3117:
1220:
1207:
1194:
2511:
you may see a light entirely red, just like fire. This is a sign of transcendence. In guarding the light of the One, you may see a light entirely yellow. When this develops a greenish tinge, it is the light of central harmony. This is a potent remedy of the Tao. In guarding the light of the One, you may see a light entirely white. When this is as clear as flowing water, it is the light of lesser yin. In guarding the light of the One, you may see a light entirely black. When this shimmers like deep water, it is the light of greater yin.
4086:
5811:
4662:
3116:
2104:
wood? Can the mind really be made to become like dead ashes? The one who is leaning against the table now is not the one who was formerly leaning against the table." "Indeed," said Sir Motley, "your question is a good one, Yen. Just now, I lost myself. Can you understand this? You may have heard the pipes of man, but not the pipes of earth. You may have heard the pipes of earth, but not the pipes of heaven." (2)
2132:] of old did not dream when he slept and did not worry when he was awake. His food was not savory, his breathing was deep. The breathing of the true man is from his heels, the breathing of the common man is from his throat. The words of those who unwillingly yield catch in their throats as though they were retching. Those whose desires are deep-seated will have shallow natural reserves. (6)
2029:"Maintaining the unity of your will," said Confucius, "listen not with your ears but with your mind. Listen not with your mind but with your primal breath. The ears are limited to listening, the mind is limited to tallying. The primal breath, however, awaits things emptily. It is only through the Way that one can gather emptiness, and emptiness is the fasting of the mind." (4)
129:
1047:
2456:"Open and close the gate of heaven". The Heshang commentary says, "The gate of heaven is called the purple secret palace of the north-pole. To open and shut means to end and to begin with the five junctures. In the practice of asceticism, the gate of heaven means the nostrils. To open means to breathe hard; to shut means to inhale and exhale."
2147:
old and taking in the new, bear strides and bird stretches—all this is merely indicative of the desire for longevity. But it is favored by scholars who channel the vital breath and flex the muscles and joints, men who nourish the physical form so as to emulate the hoary age of
Progenitor P'eng [i.e.,
2441:
that Mair renders "Cleanse the mirror of mysteries". Erkes translates "By purifying and cleansing one gets the dark look", because the commentary says, "One must purify one's mind and let it become clear. If the mind stays in dark places, the look knows all its doings. Therefore it is called the dark
2146:
Retiring to bogs and marshes, dwelling in the vacant wilderness, fishing and living leisurely—all this is merely indicative of nonaction. But it is favored by the scholars of rivers and lakes, men who flee from the world and wish to be idle. Blowing and breathing, exhaling and inhaling, expelling the
2369:
Now Wang Qiao and Chi Songzi exhaled and inhaled, spitting out the old and internalizing the new. They cast off form and abandoned wisdom; they embraced simplicity and returned to genuineness; in roaming with the mysterious and subtle above, they penetrated to the clouds and Heaven. Now if one wants
1625:
as "possibly the oldest 'mystical' text in China"; Harold Roth describes it as "a manual on the theory and practice of meditation that contains the earliest references to breath control and the earliest discussion of the physiological basis of self-cultivation in the
Chinese tradition". Owing to the
2687:
If a man can preserve Unity, Unity will also preserve him. In this way the bare blade finds no place in his body to inserts its edge; harmful things find no place in him that will admit entrance to their evil. Therefore, in defeat it is possible to be victorious; in positions of peril, to feel only
2510:
In guarding the light of the One, you may see a light as bright the rising sun. This is a brilliance as strong as that of the sun at noon. In guarding the light of the One, you may see a light entirely green. When this green is pure, it is the light of lesser yang. In guarding the light of the One,
1758:
reference "appears to be a meditative technique in which the adept concentrates on nothing but the Way, or some representation of it. It is to be undertaken when you are sitting in a calm and unmoving position, and it enables you to set aside the disturbances of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and
2103:
Sir Motley of
Southurb sat leaning against his low table. He looked up to heaven and exhaled slowly. Disembodied, he seemed bereft of soul. Sir Wanderer of Countenance Complete, who stood in attendance before him, asked, "How can we explain this? Can the body really be made to become like withered
2350:
The essentials of the world: do not lie in the Other but instead lie in the self; do not lie in other people but instead lie in your own person. When you fully realize it [the Way] in your own person, then all the myriad things will be arrayed before you. When you thoroughly penetrate the
2672:
Realizing the True One, the original unity and primordial oneness of all, meant placing oneself at the center of the universe, identifying one's physical organs with constellations in the stars. The practice led to control over all the forces of nature and beyond, especially over demons and evil
2480:
In a state of complete concentration, when the light first arises, make sure to hold on to it and never let it go. First of all, it will be red, after a long time it will change to be white, later again it will be green, and then it will pervade all of you completely. When you further persist in
3022:"Essay on How One May Become a Divine Immortal through Training". These Daoist classics reflect a variety of meditation practices, including concentration exercises, visualizations of body energies and celestial deities to a state of total absorption in the Dao, and contemplations of the world.
1403:
It thus means that the meditator, by an act of conscious concentration and focused intention, causes certain energies to be present in certain parts of the body or makes specific deities or scriptures appear before his or her mental eye. For this reason, the word is most commonly rendered "to
2965:
Realize also that in concentration and insight, one does not reach enlightenment and perfection of body and mind through the two major kinds of observation [of energy and spirit] alone. Rather, there are five different sets of three levels of observation. One such set of three is: 1.
2688:
security. Whether in the shrine of a ghost, in the mountains or forests, in a place suffering the plague, within a tomb, in bush inhabited by tigers and wolves, or in the habitation of snakes, all evils will go far away as long as one remains diligent in the preservation of Unity. (18)
2837:). Meditation rituals changed from individuals practicing privately to Lingbao clergy worshipping communally; frequently with the "multidimensional quality" of a priest performing interior visualizations while leading congregants in communal visualization rites.
2600:"Central Scripture of Laozi" similarly describes visualizing and activating gods within the body, along with breathing exercises for meditation and longevity techniques. The adept envisions the yellow and red essences of the sun and moon, which activates
1709:
Verse 18 contains the earliest
Chinese reference to practicing breath-control meditation. Breathing is said to "coil and uncoil" or "contract and expand"', "with coiling/contracting referring to exhalation and uncoiling/expanding to inhalation".
2717:
My teacher used to say that to preserve Unity was to practice jointly Bright Mirror, and that on becoming successful in the mirror procedure a man would be able to multiply his body to several dozen all with the same dress and facial expression.
3278:
movement has incorporated and popularized Daoist meditation, and "mainly employs concentrative exercises but also favors the circulation of energy in an inner-alchemical mode". Teachers have created new methods of meditation, such as
2050:"I slough off my limbs and trunk," said Yen Hui, "dim my intelligence, depart from my form, leave knowledge behind, and become identical with the Transformational Thoroughfare. This is what I mean by 'sit and forget'."
2052:"If you are identical," said Confucius, "then you have no preferences. If you are transformed, then you have no more constants. It's you who is really the worthy one! Please permit me to follow after you." (9)
2489:
also mentions "guarding the Two" with help from the god of Earth, "guarding the Three" with help from spirits of the dead, and "guarding the Four" or "Five" in which one is helped by the myriad beings.
1950:
exists in two received versions, named after the commentaries. The "Heshang Gong version" (see below) explains textual references to Daoist meditation, but the "Wang Bi version" explains them away.
2374:
and their lodging of the spirit but only imitates their every exhale and inhale, their contracting and expanding, it is clear that one will not be able to mount the clouds and ascend on the vapors.
2071:
One does away with sense perceptions, with all forms of cognition (thoughts, knowledge, conceptions, idea, images), with all valuations (preferences, norms, mores). Cognate to and a variant of
2406:, but chiefly to enable "the reader to make practical use of the book and in teaching him to use it as a guide to meditation and to a life becoming a Daoist skilled in meditative training".
2091:—to destroy, perish, disappear, not exist). In the apophatic meditative process, all distinctions and ways of distinguishing are "forgotten" in the sense of eliminated: they cease to exist.
2063:) phrase to mean, "lose visceral awareness of the emotions and desires, which for the early Daoists, have 'physiological' bases in the various organs". Peerenboom further describes
1408:
is not just to see or be aware of but to be actually present, the translation "to actualize" or" actualization" may at times be correct if somewhat alien to the
Western reader.
2399:(lit. "Riverbank Elder") provides what Kohn calls the "first evidence for Daoist meditation" and "proposes a concentrative focus on the breath for harmonization with the Dao".
2764:(Eight Effulgences) and visualization of gods in the body, but also active interaction with the gods, ecstatic excursions to the stars and the heavens of the immortals (
2250:
Practicing this series of exhalation and inhalation patterns, one becomes directly aware of the "dynamisms of Heaven and Earth" through ascending and descending breath.
