2698:
3517:). The names Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha were introduced in 1937 by Horace Elmer Wood, in response to criticism of the name "Solidungula" that he proposed three years previously. It had been based on the grouping of horses and Tridactyla and on the rhinoceros/tapir complex. The extinct brontotheriidae were also classified under Hippomorpha and therefore possess a close relationship to horses. Some researchers accept this assignment because of similar dental features, but there is also the view that a very basal position within the odd-toed ungulates places them rather in the group of
3546:. The name "Tapiromorpha" goes back to Ernst Haeckel, who coined it in 1873, but it was long considered synonymous to Ceratomorpha because Wood had not considered it in 1937 when Ceratomorpha were named, since the term had been used quite differently in the past. Also in 1984, Robert M. Schoch used the conceptually similar term Moropomorpha, which today applies synonymously to Tapiromorpha. Included within the Tapiromorpha are the now extinct Isectolophidae, a sister group of the Ancylopoda-Ceratomorpha group and thus the most primitive members of this relationship complex.
3726:, which occupied similar ecological niches and had a much more efficient digestive system, is also associated with the decline in diversity of odd-toed ungulates. A significant cause for the decline of perissodactyls was climate change during the Miocene, leading to a cooler and drier climate accompanied by the spread of open landscapes. However, some lines flourished, such as the horses and rhinos; anatomical adaptations made it possible for them to consume tougher grass food. This led to open land forms that dominated newly created landscapes. With the emergence of the
3910:
3634:
269:
776:
7621:
557:
1149:, meaning offspring are born already quite independent: for example, young horses can begin to follow the mother after a few hours. The young are nursed for a relatively long time, often into their second year, with rhinos reaching sexual maturity around eight or ten years old, but horses and tapirs maturing around two to four years old. Perissodactyls are long-lived, with several species, such as rhinos, reaching an age of almost 50 years in captivity.
2653:
846:
227:
2671:
3749:
38:
1055:
1046:, a heat exchange that reduces the dependence of the temperature of the brain on that of the body. As a result, perissodactyls have limited thermoregulatory flexibility compared to artiodactyls which has restricted them to habitats of low seasonality and rich in food and water, such as tropical forests. In contrast, artiodactyls occupy a wide range of habits ranging from the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs.
1134:
3714:, one of the largest mammals ever to walk the earth, evolved during this era. They weighed up to 20 metric tons (22 short tons) and lived throughout the Oligocene in Eurasia. About 20 million years ago, at the onset of the Miocene, the perissodactyls first reached Africa when it became connected to Eurasia because of the closing of the
755:, had a withers height of only 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in). Apart from dwarf varieties of the domestic horse and donkey, living perissodactyls reach a body length of 180–420 cm (71–165 in) and a weight of 150 to 4,500 kg (330 to 9,920 lb). While rhinos have only sparse hair and exhibit a thick
2728:. They were generally characterized in their late phase by a bony horn at the transition from the nose to the frontal bone and flat molars suitable for chewing soft plant food. The Brontotheroidea, which were almost exclusively confined to North America and Asia, died out at the beginning of the Upper
3925:
of both species began several millennia BCE. Due to the motorisation of agriculture and the spread of automobile traffic, such use has declined sharply in
Western industrial countries; riding is usually undertaken more as a hobby or sport. In less developed regions of the world, traditional uses for
3528:
were seen as members of
Hippomorpha, and presented as such in 1941. William Berryman Scott thought that, as claw-bearing perissodactyls, they belong in the new suborder Ancylopoda (where Ceratomorpha and Hippomorpha as odd-toed ungulates were combined in the group of Chelopoda). The term Ancylopoda,
3573:
of East Asia is often considered to be one of the oldest close relatives of the ungulates. Its 8 cm skull must have belonged to a very small and primitive animal with a π-shaped crown pattern on the enamel of its rear molars similar to that of perissodactyls and their relatives, especially the
1000:
shedding, prematurely reintroducing an infected horse may risk exposing other horses to the infection, even though the shedding horse appears well and may have previously returned negative samples. The function of the guttural pouch has been difficult to determine, but it is now believed to play a
783:
The main axes of both the front and rear feet pass through the third toe, which is always the largest. The remaining toes have been reduced in size to varying degrees. Tapirs, which are adapted to walking on soft ground, have four toes on their fore feet and three on their hind feet. Living rhinos
1421:
Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla) comprise three living families with around 17 species—in horses, however, the exact count is still controversial. Rhinos and tapirs are more closely related to each other than to horses. The separation of horses from other perissodactyls took place according to
4834:
Frido Welker; Matthew J. Collins; Jessica A. Thomas; Marc
Wadsley; Selina Brace; Enrico Cappellini; Samuel T. Turvey; Marcelo Reguero; Javier N. Gelfo; Alejandro Kramarz; Joachim Burger; Thomas Jane Oates; David A. Ashford; Peter D. Ashton; Keri Rowsell; Duncan M. Porter; Benedikt Kessler; Roman
1108:
Perissodactyls inhabit a number of different habitats, leading to different lifestyles. Tapirs are solitary and inhabit mainly tropical rainforests. Rhinos tend to live alone in rather dry savannas, and in Asia, wet marsh or forest areas. Horses inhabit open areas such as grasslands, steppes, or
3537:
saw all three major groups of odd-toed ungulates as peers, based on the extremely long and independent phylogenetic development of the three lines. In the 1980s, Jeremy J. Hooker saw a general similarity between
Ancylopoda and Ceratomorpha based on dentition, especially in the earliest members,
3504:
in 1848, the present-day representatives were considered equal in rank. In the first half of the 20th century, a more systematic differentiation of odd-toed ungulates began, based on a consideration of fossil forms, and they were placed in two major suborders: Hippomorpha and
Ceratomorpha. The
3612:
The alignment of hyopsodontids and phenacodontids to
Perissodactyla in general suggests an older Laurasian origin and distribution for the clade, dispersed across the northern continents already in the early Paleocene. These forms already show a fairly well-developed molar morphology, with no
3704:, known from North America, reached a withers height of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and could have weighed just over 3 metric tons (3.3 short tons). The decline of brontotheres at the end of the Eocene is associated with competition arising from the advent of more successful herbivores.
784:
have three toes on both the front and hind feet. Modern equines possess only a single toe; however, their feet are equipped with hooves, which almost completely cover the toe. Rhinos and tapirs, by contrast, have hooves covering only the leading edge of the toes, with the bottom being soft.
1377:, a very diverse group of mammals living from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene in South America, whose systematic unity is largely unexplained. Some of these were classified based on their paleogeographic distribution. However, a close relationship can be worked out to perissodactyls by
1066:
Most extant perissodactyl species occupy a small fraction of their original range. Members of this group are now found only in
Central and South America, eastern and southern Africa, and central, southern, and southeastern Asia. During the peak of odd-toed ungulate existence, from the
1099:
have reduced the surviving perissodactyl species to fragmented populations. In contrast, domesticated horses and donkeys have gained a worldwide distribution, and feral animals of both species are now also found in regions outside their original range, such as in
Australia.
1029:
is very long, reaching up to 26 m (85 ft) in horses. Extraction of nutrients from food is relatively inefficient, which probably explains why no odd-toed ungulates are small; nutritional requirements per unit of body weight are lower for large animals, as their
3812:. He also separated the rhinos from the rodents, but did not combine the three families now known as the odd-toed ungulates. In the transition to the 19th century, the individual perissodactyl genera were associated with various other groups, such as the
4900:
Ross MacPhee; Frido Welker; Jessica Thomas; Selina Brace; Enrico
Cappellini; Samuel Turvey; Ian Barnes; Marcelo Reguero; Javier Gelfo; Alejandro Kramarz (2014). "Ancient protein sequencing Resolves litoptern and notoungulate superordinal affinities".
4835:
Fischer; Carsten
Baessmann; Stephanie Kaspar; Jesper V. Olsen; Patrick Kiley; James A. Elliott; Christian D. Kelstrup; Victoria Mullin; Michael Hofreiter; Eske Willerslev; Jean-Jacques Hublin; Ludovic Orlando; Ian Barnes; Ross DE MacPhee (2015).
5769:
Kenneth D. Rose; Thierry Smith; Rajendra S. Rana; Ashok Sahni; H. Singh; A. Pieter Missiaen (2006). "Early Eocene (Ypresian) Continental vertebrate assemblage from India, with description of a new anthracobunid (Mammalia, tethytheria )".
5360:
Gong, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. (December 2019). "Dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of Lophialetidae (Mammalia, Tapiroidea) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, China: combined evidence from mesowear and stable isotope analyses".
3707:
More successful lines of odd-toed ungulates emerged at the end of the Eocene when dense jungles gave way to steppe, such as the chalicotheriid rhinos, and their immediate relatives; their development also began with very small forms.
1405:. This kinship group is included among the Euungulata, which also contains the even-toed ungulates and whales (Artiodactyla). The separation of the Litopterna-Notoungulata group from the perissodactyls probably took place before the
2838:, are now understood to be part of the odd-toed ungulate assemblage. Phenacodontids seem to be stem-perissodactyls, while hyopsodontids are closely related to horses and brontotheres, despite their more primitive overall appearance.
2779:
Rhinocerotoidea (rhino relatives) included a large variety of forms from the Eocene up to the Oligocene, including dog-size leaf feeders, semiaquatic animals, and also huge long-necked animals. Only a few had horns on the nose. The
2814:
reached their greatest diversity in the Eocene, when several families lived in Eurasia and North America. They retained a primitive physique and were noted for developing a trunk. The extinct families within this group include the
3601:, indicating that it is actually a member of a sister group. Ancestors of Perissodactyla may have arrived via an island bridge from the Afro-Arab landmass onto the Indian subcontinent as it drifted north towards Asia. A study on
3596:
clade. The saddle-shaped configuration of the navicular joints and the mesaxonic construction of the front and hind feet also indicates a close relationship to Tethytheria. However, this construction deviates from that of
3734:, perissodactyls and other megafauna were given access to one of their last habitable continents: South America. However, many perissodactyls became extinct at the end of the ice ages, including American horses and the
5661:
Robert Milton Schoch (1984). "Two unusual specimens of the Yale Peabody Museum Helaletes in collections, and some comments on the ancestry of the Tapiridae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)". Peabody Museum, Yale University:
995:
colonising their guttural pouch can continue to intermittently shed the bacteria for several months, and should be isolated from other horses during this time to prevent transmission. Due to the intermittent nature of
4677:
Dan Graur; Manolo Gouy; Laurent Duret (1997). "Evolutionary Affinities of the Order Perissodactyla and the Phylogenetic Status of the Superordinal taxa Ungulata and Altungulata Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution".
