1468:
1402:
1286:technique. Typically,
1238:
1237:in Jayuya, Puerto Rico
1183:
1105:
960:
853:
770:Bartolomé de las Casas
727:
716:
625:
480:Arawak language family
386:
38:Taíno (disambiguation)
36:. For other uses, see
8713:History of Hispaniola
8333:Dependent territories
8150:Territorial evolution
7734:List of Conquistadors
7621:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
7032:Quebrada de Humahuaca
6451:Caddoan Mississippian
6302:. Harvard University.
6255:10.1353/wic.2008.0002
6231:Constantino M. Torres
6220:Constantino M. Torres
5281:The Los Angeles Times
5242:. Brill. p. 41.
4760:on December 23, 2020.
4263:Catholic Encyclopedia
3280:on December 23, 2020.
3242:10.1038/news.2011.592
3161:10.1353/hub.2001.0056
2351:
2258:, fishing practices,
2186:
1833:
1829:History of the Indies
1768:
1743:on February 2, 1512.
1694:Antonio de Montesinos
1643:
1622:
1543:
1529:
1462:
1394:
1365:(bottle gourds), and
1232:
1174:
1103:
957:Cayetano Coll y Toste
955:
847:
722:
710:
619:
380:
252:Related ethnic groups
8338:World Heritage Sites
7701:Francisco de Montejo
7629:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
6742:Andean civilizations
6669:Shaft tomb tradition
6211:. Newark, Delaware:
6055:Cuba Before Columbus
3113:Smithsonian Magazine
2887:Smithsonian Magazine
2793:. 20 February 2018.
2688:Smithsonian Magazine
2485:, spirit of the dead
2399:1000 Genomes Project
1395:Taíno zemí sculpture
1326:Christopher Columbus
1167:Food and agriculture
1124:were considered the
985:. The Taíno founded
445:Caribs of Guadeloupe
437:Diego Álvarez Chanca
331:Christopher Columbus
67:improve this article
8743:Spanish West Indies
8738:British West Indies
8581:Television stations
8383:Caribbean Community
7667:Manco Inca Yupanqui
6972:Manteño-Huancavilca
6441:Ancestral Puebloans
6299:The Harvard Gazette
6092:Chrisp, P. (2006).
5863:2018PNAS..115.2341S
5214:. Yale University.
5206:Schimmer, Russell.
4754:National Geographic
4577:2021Natur.590..103F
4149:Rouse, pp. 13, 118.
4013:Thomas M. Leonard,
4004:52.2 (1992): 11-28.
3823:. 23 October 1901.
3347:Pané, Ramón. "26".
3273:National Geographic
3075:Caribbean Geography
2837:2018PNAS..115.2341S
2749:, pp. 161–164.
2721:National Geographic
2403:Indigenous American
2328:Guainía Taíno Tribe
2117:of this section is
1741:burned at the stake
1624:Battle of Vega Real
1120:at the bottom. The
1116:at the top and the
752:, living in square
696:National Geographic
683:. Of the two major
563:Lucayan archipelago
402:, a term coined by
317:, and the northern
150:
8733:French West Indies
8298:Metropolitan areas
8242:Southern Caribbean
8217:Caribbean Lowlands
8138:Influx of diseases
7879:Indigenous peoples
7790:Columbian exchange
7780:Portal:Mesoamerica
6932:La Tolita (Tumaco)
6747:Indigenous peoples
6486:Hopewell tradition
6413:Indigenous peoples
6215:. August 15, 2000.
6115:American Antiquity
5941:10.1002/ajpa.22569
5797:The New York Times
5764:"Ocama-Daca Taíno"
5561:(September 1989).
4889:Stannard, David E.
4632:The New York Times
4508:American Antiquity
4202:Kirkpatrick Sale,
4017:(2015) 1:4, 1:280
3654:enciclopediapr.org
2764:www.britannica.com
2728:on 17 October 2019
2499:Palapa (structure)
2354:
2288:colony of Santiago
2239:Dominican Republic
2209:Dominican Republic
2196:
2014:encyclopedic style
2001:is written like a
1823:(who had lived in
1771:
1733:Juan Ponce de León
1680:Western Hemisphere
1641:, Columbus wrote:
1627:
1550:
1538:
1469:
1403:
1399:Walters Art Museum
1239:
1233:Piedra Escrita on
1184:
1106:
971:. Individuals and
961:
854:
728:
717:
626:
387:
383:El Chorro de Maíta
335:Bahama Archipelago
299:Dominican Republic
183:Dominican Republic
166:Ponce, Puerto Rico
148:
8665:
8664:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8501:
8500:
8401:
8400:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8158:
8157:
8116:Indigenous people
7991:
7990:
7975:
7974:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7815:Pre-Columbian art
7751:
7750:
7745:Francisco Pizarro
7711:Pedro de Alvarado
7027:Pucará de Tilcara
6163:978-1-58432-293-1
6105:978-0-7566-8616-1
6084:978-1-59020-772-7
5857:(10): 2341–2346.