2777:). The world of meditation in this tradition is incomparably rich and colorful, with gods, immortals, body energies, and cosmic sprouts vying for the adept's attention.
1391:
usually means "exist; be present; live; survive; remain", but has a sense of "to cause to exist; to make present" in the Daoist meditation technique, which both the
1452:"concentrative meditation" on a single point or god within the body, and is associated with Daoist alchemical and longevity techniques. The author, Dr. and Master
2575:"Scripture of the Yellow Court" is probably the earliest text describing inner gods and spirits located in the human body. Meditative practices described in the
1822:
meditation", the "emptying of all images (thoughts, feelings, and so on) rather than concentration on or filling the mind with images", comparable with
Buddhist
1672:"vital essence". However, thought, says Roth, is considered "an impediment to attaining the well-ordered mind, particularly when it becomes excessive".
1219:
2263:(6), as "natural reserves" in "Those whose desires are deep-seated will have shallow natural reserves".Roth notes the final line's contrasting verbs,
2205:
block of jade, tentatively identified as a pendant or a knob for a staff. While the dating is uncertain, estimates range from approximately 380 BCE (
2555:(420–589). During this period of disunity after the fall of the Han, Chinese Buddhism became popular and new schools of religious Daoism emerged.
4715:
260:
883:
1185:, "great ultimate fist", became one of the practices of modern Daoist monks, while historically it was not among traditional techniques.
5779:
2481:
guarding the One, there will be nothing within that would not be brilliantly illuminated, and the hundred diseases will be driven out.
2116:(postures) were common to both traditions." First, this reference to "breathing from the heels", which is a modern explanation of the
1147:, including concentration, mindfulness, contemplation, and visualization. The earliest Chinese references to meditation date from the
1319:
2794:
Treasure" School eclectically adopted concepts and practices from Daoism and
Buddhism, which had recently been introduced to China.
2446:
as "the Daoist term for the position of the eyes during meditation, when they are half-closed and fixed on the point of the nose."
1353:
4469:
2911:
2506:
fragments concerning meditation. It provides some detailed information, for instance, interpretations of the colors visualized.
2476:"guarding the One" meditation, in which one visualizes different cosmic colors corresponding with different parts of one's body.
2213:). In any case, Roth says, "both agree that this is the earliest extant evidence for the practice of guided breathing in China".
1376:
is a practice of open acceptance of sensory data, interpreted according to
Buddhist doctrine as a form of "insight" or "wisdom".
1818:"still; quiet", both of which are central meditative concepts. Randal P. Peerenboom describes Laozi's contemplative process as "
1327:"Tiered Abbey" temple, designating "Observation Tower", which was a major Daoist center from the 5th through 7th centuries (see
3485:
The
Secrets of Chinese Meditation: self-cultivation by mind control as taught in the Ch'an Mahayana and Taoist schools in China
2351:
teachings of the
Techniques of the Mind, then you will be able to put lusts and desires, likes and dislikes, outside yourself.
1960:"mysterious studies; neo-Daoism", which adapted Confucianism to explain Daoism, and his version eventually became the standard
3068:
Along with the continued integration of meditation methods, two new visualization and concentration practices became popular.
1800:
are interpreted as referring to meditation. For instance, "Attain utmost emptiness, Maintain utter stillness" (16) emphasizes
1372:
is a concentrative exercise that achieves one-pointedness of mind or "cessation" of all thoughts and mental activities, while
4098:
5329:
2287:
5279:
2747:"immortal" transmitted it (and thirty other texts) to her in 288. Additional divine texts were supposedly transmitted to
975:
2163:
manuscripts, include a painted text that illustrates gymnastic exercises–including the "odd expression 'bear strides'".
1236:
has several keywords for Daoist meditation practices, some of which are difficult to translate accurately into English.
4952:
3390:
3371:
2887:
2523:"Celestial Masters" movement, which was the first organized form of Taoist religion. Zhang and his followers practiced
1335:, "intimates the role of Daoist sacred sites as places of contact with celestial beings and observation of the stars".
588:
3334:
Harper, Donald (1999). "Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought". In M. Loewe; E. L. Shaughnessy (eds.).
2531:
rebellion against the Han dynasty, Zhang established a theocratic state in 215, which led to the downfall of the Han.
4364:
3718:
3474:
3446:
3418:
3352:
3236:
3082:
2342:"mind techniques" both as a general term for "inner cultivation" meditation practices and as a specific name for the
903:
1181:"standing like a post" techniques. The opposite direction of adoption has also taken place, when the martial art of
1206:
1193:
1033:
2112:
evidence for "close affinities between the Daoist sages and the ancient Indian holy men. Yogic breath control and
1368:"clear observation; analysis". Kohn explains, "The two words indicate the two basic forms of Buddhist meditation:
1244:
Livia Kohn distinguishes three basic types of Daoist meditation: "concentrative", "insight", and "visualization".
5047:
3252:
2552:
2099:
chapter describes breathing meditation that results in a body "like withered wood" and a mind "like dead ashes".
2001:
1056:
696:
5172:
3129:
2853:
1513:, was meditative travel to distant countries, sacred mountains, the sun and moon, and encounters with gods and
888:
3501:
The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China, by Liu An, King of Huainan
1824:
5362:
5352:
5162:
4927:
3240:
3121:
2807:"Talismans of the Numinous Treasure" and other Lingbao scriptures, and claimed family transmission down from
2528:
878:
573:
3523:
Robinet, Isabelle (1989c), "Visualization and Ecstatic Flight in Shangqing Taoism," in Kohn (1989a), 159–191
2579:
include visualization of bodily organs and their gods, visualization of the sun and moon, and absorption of
2174:
Some writing on a Warring States era jade artifact could be an earlier record of breath meditation than the
5167:
3247:
1965:
1154:
873:
605:
5367:
4551:
4462:
2966:
Observation of apparent existence. 2. Observation of real existence. 3. Observation of partial emptiness.
2187:
203:
3031:"Scripture of Clarity and Quiescence" associates the Tianshi tradition of a divinized Laozi with Daoist
5835:
5760:
3381:
Kohn, Livia (1989c). "Taoist Insight Meditation: The Tang Practice of 'Neiguan'". In Livia Kohn (ed.).
1570:
995:
5680:
2322:, frequently describes meditation, especially as a means for rulers to achieve effective government.
1831:
Verse 10 gives what Roth calls "probably the most important evidence for breathing meditation" in the
1380:
meditators would seek to merge individual consciousness into emptiness and attain unity with the Dao.
5845:
5720:
5490:
5247:
3191:
class practiced Daoist and Buddhist meditations, which exerted a stronger influence on Confucianism.
2825:
Many Lingbao meditation methods came from native Chinese traditions, such as visualizing inner gods (
2548:
2359:
passages associate breath control meditation with longevity and immortality. For example, two famous
1308:
1000:
933:
2713:
visualization process through which an individual can mystically appear in several places at once.
2502:"Secret Directions of the Holy Lord on the Scripture of Great Peace" is a Tang-period collection of
5322:
4932:
3074:"inner alchemy" involved the circulation and refinement of inner energies in a rhythm based on the
563:
310:
3362:
Kohn, Livia (1989b). "Guarding the One: Concentrative Meditation in Taoism". In Livia Kohn (ed.).
5544:
4969:
4937:
4900:
4735:
4721:
1663:
568:
536:
375:
278:
266:
4441:
5027:
4643:
4455:
2862:"Scripture of Western Ascension" recommends cultivating an empty state of consciousness called
673:
368:
315:
5651:
3534:
Roth, Harold D. (December 1991). "Psychology and Self-Cultivation in Early Taoistic Thought".
2735:(252–334), who was a Tianshi adept proficient in meditation techniques. Shangqing adopted the
2302:(206 BCE–220 CE), meditation practitioners continued early techniques and developed new ones.
1255:
literally means "decide; settle; stabilize; definite; firm; solid" and early scholars such as
5539:
5372:
5357:
4648:
2919:
2864:
1566:
1148:
320:
2655:"Master who Embraces Simplicity", which is an invaluable source for early Daoism, describes
5631:
5579:
5398:
3243:
from 1949 to 1979. Many Daoist temples and monasteries have been reopened in recent years.
2402:
Eduard Erkes says the purpose of the Heshang Gong commentary was not only to explicate the
2156:
1158:
1026:
837:
4865:
8:
5840:
5814:
5796:
5621:
5559:
5393:
5315:
2979:(618–907), and Daoists integrated new meditation theories and techniques from Buddhists.
