1331:, focused on the texts of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Many of the school's members, including Wang Bi himself, were not religious in any sense. Wang Bi mostly focused on reconciling Confucian thought with Taoist thought. Because the version of the Tao Te Ching that has been passed on to the present is the one that Wang Bi commented upon, his interpretations became very influential as they were passed on alongside the Tao Te Ching. In addition, his commentary was compatible with Confucian ideas and Buddhist ideas that later entered China. This compatibility ensured Taoism would remain an important aspect of Chinese culture, and made the merging of the three religions easier in later periods, such as the Tang dynasty.
1800:, Herman praised the book as a "surprisingly interesting and scholastically responsible" example of western Daoist thought and as "an intelligent example of the emerging western transformation of Taoism, an area too often overlooked by sinologists." On the other hand, he criticized that Le Guin "make some claims—or rather, employs some language—that may carry misleading implications", such as identifying Laozi "as a mystic and his perceptions as mystical, without ever defining the terms or questioning what generalizations can be drawn."
988:, Huangdi (2697–2597 BCE) is also often associated with the origin of the Tao; his works are believed to have greatly influenced Laozi. It is possible Taoism existed before Laozi, as he refers to the "Tao masters of antiquity" in the 15th chapter of the Daodejing; however it is also possible he was referring to masters—mythical or historical—of the wisdom to which Taoism points, rather than masters of Taoism as an already established religion.
3368:
39:
1484:(685–762), who ruled at the height of the Tang, wrote commentaries on texts from all three of these traditions, which exemplifies the fact that in many people's lives they were not mutually exclusive. This marks the beginning of a long-lived tendency within imperial China, in which the government supported (and simultaneously regulated) all three movements. The
1045:(which probably derived from the "archivist-soothsayers of antiquity, one of whom supposedly was Laozi himself"), even though later Taoists insisted that this was not the case. Both terms were used to designate individuals dedicated to "... magic, medicine, divination,... methods of longevity and to ecstatic wanderings" as well as exorcism; in the case of the
1388:") many of whom were ancestors of a circle of aristocrats from southern China. These Zhenren spoke of an apocalypse which was to arrive in 384, and claimed that only certain people from this aristocratic circle had been chosen to be saved. For the first century of its existence, Shangqing Taoism was isolated to this aristocratic circle. However,
1703:(Chinese Nationalist Party) leaders embraced science, modernity, and Western culture, including (to some extent) Christianity. Viewing the popular religion as reactionary and parasitic, they confiscated some temples for public buildings, and otherwise attempted to control traditional religious activity.
1685:
was constituted, but excluded virtually all Taoist books. Through the Qing-administered agency Bureau of Taoist
Registrations, the number of officially ordained Taoist masters was limited. Sponsored Taoist ritual and study sites were also restricted and controlled. By the beginning of the twentieth
1779:
abundance of new literature on Taoism by nonspecialists, including "translations" of Taoist texts by authors who (sometimes boastfully) lack linguistic competence. Scholars have been quick to reject such documents as ahistorical and inauthentic, and many do indeed combine questionable scholarship
1803:
Herman subsequently described popular
Western Taoism as the modern proliferation of self-proclaimed Daoist journals, meditation centers, websites, and renderings of Daoist texts by nonspecialists; and said, "not surprisingly, the sinological community (myself included) has generally greeted this
973:
throughout the ages. Taoism evolved in response to changing times, with its doctrine and associated practices being revised and refined. The acceptance of Taoism by the ruling class has waxed and waned, alternately enjoying periods of favor and rejection. Most recently, Taoism has emerged from a
1089:
and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted numerous students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with
Confucius, most famously in the
1172:, where he worked as a minor town official. Zhuang made himself well acquainted with all the literature of his time, but preferred the views of Laozi; and ranked himself among his followers. He wrote stories to satirize and expose the disciples of
980:(Lao Tzu) is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Taoist religion and is closely associated in this context with "original", or "primordial", Taoism. Whether he actually existed is disputed, and the work attributed to him – the Daodejing (
1722:
Persecution of
Taoists in China eventually stopped in 1979, and many Taoists began reviving their traditions. Subsequently, many temples and monasteries have been repaired and reopened, but the destruction of cultural revolution was substantial.
1837:
labeled "Popular
Western Taoism (PWT), with 'Taoism' pronounced with a hard 't' sound." In this construct, "'Daoism' becomes anything for anyone", and Popular Western Taoism "has little to no connection with the Daoist religious tradition."
1116:, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. Laozi's disciples
1392:(456–536) codified and wrote commentaries on Yang Xi's writings and allowed for the creation of Shangqing Taoism as a popular religion. The Lingbao scriptures added some Buddhist elements, such as an emphasis on universal salvation.
1832:
identify and interpret Daoist texts as part of a 'universal wisdom tradition'." Komjathy later elaborated on these spiritual hybrids that "domesticate, sterilize and misrepresent Daoism", and may best be understood as part of a
1419:
after its fall in 311 CE. These various followers of The Way of the
Celestial Master coalesced to form a distinct form of Taoism known as the Southern Celestial Masters, who lasted as a distinct movement into the fifth century.
1384:). They spoke of the Shangqing heaven, which stood above what had been previously considered the highest heaven by Celestial Master Taoists. Yang Xi's revelations consisted of visitations from the residents of this heaven (the "
1407:, and a Taoist theocracy was established that lasted until 450 CE. After this time, the Northern Celestial Masters were expelled from the Wei court and re-established themselves at Louguan where they survived into the
1231:– many Taoist works were presumed lost. As such, many of the Zhou-era Taoist texts are sourced during the Han dynasty, and the existence of many of the Zhou-era Taoist sages and texts are still disputed.