5777:978-0-8204-7488-5
5712:St. Thomas Source
5563:"Indians in Cuba"
5249:978-0-391-04206-3
5181:978-0-415-27816-4
5143:978-0-521-55203-5
4672:(7844): 103–110.
4571:(7844): 103–110.
3973:978-0-399-22116-3
3538:on August 8, 2022
3414:978-1-349-12573-9
3203:978-0-521-81931-2
3134:Rouse, pp. 30–48.
3020:978-0-942961-20-1
2831:(10): 2341–2346.
2574:978-0-8173-5515-9
2416:of Taíno origin.
2414:mitochondrial DNA
2389:study mapped the
2359:Taíno restoration
2310:. The Maroons of
2296:enslaved Africans
2284:colony of Jamaica
2176:
2175:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2063:used on Knowledge
2061:encyclopedic tone
2042:
2041:
2034:
1983:
1883:Emperor Charles V
1698:Encomienda system
1615:Spanish and Taíno
1592:murdered his son
1519:, turtles, fish,
1337:. The Taíno grew
1190:, other mammals,
948:Cacicazgo/society
881:Arawakan language
661:Julian H. Steward
565:and the northern
367:mitochondrial DNA
339:Arawakan language
283:
282:
143:
142:
135:
117:
16:(Redirected from
8765:
8645:
8596:
8595:
8529:Caribbean people
8512:
8511:
8412:
8411:
8361:
8360:
8328:Sovereign states
8308:Populated places
8208:Windward Islands
8203:Leeward Antilles
8188:Greater Antilles
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8039:
8038:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7995:
7994:
7965:
7950:
7935:
7920:
7905:
7896:
7895:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7754:
7753:
7740:Spanish Conquest
7717:Spanish Conquest
7692:Spanish Conquest
7681:Spanish Conquest
7123:
7122:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6349:
6348:
6321:Taíno Diccionary
6303:
6287:
6275:
6266:
6243:Wíčazo Ša Review
6204:
6178:
6167:
6146:
6109:
6088:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6032:
6020:
6006:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5874:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5812:
5801:
5800:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5740:. Archived from
5738:Orlando Sentinel
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5632:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5308:Reséndez, Andrés
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5055:
5049:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4898:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4756:. Archived from
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4726:. Archived from
4716:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4681:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4588:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4159:Barreiro, José.
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3961:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3821:Internet Archive
3813:
3807:
3806:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3717:
3702:
3701:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3608:
3599:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3534:. Archived from
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3380:Internet Archive
3372:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3276:. Archived from
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2982:(3–4): 199–202.
2967:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2724:. Archived from
2711:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2648:, p. 13-15.
2643:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2556:
2545:
2531:
2466:
2464:Caribbean portal
2461:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2430:Y-chromosome DNA
2410:Greater Antilles
2300:Jamaican Maroons
2171:
2164:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:for suggestions.