1409:. "Condylarths" can probably be considered the starting point for the development of the two groups, as they represent a heterogeneous group of primitive ungulates that mainly inhabited the northern hemisphere in the
3900:
was held well into the 20th century. Only with the advent of molecular genetic research methods had it been recognized that the hyrax was not closely related to perissodactyls but rather to elephants and manatees.
1144:
Odd-toed ungulates are characterized by a long gestation period and a small litter size, usually delivering a single young. The gestation period is 330–500 days, being longest in rhinos. Newborn perissodactyls are
4664:
Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27."Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
2860:. However, later studies have shown that, while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls, desmostylians have enough mixed characters to suggest that a position among the Afrotheria is not out of the question.
6161:
Pieter Missiaen; Gregg F. Gunnell; Philip D. Gingerich (2011). "New brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Early and Middle Eocene of Pakistan with implications for mammalian paleobiogeography".
1109:
semi-deserts, and live together in groups. Odd-toed ungulates are exclusively herbivores that feed, to varying degrees, on grass, leaves, and other plant parts. A distinction is often made between primarily
689:(even-toed ungulates) bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that perissodactyls digest plant
681:). They typically have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three or one of the five original toes, though tapirs retain four toes on their front feet. The nonweight-bearing toes are either present, absent,
3680:
from the group of brontotheriidae. Initially, the members of the different lineages looked quite similar, with an arched back and generally four toes on the front and three on the hind feet.
3740:. Whether over-hunting by humans (overkill hypothesis), climatic change, or a combination of both factors was responsible for the extinction of ice age mega-fauna, remains controversial.
6390:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Georges Cuvier (1795). "Memoire sur une nouvelle division of Mammifères, et sur les principes qui doivent servir de base dans cette sorte de travail".
794:
ungulates with only one digit or hoof have decreased mobility in their limbs, which allows for faster running speeds and agility. Differences in limb structure and physiology between
3533:
in 1889, had been established for chalicotheres. However, further morphological studies from the 1960s showed a middle position of Ancylopoda between Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha.
2852:, but they may actually represent stem-perissodactyls. They are an early lineage of mammals that took to the water, spreading across semi-aquatic to fully marine niches in the
6490:
Rodolphe Tabuce; Laurent Marivaux; Mohammed Adaci; Mustapha Bensalah; Jean-Louis Hartenberger; Mohammed Mahboubi; Fateh Mebrouk; Paul Tafforeau; Jean-Jacques Jaeger (2007).
906:
can be very small or completely absent, as in the two African species of rhinoceros. In horses, usually only the males possess canines. The surface shape and height of the
3847:(1777–1850) classified ungulates by the structure of their feet, differentiating those with an even number of toes from those with an odd number. He moved the horses as
2746:) flourished and spread. Over time this group saw a reduction in toe number, extension of the limbs, and the progressive adjustment of the teeth for eating hard grasses.
3646:
The Perissodactyla appeared relatively abruptly at the beginning of the Lower Paleocene about 63 million years ago, both in North America and Asia, in the form of
5883:
Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019).
4148:
5461:
Luke T. Holbrook; Joshua Lapergola (2011). "A new genus of perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal perissodactyl phylogeny".
910:
is heavily dependent on whether soft leaves or hard grass make up the main component of their diets. Three or four cheek teeth are present on each jaw half, so the
3692:, the first representative of the rhino and tapir line. All were small compared to later forms and lived as fruit and foliage eaters in forests. The first of the
3929:
In contrast, the existence in the wild of almost all other odd-toed ungulates species has declined dramatically because of hunting and habitat destruction. The
6030:
Ross Secord; Jonathan I. Bloch; Stephen GB Chester; Doug M. Boyer; Aaron R. Wood; Scott L. Wing; Mary J. Kraus; Francesca A. McInerney; John Krigbaum (2012).
4991:
Mario A. Cozzuol; Camila L. Clozato; Elizete C. Holanda; Flávio HG Rodrigues; Samuel Nienow; Benoit de Thoisy; Rodrigo Redondo; AF Fabrício R. Santos (2013).
5824:
Kenneth D. Rose; Luke T. Holbrook; Rajendra S. Rana; Kishor Kumar; Katrina E. Jones; Heather E. Ahrens; Pieter Missiaen; Ashok Sahni; Thierry Smith (2014).
4918:"Phylogenetic Relationships of the Five Extant Rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene"
1180:
and other "ungulates". A close family relationship with hyraxes was suspected based on similarities in the construction of the ear and the course of the
3151:
5752:"New Early Eocene cambaythere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Vastan Lignite Mine (Gujarat, India) and on evaluation of cambaythere relationships"
3722:
also entered the ancient settlement areas of odd-toed ungulates, creating competition that led to the extinction of some of their lines. The rise of
4130:
5885:"Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India"
7828:
6331:
Ludovic Orlando; Jessica L. Metcalf; Maria T. Alberdi; Miguel Telles Antunes-Dominique Bonjean; Marcel Otte; Fabiana Martin; et al. (2009).
4584:
3021:
1239:). In a discredited alternative scenario, a close relationship exists between perissodactyls, carnivores, and bats, this assembly comprising the
3941:
3500:
Relationships within the large group of odd-toed ungulates are not fully understood. Initially, after the establishment of "Perissodactyla" by
3014:
2904:
4376:
7880:
3832:, tapirs and hyrax. The horses were still generally regarded as a group separate from other mammals and were often classified under the name
1025:
is present. The stomach of perissodactyls is simply built, while the cecum accommodates up to 90 L (24 US gal) in horses. The
4288:"What are the most accurate categories for mammal tarsus arrangement? A review with attention to South American Notoungulata and Litopterna"
6120:"New Early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia"
3884:, which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax.
3027:
991:
infection) is a highly transmissible respiratory infection of horses that can cause pus to accumulate in the guttural pouch; horses with
1373:
According to studies published in March 2015, odd-toed ungulates are in a close family relationship with at least some of the so-called
7954:
749:, is considered one of the largest land mammals of all time. At the other extreme, an early member of the order, the prehistoric horse
4403:
3622:
1406:
6405:
Georges Cuvier (1817). "Le Règne Animal distribue d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux".
6220:
Christine Janis (2008). "An evolutionary history of browsing and grazing ungulates". In Iain J. Gordon; Herbert H. T. Prins (eds.).
7802:
7152:
2760:. The Chalicotheriidae developed claws instead of hooves and considerable extension of the forelegs. The best-known genera include
5924:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco"
5118:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco"
3926:
these animals are, however, still widespread. To a lesser extent, horses and donkeys are also kept for their meat and their milk.
7841:
3921:
The domestic horse and the donkey play an important role in human history, particularly as transport, work and pack animals. The
1075:, perissodactyls were distributed over much of the globe, the major exceptions being Australia and Antarctica. Horses and tapirs
6031:
5399:
Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (8 October 2014).
7859:
6644:
6237:
4623:
102:
7846:
5983:"Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction"
4156:
3559:
The evolutionary development of Perissodactyla is well documented in the fossil record. Numerous finds are evidence of the
74:
7969:
4438:
4359:
6330:
2692:
There are many perissodactyl fossils of multivariant form. The major lines of development include the following groups:
1381:
and comparison with fossil collagen from remnants of phylogenetically young members of the Meridiungulata (specifically
727:
Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist
3844:
865:, giving them an elongated head. The various forms of snout between families are due to differences in the form of the
6201:(Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in den eozänen Geiseltalschichten" [Tooth morphology and stratigraphic distribution of
4196:
81:
6682:
6628:
6611:
6596:
6581:
6566:
6262:
5807:"Comments on 'Early Eocene Land Mammals from Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India' by Bajpai"
4206:
1401:). Both kinship groups, the odd-toed ungulates and the Litopterna-Notoungulata, are now in the higher-level taxon of
121:
7781:
2582:
4070:
3892:, but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory (rhinos, horses, tapirs), while
7885:
7794:
7130:
1374:
55:
4233:"Evolutionary and Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Limb in Fossil and Recent Equidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)"
88:
2516:
2507:
2456:
59:
6557:
Martin S. Fischer: Mesaxonia (Perissodactyla) Perissodactyla. In: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger (eds.):
5783:
4455:
959:) can cause serious damage to the tissues of the pouch, as well as surrounding structures including important
7867:
7145:
5213:
Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus".
5025:
4095:
Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus".
2626:
2341:
1219:
as a deeply nested subclade) are the sister taxon of the Perissodactyla; together, the two groups form the
1031:
268:
70:
17:
5634:
JJ Hooker (1984). "A primitive ceratomorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Early Tertiary of Europe".
7854:
7724:
7701:
6619:
4134:
7974:
5619:, a new early Eocene chalicothere (Mammalia, Perissodactyla), and a revision of Eocene chalicotheres".
1076:
7729:
4990:
4592:
956:
7895:
5884:
5252:(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Zambrana (Álava, Basque-Cantabrian Region). Phylogenetic analysis of
4038:
2808:). The rhinos (Rhinocerotidae) emerged in the Middle Eocene; five species survive to the present day.
2545:
2536:
2444:
1058:
Restriction of their habitat and poaching threaten the survival of most rhino species, including the
6461:
5680:
4915:
7679:
6032:"Evolution of the Earliest Horses Driven by Climate Change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum"
5582:
The Mammalian Fauna of the White River Oligocene Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
4545:"Perissodactyl | Definition, Characteristics, Species, Examples, Habitat, & Facts | Britannica"
3805:
2588:
2498:
2486:
1929:
802:. For example, often shorter, thicker, bones belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the
6440:
6279:
7959:
7625:
7138:
5915:
4639:
4030:
2804:
2477:
980:
874:
48:
3613:
intermediary forms as evidence of the course of its development. The close relationship between
940:, is a characteristic feature of Perissodactyla. The guttural pouch is of particular concern in
7964:
7921:
7641:
6197:
Hlawatsch, Kerstin; Erfurt, Jörg (2007). "Zahnmorphologie und stratigraphische Verbreitung von
4836:
4774:"Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions"
3808:(1723–1806) first separated the tapirs and hippos in 1762 with the introduction of the concept
2468:
1158:
1026:
964:
779:
Seven figures showing the bones, blood vessels, ligaments and arteries of the hoof and pastern.
