260:
20:
283:
However, Chinese public opinion was hostile to terms that were so favorable to Japan and so humiliating to China. Although the truce provided for a demilitarized buffer zone, Japanese territorial ambitions towards China remained, and the truce proved to be only a temporary respite until hostilities
267:
The Tanggu Truce de facto resulted in the recognition of
Manchukuo by the Kuomintang government and its acknowledgement of the loss of Rehe. It provided for a temporary end to the combat between China and Japan, and relations between both countries briefly improved. On May 17, 1935, the Japanese
233:
from the Peace
Preservation Corps and provided for any disputes that could not be resolved by the Peace Preservation Corps to be settled by agreement between the Japanese and the Chinese governments.
167:
From the start of hostilities, China had appealed to its neighbors and the international community but received no effective support. When China called an emergency meeting of the
276:
was concluded. The Tanggu Truce gave Chiang Kai-shek time to consolidate his forces and to concentrate his efforts against the
Chinese Communist Party albeit at the expense of
557:
175:'s report ultimately condemned Japan's actions but offered no plan for intervention. In response, the Japanese simply withdrew from the League on March 27, 1933.
487:
547:
223:
222:
or ground patrols to ensure that the agreement was maintained. Public order within the zone was to be maintained by a lightly armed
206:
On May 22, 1933, Chinese and
Japanese representatives met to negotiate the end of the conflict. The Japanese demands were severe: a
552:
377:
542:
23:
Tanggu Truce negotiations between the
Japanese delegation on the left and Chinese delegation on the right on 31 May 1933
537:
522:
471:
450:
428:
407:
386:
91:
532:
527:
243:
Furthermore, most of the new demilitarized zone was within the remaining territory of a discredited
Manchurian
230:
126:
107:
63:
517:
55:
562:
157:
285:
218:
military units were to be allowed in the demilitarized zone, but the
Japanese were allowed to use
156:. After conquering that province by March, it drove the remaining Chinese armies in the northeast
219:
195:
512:
507:
146:
138:
461:
152:
In
January 1933, to secure Manchukuo's southern borders, a joint Japanese and Manchukuo force
214:
to
Tianjin was to be created, with the Great Wall itself under Japanese control. No regular
297:
45:
8:
443:
A World in Flames: A Short
History of the Second World War in Europe and Asia, 1939–1945
236:
Harried by their civil war with the communists and unable to win international support,
418:
273:
207:
182:, who wanted a quick end to the China conflict and for Japan not to venture beyond the
467:
446:
424:
403:
397:
382:
191:
172:
168:
37:
302:
129:
and, by February 1932, it had captured the entire region. The last emperor of the
237:
119:
99:
95:
438:
372:
248:
153:
87:
501:
123:
130:
141:, was convinced by the Japanese to accept the throne of the new Empire of
277:
178:
The Japanese army was under explicit instructions from Japanese Emperor
240:
and the Chinese government agreed to virtually all of Japan's demands.
215:
187:
183:
142:
83:
259:
179:
269:
244:
211:
103:
16:
1933 ceasefire between the Republic of China and Empire of Japan
71:
19:
399:
Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost
171:, a committee was established to investigate the affair. The
161:
190:
were under severe pressure from the simultaneous full-scale
134:
354:
352:
186:. Japan's negotiating position was very strong, as the
349:
210:extending 100 km south of the Great Wall from
499:
49:
463:Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations
324:
322:
320:
318:
268:legation in China was raised to the status of
558:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
459:
315:
224:Demilitarized Zone Peace Preservation Corps
145:, which remained under the control of the
137:, who was living in exile in the Foreign
106:, on May 31, 1933. It formally ended the
258:
18:
437:
378:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
229:Two secret clauses excluded any of the
500:
263:Area demilitarized by the Tanggu Truce
395:
110:, which had begun in September 1931.
416:
122:of September 18, 1931, the Japanese
548:Treaties entered into force in 1933
460:Van Ginneken, Anique H. M. (2006).