2067:See Knowledge's
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2017:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1975:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1687:Kirkpatrick Sale
1076:The practice of
760:The Taíno had a
734:(commoners) and
529:Windward Islands
396:Greater Antilles
289:were a historic
235:
227:Creole languages
158:
151:
147:
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
21:
8773:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8648:
8641:
8624:
8585:
8497:
8464:Stock exchanges
8397:
8342:
8251:
8222:Caribbean Plate
8198:Leeward Islands
8193:Lesser Antilles
8154:
8094:
8028:
8022:
7992:
7987:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7956:
7951:
7941:
7936:
7926:
7921:
7911:
7906:
7889:
7876:
7846:
7837:
7828:
7826:
7819:
7761:
7752:
7742:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7694:
7683:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7638:Quemuenchatocha
7636:
7627:
7623:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7567:
7436:
7345:
7319:
7308:
7255:Human Sacrifice
7252:
7244:Human Sacrifice
7241:
7215:
7188:Mayan Languages
7116:
6728:
6560:
6417:
6398:Genetic history
6381:
6376:
6311:
6306:
6278:
6201:
6164:
6106:
6085:
6061:
6059:
6040:
6038:Further reading
6035:
6029:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5970:
5960:
5956:
5925:
5921:
5910:
5906:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5813:
5804:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5760:
5756:
5747:
5745:
5730:
5726:
5717:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5662:
5655:
5639:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5589:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5498:
5491:
5456:
5452:
5417:
5413:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5328:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5189:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5041:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4784:
4780:
4769:
4765:
4746:
4742:
4733:
4731:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4657:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4624:
4620:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4520:10.2307/4128440
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4275:
4271:
4252:
4248:
4236:
4232:
4221:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3981:
3974:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3884:"Indios Tainos"
3882:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3795:
3781:
3774:
3759:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3705:
3690:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3638:
3623:
3609:
3602:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3528:"Taino Culture"
3526:
3525:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3415:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3188:
3184:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3086:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3001:
2997:
2968:
2961:
2932:
2928:
2913:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2872:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
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2692:
2690:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2663:www.science.org
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2462:
2457:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2383:
2346:
2340:
2320:
2276:
2244:Frank Moya Pons
2241:
2225:
2181:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2057:This article's
2053:
2049:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2010:help improve it
2007:
1995:
1991:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1923:Andrés Reséndez
1885:eradicated the
1816:
1810:
1763:
1617:
1534:Brooklyn Museum
1531:
1466:Lombards Museum
1464:
1396:
1389:
1169:
950:
922:(savanna), and
887:in the form of
879:Taíno spoke an
871:. Games on the
795:. Their dugout
705:
665:Central America
657:Colombian Andes
614:
608:are also used.
567:Lesser Antilles
548:Creole language
521:Leeward Islands
375:
319:Lesser Antilles
233:
229:
168:
163:
146:
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8771:
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8755:
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8599:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8561:
8559:Radio stations
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
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8509:
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8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8275:
8273:Extreme points
8270:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
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8239:
8234:
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8108:
8106:Afro-Caribbean
8102:
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7748:
7737:
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7689:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7652:
7631:
7618:
7601:
7600:Notable Rulers
7597:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7569:Neo-Inca State
7562:
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6375:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6352:
6346:
6345:
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6325:
6317:
6310:
6309:External links
6307:
6305:
6304:
6289:
6276:
6267:
6238:
6227:
6216:
6205:
6200:978-0820474885
6199:
6182:
6168:
6162:
6147:
6127:10.2307/276984
6121:(4): 348–352.
6110:
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5954:
5919:
5904:
5834:
5802:
5783:
5776:
5754:
5724:
5699:
5669:
5653:
5644:Centro Journal
5624:
5612:
5598:
5574:
5559:Barreiro, Jose
5550:
5520:
5489:
5450:
5431:(3): 305–320.
5411:
5392:(4): 376–388.
5369:
5363:978-1786090034
5362:
5344:
5327:978-0547640983
5326:
5320:. p. 17.
5299:
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4914:978-0195085570
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4812:
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4778:
4763:
4740:
4711:
4651:
4618:
4550:
4541:
4514:(4): 597–626.
4498:
4489:
4480:
4474:978-0300133899
4473:
4453:
4447:978-1438108315
4446:
4426:
4417:
4371:
4357:
4337:
4323:
4303:
4289:
4269:
4246:
4230:
4215:
4195:
4186:
4184:Rouse, p. 118.
4177:
4151:
4142:
4128:
4108:
4106:Rouse, p. 119.
4096:
4089:
4071:
4069:Rouse, p. 121.
4062:
4032:
4019:
4006:
3993:
3979:
3972:
3946:
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3870:
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3575:
3549:
3519:
3495:
3465:
3453:
3444:
3432:
3413:
3393:
3367:
3339:
3328:(2): 383–386.
3308:
3283:
3258:
3218:
3209:
3202:
3182:
3155:(4): 491–511.
3136:
3124:
3099:
3084:
3065:
3053:
3026:
3019:
2995:
2959:
2926:
2917:Centro Journal
2904:
2870:
2808:
2776:
2751:
2739:
2699:
2674:
2650:
2638:
2623:
2621:, p. 161.
2611:
2580:
2573:
2546:
2543:978-1547284931
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:List of Taínos
2491:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2437:
2434:
2382:
2379:
2339:
2336:
2319:
2316:
2308:Juan de Serras
2292:Blue Mountains
2275:
2272:
2240:
2237:
2224:
2221:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2156:
2155:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2039:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1878:David Stannard
1814:Taíno genocide
1812:Main article:
1809:
1806:
1762:
1759:
1616:
1613:
1585:oral tradition
1554:hallucinogenic
1440:respectively.