708:
The order was considerably more diverse in the past, with notable extinct groups including the
628:
6489:
2697:
7916:
7284:
6675:
6448:
5730:"Early Eocene Land Mammals from Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India"
5667:
4049:
3949:
3934:
3875:
2086:
7931:
7908:
7833:
5729:
4221:
Hall, Brian K. (2006). Fins into Limbs. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31337-5.
2714:
Brontotherioidea were among the earliest known large mammals, consisting of the families of
95:
7750:
7688:
7587:
6344:
6043:
6029:
5935:
5837:
5823:
5501:
George Gaylord (1945). "The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals".
5412:
5129:
5070:
4848:
4833:
4785:
4007:
3664:. The distant ancestors of tapirs appeared not too long after that in the Ghazij lineup in
2379:
1972:
1954:
1192:
1138:
1122:
833:, which greatly restricts the mobility of the foot. The thigh is relatively short, and the
323:
251:
5826:"Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India"
8:
7477:
7075:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
7054:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)
5728:
Sunil Bajpai; Vivesh Kapur; Debasis P. Das; BN Tiwari; N. Saravanan; Ritu Sharma (2005).
4640:"Tapirs (extant/living species; Tapirus spp.) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development"
3957:
3530:
2602:
2332:
2303:
2267:
1877:
1110:
1096:
821:
that clearly distinguishes this group from other mammals is the articulation between the
724:, with the paraceratheres including the largest known land mammals to have ever existed.
7380:
6348:
6047:
5939:
5841:
5416:
5133:
5074:
4852:
4789:
4232:
3992:
2352:
885:
7693:
7435:
6516:
6491:
6367:
6332:
6298:
6179:
6067:
6007:
5982:
5958:
5923:
5904:
5787:
5768:
5647:
5597:
5478:
5435:
5400:
5378:
5345:
5328:
5306:
5230:
5152:
5117:
5093:
5058:
4882:
4837:"Ancient protein resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates"
4808:
4773:
4754:
4521:
4488:
4320:
4268:
4248:
4112:
3999:
3972:
3817:
3560:
2617:
2294:
2167:
1805:
1378:
1169:
892:
263:
7706:
5565:
Robert M. Schoch (1989). "A brief historical review of perissodactyl classification".
4917:
3617:
mammals and perissoodactyls in particular is of interest since the latter appeared in
3050:(a clade of stem-perissodactyls; from the Early Palaeocene to the Middle Eocene epoch)
759:, tapirs and horses have dense, short coats. Most species are grey or brown, although
7903:
7737:
7444:
7043:
6650:
6640:
6624:
6607:
6592:
6577:
6562:
6521:
6475:
Donald R. Prothero; Robert M. Schoch (1989). "Classification of the Perissodactyla".
6372:
6258:
6233:
6183:
6103:
6086:
6059:
6012:
5980:
5963:
5908:
5865:
5806:
5751:
5440:
5401:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls"
5382:
5157:
5098:
5059:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls"
4976:
4959:
4940:
4874:
4813:
4746:
4731:
4695:
4619:
4526:
4508:
4434:
4355:
4325:
4307:
4260:
4252:
4202:
4003:
3727:
2949:
2827:
2749:
2556:
1787:
1426:
some 56 million years ago, while the rhinos and tapirs split off in the lower-middle
1402:
1291:
1080:
1059:
976:
522:
425:
243:
5791:
5482:
5310:
5234:
4758:
4272:
4116:
3584:
in the Cambay shale of western India indicate an origin in Asia dating to the Lower
873:
has projecting cusps in the eye sockets and a wide contact with the nasal bone. The
7742:
7569:
7525:
7501:
7453:
7315:
7269:
7064:
6805:
6742:
6668:
6511:
6503:
6492:"Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade"
6362:
6352:
6294:
6225:
6171:
6141:
6131:
6098:
6071:
6051:
6002:
5994:
5953:
5943:
5896:
5855:
5845:
5779:
5749:
5643:
5589:
5540:
5470:
5430:
5420:
5370:
5340:
5296:
5285:"Reevaluation of some ungulate mammals from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar"
5265:
5222:
5193:
5147:
5137:
5088:
5078:
5037:
5004:
4971:
4932:
4916:
Christelle Tougard; Thomas Delefosse; Catherine Hänni; Claudine Montgelard (2001).
4886:
4864:
4856:
4803:
4793:
4736:
4726:
4687:
4516:
4500:
4315:
4299:
4244:
4104:
4026:
3980:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3534:
3283:
2565:
2527:
2435:
2415:
2397:
2312:
2276:
2176:
2107:
1895:
1762:
1114:
1088:
1087:. Their North American counterparts died out around 10,000 years ago, leaving only
717:
654:
574:
561:
433:
7160:
6160:
5900:
5269:
4899:
4544:
3896:
stood for the entire order, including the hyrax. The assumption that hyraxes were
6957:
6858:
6826:
6606:, Part 3: Mammalia. 2nd edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena and Stuttgart 1989.
5948:
5474:
5425:
5329:"Comparative osteology of early Tertiary tapiromorphs (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)"
5226:
5142:
5083:
4108:
3828:), including in it not only the rhinos and elephants, but also the hippos, pigs,
3710:
3647:
3633:
3514:
3372:
3183:
3166:
3112:
3047:
3040:
2979:
2910:
2893:
2874:
2845:
2835:
2790:
2739:
2725:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2203:
2194:
2125:
2116:
1737:
1712:
1196:
1168:
Traditionally, the odd-toed ungulates were classified with other mammals such as
1001:
role in cooling blood in the internal carotid artery before it enters the brain.
972:
933:
741:
713:
709:
493:
390:
365:
7872:
6229:
5056:
4714:
3909:
3538:
leading to the unification in 1984 of the two submissions in the interim order,
7789:
7776:
7578:
7371:
7202:
7003:
6949:
6850:
6834:
5921:
5727:
5693:
5544:
4771:
4170:
4011:
3976:
3821:
3651:
3614:
3428:
3411:
3266:
3230:
3008:
2992:
2942:
2926:
2887:
2831:
2785:
2762:
2757:
2428:
2388:
2323:
2285:
2185:
2144:
1855:
1536:
1326:
1204:
1181:
960:
929:
535:
530:
514:
472:
452:
407:
357:
5198:
5181:
4404:"Strangles in Horses - Respiratory Diseases of Horses - MSD Veterinary Manual"
7948:
7596:
7492:
7245:
6994:
6866:
5750:
Sunil Bajpai; Vivesh Kapur; JGM Thewissen; Debasis P. Das; BN Tiwari (2006).
5182:"Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed Mammals"
4512:
4311:
4256:
3984:
3922:
3864:
3859:, coming close to the concept of the odd-toed ungulate as a systematic unit.
3761:
3736:
3618:
3606:
3576:
3509:); the Ceratomorpha consist of tapirs and rhinos plus their extinct members (
3506:
3387:
2986:
2857:
2781:
2658:
2406:
1203:, so are not closely related to the perissodactyls. These in turn are in the
1118:
948:
907:
870:
775:
721:
506:
177:
6389:
6357:
6055:
5009:
4992:
4798:
3654:. The oldest finds from an extant group originate among other sources, from
7664:
7468:
7408:
7362:
7107:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)
7011:
6941:
6842:
6797:
6525:
6507:
6376:
6146:
6063:
6016:
5998:
5967:
5869:
5860:
5444:
5161:
5102:
5042:
4944:
4936:
4878:
4817:
4750:
4691:
4530:
4504:
4329:
4022:
3860:
3825:
3715:
3642:, an early relative of the horse, is one of the oldest-known perissodactyls
3625:, implying rapid ecological radiation and dispersal after mass extinction.
3525:
3501:
3306:
3215:
2963:
2853:
2753:
2675:
2246:
1631:
1613:
1504:
1398:
1383:
1332:
1277:
1212:
1146:
1043:
944:
903:
818:
728:
682:
338:
235:
6538:
6136:
6119:
6087:"The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)"
4699:
4264:
4237:
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C
3784:), the only tapir then known in Europe. Linnaeus classified this tapir as
920:
917:
7815:
7716:
7673:
7218:
7051:
6973:
6891:
5248:
Badiola, A.; Pareda-Suberbiola, X.; Cuesta, M. (2003). "A new species of
3813:
3697:
3665:
3593:
3333:
3085:
2956:
2841:
2816:
2773:
2663:
1588:
1554:
1479:
1240:
1022:
968:
830:
686:
480:
442:
152:
6561:. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg and Berlin 2004, pp 646–655,
5301:
5284:
4860:
3686:, which is considered a member of the horse family, outwardly resembled
3043:(a family of stem-perissodactyls; from the Early to Middle Eocene epoch)
7417:
7275:
7080:
6933:
6776:
6733:
6717:
6660:
5850:
5825:
5601:
5374:
4869:
4287:
3988:
3797:
3656:
3510:
3318:
3251:
3001:
2935:
2849:
2823:
2811:
2720:
2630:
2592:
2490:
2460:
2448:
2259:
2207:
2148:
2078:
2065:
1388:
1336:
1262:
1200:
937:
866:
822:
803:
694:
674:
662:
556:
464:
416:
197:
162:
6333:"Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA"
4741:
4303:
3660:, an ancestor of the horses from the Willswood lineup in northwestern
3588:
roughly 54.5 million years ago. Their teeth also show similarities to
2652:
7820:
7763:
7088:
7035:
6912:
6904:
6784:
6750:
6175:
3880:
3693:
3688:
3570:
3565:
3563:
of this group, which was once much more varied and widely dispersed.