371:
13:
365:
14:
574:
481:
420:Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
402:. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
553:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
201:
488:"JAPAN-CHINA: Breathing Spell"
340:
331:
231:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies
108:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
76:
67:
59:
1:
284:erupted again in 1937 by the
113:
308:
272:, and on June 10, 1935, the
254:
90:that was signed between the
7:
291:
50:
10:
579:
543:Treaties concluded in 1933
41:
538:Second Sino-Japanese War
523:Interwar-period treaties
396:Fenby, Jonathan (2003).
286:Second Sino-Japanese War
533:Peace treaties of Japan
528:Peace treaties of China
494:magazine, June 12, 1933
220:reconnaissance aircraft
31:, sometimes called the
264:
147:Imperial Japanese Army
139:Concessions in Tianjin
24:
445:. New York: Longman.
417:Hane, Mikiso (2001).
337:Van Ginneken, p. 115.
328:Kitchen, pp. 140–141.
262:
158:beyond the Great Wall
22:
518:History of Manchuria
381:. Harper Perennial.
298:Japanese imperialism
188:Chinese Nationalists
466:. Scarecrow Press.
64:traditional Chinese
423:. Westview Press.
274:He-Umezu Agreement
265:
208:demilitarized zone
196:Chinese communists
56:simplified Chinese
25:
173:Lytton Commission
169:League of Nations
127:invaded Manchuria
92:Republic of China
570:
563:Unequal treaties
477:
456:
434:
413:
392:
359:
356:
347:
344:
338:
335:
329:
326:
303:Unequal treaties
81:
78:
69:
61:
53:
43:
578:
577:
573:
572:
571:
569:
568:
567:
498:
497:
484:
474:
453:
439:Kitchen, Martin
431:
410:
389:
373:Bix, Herbert P.
368:
366:General sources
363:
362:
357:
350:
345:
341:
336:
332:
327:
316:
311:
294:
257:
238:Chiang Kai-shek
204:
120:Mukden Incident
116:
96:Empire of Japan
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
576:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
496:
495:
483:
482:External links
480:
479:
478:
472:
457:
451:
435:
429:
414:
408:
393:
387:
367:
364:
361:
360:
348:
346:Fenby, p. 282.
339:
330:
313:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
300:
293:
290:
256:
253:
249:Zhang Xueliang
203:
200:
115:
112:
88:unequal treaty
77:Tánggū Xiédìng
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
575:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:1933 in Japan
511:
509:
508:1933 in China
506:
505:
503:
493:
489:
486:
485:
475:
473:9780810865136
469:
465:
464:
458:
454:
452:0-582-03407-8
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
430:0-8133-3756-9
426:
422:
421:
415:
411:
409:0-7867-1318-6
405:
401:
400:
394:
390:
388:0-06-093130-2
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:
355:
353:
343:
334:
325:
323:
321:
319:
314:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
261:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
124:Kwantung Army
121:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
73:
65:
57:
52:
47:
39:
34:
30:
21:
491:
462:
442:
419:
398:
376:
358:Bix, p. 272.
342:
333:
282:
266:
242:
235:
228:
205:
202:Negotiations
194:against the
177:
166:
154:invaded Rehe
151:
131:Qing dynasty
117:
75:
33:Tangku Truce
32:
29:Tanggu Truce
28:
26:
278:North China
51:Tōko kyōtei
502:Categories
216:Kuomintang
184:Great Wall
164:Province.
118:After the
114:Background
309:Citations
255:Aftermath
192:civil war
143:Manchukuo
84:ceasefire
441:(1990).
375:(2001).
292:See also
180:Hirohito
94:and the
82:, was a
38:Japanese
270:embassy
245:warlord
212:Beijing
104:Tianjin
46:Hepburn
470:
449:
427:
406:
385:
100:Tanggu
74::
72:pinyin
66::
58::
162:Hebei
160:into
492:Time
468:ISBN
447:ISBN
425:ISBN
404:ISBN
383:ISBN
135:Puyi
86:and
68:塘沽協定
60:塘沽协定
42:塘沽協定
27:The
98:in
504::
351:^
317:^
288:.
280:.
251:.
247:,
226:.
198:.
149:.
133:,
102:,
70:;
62:;
54:,
48::
44:,
40::
490:—
476:.
455:.
433:.
412:.
391:.
80:)
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