1373:'Sacred Treasure') scriptures (397–402) received at Maoshan. The Shangqing revelations were received by Yang Xi, a relative of Ge Hong's; the revelations emphasised meditative visualisation (
1564:. This interaction manifested itself in the integration of 'converted' local deities into the bureaucratically organised Taoist pantheon and the emergence of new exorcistic rituals, including the
1796:
This review was largely positive with some criticisms and cautions. While Herman states that the book "is not a useful text for informing students" about philosophical thought during the
Chinese
1780:
with a promiscuous blend of western individualism and new-age universalism. However, this popular western Taoism is not exclusively or even primarily a scholarly phenomenon; rather, it is an
1353:
The 'Master
Embracing Simplicity') was active in the third and fourth centuries and had great influence on later Taoism. Major scriptures were produced during this time period, including the
1106:
and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard
1592:
1263:(the "Riverside Master"), a legendary figure depicted as a teacher to the Han emperor. In the early Han dynasty, the Tao came to be associated with or conflated with the
1613:, became a major emphasis of the Quanzhen sect, whose practitioners followed a monastic model inspired by Buddhism. One of its leaders, Qiu Chuji became a teacher of
1738:
who moved to Taiwan with the
Kuomintang, and various traditional temple activities such as astrology and mediumship, which have been criticized as "superstitious".
1807:
In a 1998 article about teaching Daoism, Russell
Kirkland urged colleagues not to "Pooh-pooh Taoism" with "popular fluff" like Benjamin Hoff's coffee-table book
1565:
1110:. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the
4117:
2582:
1303:
The Celestial Masters' activities did hasten the downfall of the Han dynasty, largely because Zhang's grandson set up a theocratic state in what is now
1428:
Taoism gained official status in China during the Tang dynasty, whose emperors claimed Laozi as their relative. However, it was forced to compete with
992:
1719:
from 1966 to 1976, many Taoist temples and sites were destroyed or badly damaged, Taoist clergy were forced to disrobe and were sent to labor camps.
1569:
1804:
overall phenomenon – what I will from here on label "popular Western Daoism" – with varying degrees of indifferences, amusement, and derision."
4035:
3421:
170:
1227:
as the dynasty's guiding philosophy. After the Qin centralized power and brought the period of civil conflict to a close, they engaged in the
1219:, who would all go on to become famed military strategists and diplomats. Zhang Yi, in particular, paved the way for the domination of the
2553:
793:
4060:
1154:
not long before the year 398 BC, when the Prime Minister Tzu Yang was killed in a revolution. It was at this time that Yukou wrote the
1681:." This movement returned the Confucian classics to favor and nearly completely rejected Taoism. During the eighteenth century, the
1542:
saw an increasingly complex interaction between the elite traditions of organised Taoism as practised by ordained Taoist ministers (
4472:
1669:
by the Manchus was blamed by some literati on religion, specifically Taoism. They sought to regain power by advocating a return to
1228:
1300:
in 215, legitimizing Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid-2nd century.
3175:
2623:
Herman, Jonathan R. (2001), "Daoist Environmentalism in the West: Ursula K. Le Guin's Reception and Transmission of Daoism," in
1726:
Taoism is one of five religions officially recognized by the communist government, which regulates its activities through the
1637:("White Cloud Monastery"). Before the end of the dynasty, the Celestial Masters sect (and Buddhism) again gained preeminence.
4467:
3143:
3124:
3102:
3048:
2985:
2965:
2872:
2498:
2321:
2696:
4411:
3985:
2653:
885:
4087:
4436:
4298:
4028:
3658:
498:
2712:
3029:
2946:
2919:
2895:
2786:
2763:
1909:
813:
4406:
1208:
943:
2677:
3753:
606:
1296:, who claimed that Laozi appeared to him in the year 142. The Tianshi school was officially recognized by ruler
3878:
3068:
2586:
1400:
798:
1531:
school of Taoism was founded during this period, and together with the resurgent Celestial Masters called the
4326:
4316:
4021:
3868:
3633:
1814:
1224:
788:
483:
3873:
783:
515:
2692:
2685:
1817:
and others as "self-indulgent dilettantes who deceive the public by publishing pseudo-translations of the
1033:
in China that later coalesced into a Taoist tradition. In particular, many Taoist practices drew from the
4135:
3257:
3168:
113:
1754:
was the first westerner to be initiated as a Taoist priest; he subsequently served also as co-editor of
4462:
1990:
1727:
905:
3136:
Zhuangzi: The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries Hackett Classics Series
4381:
4306:
3953:
3021:
2778:
910:
843:
2606:
Herman, Jonathan R.. 1998. "Review of Tao Te Ching: A Book About the Way and the Power of the Way".
4371:
4311:
3638:
2755:
1481:
473:
220:
4153:
4092:
3675:
3643:
3606:
3441:
3427:
2839:
1712:
1515:
1485:
478:
446:
285:
188:
176:
4366:
4349:
4254:
4242:
4234:
4070:
3733:
3349:
3161:
2560:
1834:
1759:
1057:, and relied much on astrological and calendrical speculations in their divinatory activities.
583:
278:
225:
1255:
came to be applied to the religious movements in later times). The earliest commentary on the
1251:'s history (chapter 63) it refers to immortals; in Liu Xiang it refers to Laozi and Zhuangzi (
4401:
3354:
3085:
2738:
2313:
1797:
1447:
1320:
1188:
1054:
230:
2930:
1477:
rivals that made scathing statements about each other and the faith they did not represent.
1277:, which interprets earlier works of the Taoist canon in light of the quest for immortality.