3350:
2788:
developed long limbs and long necks that were most pronounced in the
2752:
represented another characteristic group, consisting of the families
1697:
1423:
1410:
1236:
1232:
1188:
1177:
1072:
984:
911:
826:
756:
746:
690:
485:
280:
213:
202:
146:
7635:
5593:
3863:(1804–1892) quoted Blainville in his study on fossil mammals of the
3748:
2718:(synonym Titanotheriidae), the most well-known representative being
2670:
845:
226:
37:
7807:
7768:
7658:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7027:
6883:
6711:
6312:
Matthew Colbert (2007). "New Fossil Discoveries and the History of
3731:
3723:
3682:
3638:
3097:
2735:
2679:
1220:
1208:
1187:
Molecular genetic studies, however, have shown the ungulates to be
1084:
1054:
1010:
878:
858:
834:
795:
790:
have stances that require them to stand on the tips of their toes.
787:
751:
646:
300:
217:
192:
187:
172:
167:
157:
6623:, 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005
6474:
6117:
5981:
Halliday Thomas John Dixon; Upchurch Paul; Goswami Anjali (1833).
5698:, a perissodactyl-like mammal from the Late Palaeocene of China".
2802:), the second largest known land mammal ever to have lived (after
7560:
7516:
7227:
7104:
6981:
6813:
6723:
4957:
4676:
4482:
4480:
3829:
3719:
3661:
3129:
2768:
2743:
2058:
1464:
1393:
1323:
1216:
1014:
941:
899:
888:
854:
799:
791:
739:
The largest odd-toed ungulates are rhinoceroses, and the extinct
698:
658:
650:
381:
207:
182:
6654:
6205:(Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in the Eocene Geiseltal layers].
5460:
5256:
and first mention in the Late Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula".
3505:
Hippomorpha comprises today's horses and their extinct members (
1207:, a superorder that had its origin in the former supercontinent
1191:, meaning that in some cases the similarities are the result of
849:
Tapirs are the only extant group of perissodactyls with a trunk.
7333:
7324:
7309:
7178:
7096:
7072:
6920:
6767:
6705:
6692:
6576:. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999,
6277:
6224:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 195. Springer. pp. 21–45.
5694:
Malcolm C. McKenna; Chow Minna; Suyin Ting; Luo Zhexi (1989). "
5116:
Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016).
5057:
Cooper L. N.; Seiffert E. R.; Clementz M.; et al. (2014).
4018:
3930:
3914:
3801:
3793:
3585:
2729:
2255:
2158:
2135:
2074:
1427:
1092:
1068:
814:
666:
310:
290:
6540:
6196:
5247:
4477:
3542:. At the same time, he expanded the Ancylopoda to include the
1095:
were pushed to extinction in 19th century Europe. Hunting and
947:, due to its frequent involvement in some serious infections.
7755:
7543:
7356:
7342:
7295:
7254:
6965:
4045:
3769:
2742:
are known mainly from Europe. In contrast, the horse family (
2372:
2217:
2096:
1228:
1173:
1018:
898:
The number and form of the teeth vary according to diet. The
862:
764:
760:
702:
678:
670:
5922:
Gheerbrant Emmanuel; Filippo Andrea; Schmitt Arnaud (2016).
4772:
Hidenori Nishihara; Masami Hasegawa; Norihiro Okada (2006).
4712:
1133:
6639:(6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
6423:
5398:
4155:. National Geographic Society. 14 July 2015. Archived from
1091:
with a range extending to what is now southern Mexico. The
1013:, hindgut fermenters store digested food that has left the
810:
619:
595:
580:
4572:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2013. p. 273.
3820:. In 1795, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) and
3056:
1009:
All perissodactyls are hindgut fermenters. In contrast to
7019:
6441:"Tableau Elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux"
5784:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[219:eeycva]2.0.co;2
5580:
William Berryman Scott (1941). "Part V: Perissodactyla".
5516:
Horace Elmer Wood (1934). "Revision of the Hyrachyidae".
4960:"Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla"
4570:
Zookeeping: An Introduction to the Science and Technology
4377:"Strangles (Distemper) in Horses - MSD Veterinary Manual"
3776:). At that time, this category also included the tapirs (
1224:
613:
604:
589:
5115:
5109:
4903:
The History of Life: A View from the Southern Hemisphere
3718:. For the same reason, however, new animals such as the
1199:. Elephants and hyraxes are now considered to belong to
5987:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5456:
5454:
4431:
Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
4352:
Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
3780:), more precisely the lowland or South American tapir (
2929:(a basal family of Tapiromorpha; from the Eocene epoch)
7243:
5579:
5026:"Withers height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
3017:(sometimes recognized as a subfamily of deperetellids)
5882:
5531:
Horace Elmer Wood (1937). "Perissodactyl suborders".
4829:
4827:
4765:
3030:(sometimes recognized as a subfamily of lophialetids)
1211:. Molecular genetic findings suggest that the cloven
607:
592:
583:
5660:
5451:
4672:
4670:
2711:
one of the largest land mammals to have ever existed
616:
610:
601:
586:
577:
527:
519:
511:
503:
477:
469:
449:
439:
430:
422:
412:
404:
387:
362:
354:
6337:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
5717:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 242–267.
5614:
4778:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
4465:. NSW Government - Department of Primary Industries
598:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7046:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
6252:
6084:
5518:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
5503:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4824:
3917:had become extinct by the end of the 19th century.
2822:Several mammal groups traditionally classified as
798:and other mammals can be seen in the shape of the
6604:Textbook of Paleozoology, Volume III: vertebrates
5530:
5515:
4667:
4433:(5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. p. 512.
4354:(5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. p. 511.
1247:Internal taxonomy of the Euungulata after Welker
7946:
6539:International Union for Conservation of Nature.
5811:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India
5756:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India
5737:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India
5564:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5175:
5173:
5171:
4715:"Summary of Laurasiatheria (Mammalia) Phylogeny"
3855:animals and referred to all of them together as
2062:: horses and allies, seven species in one genus
1434:Internal relationships of extant Perissodactyla
701:chambers as artiodactyls, with the exception of
6741:
6634:
6559:Systematic Zoology. Part 2: Vortex or craniotes
6311:
6219:
5712:
5496:
5494:
5492:
4618:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1015.
1128:
6438:
6404:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5500:
5283:Tsubamoto, T.; Tun, S.T.; et al. (2003).
4706:
4131:"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History"
3942:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2913:(might be a basal perissodactyl grade instead)
7146:
6676:
6118:Pieter Missiaen; Philip D. Gingerich (2012).
5394:
5392:
5317:
5276:
5168:
3824:(1769–1832) introduced the term "pachyderm" (
1021:, where the food is digested by microbes. No
6479:. Oxford University Press. pp. 530–537.
5804:
5489:
5282:
5023:
4958:Cynthia C. Steiner; Oliver A. Ryder (2011).
4644:International Environment Library Consortium
4486:
3792:("beasts"). He combined the rhinos with the
2432:: rhinoceroses, five species in four genera
6257:. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 343.
5551:
5241:
5212:
4094:
3904:
1042:Unlike artiodactyls, perissodactyls lack a
7153:
7139:
6683:
6669:
6278:Mikael Fortelius; John Kappelmann (1993).
5702:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–36.
5569:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–23.
5389:
5179:
4585:"Understand Normal Mare and Foal Behavior"
4489:"The carotid rete and artiodactyl success"
3062:Internal classification of Perissodactyla
1329: (South American ungulates,
1280: (Even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)
955:mould) of the guttural pouch (also called
685:, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast,
225:
6515:
6366:
6356:
6287:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
6207:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften
6145:
6135:
6102:
6091:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
6006:
5957:
5947:
5859:
5849:
5636:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5633:
5434:
5424:
5344:
5333:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5300:
5197:
5151:
5141:
5092:
5082:
5041:
5008:
4975:
4964:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4868:
4807:
4797:
4740:
4730:
4713:Jingyang Hu; Zhang Yaping; Li Yu (2012).
4646:. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library
4613:
4520:
4319:
2848:have traditionally been placed among the
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
7014:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
6690:
6617:Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.):
5359:
5353:
4993:"A new species of tapir from the Amazon"
4614:Angus, McKinnon; Noah, Heninger (2011).
4582:
3940:Present threat levels, according to the
3908:
3788:and put both genera in the group of the
3747:
3632:
2696:
2669:
2651:
1132:
1053:
844:
774:
555:
6591:Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
6280:"The Largest land mammal ever imagined"
4583:Williams, Jennifer (15 December 2008).
4487:Mitchell, G; Lust, A (23 August 2008).
4285:
4230:
3549:
3057:Higher classification of perissodactyls
1037:
14:
7947:
7558:
6246:
4149:"The Largest Beasts to Walk the Earth"
2666:genus first formally described in 1804
2647:
7640:
7639:
7134:
6664:
6589:The Origin & Evolution of Mammals
4925:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4680:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4428:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4194:
3878:(1831–1899) came up with the concept
1407:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1103:
884:Rhinos have one or two horns made of
649:. The order includes about 17 living
7896:682f936e-e4c4-4c38-b32e-d24c54f384c0
7795:2d58add6-3cfc-406c-b2ed-76db036bdfbd
6424:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1779).
4033:; however, the northern subspecies,
2772:. Chalicotherioidea died out in the
2613:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis
2376:: tapirs, five species in one genus
731:, who also coined the order's name.
645: 'finger, toe') is an order of
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
6222:The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing
5715:The Beginning of the Age of Mammals
4453:
4401:
3743:
3676:from the Chalicotheriidae line, or
2622:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni
1331: especially
564:is the largest living perissodactyl
24:
6551:
6496:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
6407:Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée
6299:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02560.x
5889:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5772:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5648:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00545.x
5463:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5346:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02270.x
4336:
4249:10.1111/j.1439-0264.1975.tb00637.x
3845:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
3700:, in the Middle and Upper Eocene.
2784:were hippo-like, aquatic animals.
1422:molecular genetic analysis in the
1083:around 3 million years ago in the
840:
25:
7986:
7955:Extant Ypresian first appearances
5186:Evolution: Education and Outreach
4286:Lorente, Malena (2 August 2019).
3937:was once eradicated in the wild.
3851:over to the tapirs and rhinos as
3609:or near its collision with Asia.