1388:
1385:
1284:slash-and-burn
1264:mangrove roots
1235:River Saliente
1168:
1165:
949:
946:
906:("barbecue"),
891:, as found in
704:
701:
673:
672:
653:
613:
610:
587:Virgin Islands
499:Island Arawaks
392:social reality
374:
371:
281:
280:
254:
253:
249:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
234:(historically)
207:
206:
202:
201:
175:
174:
170:
169:
159:
144:
141:
140:
55:
53:
46:
34:Taíno language
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8770:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8635:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8588:
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8579:
8577:
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8570:
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8447:
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8410:
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8404:
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8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
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8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
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8258:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8227:Caribbean Sea
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8194:
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8119:
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8112:
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8101:
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8035:
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8026:
8019:
8014:
8012:
8007:
8005:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7986:
7985:
7979:
7970:
7969:
7968:South America
7964:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7938:North America
7934:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7873:
7868:
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7861:
7859:
7854:
7853:
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7707:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7686:Hernán Cortés
7682:
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7672:
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7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
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6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
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6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6734:South America
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6556:Weeden Island
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Poverty Point
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6496:Mississippian
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6423:North America
6420:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6393:Paleo-Indians
6391:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6030:
6028:0-300-05696-6
6024:
6019:
6018:
6012:
6011:Rouse, Irving
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5986:Cited sources
5969:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5935:(3): 352–68.
5934:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5744:on 2021-07-21
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5692:September 14,
5687:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5629:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5588:
5587:NMAI Magazine
5584:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5543:September 14,
5538:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5494:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5270:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:"Puerto Rico"
5202:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5122:
5107:
5105:9781113147608
5101:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5073:
5071:9781113147608
5067:
5063:
5062:
5054:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4977:
4975:9780819196422
4971:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4943:
4941:9781113147608
4937:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4869:
4867:9781113147608
4863:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4835:
4833:9781113147608
4829:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4801:
4799:9781113147608
4795:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4730:on 2007-10-16
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4421:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4360:
4358:9781113147608
4354:
4350:
4349:
4341:
4326:
4324:9781113147608
4320:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4292:
4290:9781113147608
4286:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4243:0-333-57479-6
4240:
4234:
4226:
4219:
4213:
4212:0-333-57479-6
4209:
4205:
4199:
4193:Rouse, p. 14.
4190:
4181:
4166:
4165:NMAI Magazine
4162:
4155:
4146:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4090:0-9746236-4-4
4086:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:Duke, Guy S.
4036:
4029:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3950:
3944:Rouse, p. 13.
3941:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3865:9780199366439
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3733:9780942961201
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3659:
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3651:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3592:9781463539283
3589:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3442:Rouse, p. 15.
3439:
3437:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3298:on 2006-10-09
3297:
3293:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3216:Rouse, p. 16.
3213:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3096:
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3041:
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3016:
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3008:
3007:
2999:
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2985:
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2723:
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2717:
2710:
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2704:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2647:
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2634:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
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2484:
2481:
2479:
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2474:
2471:
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2427:
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2411:
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2400:
2396:
2392:
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2378:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2318:United States
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:Juan de Bolas
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2170:
2167:
2152:
2149:
2141:
2138:December 2019
2131:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2088:
2080:
2077:December 2019
2070:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2025:
2022:December 2019
2015:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:This article
1997:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
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1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:Santo Domingo
1822:
1815:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1767:
1758:
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1749:
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1706:
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1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Guanahatabeys
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
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1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
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1535:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:and her son,
1412:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:tuberous root
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
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1209:
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1201:
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1189:
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1177:
1173:
1164:
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1158:
1154:
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1131:
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1123:
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1111:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
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1068:
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1058:
1056:
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1032:
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1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
954:
945:
943:
938:
936:
935:
929:
927:
926:
921:
918:("tobacco"),
917:
913:
910:("hammock"),
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:proto-writing
882:
877:
874:
870:
865:
861:
860:
851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
725:
721:
714:
713:cassava bread
709:
700:
698:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
679:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
629:
623:
618:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:Eastern Taíno
580:
576:
575:Western Taíno
572:
571:Classic Taíno
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Island Arawak
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:José Barreiro
466:According to
464:
462:
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
422:, from which
421:
417:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
384:
379:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
275:
271:
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263:
259:
255:
250:
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238:
232:
228:
224:
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208:
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200:
196:
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180:
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171:
167:
162:
157:
152:
137:
134:
126:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84: –
83:
79:
78:Find sources:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:This article
54:
50:
45:
44:
39:
35:
27:
19:
8608:Pre-Arawakan
8591:Demographics
8120:
8056:(1500s–1830)
7982:
7960:
7945:
7930:
7915:
7900:
7825:
7758:
7608:Moctezuma II
7565:Inca history
7490:Andean Music
7434:Architecture
7429:Architecture
7424:Architecture
7419:Architecture
7415:Architecture
7409:Gender Roles
7154:Tenochtitlan
7077:Timoto–Cuica
7072:Tierradentro
7061:
6857:Casma–Sechin
6589:Chalcatzingo
6337:
6329:
6320:
6297:
6283:
6280:
6271:
6249:(1): 25–50.