2954:
2846:
2869:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5294:
5274:
5264:
5215:
5157:
4693:
4513:
3588:
3580:
3551:
3322:
2815:
1819:
1480:"inner observation; inner vision" is visualizing inside one's body and mind, including
1302:
basically means "look at (carefully); watch; observe; view; scrutinize" (and names the
1264:
970:
960:
950:
857:
822:
255:
184:
5755:
5725:
5705:
5646:
5616:
5574:
5495:
5438:
4915:
4522:
4486:
4360:
3714:
3592:
3470:
3442:
3414:
3386:
3367:
3348:
2822:"immortality; longevity", and viewed meditation as a means to unify body and spirit.
551:
177:
159:
143:
138:
4964:
5606:
5554:
5252:
5206:
5189:
4495:
3572:
3543:
3336:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C
3314:
3207:"inner alchemy for women", and developed new forms of physical meditation, notably
3188:
3062:
2845:
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, the introduction of traditional
2748:
2728:
2485:
Besides "guarding the One" where a meditator is assisted by the god of Heaven, the
1392:
1233:
1122:
1098:
1069:
938:
847:
832:
64:
33:
4429:
2995:"Inscription on Visualization of Spirit and Refinement of Energy", Sima Chengzhen
5750:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5433:
5408:
5211:
4942:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4791:
3409:
Kohn, Livia (2008a). "Meditation and visualization". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).
3054:
1988:
1535:
1433:
1417:
Within the above three types of Daoist meditation, some important practices are:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1019:
852:
623:
578:
524:
519:
514:
502:
425:
112:
5569:
1972:"from a compendiary of magical meditation to a collection of free philosophical
1404:
visualize" or, as a noun, "visualization." Since, however, the basic meaning of
5745:
5690:
5448:
5289:
5242:
5194:
5144:
5117:
5107:
5087:
4957:
4435:
3280:
3147:
3105:
3037:
2982:
The 8th century was a "heyday" of Daoist meditation; recorded in works such as
2787:
2544:
2283:
2210:
1396:
1269:
928:
842:
810:
777:
764:
744:
593:
85:
3576:
1617:
text was written in the 4th century BCE, and the others were derived from it.
1387:
1298:
1251:
5829:
5269:
5259:
5152:
5122:
5012:
4910:
4893:
4873:
4840:
4750:
4661:
4589:
3563:
Roth, Harold D. (1997). "Evidence for Stages of Meditation in Early Taoism".
3224:
3184:
3027:
2710:
2637:(fl. 2nd century), criticizes Daoist methods of meditation on inner deities.
2540:
2516:
2361:
2138:
1691:
When the vital energy is guided, it [the vital essence] is generated,
1631:
1585:
1515:
1005:
955:
945:
817:
782:
658:
546:
529:
509:
474:
241:
2042:
Yen Hui saw Confucius again on another day and said, "I'm making progress."
5715:
5661:
5594:
5480:
5199:
5102:
5097:
5082:
5002:
4905:
4826:
4784:
4598:
4567:
4529:
3195:
3176:
3165:
3050:
2976:
2468:
2391:
1796:
1661:"stabilizing the mind" with acute hearing and clear vision, and generating
1618:
1453:
1336:
759:
754:
736:
648:
541:
460:
418:
357:
218:
190:
170:
71:
2902:
1364:
5710:
5641:
5589:
5534:
5510:
5388:
5177:
5072:
5067:
4992:
4819:
4812:
4744:
4627:
3285:
3058:
2858:
2773:), and the activation of inner energies in a protoform of inner alchemy (
2740:
2520:
2299:
2202:
1531:
1178:
893:
726:
721:
635:
446:
439:
363:
3385:. Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. pp. 193–224.
3366:. Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. pp. 125–158.
3305:
Erkes, Eduard (1945). "Ho-Shang-Kung's Commentary on Lao-tse - Part I".
3213:—sometimes described as meditation in motion or moving meditation. This
1318:
became the Daoist technical term for "monastery; abbey", exemplified by
5695:
5475:
5338:
5284:
5226:
5077:
5057:
5007:
4947:
4757:
3555:
3326:
3168:(1279–1367), Daoists continued to develop the Song period practices of
3156:) is a Daoist "inner landscape" diagram of the human body illustrating
3092:
3003:
2983:
2950:
2732:
2634:
2629:
2563:
Daoism's "first formal visualization texts appear" in the 3rd century.
1646:
meditation techniques are technically "Daoistic" rather than "Daoist".
1635:
1328:
1278:
1140:
965:
908:
731:
711:
706:
653:
583:
380:
286:
3584:
2949:"observation" insight meditation, under the influence of the Buddhist
2659:"guarding the One" meditation as a source for magical powers from the
5465:
5453:
5443:
5112:
5092:
5052:
5022:
4997:
4833:
4805:
4545:
3614:
Tao II: The Way of Healing, Rejuvenation, Longevity, and Immortality.
3209:
2795:
2314:
2206:
2118:
2048:"What do you mean, 'sit and forget'?" Confucius asked with surprise.
1997:
1627:
1182:
1161:
have adapted certain Daoist meditative techniques. Some examples are
769:
749:
701:
668:
640:
467:
432:
3547:
3517:
Law and Morality in Ancient China: the Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao
3318:
2975:
Daoism was in competition with Confucianism and Buddhism during the
2940:"Pivotal Meaning of Daoist Teachings" distinguish various levels of
2422:(lit. "dark/mysterious display") "observe with a tranquil mind" and
1723:
Hold fast to this excellent [practice]; do not let go of it.
1431:"sitting forgetting" was first recorded in the (c. 3rd century BCE)
5518:
5221:
5127:
3492:
Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu
2874:
2791:
2615:
1510:
1260:
1256:
865:
787:
610:
4355:
Bokenkamp, Stephen (2008). "Lingbao". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).
3499:
Major, John S.; Queen, Sarah; Meyer, Andrew; Roth, Harold (2010).
2755:
The practices they describe include not only concentration on the
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5611:
5459:
5423:
5184:
5132:
5062:
5042:
5032:
4854:
4847:
4637:
4559:
4166:
3511:, tr. by Frank A. Kierman Jr., University of Massachusetts Press.
3220:
3160:"Internal alchemy", Wu Xing, Yin and Yang, and Chinese mythology.
2808:
2648:
2148:
2128:
2015:
1956:
1951:
1939:"diligently clean out its lodging place" (13) have the same verb
1770:
And you can maintain the One and discard the myriad disturbances.
1721:
You must be firm, you must be regular [in this practice].
1540:
1422:
1358:
1170:
1143:
practices associated with the Chinese philosophy and religion of
827:
796:
716:
688:
678:
600:
488:
481:
411:
249:
211:
2019:"sitting forgetting". In the first dialogue, Confucius explains
5656:
5626:
5584:
5564:
5485:
5470:
5037:
5017:
4701:
4685:
4677:
4608:
4478:
3291:
3274:
3215:
3157:
3137:
3076:
3070:
2319:
1737:
Verse 24 summarizes "inner cultivation" meditation in terms of
1482:
1304:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1144:
683:
663:
392:
350:
341:
334:
226:
120:
2370:
to study their Way and does not attain their nurturing of the
5601:
5549:
5505:
5307:
4987:
4920:
4798:
4618:
4536:
3622:
Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The
3235:
Daoism and other Chinese religions were suppressed under the
2931:"Supreme Secret Essentials" and the (7th century) Buddhistic
2882:
2601:
1609:
1546:
1505:
1131:
1107:
1078:
630:
556:
453:
234:
197:
4444:, Tàishàng Lǎojūn Nèiguānjīng Classic of Inner Contemplation
2136:
Second, this "bear strides and bird stretches" reference to
1565:
The earliest Chinese references to meditation date from the
5500:
4763:
3709:
visualization, actualization". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).
2245:
Follow this and you will live; oppose it and you will die.
2027:"I venture to ask what 'fasting of the mind' is," said Hui.
1687:
You can thereby make a lodging place for the vital essence.
884:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
386:
4442:
Tàishàng Lǎojūn Nèiguānjīng Classic of Inner Contemplation
3198:(1644–1912), Daoists wrote the first specialized texts on
2873:(lit. "no mind") "cease all mental activity" (translating
4504:
4447:
4023:
3889:
3528:
Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity
3246:
Western knowledge of Daoist meditation was stimulated by
3223:
symbol, which was a traditional focus in both Daoist and
1689:
The vital essence: it is the essence of the vital energy.
1503:"far-off journey; ecstatic excursion", best known as the
1081:
1046:
164:
128:
2751:
from 364 to 370, constituting the Shangqing scriptures.
1699:
Whenever the forms of the mind have excessive knowledge,
4728:
4409:
4407:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
2281:"oppose; resist", were similarly used in the (168 BCE)
1488:
1276:
as "intent contemplation" or "perfect absorption". The
272:
4216:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3565:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3347:. Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
2259:, translated "dynamism of Heaven", also occurs in the
2057:
Roth interprets this "slough off my limbs and trunk" (
4142:
4105:
4064:
4062:
3778:
2798:, Ge Hong's grandnephew, "released to the world" the
1992:
refers to meditation in more specific terms than the
1729:
You will return to the Way and its inner power. (18)
1352:"cessation and insight" meditation, corresponding to
1084:
90:
76:
4404:
4329:
4266:
4228:
3080:. Meditation focused upon starry deities (e.g., the
2243:
The dynamism of Earth is revealed in the descending.