2634:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis
1416:
1163:
7620:
7619:
7406:
6104:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x
4977:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00752.x
4732:10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.e05-06e65
4374:
3796:, a group now consisting of the
2959:(basal grade of chalicotheroids)
2583:Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus
1231:(a common taxon of carnivorans,
573:
267:
150:
36:
7216:
6532:
6483:
6477:The Evolution of Perissodactyls
6468:
6432:
6417:
6398:
6383:
6324:
6305:
6271:
6213:
6190:
6154:
6111:
6078:
6023:
5974:
5876:
5817:
5798:
5762:
5743:
5721:
5706:
5700:The Evolution of Perissodactyls
5687:
5654:
5627:
5608:
5573:
5567:The Evolution of Perissodactyls
5524:
5509:
5206:
5050:
5017:
4984:
4951:
4909:
4893:
4658:
4632:
4607:
4576:
4562:
4537:
4447:
4422:
4395:
4368:
3888:is now considered a synonym of
3764:(1707–1778) classified horses (
1430:, about 47 million years ago.
1049:
853:Odd-toed ungulates have a long
47:needs additional citations for
4279:
4231:Hussain, S. (September 1975).
4224:
4215:
4195:Allen, Jeremiah (March 2010).
4188:
4163:
4141:
4123:
4088:
4063:
2738:also developed in the Eocene.
2576:Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus
2517:South-western black rhinoceros
2508:South-central black rhinoceros
2457:North-eastern black rhinoceros
932:, a small outpocketing of the
13:
1:
6637:Walker's Mammals of the World
6574:Walker's Mammals of the World
6124:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5901:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370
5615:Leonard B. Radinsky (1964). "
5270:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.005
5030:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4201:. Other Places Travel Guide.
4056:
3998:Three species are considered
3857:onguligrades à doigts impairs
3840:, meaning "one-hoof animal".
3756:In 1758, in his seminal work
2611:Western Sumatran rhinoceros,
2580:Vietnamese Javan rhinoceros,
2574:Indonesian Javan rhinoceros,
2521:Diceros bicornis occidentalis
697:, rather than in one or more
5949:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556
5475:10.1080/02724634.2011.579669
5426:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232
5227:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823
5143:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556
5084:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232
4109:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823
3948:Four species are considered
3628:
3605:suggests an origin in India
2869:Superfamily Brontotherioidea
2627:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros
2596:Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis
1129:Reproduction and development
1032:surface-area-to-volume ratio
861:between the front and cheek
745:, a hornless rhino from the
7:
6620:Mammal Species of the World
6426:Handbook of Natural History
6253:Benton, Michael J. (1997).
6230:10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_2
6085:David J. Froehlich (2002).
4048:is not considered at risk (
4035:Ceratotherium simum cottoni
2618:Eastern Sumatran rhinoceros
2550:Ceratotherium simum cottoni
2473:Diceros bicornis chobiensis
2130:Equus africanus somaliensis
1309: (Odd-toed ungulates)
1152:
1079:after the formation of the
914:of odd-toed ungulates is:
384:(horses, asses, and zebras)
10:
7991:
7970:Taxa named by Richard Owen
7083:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
7038:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
6944:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
3554:
2826:, long-understood to be a
2724:and the more basal family
2482:Diceros bicornis ladoensis
2152:Equus africanus atlanticus
1156:
895:, which have a bony core.
734:
7648:
7617:
7542:
7514:
7490:
7466:
7433:
7416:
7405:
7401:
7226:
7215:
7211:
7173:
7063:
7002:
6993:
6932:
6903:
6882:
6869:(Kangaroos and relatives)
6825:
6796:
6775:
6766:
6732:
6700:
5621:American Museum Novitates
5327:Luke T. Holbrook (2001).
5199:10.1007/s12052-009-0136-1
4041:) is close to extinction.
4039:northern white rhinoceros
3425:
3408:
3401:
3384:
3377:
3347:
3330:
3323:
3311:
3280:
3263:
3256:
3244:
3227:
3220:
3180:
3163:
3156:
3126:
3109:
3102:
3090:
3078:
2546:Northern white rhinoceros
2541:Ceratotherium simum simum
2537:Southern white rhinoceros
2503:Diceros bicornis michaeli
2494:Diceros bicornis longipes
2452:Diceros bicornis bicornis
2445:Southern black rhinoceros
2342:Hartmann's mountain zebra
2121:Equus africanus africanus
1968:
1950:
1943:
1925:
1918:
1891:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1801:
1783:
1776:
1758:
1751:
1733:
1726:
1708:
1701:
1690:
1627:
1609:
1602:
1584:
1577:
1550:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1500:
1493:
1475:
1468:
1457:
1450:
1320:
1303:
1296:
1274:
1267:
817:are reduced in horses. A
351:
346:
264:Scientific classification
262:
233:
224:
138:
6861:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
6635:Ronald M. Nowak (1999),
6255:Vertebrate Palaeontology
5713:Kenneth D. Rose (2006).
5545:10.1093/jmammal/18.1.106
5289:Paleontological Research
3905:Interactions with humans
3867:and introduced the name
3806:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
2607:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
2499:Eastern black rhinoceros
2487:Western black rhinoceros
1930:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
1125:(tapirs, other rhinos).
1077:arrived in South America
770:
638: 'odd' and
6753:(Platypus and echidnas)
6439:Georges Cuvier (1798).
6358:10.1073/pnas.0903672106
6164:Journal of Paleontology
6056:10.1126/science.1213859
5010:10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169.1
4799:10.1073/pnas.0603797103
4175:Encyclopædia Britannica
3786:Hippopotamus terrestris
3535:Leonard Burton Radinsky
2805:Palaeoloxodon namadicus
2674:Live reconstruction of
2589:Indian Javan rhinoceros
2478:Uganda black rhinoceros
2464:Diceros bicornis brucii
2272:Equus quagga burchellii
2211:Equus hemionus hemippus
2172:Equus hemionus hemionus
2091:Equus ferus przewalskii
1223:. More distant are the
989:Streptococcus equi equi
981:internal carotid artery
875:temporomandibular joint
27:Order of hoofed mammals
7588:South American tapir (
6984:(Dugongs and manatees)
6923:(Anteaters and sloths)
6508:10.1098/rspb.2006.0229
6456:Cite journal requires
6392:Magasin Encyclopédique
5999:10.1098/rspb.2015.3026
5675:Cite journal requires
5043:10.4202/app.00136.2014
4937:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903
4692:10.1006/mpev.1996.0391
4505:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138
4429:Singh, Baljit (2018).
4350:Singh, Baljit (2018).
3981:Central American tapir
3918:
3753:
3643:
2712:
2689:
2667:
2512:Diceros bicornis minor
2469:Chobe black rhinoceros
2346:Equus zebra hartmannae
2308:Equus quagga crawshayi
2140:Equus africanus asinus
1159:List of perissodactyls
1141:
1063:
1004:
957:guttural pouch mycosis
891:, unlike the horns of
850:
780:
565:
7917:Paleobiology Database
7478:Sumatran rhinoceros (
6853:(Quolls and dunnarts)
6209:. Suppl. 23: 161–173.
6137:10.4202/app.2010.0093
5830:Nature Communications
5805:Kishor Kumar (2005).
5024:Larramendi A (2016).
4408:MSD Veterinary Manual
4381:MSD Veterinary Manual
3950:critically endangered
3912:
3876:Othniel Charles Marsh
3751:
3636:
2973:Suborder Ceratomorpha
2701:Scale diagram of the
2700:
2686:Chalicotherium grande
2673:
2655:
2366:Suborder Ceratomorpha
2299:Equus quagga chapmani
2290:Equus quagga borensis
2234:Equus kiang holdereri
2220:or Tibetan wild ass,
2190:Equus hemionus onager
2161:or Asiatic wild ass,
1136:
1057:
848:
778:
559:
234:Clockwise from left:
7790:Fauna Europaea (new)
7285:Przewalski's horse (
7165:(Odd-toed ungulates)
5533:Journal of Mammalogy
4997:Journal of Mammalogy
4137:on 20 November 2021.
4008:South American tapir
3550:Evolutionary history
2899:Superfamily Equoidea
2882:Suborder Hippomorpha
2864:Order Perissodactyla
2570:Rhinoceros sondaicus
2561:Rhinoceros unicornis
2317:Equus quagga selousi
2240:Equus kiang polyodon
2181:Equus hemionus kulan
2101:Equus ferus caballus
2052:Suborder Hippomorpha
2047:Order Perissodactyla
1973:Rhinoceros unicornis
1955:Rhinoceros sondaicus
1193:convergent evolution
1038:Lack of carotid rete
324:Perissodactylamorpha
248:Rhinoceros unicornis
56:improve this article
7445:Indian rhinoceros (
7168:species by suborder
6502:(1614): 1159–1166.
6428:. pp. 168–448.
6349:2009PNAS..10621754O
6343:(51): 21754–21759.
6048:2012Sci...335..959S
5940:2016PLoSO..1157556G
5842:2014NatCo...5.5570R
5417:2014PLoSO...9j9232C
5302:10.2517/prpsj.7.219
5180:Donald, R. (2009).
5134:2016PLoSO..1157556G
5075:2014PLoSO...9j9232C
5003:(6): 1331 to 1345.
4861:10.1038/nature14249
4853:2015Natur.522...81W
4790:2006PNAS..103.9929N
4719:Zoological Research
4616:Equine Reproduction
3958:Sumatran rhinoceros
3818:even-toed ungulates
3696:to emerge were the
3531:Edward Drinker Cope
3063:
2794:(formerly known as
2648:Prehistoric members
2603:Sumatran rhinoceros
2532:Ceratotherium simum
2333:Cape mountain zebra
2281:Equus quagga boehmi
2263:Equus quagga quagga
2199:Equus hemionus khur
1878:Ceratotherium simum
1435:
1252:
1097:habitat destruction
945:veterinary practice
918:0-3 . 0-1 . 2-4 . 3
893:even-toed ungulates
673:), Rhinocerotidae (
653:divided into three
7526:Black rhinoceros (
7502:White rhinoceros (
7454:Javan rhinoceros (
7316:African wild ass (
6837:(Monito del monte)
6318:Tapir Conservation
5993:(1833): 20153026.