6246:
6242:
6237:No. 5 (2001)
6234:
6226:No. 1 (1998)
6223:
6212:
6190:
6173:
6152:
6118:
6114:
6094:
6073:
6060:. Retrieved
6054:
6045:
6016:
6002:
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5971:. Retrieved
5967:
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5922:
5913:
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5837:
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5821:EurekaAlert!
5820:
5796:
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5767:
5757:
5746:. Retrieved
5742:the original
5737:
5727:
5716:. Retrieved
5714:. 2022-04-06
5711:
5702:
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5681:
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5664:
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5586:
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5211:
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5060:
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5003:
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4957:
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4930:
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4849:
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4822:
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4803:. Retrieved
4788:
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4758:the original
4753:
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4728:the original
4723:
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4631:
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4118:
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4080:
4074:
4065:
4054:. Retrieved
4045:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3991:Rouse, p.12.
3957:
3949:
3940:
3913:
3907:
3896:. Retrieved
3887:
3847:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3820:
3811:
3784:
3748:
3742:
3722:
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3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3653:
3612:
3595:
3583:
3578:
3568:November 20,
3566:. Retrieved
3561:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:the original
3531:
3522:
3511:. Retrieved
3508:ufdc.ufl.edu
3507:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3478:Tainoage.com
3477:
3468:
3447:
3423:. Retrieved
3403:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3362:
3355:. Retrieved
3349:
3342:
3325:
3322:Ethnohistory
3321:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3286:
3278:the original
3271:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3212:
3192:
3185:
3152:
3148:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:
3102:
3097:, p. 7.
3078:
3074:
3068:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3029:
3005:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2946:(3–4): 211.
2943:
2939:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2895:. Retrieved
2886:
2828:
2822:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2788:
2779:
2768:. Retrieved
2766:. 2024-09-17
2763:
2754:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:the original
2719:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2614:
2604:, retrieved
2592:
2583:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2504:Pomier Caves
2418:
2407:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2325:
2321:
2277:
2268:oral history
2264:architecture
2253:
2242:
2226:
2199:
2197:
2162:
2144:
2135:
2113:
2083:
2074:
2058:
2028:
2019:
2000:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1962:Please help
1959:
1935:Jason Hickel
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1876:. Historian
1866:encomenderos
1865:
1864:and Spanish
1859:
1845:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1817:
1802:
1795:
1784:
1772:
1752:
1745:
1705:Agüeybaná II
1702:
1691:
1684:
1676:San Salvador
1675:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1532:
1512:
1504:
1493:
1470:
1465:
1446:human beings
1442:
1438:
1435:
1427:
1404:
1397:
1387:Spirituality
1378:
1331:
1323:
1319:sweet potato
1314:
1309:, a kind of
1306:
1287:
1279:
1268:
1240:
1185:
1179:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1075:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
994:
980:
962:
939:
932:
930:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
901:
878:
872:
868:
857:
855:
849:
838:
834:
830:
828:
823:
815:
813:
808:
805:
800:
786:
759:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
731:
729:
723:
694:
689:
674:
638:Amazon Basin
627:
622:Island Carib
605:
601:
597:
595:
582:
578:
574:
570:
558:
556:
535:
533:
525:Island Taíno
524:
516:
512:
508:
507:
503:Irving Rouse
498:
494:
490:
484:
471:
465:
460:
456:
451:
449:
432:
428:
423:
419:
415:
413:
407:
399:
388:
355:Puerto Rican
351:
286:
284:
274:Guanahatabey
145:Ethnic group
129:
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
26:
8268:Earthquakes
7671:Túpac Amaru
7655:Manco Cápac
7604:Moctezuma I
7515:Agriculture
7510:Agriculture
7505:Agriculture
7496:Agriculture
7439:Road System
7328:Mathematics
7193:Muysc Cubun
7047:San Agustín
6997:Monte Verde
6674:Teotihuacan
6566:Mesoamerica
6461:Coles Creek
6446:Anishinaabe
6403:Archaeology
6330:Smithsonian
6098:. Penguin.