2241:
The dynamism of Heaven is revealed in the ascending;
1996:. Two well-known examples of mental disciplines are
1828:"cessation of feelings and perceptions" meditation.
1613:"Inward training" (49). Modern scholars believe the
1128:
1104:
1087:
1075:
4291:
4210:
4191:
4185:
4172:
4154:
4117:
4074:
4047:
4011:
3975:
3901:
3852:
3827:
3802:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3640:
3498:
3494:. Translated by Mair, Victor H. Bantam Books. 1994.
2527:meditation and visualization techniques. After the
2142:practices of yogic postures and breath exercises.
1846:
Focus your vital breath until it is supremely soft,
1125:
1101:
1072:
4059:
4035:
3999:
3987:
3950:
3925:
3913:
3877:
2431:(lit. "gate of heaven") "middle of the forehead".
1759:desires that normally fill your conscious mind."
4348:
2829:), and circulating the solar and lunar essences (
2814:The Lingbao School added the Buddhist concept of
2558:
2318:, which is an eclectic compilation attributed to
1868:It gives birth to them but does not possess them,
1448:"guarding the one; maintaining oneness" involves
1356:– the two basic types of Buddhist meditation are
5827:
3790:
3727:
3007:"Essay on Sitting in Forgetfulness", and Wu Yun
1697:But when there is knowledge, then you must stop.
1538:communal meditation that was linked to Buddhist
3338:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 813–884.
2613:"Jade Woman" within the abdomen, producing the
2413:10 (see above) are the Daoist meditation terms
1766:When you relax your vital breath and expand it,
1725:Chase away the excessive; abandon the trivial.
1343:"observation" meditation from Tiantai Buddhist
1223:Walking and Standing Meditation 行禪圖, 立禪圖, 1615
2900:"observation" insight meditation (translating
1774:You will see harm and not be frightened by it.
5323:
4463:
3765:
3704:
3460:
3432:
3264:
3202:
3183:methods were interchanged between Daoism and
3099:
3086:
3017:
3008:
2996:
2990:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2895:
2849:methods richly influenced Daoist meditation.
2802:
2768:
2759:
2704:
2678:
2663:
2619:
2608:
2595:
2583:
2570:
2497:
2451:
2436:
2426:
2417:
2394:
2337:
2276:
2267:
2254:
2192:
2086:
2076:
2058:
2008:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1813:
1804:
1772:You will see profit and not be enticed by it,
1745:
1667:
1656:
1602:
1593:
1551:
1525:
1498:
1475:
1464:
1443:
1426:
1347:
1322:
1286:
1027:
38:
3693:
3437:concentration". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).
1782:Your thoughts and deeds seem heavenly. (24)
1780:This is called "revolving the vital breath":
1764:When you enlarge your mind and let go of it,
5476:Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
5389:Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)
3628:. Translated by James R. Ware. Dover Pubns.
2466:The (c. 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE)
1778:In solitude you delight in your own person.
1776:Relaxed and unwound, yet acutely sensitive,
1693:But when it is generated, there is thought,
1589:have descriptions of meditation practices:
1362:"calm abiding; stabilizing meditation" and
1268:"deep meditative contemplation" in Chinese
5780:The Varieties of the Meditative Experience
5330:
5316:
4494:
4470:
4456:
4029:
3895:
3514:
3465:observation". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).
3383:Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques
3364:Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques
3345:Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques
2378:
2166:
1695:When there is thought, there is knowledge,
1034:
1020:
4354:
3606:) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism
2239:When it recedes, it will become heavenly.
2067:as "aphophatic or cessation meditation."
1866:It gives birth to them and nurtures them,
1862:Reach out with clarity in all directions,
3219:internal martial art is named after the
3115:
2891:"mind"), and advocates a simple form of
2731:"Highest Clarity" traces its origins to
2229:When it descends, it will become stable.
1921:"concentrating your vital breath" (19).
1870:It rears them but does not control them.
1598:"Mind techniques" (chapters 36 and 37),
1560:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1045:
4097:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMair1991 (
3152:
2722:
2155:Mair previously noted the (c. 168 BCE)
1872:This is called “mysterious integrity.”
1715:For all [to practice] this Way:
1685:And with the four limbs firm and fixed,
1683:With the eyes and ears acute and clear,
1469:a "golden light ball" in his own words.
5828:
5506:Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
4111:
3755:
3333:
2840:
2633:"Kinship of the Three", attributed to
2472:"Scripture of Great Peace" emphasized
2231:When it is stable, it will be regular.
1986:The (c. 4th–3rd centuries BCE) Daoist
1968:said Wang Bi's commentary changed the
1930:"cleanse the mirror of mysteries" and
1854:Love the people and enliven the state,
1677:If you can be aligned and be tranquil,
1569:(475–221 BCE), when the philosophical
1239:
1165:"guide and pull" breathing exercises,
1050:"Gathering the Light" from the Daoist
5311:
4451:
4413:
4342:
4272:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4222:
3969:
3733:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3455:
3427:
3408:
3380:
3361:
3342:
3304:
2781:
2333:methods of meditation. The text uses
2298:As Daoism was flourishing during the
2225:When it is collected, it will expand.
2223:Breathe deeply, then it will collect.
1842:Cultivate the soul and embrace unity,
1727:And when you reach its ultimate limit
4398:
4323:
4310:
4297:
4285:
4197:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4123:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4053:
4041:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3956:
3944:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3883:
3871:
3858:
3846:
3833:
3821:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3759:
3699:
3619:
3616:New York City: Simon & Schuster.
3599:
3562:
3533:
3490:
3399:
3095:) and warrior protectors (e.g., the
1860:can you play the part of the female?
1768:When your body is calm and unmoving:
5466:Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)
3402:The Taoist Experience: An Anthology
2922:, the (c. 570) Daoist encyclopedia
2677:Ge Hong says his teacher Zheng Yin
2325:Internal evidence reveals that the
2233:When it is regular, it will sprout.
2186:. This rhymed inscription entitled
1576:
1339:(618–907) Daoist masters developed
976:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
13:
4953:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
3745:Zhi Gang Sha (2010), pp. 135, 257.
3536:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3256:translation of the (17th century)
3172:alchemy and deity visualizations.
3111:
3053:(960–1279), the Daoist schools of
2811:(164–244), Ge Hong's great uncle.
1858:Open and close the gate of heaven,
1844:can you keep them from separating?
1754:". Roth says this earliest extant
1412:
589:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
5857:
4423:
2227:When it expands, it will descend.
1719:You must uncoil, you must expand,
1717:You must coil, you must contract,
1492:movements, and thought processes.
904:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
5810:
5809:
5424:Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)
4660:
3230:
2534:
2033:In the second, Yan Hui explains
1852:can you make it free of blemish?
1850:Cleanse the mirror of mysteries,
1794:Several passages in the classic
1681:With a stable mind at your core,
1460:means meditational focus on the
1121:
1097:
1068:
127:
5048:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
4391:
4382:
4373:
4316:
4303:
4278:
4253:
4240:
4203:
4178:
4129:
3962:
3937:
3864:
3839:
3814:
3602:Original Tao: Inward Training (
3253:The Secret of the Golden Flower
3250:'s (German 1929, English 1962)
3044:
3041:methods of insight meditation.
2970:
2553:Southern and Northern Dynasties
2459:
2329:authors were familiar with the
1903:"maintain the One" (24 above).
1894:一"embrace unity" compares with
1787:
1607:"Purifying the mind" (38), and
1169:"internal alchemy" techniques,
1057:The Secret of the Golden Flower
697:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
5491:Transcendental meditation (TM)
5337:
3748:
3739:
3515:Peerenboom, Randal P. (1995).
3289:"standing like a post" in the
3142:
3133:
3125:
3061:"Orthodox Unity" emerged, and
2854:The Northern Celestial Masters
2559:Early visualization meditation
2293:
2237:When it grows, it will recede.
2235:When it sprouts, it will grow.
2221:To circulate the Vital Breath:
1856:can you do so without cunning?