5851:10.1038/ncomms6570
5696:Radinskya yupingae
5375:10.1111/pala.12471
5215:Historical Biology
4549:www.britannica.com
4292:Journal of Anatomy
4097:Historical Biology
3935:Przewalski's horse
3919:
3754:
3752:Richard Owen, 1856
3644:
3592:as well as to the
3561:adaptive radiation
3519:Titanotheriomorpha
3061:
2921:Clade Tapiromorpha
2713:
2690:
2668:
2384:Tapirus terrestris
2168:Mongolian wild ass
2134:Domesticated ass (
2087:Przewalski's horse
1806:Tapirus terrestris
1433:
1379:protein sequencing
1246:
1142:
1104:Lifestyle and diet
1064:
977:hypoglossal nerves
851:
781:
677:), and Tapiridae (
566:
256:Tapirus terrestris
7975:Panperissodactyla
7942:
7941:
7904:Open Tree of Life
7642:Taxon identifiers
7633:
7632:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7552:
7538:
7537:
7427:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7287:E. f. przewalskii
7260:
7237:
7166:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7092:
7084:
7076:
7055:
7047:
7039:
7031:
7023:
7015:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6961:
6953:
6952:(Elephant shrews)
6945:
6924:
6916:
6897:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6854:
6846:
6845:(Marsupial moles)
6843:Notoryctemorphia
6838:
6817:
6809:
6806:Paucituberculata
6790:
6762:
6761:
6754:
6646:978-0-8018-5789-8
6572:Ronald M. Nowak:
6239:978-3-540-72421-6
6203:Hyrachyus minimus
6199:Hyrachyus minimus
6042:(6071): 959–962.
4784:(26): 9929–9934.
4625:978-0-8138-1971-6
4589:equusmagazine.com
4304:10.1111/joa.13065
4004:Indian rhinoceros
3782:Tapirus terrestus
3728:Isthmus of Panama
3574:rhinos. Finds of
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3361:
3360:
3295:
3294:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3140:
3139:
2950:Chalicotherioidea
2856:and the northern
2828:wastebasket taxon
2750:Chalicotherioidea
2557:Indian rhinoceros
2393:Tapirus pinchaque
2337:Equus zebra zebra
2228:Equus kiang kiang
2082:Equus ferus ferus
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1907:
1906:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1788:Tapirus pinchaque
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1566:
1565:
1403:Panperissodactyla
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1292:Panperissodactyla
1235:, and pangolins,
1227:(Chiroptera) and
1081:Isthmus of Panama
1060:Indian rhinoceros
921:1-3 . 1 . 2-4 . 3
857:with an extended
554:
553:
523:Paraceratheriidae
426:Chalicotherioidea
342:
244:Indian rhinoceros
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
7982:
7935:
7934:
7925:
7924:
7912:
7911:
7899:
7898:
7889:
7888:
7876:
7875:
7873:NHMSYS0000377074
7863:
7862:
7850:
7849:
7837:
7836:
7824:
7823:
7811:
7810:
7798:
7797:
7785:
7784:
7772:
7771:
7759:
7758:
7746:
7745:
7733:
7732:
7720:
7719:
7710:
7709:
7697:
7696:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7637:
7636:
7623:
7622:
7579:Mountain tapir (
7556:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7403:
7402:
7372:Mountain zebra (
7296:Domestic horse (
7259:
7258:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7213:
7212:
7164:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7132:
7131:
7106:
7098:
7090:
7082:
7074:
7065:Euarchontoglires
7053:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7000:
6999:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6922:
6914:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6887:
6868:
6860:
6859:Peramelemorphia
6852:
6844:
6836:
6815:
6814:Didelphimorphia
6808:(Shrew opossums)
6807:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6780:
6773:
6772:
6752:
6743:Australosphenida
6739:
6738:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6587:Thomas S. Kemp:
6545:
6544:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6519:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6454:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6284:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6176:10.1666/10-087.1
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6139:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6010:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5961:
5951:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5813:: 101–113, 2005.
5802:
5796:
5795:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5642:(1–2): 229–244.
5631:
5625:
5624:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5562:
5549:
5548:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5498:
5487:
5486:
5458:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5428:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5177:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5145:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4970:(4): 1289–1303.
4955:
4949:
4948:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4872:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4801:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4744:
4734:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4674:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4591:. Archived from
4580:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4298:(6): 1024–1035.
4283:
4277:
4276:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4159:on 15 July 2015.
4145:
4139:
4138:
4133:. Archived from
4127:
4121:
4120:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4067:
4027:white rhinoceros
3971:Six species are
3966:African wild ass
3962:black rhinoceros
3954:Javan rhinoceros
3768:) together with
3744:Research history
3526:Chalicotheriidae
3524:Originally, the
3404:
3403:
3380:
3379:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3313:
3284:Chalicotheriidae
3259:
3258:
3247:
3246:
3223:
3222:
3159:
3158:
3152:Brontotherioidea
3105:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3060:
2964:Chalicotheriidae
2754:Chalicotheriidae
2566:Javan rhinoceros
2528:White rhinoceros
2440:Diceros bicornis
2436:Black rhinoceros
2420:Tapirus kabomani
2304:Crawshay's zebra
2268:Burchell's zebra
2238:Southern kiang,
2177:Turkmenian kulan
2108:African wild ass
1946:
1945:
1921:
1920:
1896:Diceros bicornis
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1779:
1778:
1763:Tapirus kabomani
1754:
1753:
1729:
1728:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1605:
1604:
1580:
1579:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1496:
1495:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1299:
1298:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1215:(containing the
965:glossopharyngeal
963:(nerves IX-XII:
951:(infection with
936:that drains the
925:
923:
922:
919:
877:is high and the
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
562:white rhinoceros
529:
521:
513:
505:
479:
471:
451:
441:
434:Chalicotheriidae
432:
424:
414:
406:
389:
364:
356:
337:
272:
271:
229:
214:Latest Paleocene
212:
149:
142:Temporal range:
136:
135:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
71:"Perissodactyla"
64:
40:
32:
21:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7930:
7928:
7920:
7915:
7907:
7902:
7894:
7892:
7884:
7879:
7871:
7866:
7858:
7853:
7845:
7840:
7832:
7827:
7819:
7814:
7806:
7801:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7775:
7767:
7762:
7754:
7749:
7741:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7715:
7713:
7705:
7700:
7692:
7687:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7644:
7634:
7629:
7605:
7597:Malayan tapir (
7570:Baird's tapir (
7548:
7547:
7534:
7510:
7486:
7462:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7412:
7389:
7381:Grévy's zebra (
7252:
7251:
7249:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7222:
7207:
7169:
7163:Perissodactyla
7159:
7129:
7112:
7059:
7044:Perissodactyla
6989:
6928:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6874:
6851:Dasyuromorphia
6835:Microbiotheria
6827:Australidelphia
6821:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6758:
6728:
6696:
6689:
6647:
6554:
6552:Further reading
6549:
6548:
6537:
6533:
6488:
6484:
6473:
6469:
6457:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6437:
6433:
6422:
6418:
6403:
6399:
6388:
6384:
6329:
6325:
6310:
6306:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6218:
6214:
6195:
6191:
6159:
6155:
6147:1854/LU-3178691
6116:
6112:
6083:
6079:
6028:
6024:
5979:
5975:
5934:(7): e0157556.
5920:
5916:
5881:
5877:
5861:1854/LU-5972511
5822:
5818:
5803:
5799:
5767:
5763:
5748:
5744:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5711:
5707:
5692:
5688:
5676:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5632:
5628:
5613:
5609:
5594:10.2307/1005518
5578:
5574:
5563:
5552:
5529:
5525:
5514:
5510:
5499:
5490:
5459:
5452:
5411:(10): e109232.
5397:
5390:
5358:
5354:
5325:
5318:
5281:
5277:
5246:
5242:
5211:
5207:
5178:
5169:
5128:(7): e0157556.
5114:
5110:
5069:(10): e109232.
5055:
5051:
5022:
5018:
4989:
4985:
4956:
4952:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4898:
4894:
4847:(7554): 81–84.
4832:
4825:
4770:
4766:
4711:
4707:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4596:
4581:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4493:Biology Letters
4485:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4454:Freeman, Paul.
4452:
4448:
4441:
4440:978-0-323442640
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4402:Lascola, Kara.
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4361:978-0-323442640
4348:
4337:
4284:
4280:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4031:near-threatened
3933:is extinct and
3907:
3758:Systema Naturae
3746:
3711:Paraceratherium
3631:
3621:soon after the
3557:
3552:
3515:Rhinocerotoidea
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3373:Rhinocerotoidea
3362:
3296:
3205:
3196:
3184:Brontotheriidae
3167:Lambdotheriidae
3141:
3113:Palaeotheriidae
3059:
3048:Phenacodontidae
3041:Anthracobunidae
2980:Rhinocerotoidea
2911:Palaeotheriidae
2894:Pachynolophidae
2875:Brontotheriidae
2846:Anthracobunidae
2791:Paraceratherium
2740:Palaeotheriidae
2726:Lambdotheriidae
2716:Brontotheriidae
2707:Paraceratherium
2703:paraceratheriid
2656:Restoration of
2650:
2411:Tapirus indicus
2402:Tapirus bairdii
2380:Brazilian tapir
2295:Chapman's zebra
2232:Eastern kiang,
2226:Western kiang,
2204:Syrian wild ass
2195:Indian wild ass
2126:Somali wild ass
2117:Nubian wild ass
2112:Equus africanus
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1908:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1738:Tapirus bairdii
1713:Tapirus indicus
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1567:
1419:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1330:
1197:common ancestry
1166:
1161:
1155:
1139:Brazilian tapir
1131:
1106:
1052:
1040:
1027:small intestine
1017:in an enlarged
1007:
916:
915:
843:
841:Skull and teeth
773:
742:Paraceratherium
737:
576:
572:
494:Rhinocerotoidea
436:(chalicotheres)
391:Palaeotheriidae
366:Brontotheriidae
336:
266:
252:Brazilian tapir
220:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
144:
143:
140:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7988:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7960:Perissodactyla
7957:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7926:
7913:
7900:
7890:
7877:
7864:
7851:
7838:
7825:
7812:
7799:
7786:
7777:Fauna Europaea
7773:
7760:
7747:
7734:
7721:
7711:
7707:Perissodactyla
7698:
7694:Perissodactyla
7685:
7680:Perissodactyla
7670:
7654:
7652:
7650:Perissodactyla
7646:
7645:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7594:
7585:
7576:
7566:
7564:
7553:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7522:
7520:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7498:
7496:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7480:D. sumatrensis
7474:
7472:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7451:
7441:
7439:
7428:
7424:(Rhinoceroses)
7418:Rhinocerotidae
7414:
7413:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7378:
7369:
7363:Plains zebra (
7350:
7349:
7340:
7331:
7322:
7303:
7302:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7263:
7261:
7238:
7234:(Horse family)
7224:
7223:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7203:Laurasiatheria
7199:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7158:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7102:
7094:
7086:
7078:
7069:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7049:
7041:
7033:
7025:
7017:
7008:
7006:
7004:Laurasiatheria
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6979:
6971:
6963:
6958:Tubulidentata
6955:
6950:Macroscelidea
6947:
6938:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6918:
6909:
6907:
6898:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:Diprotodontia
6864:
6856:
6848:
6840:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6811:
6802:
6800:
6791:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6688:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6645:
6632:
6615:
6600:
6585:
6570:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6541:"IUCN redlist"
6531:
6482:
6467:
6458:|journal=
6431:
6416:
6397:
6382:
6323:
6304:
6270:
6263:
6245:
6238:
6212:
6189:
6170:(4): 665–677.