4288:
4280:
4145:
4107:
4055:
3064:
2742:
1829:
1715:, officially atheistic, initially suppressed Taoism along with other religions. During the
1436:, its major rivals, for patronage and rank. Skepticism about the existence and goodness of
936:
747:
3571:
1518:, were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts and publishing editions of the
8:
4421:
4259:
4186:
4181:
4079:
4044:
1716:
1264:
1200:
4416:
4219:
4196:
4191:
4000:
3980:
3970:
3921:
3863:
3399:
3219:
3112:
2847:
1634:
1289:
1196:
1180:, which contains stories and anecdotes that exemplify the carefree nature of the ideal
1034:
880:
870:
860:
767:
732:
165:
94:
1765:"Popular Western Taoism" is a term coined by Jonathan R. Herman in his 1998 review of
4344:
4339:
4206:
3621:
3416:
3228:
3192:
3139:
3120:
3098:
3044:
3025:
2981:
2961:
2942:
2915:
2891:
2868:
2782:
2759:
2494:
2327:
2317:
1915:
1905:
1825:
1766:
1735:
1415:), and were likely made of those adherents who fled Sichuan and others who fled from
999:
461:
235:
87:
69:
48:
3670:
1653:
commanded that all Taoist texts be collected and combined into a new version of the
4247:
4173:
4097:
3958:
3912:
3895:
3201:
3000:
2864:
2822:
2801:
1610:
1458:
often was seen by Chinese peasants as a capricious force that only granted certain
1354:
1165:
966:
848:
757:
742:
1575:
Aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were consciously synthesised in the
4376:
4334:
4224:
3917:
3648:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3497:
2909:
2716:
2681:
2657:
1809:
1177:
1092:
1010:
970:
929:
762:
533:
488:
434:
429:
424:
412:
335:
22:
1657:
The text was finally finished in 1447, and took nearly forty years to complete.
4125:
4102:
3995:
3948:
3900:
3850:
3823:
3813:
3793:
3663:
2905:
1646:
1364:
1147:
1139:
1086:
985:
838:
752:
720:
687:
674:
654:
503:
2650:
1081:
was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of
4456:
4163:
4130:
3975:
3965:
3858:
3828:
3718:
3616:
3599:
3579:
3546:
3456:
3367:
3295:
2835:
2331:
1747:
1576:
1549:
1459:
1438:
1396:
1308:
1307:
province. The same could be said of their contemporaries, the Taoist-leaning
1293:
1151:
1066:
1030:
969:. Originating in prehistoric China, it has exerted a powerful influence over
915:
865:
855:
727:
692:
568:
456:
439:
419:
384:
151:
2011:
1919:
1603:
were ordered burned. This destruction gave Taoism a chance to renew itself.
4359:
3905:
3808:
3803:
3788:
3708:
3611:
3532:
3490:
3304:
3273:
3235:
2861:
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Four
2709:
1751:
1746:
From 1927 to 1944, the chief proponent of Taoism in the West was Professor
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1650:
1618:
1614:
1539:
1429:
1408:
1389:
1260:
1169:
1112:
1082:
981:
669:
664:
646:
558:
451:
370:
328:
267:
128:
100:
80:
2307:
1686:
century, Taoism had fallen much from favor (only one complete copy of the
1292:
movement at the end of the 2nd century CE; the latter had been founded by
3883:
3778:
3773:
3698:
3525:
3518:
3450:
3333:
2309:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
1899:
1824:
Louis Komjathy described modern "Western Daoism" or "American Daoism" in
1731:
1532:
1474:
1404:
1285:
1281:
1244:
1220:
1176:, and clearly exhibit the sentiments of Lao. These were collected in the
1161:
1038:
1027:
803:
636:
631:
545:
356:
349:
273:
1399:
period, the Celestial Master movement re-emerged in two distinct forms.
4441:
4431:
4354:
4013:
3990:
3932:
3783:
3763:
3713:
3653:
3463:
3004:
2887:
2805:
2674:
2611:
2572:
An address given to the Delegation EU-China of the European Parliament.
1700:
1535:
is one of the two schools of Taoism that have survived to the present.
1411:. The Southern Celestial Masters were centered at Jiankang (modern-day
875:
818:
641:
621:
616:
563:
493:
290:
196:
2200:
1985:
1621:. (and used his influence to save millions of lives). Originally from
1599:
Taoism suffered a significant setback in 1281 when many copies of the
4214:
3818:
3798:
3758:
3728:
3703:
3539:
3511:
3251:
2775:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
2554:"Human Rights Without Frontiers "Religious Freedom in China in 2006""
1771:
1665:
The fall of the Ming dynasty and the subsequent establishment of the
1580:
1273:
1268:
1248:
1243:(usually translated as "philosophical Taoism") was coined during the
1216:
1173:
1143:
1135:
1103:
1099:
1004:
679:
659:
611:
578:
550:
377:
342:
4426:
3927:
3833:
3017:
2911:
Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu
2627:, ed. by N. J. Girardot et al., Harvard University Press, 391, 392.
2303:
1821:, without having actually read the text in its original language".
1626:
1528:
1433:
775:
697:
520:
3119:(4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.
1762:
and Catalan Taoist Association have been established in the West.
3890:
3838:
3768:
3748:
3738:
3560:
3553:
3343:
3265:
3081:
2939:
The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, Volume 2
1688:
1630:
1520:
1451:
1416:
1412:
1385:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1304:
1297:
1212:
1192:
1042:
737:
706:
626:
598:
588:
510:
398:
391:
321:
159:
121:
1065:
Predecessors to Taoism existed among the lower class during the
3743:
3723:
3407:
3391:
3383:
3314:
3184:
2818:
2662:
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
1622:
1605:
1204:
1191:, a hermit named Guigu Xiansheng was said to have compiled the
1181:
1085:. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the
1049:, "shamans" or "sorcerers" is often used as a translation. The
961:
593:
573:
302:
260:
251:
244:
136:
30:
2832:
The Daoist Monastic Manual: A Translation of the Fengdao Kejie
3693:
3626:
3504:
3324:
3242:
1828:
terms, where "New Age discourse communities and advocates of
1155:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1078:
977:
540:
466:
363:
144:
107:
1706:
1199:
based in Taoist thinking. He conveyed the teachings of this
974:
period of suppression and is undergoing a revival in China.
3469:
1467:
1443:
1102:
stated that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in
794:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
296:
1692:
still remained, at the White Cloud Monastery in Beijing).
1558:) and a new class of non-ordained ritual experts known as
3210:
3153:
2997:
Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity
2941:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 20–26.