1272:. In this sense, Kohn renders
1188:
990:Institutions and organizations
889:The Northern Celestial Masters
91:
77:
39:
1:
5514:(tai chi standing meditation)
5496:Vipassanā (Silent meditation)
5454:Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)
5363:Meditation in popular culture
5353:Brain activity and meditation
5163:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
4928:Three Great Emperor-Officials
3298:
2786:Beginning around 400 CE, the
2543:" collectively refers to the
2529:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1912:"focus your vital breath" is
1741:守一 "maintaining the one" and
1197:Sitting Meditation 坐禪圖, 1615
1139:), refers to the traditional
879:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
574:Three Great Emperor-Officials
5414:Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)
5168:Way of the Celestial Masters
4438:, FYSK Daoist Culture Centre
3620:Ware, James R., ed. (1966).
3608:. Columbia University Press.
3503:. Columbia University Press.
3057:"Complete Authenticity" and
2305:
1864:can you refrain from action?
1679:Only then can you be stable.
1626:consensus that proto-Daoist
1173:"internal skill" practices,
1155:Traditional Chinese medicine
874:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
5444:Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)
3775:, Open Court Press. P. 100.
3509:Taoism and Chinese Religion
2818:to the Daoist tradition of
2495:Taiping jing shengjun bizhi
2209:) to earlier than 400 BCE (
1979:
1954:(226–249) was a scholar of
1210:Lying Meditation 卧禪圖, 1615
10:
5862:
5173:Northern Celestial Masters
4477:
4359:. Routledge. p. 664.
4357:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
3713:. Routledge. p. 287.
3711:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
3526:Robinet, Isabelle (1993),
3467:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
3439:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
3411:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
3343:Kohn, Livia, ed. (1989a).
3241:People's Republic of China
2852:The (c. late 5th-century)
2700:meditation with a complex
2640:
2272:"follow; accord with" and
2000:and his favorite disciple
1571:Hundred Schools of Thought
1530:"sitting around the bowl (
996:Chinese Taoist Association
5805:
5789:
5771:
5670:
5527:
5419:Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)
5381:
5345:
5248:Sacred Mountains of China
5235:
5143:
4980:
4864:
4776:
4669:
4658:
4588:
4485:
3771:Graham, Angus C. (1989),
3705:
3577:10.1017/S0041977X00036405
3461:
3433:
3272:In the 20th century, the
3265:
3203:
3100:
3087:
3018:
3009:
2997:
2991:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2910:
2896:
2886:
2868:
2803:
2769:
2760:
2705:
2679:
2664:
2620:
2609:
2596:
2584:
2571:
2498:
2452:
2437:
2427:
2418:
2395:
2390:commentary attributed to
2338:
2277:
2268:
2255:
2193:
2087:
2077:
2059:
2013:"heart-mind fasting" and
2009:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1814:
1805:
1746:
1668:
1657:
1603:
1594:
1552:
1526:
1499:
1476:
1465:
1444:
1427:
1386:
1348:
1323:
1297:
1287:
1250:
934:Sacred Mountains of China
311:Three Treasures (virtues)
102:
84:
70:
63:
58:
54:
46:
32:
28:
23:
4933:Queen Mother of the West
3600:Roth, Harold D. (1999).
3108:" Northern Sky spirit).
2647:The Jin dynasty scholar
2386:The (c. 2nd century CE)
2126:The true man [i.e.,
1701:You lose your vitality.
1291:"intense concentration"
564:Queen Mother of the West
50:Tao school deep thinking
5368:Mind–body interventions
4938:King Father of the East
4432:, The Daoist Foundation
4388:Robinet (1997), p. 167.
4379:Robinet (1997), p. 157.
3507:Maspero, Henri (1981),
3239:(1912–1949) and in the
3187:. Many literati in the
3091:"Three Steps" stars in
2961:, for instance, says.
2743:of Wei Huacun claims a
2122:"supported headstand".
1885:meditation vocabulary.
1848:can you be like a baby?
1486:organs, inner deities,
569:King Father of the East
537:Four heavenly ministers
5373:Research on meditation
4436:On Sitting in Oblivion
3612:Sha, Zhi Gang (2010).
3456:Kohn, Livia (2008d). "
3428:Kohn, Livia (2008c). "
3161:
2968:
2779:
2739:as scripture, and the
2720:
2690:
2675:
2513:
2483:
2442:look." Erkes explains
2376:
2353:
2248:
2216:The inscription says:
2153:
2134:
2106:
2093:
2055:
2031:
1881:phrases resonate with
1875:
1785:
1732:
1704:
1410:
1331:). Kohn says the word
1229:
1216:
1203:
1060:
5540:Brainwave entrainment
5358:History of meditation
3700:Kohn, Livia (2008). "
3483:Luk, Charles (1964),
3119:
2963:
2920:Chinese encyclopedias
2753:
2727:The Daoist school of
2715:
2685:
2670:
2549:Jin dynasty (266–420)
2539:The historical term "
2508:
2478:
2367:
2348:
2218:
2201:" was inscribed on a
2144:
2124:
2108:Victor Mair presents
2101:
2069:
2039:
2025:
1943:"eliminate; remove".
1837:
1761:
1712:
1674:
1583:Four chapters of the
1567:Warring States period
1561:Warring States period
1401:
1282:has a section called
1259:used it to translate
1222:
1209:
1196:
1177:breathing exercises,
1149:Warring States period
1049:
5580:Higher consciousness
5399:Christian meditation
3773:Disputers of the Tao
3400:Kohn, Livia (1993).
3262:Taiyi jinhua zongzhi
2723:Shangqing meditation
2157:Mawangdui Silk Texts
2046:"I sit and forget."
2044:"What do you mean?"
1630:philosophers at the
1556:"sitting meditation"
1159:Chinese martial arts
838:Way of the Li Family
92:Tao-chia ming-hsiang
5797:Meditation and pain
5560:Conscious breathing
5394:Buddhist meditation
4697:(self-cultivation)
3130:traditional Chinese
2988:Cunshen lianqi ming
2955:Two truths doctrine
2847:Buddhist meditation
2841:Buddhist influences
2450:occurs in the line
2435:occurs in the line
1652:Verse 8 associates
1240:Types of meditation
16:Meditative practice
5677:Focused attention
5449:New Age meditation
5429:Islamic meditation
4689:(external alchemy)
4681:(internal alchemy)
3162:
3122:simplified Chinese
3065:became prominent.
3025:The (9th century)
3015:Shenxian kexue lun
2782:Lingbao meditation
2409:Two examples from
2290:silk manuscripts.
1809:"empty; void" and
1638:composed the core
1230:
1217:
1204:
1061:
971:Cebu Taoist Temple
961:White Cloud Temple
823:Way of the Taiping
5836:Taoist philosophy
5823:
5822:
5761:Stephen Batchelor
5756:Martine Batchelor
5702:Multiple methods
5575:Guided meditation
5439:Jewish meditation
5404:Taoist meditation
5305:
5304:
4916:Tianhuang Emperor
4656:
4655:
4578:
4577:
4430:Daoist meditation
4313:, pp. 304–5.
4288:, pp. 195–6.
4225:, pp. 127–8.
4211:Major et al. 2010
4186:Major et al. 2010
4173:Major et al. 2010
4151:, pp. 298–9.
3787:, pp. 611–2.
3237:Republic of China
2624:"sacred embryo".
2515:In the year 142,
2159:, famous for two
1825:nirodha-samapatti
1354:śamatha-vipaśyanā
1064:Taoist meditation
1044:
1043:
1001:Celestial Masters
552:Tianhuang Emperor
160:Taoist philosophy
106:
105:
98:
97:
65:Standard Mandarin
24:Taoist meditation
5853:
5846:Taoist practices
5813:
5812:
5721:Joseph Goldstein
5332:
5325:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5253:Wudang Mountains
4664:
4586:
4585:
4563:(transformation)
4540:(eight trigrams)
4492:
4491:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4417:
4411:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4257:
4251:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3763:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3629:
3609:
3596:
3559:
3520:
3504:
3495:
3480:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3405:
3396:
3377:
3358:
3339:
3330:
3313:(2/4): 121–196.
3268:
3267:
3206:
3205:
3189:scholar-official
3154:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3120:The Neijing Tu (
3103:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3063:Neo-Confucianism
3021:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2872:
2806:
2805:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2709:"bright mirror"
2708:
2707:
2682:
2681:
2667:
2666:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2573:
2501:
2500:
2455:
2454:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2398:
2397:
2341:
2340:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2196:
2195:
2170:jade inscription
2090:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2062:
2061:
2012:
2011:
1964:interpretation.