6153:
6110:
6097:(2): 141–256.
6077:
6022:
5973:
5914:
5875:
5816:
5797:
5761:
5742:
5720:
5705:
5686:
5677:|journal=
5653:
5626:
5607:
5588:(5): 747–964.
5584:. New Series.
5572:
5550:
5523:
5508:
5488:
5469:(4): 895–901.
5450:
5388:
5369:(4): 547–564.
5352:
5316:
5275:
5240:
5205:
5192:(2): 289–302.
5167:
5108:
5049:
5016:
4983:
4950:
4908:
4892:
4823:
4764:
4705:
4686:(2): 195–200.
4666:
4657:
4631:
4624:
4606:
4595:on 13 May 2017
4575:
4561:
4536:
4499:(4): 415–418.
4476:
4446:
4439:
4421:
4394:
4375:Rush, Bonnie.
4367:
4360:
4335:
4278:
4243:(3): 193–222.
4223:
4214:
4207:
4187:
4162:
4140:
4122:
4087:
4075:paleobiodb.org
4061:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4015:
4012:mountain zebra
3996:
3977:mountain tapir
3969:
3906:
3903:
3898:Perissodactyla
3894:Perissodactyla
3890:Perissodactyla
3869:Perissodactyla
3822:Georges Cuvier
3745:
3742:
3648:phenacodontids
3630:
3627:
3615:meridiungulate
3569:from the late
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:Lophiodontidae
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:Rhinocerotidae
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:Hyracodontidae
3407:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:Lophiodontidae
3262:
3257:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:Isectolophidae
3226:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3074:Perissodactyla
3067:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3009:Deperetellidae
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:Hyracodontidae
2989:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2945:
2943:Lophiodontidae
2930:
2927:Isectolophidae
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2896:
2890:
2888:Hyopsodontidae
2879:
2878:
2877:
2861:
2839:
2836:phenacodontids
2820:
2809:
2800:Indricotherium
2796:Baluchitherium
2786:Hyracodontidae
2777:
2763:Chalicotherium
2758:Lophiodontidae
2747:
2733:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2578:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2454:
2429:Rhinocerotidae
2424:
2423:
2422:
2416:Kabomani tapir
2413:
2404:
2395:
2389:Mountain tapir
2386:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2324:Mountain zebra
2321:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2286:Maneless zebra
2283:
2274:
2265:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2192:
2186:Persian onager
2183:
2174:
2163:Equus hemionus
2156:
2155:
2154:
2145:Atlas wild ass
2142:
2132:
2123:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2084:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:Rhinocerotidae
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:Equus hemionus
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:Perissodactyla
1439:
1418:
1417:Modern members
1415:
1375:Meridiungulata
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1327:Meridiungulata
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:Perissodactyla
1302:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1205:Laurasiatheria
1182:carotid artery
1165:
1164:Outer taxonomy
1162:
1154:
1151:
1130:
1127:
1105:
1102:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1006:
1003:
961:cranial nerves
930:guttural pouch
912:dental formula
842:
839:
819:common feature
772:
769:
736:
733:
722:paraceratheres
569:Perissodactyla
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:(rhinoceroses
536:Rhinocerotidae
533:
531:Eggysodontidae
525:
517:
515:Hyracodontidae
509:
496:(rhinoceroses
491:
490:
489:
483:
475:
473:Deperetellidae
457:
456:
455:
453:Lophiodontidae
447:
446:
445:
437:
410:
408:Isectolophidae
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
385:
369:
368:(brontotheres)
360:
358:Hyopsodontidae
349:
348:
344:
343:
334:Perissodactyla
331:
327:
326:
321:
314:
313:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
260:
259:
231:
230:
222:
221:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
141:
139:Perissodactyla
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7987:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7965:Mammal orders
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7933:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7675:
7671:
7666:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7638:
7628:
7627:
7616:
7602:
7600:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7590:T. terrestris
7586:
7584:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7554:
7545:
7541:
7531:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7493:Ceratotherium
7489:
7483:
7481:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7429:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7386:
7384:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7256:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7239:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7167:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7142:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7052:Artiodactyla
7050:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7012:Eulipotyphla
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:Boreoeutheria
6992:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6942:Afrosoricida
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6786:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6694:
6686:
6681:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6638:
6633:
6630:
6629:0-8018-8221-4
6626:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6613:
6612:3-334-00223-3
6609:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6597:0-19-850761-5
6594:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6582:0-8018-5789-9
6579:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6567:3-8274-0307-3
6564:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6542:
6535:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6471:
6463:
6450:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6393:
6386:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6266:
6264:0-412-73810-4
6260:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5682:
5669:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5568:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5363:Palaeontology
5356:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5295:(3): 219–43.
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5254:Pachynolophus
5251:
5250:Pachynolophus
5244:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4671:
4661:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4210:
4208:9780982261965
4204:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4051:
4050:least concern
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:Grévy's zebra
3990:
3986:
3985:Malayan tapir
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3923:domestication
3916:
3911:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3865:Isle of Wight
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3849:solidungulate
3846:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:Elasmotherium
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3672:, as well as
3671:
3670:Ganderalophus
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3652:hyopsodontids
3649:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:South America
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:Cambaytherium
3600:
3599:Cambaytherium
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3577:Cambaytherium
3572:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Amynodontidae
3382:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:Lophialetidae
3019:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:Amynodontidae
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:hyopsodontids
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2782:Amynodontidae
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2659:Palaeotherium
2654:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:Malayan tapir
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:Baird's tapir
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2353:Grévy's zebra
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:Selous' zebra
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:Grant's zebra
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1831:
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1516:
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1408:
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1400:
1396:
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1328:
1325:
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1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
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1300:
1293:
1289:
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1284:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:grass feeders
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Baird's tapir
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:Aspergillosis
946:
943:
939:
935:
934:auditory tube
931:
926:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
887:
882:
881:is enlarged.
880:
876:
872:
871:lacrimal bone
868:
864:
860:
856:
847:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
768:
767:are striped.
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
743:
732:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:chalicotheres
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:Ancient Greek
624:
570:
563:
558:
541:
540:sensu stricto
537:
534:
532:
526:
524:
518:
516:
510:
508:
507:Amynodontidae
502:
501:
499:
495:
492:
487:
484:
482:
476:
474:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
454:
448:
444:
438:
435:
429:
428:
427:
421:
420:
419:
418:
411:
409:
403:
402:
401:
398:
392:
386:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
367:
361:
359:
353:
352:
350:
345:
340:
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
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305:
302:
299:
296:
295:
292:
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279:
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275:
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265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
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159:
154:
148:
137:
134:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7649:
7624:
7598:
7589:
7581:T. pinchaque
7580:
7571:
7559:
7527:
7515:
7503:
7491:
7479:
7469:Dicerorhinus
7467:
7456:R. sondaicus
7455:
7447:R. unicornis
7446:
7434:
7409:Ceratomorpha
7407:
7382:
7373:
7364:
7355:
7353:
7344:
7335:
7326:
7318:E. africanus
7317:
7308:
7306:
7297:
7286:
7277:
7276:Wild horse (
7268:
7266:
7244:
7217:
7162:
7091:(Treeshrews)
6974:Proboscidea
6915:(Armadillos)
6798:Ameridelphia
6751:Monotremata
6636:
6618:
6603:
6588:
6573:
6558:
6534:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6476:
6470:
6449:cite journal
6434:
6425:
6419:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6391:
6385:
6340:
6336:
6326:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6290:
6286:
6273:
6254:
6248:
6221:
6215:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6039:
6035:
6025:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5810:
5800:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5755:
5745:
5736:
5723:
5714:
5708:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5668:cite journal
5656:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5620:
5617:Paleomoropus
5616:
5610:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5566:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5517:
5511:
5502:
5466:
5462:
5408:
5404:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5336:
5332:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5189:
5185:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4931:(1): 34–44.
4928:
4924:
4911:
4902:
4895:
4844:
4840:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4725:(6): 65–74.