6077:. Penguin.
5973:13 December
5968:Smithsonian
5620:Guitar 2000
4135:16 December
2897:November 3,
2395:the Bahamas
2385:In 2018, a
2217:Puerto Rico
2191:, Cuba, in
1931:Black Death
1775:matrilineal
1670:nations of
1497:pictographs
1490:stalagmites
1486:petroglyphs
1431:floodwaters
1262:in exposed
1178:, starchy (
1025:, known as
987:settlements
969:Puerto Rico
914:("canoe"),
897:West Indies
778:avunculocal
762:matrilineal
585:, from the
439:, while in
373:Terminology
315:the Bahamas
311:Puerto Rico
195:Puerto Rico
8672:Categories
8615:Population
8544:Literature
8133:Hurricanes
7642:Tisquesusa
7616:Cuauhtémoc
7612:Cuitláhuac
6942:Lauricocha
6912:Gran Chaco
6902:Cupisnique
6887:Chinchorro
6862:Chachapoya
6852:Caral–Supe
6694:Tlaxcaltec
6684:Teuchitlán
6599:Chupícuaro
6526:Plum Bayou
6521:Plaquemine
6491:Marksville
6456:Chichimeca
6180:wikisource
5748:2024-09-23
5718:2023-05-14
5682:Census.gov
5592:2023-09-17
5533:Census.gov
5513:6 February
5507:BBC Travel
5338:2019-06-21
5260:2016-01-05
5222:2011-12-04
5192:2016-01-05
5154:2016-01-05
5045:L'Histoire
5011:2021-01-12
4903:. p.
4734:2007-10-02
4645:2020-12-24
4410:October 7,
4206:, p. 100,
4129:0822382547
4056:2017-12-03
3932:1025952187
3923:1558761225
3898:2019-05-10
3831:7 November
3803:1025952187
3794:1558761225
3767:1025952187
3758:1558761225
3689:1558761217
3664:2019-05-10
3631:1025952187
3622:1558761225
3513:2020-11-17
3302:2006-11-09
3252:2019-01-08
3118:2024-09-23
3095:Rouse 1992
3061:Rouse 1992
2923:: 206–247.
2770:2024-09-24
2747:Rouse 1992
2732:8 November
2693:2022-10-23
2668:2022-10-23
2646:Rouse 1992
2619:Rouse 1992
2606:2024-09-24
2521:References
2342:See also:
2312:Moore Town
2260:technology
2115:neutrality
1965:improve it
1895:cabalgadas
1887:encomienda
1852:protection
1847:encomienda
1754:encomienda
1748:Enriquillo
1662:, and the
1656:Guadeloupe
1583:One Taíno
1569:Piptadenia
1546:petroglyph
1363:calabashes
1355:pineapples
1294:, a woody
1272:root crops
1224:vegetation
1192:earthworms
1134:harvesting
1108:Under the
1067:Indigenous
1014:, and the
995:cacicazgos
889:petroglyph
816:yucayeques
764:system of
685:haplotypes
678:Amerindian
591:Montserrat
441:Guadeloupe
246:Polytheism
123:April 2021
93:newspapers
8620:Religions
8603:Languages
8534:Carnivals
8449:Companies
8388:CARIFORUM
8368:Democracy
8303:Mountains
8293:Cetaceans
8263:Bioregion
8164:Geography
8025:Caribbean
7887:continent
7663:Atahualpa
7659:Pachacuti
7634:Nemequene
7500:Chinampas
7322:Astronomy
7311:Astronomy
7291:Mythology
7286:Mythology
7281:Mythology
7276:Mythology
7272:Mythology
7102:Wankarani
7092:Tuncahuán
6982:Marajoara
6937:Las Vegas
6823:Atacameño
6719:Xochipala
6659:Purépecha
6619:Epi-Olmec
6609:Cuicuilco
6551:Troyville
6541:St. Johns
6343:Archived.
6263:159481939
6143:164059254
6062:August 9,
5881:0027-8424
5484:0271-5309
5470:: 19–32.
5445:1755-4217
5406:1177-1801
4688:1476-4687
4640:0362-4331
4595:1476-4687
4536:143836481
4397:1137-2354
4385:Guaraguao
4170:August 9,
3542:August 8,
3386:August 9,
3149:Hum. Biol
2631:"Taino".