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1749:
1748:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1578:Guanzi and Neiye
1555:
1554:
1529:
1528:
1502:
1501:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1429:
1393:Shangqing School
1390:
1351:
1350:
1326:
1325:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1254:
1234:Chinese language
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1115:), also spelled
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1036:
1029:
1022:
939:Wudang Mountains
848:Chongxuan School
833:Shangqing School
376:Sexual practices
131:
108:
107:
94:
93:
80:
79:
78:Dàojiā míngxiǎng
56:
55:
42:
41:
21:
20:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5801:
5785:
5767:
5751:Thubten Chodron
5741:Sharon Salzberg
5736:Matthieu Ricard
5731:14th Dalai Lama
5687:Open awareness
5681:Thich Nhat Hanh
5666:
5523:
5434:Jain meditation
5409:Dancemeditation
5377:
5341:
5336:
5306:
5301:
5231:
5139:
4976:
4943:Eight Immortals
4901:Four Sovereigns
4889:Lingbao Tianzun
4884:Yuanshi Tianzun
4879:Three Pure Ones
4860:
4772:
4716:Three Treasures
4665:
4652:
4584:
4574:
4481:
4476:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4330:
4321:
4317:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4204:
4200:, pp. 648.
4196:
4192:
4183:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:, pp. 630.
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4030:Peerenboom 1995
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3896:Peerenboom 1995
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3836:, pp. 619.
3832:
3828:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3758:, p. 880;
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3641:
3548:10.2307/2719289
3487:, Rider and Co.
3477:
3449:
3421:
3393:
3374:
3355:
3319:10.2307/3248186
3301:
3248:Richard Wilhelm
3233:
3114:
3112:Later dynasties
3104:"Dark Warrior;
3047:
2973:
2843:
2835:Laozi zhongjing
2784:
2725:
2645:
2593:Laozi zhongjing
2588:"inner light".
2561:
2537:
2464:
2384:
2310:
2296:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2172:
2081:—to forget) is
2054:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
1984:
1966:Richard Wilhelm
1877:Three of these
1874:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1750:"revolving the
1731:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1581:
1563:
1536:Quanzhen School
1415:
1413:Other key words
1397:Lingbao Schools
1242:
1226:Xingming guizhi
1213:Xingming guizhi
1200:Xingming guizhi
1191:
1151:(475–221 BCE).
1124:
1120:
1100:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1040:
1011:
1010:
991:
983:
982:
924:
916:
915:
900:
870:
853:Quanzhen School
813:
803:
802:
792:
774:
741:
693:
645:
626:
616:
615:
579:Eight Immortals
525:Lingbao Tianzun
520:Yuanshi Tianzun
515:Three Pure Ones
505:
495:
494:
406:
398:
397:
306:
298:
297:
261:Three Treasures
155:
47:Literal meaning
17:
12:
11:
5:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5746:Daniel Goleman
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5691:Jon Kabat-Zinn
5685:
5684:
5683:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5290:Tong Jee Teung
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5243:Grotto-heavens
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5118:Zhang Guoxiang
5115:
5110:
5108:Wang Chongyang
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5088:Cheng Xuanying
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:Yellow Emperor
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4755:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4726:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:(calisthenics)
4690:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4623:(spontenaity)
4614:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4527:
4526:(non-polarity)
4509:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4425:
4424:External links
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:, p. 120.
4403:
4401:, p. 225.
4390:
4381:
4372:
4365:
4347:
4345:, p. 119.
4328:
4326:, p. 306.
4315:
4302:
4300:, p. 197.
4290:
4277:
4275:, p. 139.
4265:
4263:, p. 140.
4252:
4250:, p. 143.
4239:
4237:, p. 142.
4227:
4215:
4213:, p. 414.
4202:
4190:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4139:, p. 298.
4128:
4126:, p. 298.
4116:
4114:, p. 881.
4104:
4085:
4083:, p. 145.
4073:
4058:
4056:, p. 371.
4046:
4034:
4032:, p. 198.
4022:
4020:, p. 154.
4010:
3998:
3986:
3984:, p. 602.
3974:
3972:, p. 122.
3961:
3949:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3910:, p. 150.
3900:
3898:, p. 179.
3888:
3876:
3863:
3861:, p. 116.
3851:
3838:
3826:
3813:
3811:, p. 114.
3801:
3789:
3777:
3764:
3747:
3738:
3726:
3719:
3692:
3690:, p. 453.
3680:
3678:, p. 452.
3668:
3666:, p. 358.
3656:
3654:, p. 118.
3638:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3617:
3610:
3597:
3571:(2): 295–314.
3560:
3542:(2): 599–650.
3531:
3524:
3521:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3453:
3447:
3425:
3419:
3406:
3397:
3392:978-0892640850
3391:
3378:
3373:978-0892640850
3372:
3359:
3353:
3340:
3331:
3300:
3297:
3281:Wang Xiangzhai
3232:
3229:
3113:
3110:
3106:Black Tortoise
3046:
3043:
2972:
2969:
2915:"knowledge").
2842:
2839:
2831:Huangting jing
2783:
2780:
2737:Huangting jing
2724:
2721:
2696:also compares
2644:
2639:
2577:Huangting jing
2568:Huangting jing
2560:
2557:
2547:(220–280 CE),
2545:Three Kingdoms
2536:
2533:
2463:
2458:
2383:
2377:
2312:The (139 BCE)
2309:
2304:
2295:
2292:
2284:Huangdi Sijing
2219:
2211:Joseph Needham
2171:
2165:
2040:
1983:
1978:
1932:jingchu qi she
1923:Dichu xuanjian
1838:
1791:
1786:
1762:
1713:
1675:
1580:
1575:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1520:
1519:transcendents.
1493:
1470:
1438:
1414:
1411:
1270:Buddhist texts
1241:
1238:
1190:
1187:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:Taoist priests
1003:
998:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
953:
948:
943:
942:
941:
931:
929:Grotto-heavens
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:
899:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
869:
868:
863:
862:
861:
850:
845:
843:Lingbao School
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
814:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
791:
790:
785:
780:
778:Zhang Guoxiang
773:
772:
767:
765:Wang Chongyang
762:
757:
752:
747:
745:Cheng Xuanying
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
644:
643:
638:
633:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
597:
596:
594:Yellow Emperor
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
512:
506:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
383:
378:
373:
361:
354:
347:
346:
345:
338:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
284:
283:
282:
275:
270:
258:
253:
246:
238:
231:
223:
215:
208:
200:
195:
194:
193:
181:
174:
167:
162:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
117:
116:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
88:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:Transcriptions
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
36:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5858:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5662:Visualization
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5555:Concentration
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Mount Penglai
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:Sacred places
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Zhang Sanfeng
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Zhang Daoling
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4971:Other deities
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Ziwei Emperor
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4894:Daode Tianzun
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Hongjun Laozu
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:Qingjing Jing
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:(immortality)
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Five Precepts
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:(five phases)
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4368:
4366:9780700712007
4362:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4312:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4188:, p. 71.
4187:
4181:
4175:, p. 44.
4174:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4071:, p. 52.
4070:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4044:, p. 10.
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4008:, p. 64.
4007:
4002:
3996:, p. 32.
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3959:, p. 70.
3958:
3953:
3947:, p. 82.
3946:
3940:
3934:, p. 92.
3933:
3928:
3922:, p. 69.
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3886:, p. 78.
3885:
3880:
3874:, p. 92.
3873:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3849:, p. 78.
3848:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3824:, p. 60.
3823:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3774:
3768:
3762:, p. 25.
3761:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3722:
3720:9780700712007
3716:
3712:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3530:, SUNY Press.
3529:
3525:
3522:
3519:. SUNY Press.
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3476:9780700712007
3472:
3469:. Routledge.
3468:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3448:9780700712007
3444:
3441:. Routledge.
3440:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3420:9780700712007
3416:
3413:. Routledge.
3412:
3407:
3404:. SUNY Press.
3403:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3354:9780892640850
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:Artibus Asiae
3303:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3231:Modern period
3228:
3226:
3225:Neo-Confucian
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:Chan Buddhism
3182:
3179:(1368–1644),
3178:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3153:Nei-ching t'u
3149:
3145:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:and Buddhist
3034:
3030:
3029:
3028:Qingjing Jing
3023:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2959:Daojiao yishu
2956:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2933:Daojiao yishu
2925:
2924:Wushang biyao
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:reincarnation
2812:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2711:multilocation
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2683:taught that:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:Six Dynasties
2535:Six Dynasties
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:Zhang Daoling
2512:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2365:"immortals":
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:"circulating
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2053:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Jixia Academy
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1399:popularized.