2098:
1591:
1473:
Taoist sects and Buddhist temple monks were often bitter
1041:(connected to the "shamanism" of Southern China) and the
74:
38:
2110:
1898:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
1897:
3434:
3078:
The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang
2752:
Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics
2684:, Center for Daoist Studies. This refers to the common
995:
identifies four components in the emergence of Taoism:
182:
3093:
Simpkins, Annellen M.; Simpkins, C. Alexander (1999).
2062:
2026:
1904:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 124.
1955:
1953:
1869:
1867:
984:) – is dated between the 8th and 3rd century BC. The
3097:(3rd Printing ed.). Boston: Tuttle Publishing.
2086:
3076:Schipper, Kristopher; Verellen, Franciscus (2004).
2536:
2534:
2859:". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.).
2735:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
2636:Russell Kirkland, "Teaching Taoism in the 1990s",
2074:
1950:
1864:
1730:. Sensitive areas include the relationship of the
1314:
2978:The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion
2583:"Report from The Oslo Coalition "Visit to China""
2493:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 172.
2201:Wang Bi [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
1695:
4454:
3092:
3075:
2531:
2464:
2428:
2032:
1060:
1019:Practices for achieving longevity or immortality
2651:Tracing the Contours of Daoism in North America
2012:"Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters"
1707:People's Republic of China (1949–present)
1506:) to be studied for the imperial examinations.
1234:
4029:
3169:
2882:Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael, eds. (1998).
2854:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1501:
1493:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1072:
937:
3041:The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China
2881:
2056:
1446:, and other factors boosted conversion from
1284:(Celestial Masters') school (later known as
3095:Simple Taoism: a guide to living in balance
2608:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1660:
1640:
1586:
4061:List of religions and spiritual traditions
4036:
4022:
3200:
3176:
3162:
2488:
1734:with their denomination's lineage-holder,
1629:, the sect established its main center in
1509:
1334:
944:
930:
3111:
2846:
2116:
2104:
1579:school, which eventually became Imperial
1450:and Taoism to Buddhism, especially among
1423:
1164:was born around 369 BCE in a town called
1026:Some elements of Taoism may be traced to
4043:
3058:
2955:
2749:
2525:
2513:
2476:
2452:
1932:
1758:. Today, many Taoist organizations like
1590:
1280:The first organized form of Taoism, the
1229:burning of books and burying of scholars
3133:
3011:
2994:
2710:Popular Construction of Daoist Religion
2440:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2283:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2068:
1971:
1959:
1885:
1873:
1858:
1363:'Supreme Clarity') (365–370) and
4455:
3038:
2980:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin.
2975:
2772:
2044:
1944:
1327:(Mysterious Wisdom) school, including
1195:, a work that discusses techniques of
1124:went on to write their own works, the
4422:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic)
4017:
3157:
2958:Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1741:
1315:Three Kingdoms period (220–265)
2928:
2904:
2829:
2812:
2795:
2732:
2612:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1466152
2540:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2302:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2128:
2092:
2080:
1983:
1696:Nationalist period (1912–1949)
1514:Several Song emperors, most notably
4412:Evolutionary psychology of religion
2798:The Taoist Experience: An Anthology
1077:According to traditional accounts,
1061:Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BCE)
886:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
13:
3659:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
2289:
1235:Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE)
1053:were philosophically close to the
499:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
4484:
1583:for state bureaucratic purposes.
814:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
4407:Evolutionary origin of religions
3366:
2937:. In Nienhauser, William (ed.).
2697:Daoism–Taoism romanization issue
1617:before the establishment of the
1595:White Cloud Monastery in Beijing
1552:as practised by spirit mediums (
1073:Zhou dynasty (770–256 BCE)
1016:Techniques for achieving ecstasy
37:
4473:History of religion by religion
3754:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
2725:
2702:
2667:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2600:
2575:
2546:
2519:
2507:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2050:
2038:
2004:
1673:orthodoxy in a movement called
1403:were founded in 424 century by
1223:and helped found the school of
607:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
3069:University of California Press
3059:Schipper, Kristopher (1993) .
2750:Demerath, Nicholas J. (2003).
2638:Teaching Theology and Religion
1977:
1965:
1938:
1926:
1891:
1879:
1852:
1775:"rendition", referring to the
1661:Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
1641:Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
1587:Yuan dynasty (1279–1367)
1548:) and the local traditions of
1470:in "gloomy underworld jails."
1401:The Northern Celestial Masters
1184:sage. Zhuang died in 286 BCE.
900:Institutions and organizations
799:The Northern Celestial Masters
1:
3869:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3634:Three Great Emperor-Officials
3117:Chinese History: A New Manual
2033:Simpkins & Simpkins (1999
1841:
1510:Song dynasty (960–1279)
1335:Six Dynasties (316–589)
789:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
484:Three Great Emperor-Officials
4468:History of mystic traditions
3874:Way of the Celestial Masters
3014:Taoism: Growth of a Religion
2884:Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching
2719:, Center for Daoist Studies.
2688:mispronunciation of English
2465:Schipper & Verellen 2004
2429:Schipper & Verellen 2004
1846:
1424:Tang dynasty (618–907)
1288:school), developed from the
784:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
3012:Robinet, Isabelle (1997) .
2995:Robinet, Isabelle (1993) .
2960:. Oxford University Press.
2773:Hucker, Charles O. (1995).
2489:Littlejohn, Ronnie (2009).
1560:
1554:
1544:
1494:
1380:
10:
4489:
3879:Northern Celestial Masters
3183:
2956:McNeilly, Mark R. (2001).
2914:. New York: Bantam Books.
2312:(1st ed.). New York:
1991:World History Encyclopedia
1984:Mark, Emily (2016-02-22).
1462:the privilege of becoming
1442:, the traditional view on
906:Chinese Taoist Association
4394:
4325:
4297:
4279:
4272:
4233:
4205:
4172:
4144:
4116:
4078:
4069:
4051:
3954:Sacred Mountains of China
3941:
3849:
3686:
3570:
3482:
3375:
3364:
3294:
3191:
3039:Sawyer, Ralph D. (2007).