2421:autosomal
2374:Neo-Taíno
2198:Although
2126:talk page
1971:talk page
1911:influenza
1905:disease (
1861:anaborios
1856:education
1792:hierarchy
1787:Spaniards
1725:Guarionex
1692:In 1511,
1639:his diary
1631:Europeans
1371:palm nuts
1243:fishermen
1093:and rare
1035:Spaniards
1023:chieftain
982:cacicazgo
942:war paint
646:Venezuela
602:Neo-Taino
579:sub-Taíno
414:The term
406:in 1836.
363:Dominican
333:, in the
327:New World
205:Languages
8652:Category
8576:Stadiums
8424:Airports
8419:Airlines
8356:Politics
8256:By topic
8183:Antilles
8099:By topic
8042:Timeline
7759:See also
7677:Conquest
7650:Zoratama
7317:Calendar
7306:Calendar
7301:Calendar
7297:Calendar
7266:Religion
7261:Religion
7250:Religion
7239:Religion
7235:Religion
7224:Numerals
7218:Numerals
7179:Language
7159:Multiple
7097:Valdivia
7082:Tiwanaku
7042:Saladoid
7037:Quimbaya
6927:Kuhikugu
6907:Diaguita
6897:Chorrera
6714:Veraguas
6709:Veracruz
6689:Tlatilco
6501:Mogollon
6408:Cultures
6386:Americas
6207:DeRLAS.
6013:(1992).
5949:25043798
5899:29463742
5827:4 August
5686:Archived
5537:Archived
5332:Archived
5310:(2016).
5292:June 22,
5286:Archived
5254:Archived
5216:Archived
5186:Archived
5148:Archived
4891:(1993).
4706:33361817
4613:33361817
4405:44871987
4050:Archived
4002:Arnoldia
3892:Archived
3825:Archived
3698:37457914
3658:Archived
3482:Archived
3425:11 April
3419:Archived
3357:8 August
3246:Archived
3177:29125467
3169:11512677
3040:Archived
2891:Archived
2865:29463742
2795:Archived
2790:Newsweek
2478:Garifuna
2436:See also
2419:Sixteen
2256:medicine
2119:disputed
1907:smallpox
1903:epidemic
1729:Orocobix
1602:calabash
1208:Manatees
1149:bohíques
1142:naborias
1138:nitaínos
1130:warriors
1122:nitaínos
1118:naborias
1114:nitaínos
1095:feathers
1078:polygamy
1055:maternal
1051:nitaínos
1047:caciques
1016:naborias
1012:bohíques
1008:nitaínos
991:villages
904:barbacoa
782:polygamy
746:bohíques
741:caciques
736:nitaínos
732:naborias
667:and the
650:Trinidad
343:caciques
266:Garifuna
262:Kalinago
240:Religion
8643:Outline
8539:Cuisine
8507:Culture
8493:Tourism
8481:in Cuba
8454:Fishing
8407:Economy
8288:Mammals
8282:by area
8278:Islands
8176:Regions
8143:Malaria
8034:History
7953:Oceania
7923:Eurasia
7881:of the
7646:Tundama
7575:Peoples
7560:History
7555:History
7550:History
7546:History
7540:Cuisine
7535:Cuisine
7530:Cuisine
7525:Cuisine
7521:Cuisine
7379:Warfare
7374:Warfare
7369:Warfare
7365:Warfare
7359:Society
7354:Economy
7343:Society
7338:Society
7334:Society
7204:Writing
7198:Quechua
7183:Nahuatl
7150:Capital
7087:Toyopán
7067:Tairona
6977:Mapuche
6892:Chiripa
6867:Chancay
6838:Cañaris
6813:Amotape
6808:El Abra
6724:Zapotec
6704:Totonac
6679:Tepanec
6664:Quelepa
6634:Mezcala
6624:Huastec
6594:Cholula
6584:Capacha
6579:Acolhua
6536:Sinagua
6511:Patayan
6481:Hohokam
6471:Fremont
6235:Eleusis
6224:Eleusis
5890:5877975
5859:Bibcode
5111:21 July
5077:21 July
4981:21 July
4947:21 July
4873:21 July
4839:21 July
4805:21 July
4697:7864882
4604:7864882
4573:Bibcode
4528:4128440
4364:10 July
4330:10 July
4296:31 July
3046:22 June
2856:5877975
2833:Bibcode
2635:. 2018.