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1118:
1112:
1092:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
987:
986:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:Taoist temple
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:Mount Penglai
944:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
923:Sacred places
920:
919:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
812:
807:
806:
799:
798:
794:
793:
789:
786:
784:
783:Zhang Sanfeng
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Zhang Daoling
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:Ziwei Emperor
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
531:
530:Daode Tianzun
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
510:Hongjun Laozu
508:
507:
504:
499:
498:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
479:
477:
476:
475:Qingjing Jing
472:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:
458:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:
430:
428:
427:
423:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
409:
408:
402:
401:
394:
391:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
371:
370:
365:
362:
360:
359:
355:
353:
352:
348:
344:
343:
339:
337:
336:
332:
331:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Five Precepts
314:
312:
309:
308:
302:
301:
294:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:
247:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
229:
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
214:
213:
209:
207:(five phases)
206:
205:
201:
199:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
182:
180:
179:
175:
173:
172:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
151:
150:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
130:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
101:
89:
87:
83:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
5778:
5726:Yuval Harari
5716:S. N. Goenka
5706:Pema Chödrön
5595:Mindful Yoga
5511:
5481:Silva Method
5458:
5403:
5265:Mount Kunlun
5133:
5098:Zhang Boduan
5083:Tao Hongjing
5003:Heshang Gong
4970:
4965:Guan Shengdi
4906:Jade Emperor
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4827:Sanhuangjing
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4785:Tao Te Ching
4783:
4767:(talismancy)
4762:
4749:
4734:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4649:Ten Precepts
4636:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4535:
4530:Yin and yang
4521:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4356:
4350:
4318:
4305:
4293:
4280:
4268:
4255:
4242:
4230:
4218:
4205:
4193:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4088:
4076:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3964:
3952:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3866:
3854:
3841:
3829:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3772:
3767:
3750:
3741:
3729:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3568:
3564:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3484:
3466:
3457:
3438:
3429:
3410:
3401:
3382:
3363:
3344:
3335:
3310:
3306:
3290:
3284:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3234:
3227:meditation.
3214:
3208:
3199:
3196:Qing dynasty
3193:
3180:
3177:Ming dynasty
3174:
3169:
3166:Yuan dynasty
3163:
3151:
3141:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3051:Song dynasty
3048:
3045:Song dynasty
3036:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2977:Tang dynasty
2974:
2971:Tang dynasty
2964:
2958:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2834:
2830:
2827:Taiping jing
2826:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2799:
2785:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2744:
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2726:
2716:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2668:"True One".
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:'s (c. 320)
2646:
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2614:
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2592:
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2525:Taiping jing
2524:
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2514:
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2504:Taiping jing
2503:
2494:
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2487:Taiping jing
2486:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:Taiping Jing
2467:
2465:
2461:Taiping jing
2460:
2447:
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2423:
2414:
2411:Tao Te Ching
2410:
2408:
2404:Tao Te Ching
2403:
2401:
2392:Heshang Gong
2388:Tao Te Ching
2387:
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2380:Heshang gong
2379:
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2180:Tao Te Ching
2179:
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2160:
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2037:meditation.
2034:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1994:Tao Te Ching
1993:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1970:Tao Te Ching
1969:
1962:Tao Te Ching
1961:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1931:
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1879:Tao Te Ching
1878:
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1832:
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1823:
1810:
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1797:Tao Te Ching
1795:
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1789:Tao Te Ching
1788:
1763:
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1742:
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1733:
1714:
1706:
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1676:
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1622:
1621:regards the
1619:A. C. Graham
1614:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:flourished.
1564:
1545:
1539:
1522:
1514:
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1472:
1461:
1457:
1454:Zhi Gang Sha
1449:
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1421:
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1405:
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1383:
1382:
1377:
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1369:
1363:
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1344:
1340:
1337:Tang dynasty
1332:
1315:
1314:"Viewing").
1311:
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1294:
1293:
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1263:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1198:
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1063:
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1055:
1051:
951:Mount Kunlun
795:
755:Zhang Boduan
737:Tao Hongjing
649:Heshang Gong
542:Jade Emperor
487:
480:
473:
466:
461:Sanhuangjing
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
419:Tao Te Ching
417:
410:
385:
367:
356:
349:
340:
333:
325:
321:Ten Precepts
291:
287:
277:
265:
248:
240:
233:
230:(non-action)
225:
217:
210:
202:
191:Yin and yang
183:
176:
169:
72:Hanyu Pinyin
18:
5711:Susan Piver
5642:Tantric sex
5590:Mindfulness
5535:Biofeedback
5512:Zhan zhuang
5346:Main topics
5295:White Cloud
5216:Dragon Gate
5073:Kou Qianzhi
5068:Bao Jingyan
4993:Zhuang Zhou
4813:Taipingjing
4631:(plainness)
4613:(nonaction)
4603:(integrity)
4571:(reversion)
4518:(ultimate)
4496:Metaphysics
4112:Harper 1999
3756:Harper 1999
3286:zhan zhuang
3164:During the
2859:Xishengjing
2741:hagiography
2346:chapters.
2300:Han dynasty
2294:Han dynasty
2203:dodecagonal
2151:]. (15)
2004:discussing
1532:water clock
1509:poem title
1309:Hexagram 20
1189:Terminology
1179:Zhan zhuang
894:Zhengyi Dao
858:Dragon Gate
727:Kou Qianzhi
722:Bao Jingyan
636:Zhuang Zhou
440:Taipingjing
5841:Meditation
5830:Categories
5696:Sam Harris
5632:Relaxation
5528:Techniques
5382:Traditions
5339:Meditation
5285:Louguantai
5078:Lu Xiujing
5058:Wei Huacun
5008:Wei Boyang
4711:Meditation
4487:Philosophy
4414:Kohn 2008a
4343:Kohn 2008a
4273:Kohn 1989b
4261:Kohn 1989b
4248:Erkes 1945
4235:Erkes 1945
4223:Erkes 1945
4095:, p. 159 .
3970:Erkes 1945
3734:Kohn 1989b
3688:Kohn 2008d
3676:Kohn 2008d
3664:Kohn 2008c
3652:Kohn 2008a
3626:of Ko Hung
3299:References
3175:Under the
3148:Wade–Giles
3143:Nèijīng tú
3093:Ursa Major
3049:Under the
3004:Zuowanglun
2984:Sun Simiao
2951:Madhyamaka
2918:Two early
2733:Wei Huacun
2635:Wei Boyang
2630:Cantong qi
2382:commentary
1544:(Japanese
1329:Louguantai
1279:Zuowanglun
1141:meditative
966:Louguantai
909:Yao Taoism
732:Lu Xiujing
712:Wei Huacun
707:Sun Hanhua
654:Wei Boyang
393:Priesthood
326:Meditation
245:(immortal)
222:(reversal)
86:Wade–Giles
5570:Emptiness
5545:Breathing
5207:Chongxuan
5190:Shangqing
5153:Huang–Lao
5113:Qiu Chuji
5103:Sun Bu'er
5093:Chen Tuan
5053:Guo Xiang
5023:Zhang Jue
4998:Lie Yukou
4834:Huahujing
4806:Huainanzi
4725:(essence)
4694:Yangsheng
4546:Feng shui
4532:(duality)
4399:Kohn 1993
4324:Ware 1966
4311:Ware 1966
4298:Kohn 1993
4286:Kohn 1993
4198:Roth 1991
4161:Roth 1991
4149:Roth 1997
4137:Roth 1997
4124:Roth 1997
4093:Mair 1991
4081:Mair 1994
4069:Mair 1994
4054:Mair 1994
4042:Mair 1994
4018:Roth 1999
4006:Mair 1994
3994:Mair 1994
3982:Roth 1991
3957:Roth 1999
3945:Roth 1999
3932:Roth 1999
3920:Mair 1994
3908:Roth 1999
3884:Mair 1994
3872:Roth 1999
3859:Roth 1999
3847:Roth 1999
3834:Roth 1991
3822:Roth 1999
3809:Roth 1999
3797:Roth 1991
3785:Roth 1991
3760:Roth 1999
3634:Footnotes
3593:162615630
3210:Taijiquan
3038:vipaśyanā
2953:school's
2903:vipassanā
2800:Wufu jing
2796:Ge Chaofu
2729:Shangqing
2357:Huainanzi
2327:Huainanzi
2315:Huainanzi
2307:Huainanzi
2207:Guo Moruo
2119:sirsasana
1998:Confucius
1948:Taodejing
1840:While you
1820:apophatic
1628:Huang-Lao
1534:)" was a
1365:vipassanā
1183:Taijiquan
818:Huang–Lao
770:Qiu Chuji
760:Sun Bu'er
750:Chen Tuan
702:Guo Xiang
669:Zhang Jue
641:Lie Yukou
468:Huahujing
433:Huainanzi
305:Practices
256:True form
5815:Category
5622:Postures
5565:Counting
5550:Chanting
5519:5Rhythms
5212:Quanzhen
5200:Jingming
5128:Zhu Quan
5028:Zhang Lu
4820:Xiang'er
4792:Zhuangzi
4739:(spirit)
4731:(breath)
4670:Practice
3624:Nei Pien
3295:school.