3022:Stanford University Press
2855:
2813:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000).
2779:Stanford University Press
2708:Komjathy, Louis (2010),
2059:, pp. 14, 17, 54–55)
2057:Kohn & LaFargue (1998
1502:
1492:to the list of classics (
1375:
1369:
1359:
1349:
844:Sacred Mountains of China
221:Three Treasures (virtues)
3639:Queen Mother of the West
2929:Mair, Victor H. (1998).
2756:Rutgers University Press
2673:Komjathy, Louis (2010),
2649:Komjathy, Louis (2004),
1732:Zhengyi Taoist community
1728:China Taoist Association
1267:. A major text from the
474:Queen Mother of the West
3644:King Father of the East
3134:Ziporyn, Brook (2009).
2840:Oxford University Press
2491:Daoism: An Introduction
2407:, pp. 416–418, 423
1713:Chinese Communist Party
1150:. He was living in the
479:King Father of the East
447:Four heavenly ministers
3138:. Hackett Publishing.
2976:Morgan, Diane (2001).
2733:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
2675:Popular Western Taoism
2262:, pp. 284–289–290
1835:new religious movement
1794:
1760:Taoist Church of Italy
1596:
1271:movement would be the
4402:Evolution of morality
3086:University of Chicago
1798:Warring States period
1777:
1594:
1566:Celestial Heart Rites
1448:Chinese folk religion
1321:Three Kingdoms period
1189:Warring States period
965:stretches throughout
4056:Timeline of religion
4045:History of religions
2867:. pp. 2314–23.
2830:Kohn, Livia (2004).
2796:Kohn, Livia (1993).
2743:Princeton University
2640:, 1998, 1.2, p. 114.
1830:Perennial Philosophy
1813:, and characterized
1466:and bound all other
1000:Philosophical Taoism
748:Way of the Li Family
4260:Kardecist spiritism
3403:(self-cultivation)
3113:Wilkinson, Endymion
2848:Knechtges, David R.
1717:Cultural Revolution
1201:School of Diplomacy
4417:History of atheism
3395:(external alchemy)
3387:(internal alchemy)
2715:2015-11-25 at the
2680:2015-12-11 at the
2656:2011-12-26 at the
2625:Daoism and Ecology
2610:66 (3). : 686–89.
2443:, pp. 223–224
2274:, pp. 257–258
2250:, pp. 284–285
2226:, pp. 116–117
2047:, pp. 223–24)
1742:Taoism in the West
1597:
1290:Five Pecks of Rice
1197:political lobbying
1055:School of Yin-Yang
1035:Warring-States-era
881:Cebu Taoist Temple
871:White Cloud Temple
733:Way of the Taiping
4463:History of Taoism
4450:
4449:
4390:
4389:
4268:
4267:
4011:
4010:
3622:Tianhuang Emperor
3362:
3361:
3284:
3283:
3145:978-1-60384-435-2
3126:978-0-674-08846-7
3104:978-0-8048-3173-4
3050:978-0-465-00304-4
2987:978-1-58063-197-6
2967:978-0-19-513340-0
2874:978-90-04-27217-0
2500:978-1-84511-639-2
2323:978-0-385-51284-8
2035:, pp. 12–13)
1947:, pp. 203–04
1901:Myths and Legends
1826:religious studies
1767:Ursula K. Le Guin
1736:Celestial Masters
1395:Also, during the
1339:Taoist alchemist
1130:Tongxuan zhenjing
1037:phenomena of the
954:
953:
911:Celestial Masters
462:Tianhuang Emperor
70:Taoist philosophy
4480:
4277:
4276:
4076:
4075:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4015:
4014:
3959:Wudang Mountains
3370:
3292:
3291:
3269:(transformation)
3246:(eight trigrams)
3198:
3197:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3130:
3108:
3089:
3072:
3054:
3035:
3008:
2991:
2971:
2952:
2925:
2901:
2878:
2858:
2857:
2843:
2826:
2809:
2792:
2769:
2746:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2585:. Archived from
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2559:. Archived from
2558:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2179:, pp. 54–55
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2117:Wilkinson (2015)
2114:
2108:
2105:Knechtges (2014)
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1815:Stephen Mitchell
1756:Taoist Resources
1683:imperial library
1611:internal alchemy
1563:
1557:
1547:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1343:, also known as
1187:During the late
1138:was born in the
1132:, respectively.
993:Isabelle Robinet
946:
939:
932:
849:Wudang Mountains
758:Chongxuan School
743:Shangqing School
286:Sexual practices
41:
18:
17:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4386:
4367:Illyro-thracian
4321:
4293:
4264:
4229:
4201:
4168:
4140:
4112:
4065:
4047:
4042:
4012:
4007:
3937:
3845:
3682:
3649:Eight Immortals
3607:Four Sovereigns
3595:Lingbao Tianzun
3590:Yuanshi Tianzun
3585:Three Pure Ones
3566:
3478:
3422:Three Treasures
3371:
3358:
3290:
3280:
3187:
3182:
3152:
3146:
3127:
3105:
3061:The Taoist Body
3051:
3043:. Basic Books.
3032:
2988:
2968:
2949:
2922:
2906:Mair, Victor H.
2898:
2875:
2815:Daoism Handbook
2789:
2766:
2728:
2723:
2717:Wayback Machine
2707:
2703:
2682:Wayback Machine
2672:
2668:
2658:Wayback Machine
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2324:
2301:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:, p. 2314.
2103:
2099:
2095:, p. xxxi.