2473:Ciboney
2274:Jamaica
2233:Baracoa
2229:Yateras
2213:Jamaica
2189:Baracoa
2008:Please
1925:of the
1915:measles
1837:slavery
1797:cazicas
1721:Urayoán
1717:Jumacao
1709:Arasibo
1672:Florida
1660:Grenada
1611:fruit.
1574:fasting
1559:called
1505:conucos
1501:tattoos
1482:pottery
1423:Kiskeya
1359:Tobacco
1351:peanuts
1347:peppers
1300:starchy
1292:cassava
1288:conucos
1280:conucos
1260:oysters
1256:mussels
1220:iguanas
1216:parrots
1200:turtles
1196:lizards
1176:Cassava
1161:rituals
1153:priests
1110:cacique
1039:cacicas
1037:called
1027:cacique
1003:cacique
989:around
973:kinship
934:macanas
925:juracán
895:in the
824:areitos
820:rituals
766:kinship
754:bohíos,
703:Culture
669:Guianas
642:Orinoco
612:Origins
544:dialect
495:Arawaks
420:nitayno
416:nitaino
323:Lucayan
303:Jamaica
215:Spanish
211:English
199:Bahamas
191:Jamaica
107:scholar
82:"Taíno"
8657:Portal
8554:Poetry
8459:Hotels
8444:Citrus
8323:Ultras
8313:Rivers
8126:Arawak
8054:Piracy
7908:Africa
7589:Muisca
7584:Mayans
7579:Aztecs
7213:Script
7208:Script
7168:Bacatá
7139:Muisca
7022:Pucará
7017:Piaroa
7012:Paiján
7007:Omagua
6962:Lupaca
6957:Lokono
6922:Kalina
6917:Huetar
6877:Chavín
6872:Chango
6847:Nariño
6843:Capulí
6833:Calima
6828:Aymara
6818:Arawak
6699:Toltec
6649:Olmecs
6644:Nicoya
6639:Mixtec
6614:Diquis
6516:Picosa
6506:Oshara
6476:Glades
6466:Dorset
6272:Kacike
6261:
6197:
6160:
6141:
6135:276984
6133:
6102:
6081:
6046:Atenea
6025:
5999:Kacike
5947:
5897:
5887:
5879:
5774:
5650:: 211.
5482:
5443:
5404:
5360:
5324:
5246:
5178:
5140:
5102:
5068:
4972:
4938:
4911:
4864:
4830:
4796:
4704:
4694:
4686:
4666:Nature
4638:
4611:
4601:
4593:
4565:Nature
4534:
4526:
4471:
4444:
4403:
4395:
4355:
4321:
4287:
4241:
4210:
4126:
4087:
4028:Atenea
3970:
3930:
3920:
3862:
3801:
3791:
3765:
3755:
3730:
3696:
3686:
3629:
3619:
3590:
3488:19 May
3411:
3233:Nature
3200:
3175:
3167:
3017:
2863:
2853:
2801:19 May
2571:
2541:
2514:Yamaye
2391:genome
2280:Maroon
2248:Creole
2207:, the
1919:typhus
1917:, and
1874:wealth
1780:Caribs
1737:Hatuey
1727:, and
1713:Hayuya
1664:Calusa
1594:Yayael
1578:maraca
1562:cohoba
1521:snakes
1415:Yúcahu
1411:Atabey
1377:, and
1375:guavas
1367:cotton
1353:, and
1339:squash
1335:chicha
1315:Batata
1247:remora
1202:, and
1188:hutias
1140:. The
1126:nobles
1091:cotton
1086:guanín
1082:status
1071:Caribs
1063:family
1031:cacica
1010:, the
1006:, the
965:Arawak
920:sabana
916:tabaco
908:hamaca
864:rubber
839:hamaca
831:bohios
797:canoes
789:cotton
750:guanín
634:Arawak
624:groups
552:pidgin
540:Caribs
513:Arawak
476:Arawak
400:Taínos
385:, Cuba
361:, and
321:. The
297:, the
278:Arawak
270:Igneri
258:Lokono
219:French
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
8678:Taíno
8564:Sport
8549:Music
8476:Sugar
8318:Trees
8121:Taíno
7883:world
7594:Incas
7485:Music
7480:Music
7475:Music
7471:Music
7404:Women
7399:Women
7394:Women
7390:Women
7348:Trade
7229:Quipu
7173:Cusco
7164:Hunza
7129:Aztec
7062:Taíno
7057:Sican
7052:Shuar
7002:Nazca
6992:Mollo
6987:Moche
6967:Luzia
6882:Chimú
6654:Pipil
6629:Izapa
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