3055:Quanzhen
2875:Sanskrit
2792:Numinous
2702:mingjing
2616:shengtai
2355:Several
2288:Yin-yang
2261:Zhuangzi
2184:Zhuangzi
2110:Zhuangzi
2097:Zhuangzi
2095:Another
1989:Zhuangzi
1981:Zhuangzi
1511:Yuan You
1434:Zhuangzi
1261:Sanskrit
1257:Xuanzang
866:Wuliupai
788:Zhu Quan
674:Zhang Lu
611:Body god
503:Theology
447:Xiang'er
426:Zhuangzi
330:Alchemy
154:Concepts
113:a series
111:Part of
5790:Related
5671:Leaders
5647:Silence
5637:Samyama
5612:Oneness
5460:Neigong
5280:Hanford
5270:Temples
5195:Lingbao
5185:Xuanxue
5178:Zhengyi
5158:Taiping
5145:Schools
5134:Fangshi
5063:Ge Hong
5043:Wang Bi
5033:Ge Xuan
4948:Chang'e
4866:Deities
4855:Daozang
4848:Baopuzi
4638:Zhenren
4560:Bianhua
3604:Nei-yeh
3556:2719289
3327:3248186
3221:Taijitu
3194:In the
3059:Zhengyi
2809:Ge Xuan
2788:Lingbao
2766:yuanyou
2749:Yang Xi
2694:Baopuzi
2673:forces.
2653:Baopuzi
2649:Ge Hong
2642:Baopuzi
2581:neijing
2521:Tianshi
2499:太平經聖君祕旨
2448:Tianmen
2444:xuanlan
2433:Xuanlan
2424:tianmen
2415:xuanlan
2149:Peng Zu
2129:zhenren
2065:zuowang
2035:zuowang
2021:xinzhai
2016:zuowang
2006:xinzhai
2002:Yan Hui
1974:aperçus
1957:Xuanxue
1952:Wang Bi
1914:zhuanqi
1905:Zhuanqi
1654:dingxin
1541:zuochan
1496:Yuanyou
1473:Neiguan
1423:Zuowang
1359:samatha
1345:zhiguan
1320:Louguan
1284:Taiding
1265:samadhi
1171:Neigong
828:Xuanxue
811:Schools
797:Fangshi
717:Ge Hong
689:Wang Bi
679:Ge Xuan
606:Li Hong
601:Guan Yu
584:Chang'e
489:Daozang
482:Baopuzi
412:I Ching
250:Zhenren
212:Bianhua
144:History
139:Outline
34:Chinese
5657:Trance
5627:Prayer
5617:Poetry
5585:Mantra
5486:Tantra
5471:Qigong
5038:He Yan
5018:Gan Ji
4981:People
4702:Daoyin
4686:Waidan
4678:Neidan
4609:Wu wei
4590:Ethics
4552:Wuxing
4479:Taoism
4363:
3754:E.g.,
3717:
3591:
3585:620386
3583:
3554:
3473:
3445:
3417:
3389:
3370:
3351:
3325:
3292:Yiquan
3275:Qigong
3266:太乙金華宗旨
3258:neidan
3216:Neijia
3181:neidan
3170:neidan
3158:Neidan
3150::
3140::
3138:pinyin
3132::
3124::
3097:Xuanwu
3083:Santai
3077:Yijing
3071:Neidan
2957:. The
2912:विद्या
2878:acitta
2775:neidan
2757:bajing
2698:shouyi
2661:zhenyi
2657:shouyi
2551:, and
2474:shouyi
2344:Guanzi
2335:xinshu
2331:Guanzi
2320:Liu An
2252:Tianji
2189:xingqi
2168:Xingqi
2114:asanas
1896:shouyi
1756:shouyi
1739:shouyi
1640:Guanzi
1600:Baixin
1591:Xinshu
1586:Guanzi
1483:zangfu
1462:jindan
1458:shouyi
1441:Shouyi
1305:Yijing
1175:Qigong
1167:Neidan
1163:Daoyin
1145:Taoism
1117:Daoist
1052:neidan
684:He Yan
664:Gan Ji
624:People
351:Bugang
342:Waidan
335:Neidan
227:Wu wei
204:Wuxing
121:Taoism
5772:Works
5652:Sound
5607:Music
5602:Mudra
5222:Wuliu
4988:Laozi
4921:Houtu
4799:Liezi
4777:Texts
4619:Ziran
4537:Bagua
4514:Taiji
4508:(way)
3589:S2CID
3581:JSTOR
3552:JSTOR
3323:JSTOR
3260:text
3200:nüdan
3019:神仙可學論
2992:存神煉氣銘
2908:vidyā
2906:from
2888:चित्त
2883:citta
2880:from
2865:wuxin
2856:text
2602:Laozi
2182:, or
2176:Neiye
1887:Baoyi
1883:Neiye
1743:yunqi
1735:Neiye
1707:Neiye
1650:Neiye
1644:Neiye
1623:Neiye
1615:Neiye
1610:Neiye
1547:zazen
1523:Zuobo
1506:Chuci
1456:says
1054:text
631:Laozi
557:Houtu
454:Liezi
405:Texts
235:Ziran
198:Bagua
185:Taiji
5501:Yoga
5275:Cebu
4764:Fulu
4751:Xian
4745:Diet
4736:Shen
4722:Jing
4523:Wuji
4397:Tr.
4361:ISBN
4322:Tr.
4309:Tr.
4284:Tr.
4259:Tr.
4246:Tr.
4209:Tr.
4184:Tr.
4135:Tr.
4099:help
3968:Tr.
3943:Tr.
3870:Tr.
3845:Tr.
3820:Tr.
3715:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3458:Guan
3443:ISBN
3430:Ding
3415:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3033:guan
2998:司馬承禎
2942:guan
2937:道教義樞
2928:無上秘要
2893:guan
2833:and
2820:xian
2745:xian
2718:(18)
2692:The
2627:The
2606:Yunü
2604:and
2597:老子中經
2591:The
2566:The
2493:The
2453:天門開闔
2438:滌除玄覽
2362:xian
2139:xian
2083:wang
2073:wang
1946:The
1936:敬除其舍
1927:滌除玄覽
1811:jing
1664:jing
1516:xian
1450:ding
1395:and
1378:Guan
1374:guan
1341:guan
1333:guan
1316:Guan
1312:Guan
1295:Guan
1274:ding
1248:Ding
1232:The
1157:and
387:Fulu
369:Bigu
364:Diet
290:and
279:Shen
267:Jing
242:Xian
178:Wuji
40:道家冥想
5227:Yao
4758:Art
4568:Fan
4505:Tao
3702:Cun
3573:doi
3544:doi
3315:doi
3283:'s
3134:內經圖
3126:內经图
3013:'s
3001:'s
2986:'s
2804:五符經
2572:黃庭經
2396:河上公
2265:xun
2060:墮肢體
1976:".
1941:chu
1634:in
1406:cun
1384:Cun
1370:zhi
381:Art
358:Chu
288:Hun
219:Fan
165:Tao
5832::
4729:Qi
4628:Pu
4599:De
4406:^
4331:^
4061:^
3642:^
3587:.
3579:.
3569:60
3567:.
3550:.
3540:51
3538:.
3321:.
3309:.
3269:.
3204:女丹
3146:;
3136:;
3128:;
3101:玄武
3088:三台
3010:吳筠
2870:無心
2770:遠遊
2761:八景
2706:明鏡
2680:鄭隱
2665:真一
2621:聖胎
2610:玉女
2585:內景
2428:天門
2419:玄覽
2372:qi
2339:心術
2274:ni
2256:天機
2199:qi
2194:行氣
2178:,
2023:.
2010:心齋
1918:摶氣
1909:專氣
1900:守一
1835:.
1802:xu
1752:qi
1747:運氣
1658:定心
1642:,
1636:Qi
1604:白心
1595:心術
1553:坐禪
1550:)
1527:坐缽
1500:遠遊
1489:qi
1477:內觀
1466:金丹
1445:守一
1428:坐忘
1349:止觀
1324:樓觀
1288:泰定
1135:-/
1132:aʊ
1111:-/
1108:aʊ
1095:,
1079:aʊ
292:po
273:Qi
171:De
115:on
5331:e
5324:t
5317:v
5218:)
5214:(
4471:e
4464:t
4457:v
4369:.
4101:)
3799:.
3736:.
3723:.
3706:存
3595:.
3575::
3558:.
3546::
3479:.
3462:觀
3451:.
3434:定
3423:.
3395:.
3376:.
3357:.
3329:.
3317::
3311:8
2946:觀
2897:觀
2790:"
2278:逆
2269:訓
2088:亡
2085:(
2078:忘
2075:(
1891:抱
1815:靜
1806:虛
1669:精
1437:.
1388:存
1299:觀
1252:定
1129:d
1126:ˈ
1123:/
1119:(
1105:t
1102:ˈ
1099:/
1091:/
1088:t
1085:s
1082:ɪ
1076:d
1073:ˈ
1070:/
1066:(
1035:e
1028:t
1021:v
860:)
372:)
366:(
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