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1810:The Tao of Pooh
1744:
1709:
1698:
1663:
1643:
1589:
1512:
1486:Gaozong Emperor
1426:
1337:
1317:
1265:Xian Di Emperor
1237:
1142:, near today's
1075:
1063:
971:Chinese culture
967:Chinese history
950:
921:
920:
901:
893:
892:
834:
826:
825:
810:
780:
763:Quanzhen School
723:
713:
712:
702:
684:
651:
603:
555:
536:
526:
525:
489:Eight Immortals
435:Lingbao Tianzun
430:Yuanshi Tianzun
425:Three Pure Ones
415:
405:
404:
316:
308:
307:
216:
208:
207:
171:Three Treasures
65:
12:
11:
5:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4395:Related topics
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4382:Vedic Hinduism
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:Zoroastrianism
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3996:Tong Jee Teung
3993:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3949:Grotto-heavens
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Zhang Guoxiang
3821:
3816:
3814:Wang Chongyang
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3794:Cheng Xuanying
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:Yellow Emperor
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:(calisthenics)
3396:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3329:(spontenaity)
3320:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3232:(non-polarity)
3215:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3073:
3056:
3049:
3036:
3030:
3009:
2992:
2986:
2973:
2966:
2953:
2947:
2926:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2844:
2827:
2810:
2793:
2787:
2770:
2764:
2747:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2701:
2666:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2599:
2574:
2570:(30.6 KB)
2566:on 2009-03-27.
2545:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2499:
2481:
2469:
2467:, pp. 1–2
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2419:, p. XVII
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2322:
2316:. p. 65.
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2119:, p. 697.
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2071:, p. vii.
2069:Ziporyn (2009)
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2003:
1976:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1910:
1890:
1878:
1863:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1743:
1740:
1708:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1662:
1659:
1647:Yongle Emperor
1642:
1639:
1588:
1585:
1511:
1508:
1425:
1422:
1336:
1333:
1316:
1313:
1236:
1233:
1148:Henan Province
1140:State of Zheng
1087:Yellow Emperor
1074:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1031:folk religions
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
986:Yellow Emperor
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:Taoist priests
913:
908:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
863:
858:
853:
852:
851:
841:
839:Grotto-heavens
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
779:
778:
773:
772:
771:
760:
755:
753:Lingbao School
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:Zhang Guoxiang
683:
682:
677:
675:Wang Chongyang
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:Cheng Xuanying
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
554:
553:
548:
543:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
507:
506:
504:Yellow Emperor
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
293:
288:
283:
271:
264:
257:
256:
255:
248:
238:
233:
228:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
194:
193:
192:
185:
180:
168:
163:
156:
148:
141:
133:
125:
118:
110:
105:
104:
103:
91:
84:
77:
72:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
51:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4485:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4327:Indo-European
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4225:Manichaeanism
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Mount Penglai
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:Sacred places
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Zhang Sanfeng
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Zhang Daoling
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3677:Other deities
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Ziwei Emperor
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3600:Daode Tianzun
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Hongjun Laozu
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:Qingjing Jing
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:(immortality)
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Five Precepts
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:(five phases)
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3031:0-8047-2839-9
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2948:0-253-33456-X
2944:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2921:0-553-37406-0
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2897:0-7914-3599-7
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2788:0-8047-2353-2
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2765:0-8135-3207-8
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2589:on 2007-10-01
2588:
2584:
2578:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2526:Schipper 1993
2522:
2516:, p. 220
2515:
2514:Schipper 1993
2510:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2477:Schipper 1993
2473:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2453:Schipper 1993
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2395:, p. 415
2394:
2389:
2383:, p. 567
2382:
2377:
2371:, p. 213
2370:
2365:
2359:, p. 185
2358:
2353:
2347:, p. 186
2346:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2286:, p. 184
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2238:, p. 153
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2083:, p. 21.
2082:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2013:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1935:, p. 149
1934:
1933:Demerath 2003
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:1-55521-812-1
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1888:, p. xix
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Henri Maspero
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:Neo-Confucian
1573:
1571:
1570:Thunder Rites
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1550:folk religion
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Six Dynasties
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1309:Yellow Turban
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:Zhang Daoling
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:state of Song
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1067:Shang dynasty
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
963:
959:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
897:
896:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:Taoist temple
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:Mount Penglai
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:Sacred places