4722:
4718:
4708:
4683:
4679:
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4643:
4634:
4615:
4609:
4597:. Retrieved
4593:the original
4588:
4578:
4569:
4564:
4552:. Retrieved
4548:
4539:
4496:
4492:
4469:25 September
4467:. Retrieved
4462:
4449:
4430:
4424:
4414:25 September
4412:. Retrieved
4407:
4397:
4387:25 September
4385:. Retrieved
4380:
4370:
4351:
4295:
4291:
4281:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4217:
4197:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:
4171:"Dawn horse"
4165:
4157:the original
4152:
4143:
4135:the original
4125:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4074:
4065:
4034:
4023:plains zebra
3939:
3928:
3920:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3868:
3861:Richard Owen
3856:
3853:multungulate
3852:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3826:Pachydermata
3814:proboscidean
3809:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:Hippopotamus
3773:
3765:
3757:
3755:
3735:
3716:Tethys Ocean
3709:
3706:
3701:
3698:brontotheres
3687:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3655:
3645:
3637:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3564:
3558:
3543:
3540:Tapiromorpha
3539:
3523:
3518:
3502:Richard Owen
3499:
3426:
3409:
3385:
3348:
3331:
3307:Ceratomorpha
3281:
3264:
3228:
3216:Tapiromorpha
3181:
3164:
3127:
3110:
3073:
3015:Rhodopagidae
3000:Superfamily
2999:
2978:Superfamily
2977:
2972:
2948:Superfamily
2947:
2933:
2920:
2905:Indolophidae
2898:
2881:
2868:
2863:
2854:Tethys Ocean
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2767:
2761:
2719:
2705:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2676:chalicothere
2657:
2633:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2370:
2365:
2357:Equus grevyi
2356:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2251:Equus quagga
2250:
2247:Plains zebra
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2151:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2100:
2090:
2081:
2069:
2056:
2051:
2046:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1951:
1928:
1926:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1874:
1804:
1802:
1786:
1784:
1761:
1759:
1736:
1734:
1711:
1709:
1632:Equus quagga
1630:
1628:
1614:Equus grevyi
1612:
1610:
1587:
1585:
1553:
1551:
1535:
1533:
1505:Equus asinus
1503:
1501:
1478:
1476:
1445:
1420:
1399:Notoungulata
1392:
1384:Macrauchenia
1382:
1372:
1333:Notoungulata
1321:
1306:
1304:
1278:Artiodactyla
1275:
1248:
1213:Artiodactyla
1195:rather than
1189:polyphyletic
1186:
1170:artiodactyls
1167:
1143:
1123:leaf feeders
1115:white rhinos
1107:
1065:
1050:Distribution
1044:carotid rete
1041:
1034:is smaller.
1008:
998:S. equi equi
997:
993:S. equi equi
992:
988:
952:
927:
897:
886:agglutinated
883:
852:
808:
786:
782:
750:
740:
738:
729:Richard Owen
726:
714:palaeotheres
710:brontotheres
707:
687:artiodactyls
675:rhinoceroses
642:
639:
635:
632:
568:
567:
539:
497:
460:Ceratomorpha
459:
415:
400:Tapiromorpha
399:
376:
371:
333:
317:
255:
247:
240:Equus quagga
239:
236:plains zebra
133:
118:
112:October 2021
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
18:Tapiromorpha
7816:iNaturalist
7674:Wikispecies
7528:D. bicornis
7357:Hippotigris
7336:E. hemionus
7298:E. caballus
7253:(including
7219:Hippomorpha
7201:Superorder
7195:Infraclass
7097:Dermoptera
7089:Scandentia
7081:Lagomorpha
7030:(Pangolins)
7020:Chiroptera
6976:(Elephants)
6966:Hyracoidea
6960:(Aardvarks)
6722:(unranked)
6602:AH Müller:
5778:: 219–225.
5264:(1): 1–16.
4870:11336/14769
4456:"Strangles"
4180:7 September
3834:Solidungula
3666:Balochistan
3594:Tethytheria
3582:Kalitherium
3334:Helaletidae
3086:Hippomorpha
2957:Eomoropidae
2842:Desmostylia
2824:condylarths
2817:Helaletidae
2774:Pleistocene
2664:palaeothere
2328:Equus zebra
2222:Equus kiang
2070:Equus ferus
1589:Equus zebra
1555:Equus kiang
1480:Equus ferus
1241:Pegasoferae
1023:gallbladder
953:Aspergillus
924:× 2 = 30-44
837:is absent.
627:, from
481:Helaletidae
443:Eomoropidae
372:Hippomorpha
7949:Categories
7599:T. indicus
7572:T. bairdii
7436:Rhinoceros
7036:Carnivora
7028:Pholidota
6934:Afrotheria
6913:Cingulata
6894:inclusive)
6816:(Opossums)
6787:inclusive)
6777:Metatheria
6734:Yinotheria
6718:Vertebrata
6716:Subphylum
6394:: 164–190.
6293:: 85–101.
5758:: 101–110.
5739:: 101–113.
5520:: 181–295.
5505:: 252–258.
4742:1807/64815
4599:4 February
4057:References
4000:vulnerable
3989:wild horse
3973:endangered
3798:lagomorphs
3702:Megacerops
3678:Eotitanops
3674:Litolophus
3668:, such as
3657:Sifrhippus
3529:coined by
3511:Tapiroidea
3319:Tapiroidea
3252:Ancylopoda
3002:Tapiroidea
2936:Ancylopoda
2850:afrotheres
2830:, such as
2812:Tapiroidea
2721:Megacerops
2684:(formerly
2066:Wild horse
1389:Litopterna
1337:Litopterna
1263:Euungulata
1221:Euungulata
1201:Afrotheria
1157:See also:
1062:shown here
979:) and the
938:middle ear
867:premaxilla
823:astragalus
804:rhinoceros
763:and young
720:, and the
695:intestines
643:, dáktylos
636:, perissós
498:sensu lato
465:Tapiroidea
417:Ancylopoda
145:56–0
82:newspapers
7544:Tapiridae
7383:E. grevyi
7365:E. quagga
7354:Subgenus
7327:E. asinus
7307:Subgenus
7267:Subgenus
7105:Primates
7099:(Colugos)
7073:Rodentia
6968:(Hyraxes)
6905:Xenarthra
6892:Placental
6785:Marsupial
6184:129473193
6130:: 21–34.
5909:226263139
5895:: 1–147.
5383:214053761
4513:1744-9561
4463:Strangles
4312:0021-8782
4257:0340-2096
4153:Phenomena
3886:Mesaxonia
3881:Mesaxonia
3874:In 1884,
3843:In 1861,
3838:Solipèdes
3830:peccaries
3724:ruminants
3694:megafauna
3689:Hyrachyus
3629:Phylogeny
3623:K–T event
3590:Radinskya
3571:Paleocene
3566:Radinskya
3351:Tapiridae
3028:Eoletidae
2934:Suborder
2373:Tapiridae
2095:Domestic
1698:Tapiridae
1424:Paleocene
1411:Paleogene
1397:from the
1387:from the
1237:Pholidota
1233:Carnivora
1217:cetaceans
1178:elephants
1147:precocial
1073:Oligocene
1011:ruminants
985:Strangles
973:accessory
855:upper jaw
796:ungulates
788:Ungulates
757:epidermis
747:Oligocene
693:in their
691:cellulose
683:vestigial
647:ungulates
486:Tapiridae
347:Families
287:Kingdom:
281:Eukaryota
7860:14100001
7714:BioLib:
7659:Wikidata
7626:Category
7549:(Tapirs)
7504:C. simum
7374:E. zebra
7345:E. kiang
7334:Onager (
7325:Donkey (
7278:E. ferus
7197:Eutheria
7191:Mammalia
7185:Chordata
7179:Animalia
7177:Kingdom
6982:Sirenia
6884:Eutheria
6712:Chordata
6706:Animalia
6704:Kingdom
6655:98023686
6526:17329227
6443:: 1–710.
6413:: 1–540.
6377:20007379
6320:: 12–14.
6064:22363006
6017:27358361
5968:27384169
5928:PLOS ONE
5870:25410701
5836:: 5570.
5792:86206151
5483:84351811
5445:25295875
5405:PLOS ONE
5339:: 1–54.
5311:84061253
5235:84391276
5221:(8): 8.
5162:27384169
5122:PLOS ONE
5103:25295875
5063:PLOS ONE
4945:11286489
4879:25799987
4818:16785431
4759:30067369
4751:23266984
4531:18426746
4330:31373392
4273:34568531
4117:84391276
4103:(8): 8.
4025:and the
4010:and the
3964:and the
3944:(2012):
3810:le tapir
3762:Linnaeus
3732:Pliocene
3720:mammoths
3683:Eohippus
3639:Eohippus
3507:Equoidea
3098:Equoidea
2736:Equoidea
2680:Anisodon
1209:Laurasia
1153:Taxonomy
1137:A young
1085:Pliocene
900:incisors
879:mandible
859:diastema
835:clavicle
829:and the
827:scaphoid
752:Eohippus
655:families
641:δάκτυλος
634:περισσός
488:(tapirs)
377:Equoidea
311:Mammalia
301:Chordata
297:Phylum:
291:Animalia
277:Domain:
7561:Tapirus
7517:Diceros
7343:Kiang (
7228:Equidae
7183:Phylum
7161:Extant
6921:Pilosa
6724:Amniota
6710:Phylum
6691:Extant
6517:2189562
6368:2799835
6345:Bibcode
6314:Tapirus
6072:4603597
6044:Bibcode
6036:Science
6008:4936024
5959:4934866
5936:Bibcode
5838:Bibcode
5623:: 1–28.
5602:1005518
5539:: 106.
5436:4189980
5413:Bibcode
5258:Geobios
5153:4934866
5130:Bibcode
5094:4189980
5071:Bibcode
4887:4467386
4849:Bibcode
4809:1479866
4786:Bibcode
4700:9126561
4650:12 June
4522:2610139
4321:6875937
4265:1199544
4198:Namibia
4080:18 July
3802:rodents
3790:Belluae
3778:Tapirus
3730:in the
3662:Wyoming
3555:Origins
3375:
3321:
3309:
3254:
3218:
3154:
3130:Equidae
3100:
3088:
3076:
2858:Pacific
2769:Moropus
2744:Equidae
2427:Family
2371:Family
2059:Equidae
2057:Family
1465:Equidae
1448:
1394:Toxodon
1294:
1265:
1174:hyraxes
1119:equines
1093:tarpans
1071:to the
1015:stomach
904:canines
889:keratin
815:fibulae
800:humerus
735:Anatomy
699:stomach
659:Equidae
651:species
382:Equidae
330:Order:
307:Class:
218:present
96:scholar
7932:105959
7929:uBio:
7909:541948
7893:NZOR:
7847:180687
7769:1PERIO
7665:Q25374
7310:Asinus
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