830:
829:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
811:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
781:
777:
774:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
717:
716:
709:
708:
704:
703:
699:
696:
694:
693:Zhang Sanfeng
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Zhang Daoling
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Ziwei Emperor
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:Daode Tianzun
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
420:Hongjun Laozu
418:
417:
414:
409:
408:
401:
400:
396:
394:
393:
389:
387:
386:
385:Qingjing Jing
382:
380:
379:
375:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
359:
358:
354:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
318:
312:
311:
304:
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
270:
269:
265:
263:
262:
258:
254:
253:
249:
247:
246:
242:
241:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Five Precepts
224:
222:
219:
218:
212:
211:
204:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:
174:
173:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
146:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
126:
124:
123:
119:
117:(five phases)
116:
115:
111:
109:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
92:
90:
89:
85:
83:
82:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
61:
60:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
4437:Roman School
4360:Neoplatonism
4317:Mesopotamian
4158:
4154:Confucianism
4093:Christianity
4071:Major groups
3971:Mount Kunlun
3839:
3804:Zhang Boduan
3789:Tao Hongjing
3709:Heshang Gong
3676:
3671:Guan Shengdi
3612:Jade Emperor
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3533:Sanhuangjing
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3491:Tao Te Ching
3489:
3473:(talismancy)
3468:
3455:
3440:
3426:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3355:Ten Precepts
3342:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3241:
3236:Yin and yang
3227:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3135:
3116:
3094:
3077:
3060:
3040:
3013:
2996:
2977:
2957:
2938:
2932:
2910:
2883:
2860:
2851:
2831:
2814:
2797:
2774:
2751:
2734:
2726:Bibliography
2704:
2689:
2669:
2661:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2607:
2602:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2577:
2561:the original
2548:
2543:, p. 41
2528:, p. 18
2521:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2479:, p. 19
2472:
2460:
2455:, p. 15
2448:
2441:Robinet 1997
2436:
2431:, p. 30
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2369:Robinet 1997
2364:
2357:Robinet 1997
2352:
2345:Robinet 1997
2340:
2308:
2284:Robinet 1997
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2236:Robinet 1997
2231:
2224:Robinet 1997
2219:
2214:, p. 78
2212:Robinet 1997
2207:
2196:
2189:Robinet 1997
2184:
2177:Robinet 1997
2172:
2167:, p. 50
2165:Robinet 1997
2160:
2153:Robinet 1997
2148:
2143:, p. 54
2141:Robinet 1997
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2045:Morgan (2001
2040:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2014:. Edepot.com
2006:
1995:. Retrieved
1989:
1979:
1974:, p. 39
1972:Robinet 1997
1967:
1962:, p. 36
1960:Robinet 1997
1940:
1928:
1900:
1893:
1886:Robinet 1997
1881:
1876:, p. 25
1874:Robinet 1997
1861:, p. 63
1859:Robinet 1997
1854:
1823:
1819:Tao-te ching
1818:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1752:Michael Saso
1745:
1725:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1687:
1679:Han Learning
1674:
1667:Qing dynasty
1664:
1654:
1651:Ming dynasty
1644:
1619:Yuan dynasty
1615:Genghis Khan
1609:, a form of
1604:
1600:
1598:
1574:
1540:Song dynasty
1537:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1490:Tao Te Ching
1489:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1437:
1430:Confucianism
1427:
1409:Tang dynasty
1394:
1390:Tao Hongjing
1338:
1318:
1302:
1279:
1272:
1261:Heshang Gong
1256:
1252:
1240:
1238:
1186:
1160:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1113:Tao Te Ching
1111:
1098:
1091:
1076:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1025:
1009:
1003:
990:
982:Tao Te Ching
976:
960:
957:
955:
861:Mount Kunlun
705:
665:Zhang Boduan
647:Tao Hongjing
559:Heshang Gong
452:Jade Emperor
397:
390:
383:
376:
371:Sanhuangjing
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
329:Tao Te Ching
327:
320:
295:
277:
266:
259:
250:
243:
231:Ten Precepts
201:
197:
187:
175:
158:
150:
143:
140:(non-action)
135:
127:
120:
112:
101:Yin and yang
93:
86:
79:
53:
15:
4289:Paleolithic
4281:Prehistoric
4255:New Thought
4243:Neopaganism
4001:White Cloud
3922:Dragon Gate
3779:Kou Qianzhi
3774:Bao Jingyan
3699:Zhuang Zhou
3519:Taipingjing
3337:(plainness)
3319:(nonaction)
3309:(integrity)
3277:(reversion)
3224:(ultimate)
3202:Metaphysics
2693:/ˈdaʊ.ɪzəm/
2686:/ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm/
2191:, p. 6
2155:, p. 1
2131:, p. 6
2093:Mair (1994)
2081:Mair (1998)
2018:15 February
1945:Hucker 1995
1792:phenomenon.
1475:ideological
1460:chosen ones
1405:Kou Qianzhi
1319:During the
1259:is that of
1257:Dao De Jing
1245:Han dynasty
1221:Qin dynasty
1162:Zhuang Zhou
1152:Chêng State
1039:Wu (shaman)
1028:prehistoric
1002:, i.e. the
991:Sinologist
804:Zhengyi Dao
768:Dragon Gate
637:Kou Qianzhi
632:Bao Jingyan
546:Zhuang Zhou
350:Taipingjing
4457:Categories
4442:Secularism
4432:Irreligion
4355:Gnosticism
4273:Historical
4146:East Asian
4118:Amerindian
3991:Louguantai
3784:Lu Xiujing
3764:Wei Huacun
3714:Wei Boyang
3417:Meditation
3193:Philosophy
3005:SUNY Press
2933:Chuang-tzu
2888:SUNY Press
2863:. Leiden:
2806:SUNY Press
2593:2007-05-25
1997:2024-01-26
1842:References
1750:in Paris.
1701:Kuomintang
1635:Baiyunguan
1488:added the
958:history of
876:Louguantai
819:Yao Taoism
642:Lu Xiujing
622:Wei Huacun
617:Sun Hanhua
564:Wei Boyang
303:Priesthood
236:Meditation
155:(immortal)
132:(reversal)
4299:Near East
4215:Mithraism
4108:Rastafari
4080:Abrahamic
3913:Chongxuan
3896:Shangqing
3859:Huang–Lao
3819:Qiu Chuji
3809:Sun Bu'er
3799:Chen Tuan
3759:Guo Xiang
3729:Zhang Jue
3704:Lie Yukou
3540:Huahujing
3512:Huainanzi
3431:(essence)
3400:Yangsheng
3252:Feng shui
3238:(duality)
2850:(2014). "
2739:Princeton
2664:, 8.2, 6.
2541:Dean 1993
2417:Kohn 2000
2405:Kohn 2000
2393:Kohn 2000
2381:Kohn 2000
2332:123079516
2314:Doubleday
2304:Chua, Amy
2272:Kohn 2000
2260:Kohn 2000
2248:Kohn 2000
2129:Kohn 2000
1847:Footnotes
1790:religious
1782:aesthetic
1772:Daodejing
1671:Confucian
1645:In 1406,
1581:orthodoxy
1355:Shangqing
1274:Huainanzi
1269:Huang-Lao
1249:Sima Qian
1239:The term
1217:Pang Juan
1174:Confucius
1168:, in the
1144:Zhengzhou
1136:Lie Yukou
1104:Chengzhou
1100:Sima Qian
1005:Daodejing
728:Huang–Lao
680:Qiu Chuji
670:Sun Bu'er
660:Chen Tuan
612:Guo Xiang
579:Zhang Jue
551:Lie Yukou
378:Huahujing
343:Huainanzi
215:Practices
166:True form
4427:Humanism
4345:Germanic
4307:Egyptian
4187:Hinduism
4182:Buddhism
3918:Quanzhen
3906:Jingming
3834:Zhu Quan
3734:Zhang Lu
3526:Xiang'er
3498:Zhuangzi
3445:(spirit)
3437:(breath)
3376:Practice
3115:(2015).
3065:Berkeley
3018:Stanford
2908:(1994).
2852:Zhuangzi
2836:New York
2713:Archived
2678:Archived
2654:Archived
2306:(2007).
1986:"Taoism"
1920:27192394
1786:cultural
1655:Daozang.
1627:Shandong
1568:and the
1529:Quanzhen
1482:Xuanzong
1480:Emperor
1452:peasants
1434:Buddhism
1225:Legalism
1209:Zhang Yi
1178:Zhuangzi
1093:Zhuangzi
1022:Exorcism
1011:Zhuangzi
776:Wuliupai
698:Zhu Quan
584:Zhang Lu
521:Body god
413:Theology
357:Xiang'er
336:Zhuangzi
240:Alchemy
64:Concepts
23:a series
21:Part of
4312:Semitic
4207:Iranian
4197:Sikhism
4192:Jainism
4103:Judaism
3986:Hanford
3976:Temples
3901:Lingbao
3891:Xuanxue
3884:Zhengyi
3864:Taiping
3851:Schools
3840:Fangshi
3769:Ge Hong
3749:Wang Bi
3739:Ge Xuan
3654:Chang'e
3572:Deities
3561:Daozang
3554:Baopuzi
3344:Zhenren
3266:Bianhua
3082:Chicago
1689:Daozang
1631:Beijing
1601:Daozang
1533:Zhengyi
1521:Daozang
1516:Huizong
1417:Luoyang
1413:Nanjing
1386:Zhenren
1381:neiguan
1365:Lingbao
1345:Baopuzi
1341:Ge Hong
1329:Wang Bi
1325:Xuanxue
1305:Sichuan
1298:Cao Cao
1286:Zhengyi
1282:Tianshi
1253:Daojiao
1213:Sun Bin
1193:Guiguzi
1126:Guan Yi
1051:fangshi
1043:Fangshi
738:Xuanxue
721:Schools
707:Fangshi
627:Ge Hong
599:Wang Bi
589:Ge Xuan
516:Li Hong
511:Guan Yu
494:Chang'e
399:Daozang
392:Baopuzi
322:I Ching
160:Zhenren
122:Bianhua
54:History
49:Outline
4377:Slavic
4340:Celtic
4335:Baltic
4235:Modern
4174:Indian
4164:Shinto
4159:Taoism
4088:Baháʼí
3744:He Yan
3724:Gan Ji
3687:People
3408:Daoyin
3392:Waidan
3384:Neidan
3315:Wu wei
3296:Ethics
3258:Wuxing
3185:Taoism
3142:
3123:
3101:
3047:
3028:
3001:Albany
2984:
2964:
2945:
2918:
2894:
2871:
2819:Leiden
2802:Albany
2785:
2762:
2690:Taoism
2568:
2497:
2330:
2320:
1918:
1908:
1788:, and
1677:, or "
1675:Hanxue
1623:Shanxi
1606:Neidan
1545:daoshi
1444:heaven
1323:, the
1311:sect.
1241:Daojia
1205:Su Qin
1182:Taoist
962:Taoism
594:He Yan
574:Gan Ji
534:People
261:Bugang
252:Waidan
245:Neidan
137:Wu wei
114:Wuxing
31:Taoism
4372:Roman
4350:Greek
4248:Wicca
4131:Mayan
4126:Aztec
4098:Islam
3928:Wuliu
3694:Laozi
3627:Houtu
3505:Liezi
3483:Texts
3325:Ziran
3243:Bagua
3220:Taiji
3214:(way)
2865:Brill
2823:Brill
2695:(see
2564:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
1561:fashi
1468:souls
1247:. In
1156:Liezi
1122:Wenzi
1118:Yinxi
1108:Yinxi
1079:Laozi
978:Laozi
541:Laozi
467:Houtu
364:Liezi
315:Texts
145:Ziran
108:Bagua
95:Taiji
4136:Inca
3981:Cebu
3470:Fulu
3457:Xian
3451:Diet
3442:Shen
3428:Jing
3229:Wuji
3140:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2328:OCLC
2318:ISBN
2020:2013
1916:OCLC
1906:ISBN
1711:The
1625:and
1538:The
1527:The
1495:jing
1464:xian
1456:Tiān
1439:xian
1432:and
1215:and
1166:Meng
1128:and
1120:and
1083:Zhou
1008:and
956:The
297:Fulu
279:Bigu
274:Diet
200:and
189:Shen
177:Jing
152:Xian
88:Wuji
3933:Yao
3464:Art
3274:Fan
3211:Tao
1769:'s
1649:of
1633:'s
1350:抱扑子
1203:to
291:Art
268:Chu
198:Hun
129:Fan
75:Tao
4459::
3435:Qi
3334:Pu
3305:De
3084::
3080:.
3067::
3063:.
3024:.
3020::
3016:.
3003::
2999:.
2890:.
2886:.
2856:莊子
2838::
2834:.
2821::
2817:.
2804::
2800:.
2781:.
2777:.
2758:.
2754:.
2741::
2737:.
2699:).
2660:,
2533:^
2326:.
2291:^
1988:.
1952:^
1914:.
1866:^
1784:,
1572:.
1555:wu
1454:.
1376:內觀
1370:靈寶
1360:上清
1211:,
1207:,
1158:.
1146:,
1096:.
1069:.
1047:wu
202:po
183:Qi
81:De
25:on
4037:e
4030:t
4023:v
3924:)
3920:(
3177:e
3170:t
3163:v
3148:.
3129:.
3107:.
3088:.
3071:.
3055:.
3053:.
3034:.
3007:.
2990:.
2972:.
2970:.
2951:.
2935:"
2931:"
2924:.
2900:.
2877:.
2842:.
2825:.
2808:.
2791:.
2768:.
2745:.
2614:.
2596:.
2503:.
2334:.
2022:.
2000:.
1922:.
1523:.
1503:經
1499:,
1367:(
1357:(
1347:(
945:e
938:t
931:v
770:)
282:)
276:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
