233:
823:
repeated. In such instances, the head will occur directly before and directly after the relative clause that belongs to it. There also exists a construction that masks itself as a relative clause, but is really a repetition of the subject of the sentence. Often, the second repetition of the subject will be amplified or expounded upon in some way. This syntactic style is not unique to Rarámuri, but rather, it can be found in many other Uto-Aztecan languages, notably Nawa.
245:
770:
include . Possessed nouns are marked in several different ways: verbal constructions, noun suffixing, or a combination of the two. In terms of noun suffixing, possessives are marked with . Some nouns are not inflected for plurality, but noun phrases containing them will mark plurality by other means: quantity words will be added to the noun phrase or words related to the head will be inflected for plurality.
1207:
364:
splits
Eastern into four dialects. The five dialects recognized by Ethnologue, with Ethnologue's own current designations and population estimates, are Western (40,000 speakers); Central (55,000, including 10,000 monolinguals); Northern (300); Southeastern (no estimate given); and Southwestern (100).
798:
Rarámuri syntactic structure is fairly free, but it does, of course, have a least marked form. Like most other Uto-Aztecan languages, its default word order is SOV. If there are indirect objects, temporal makers, or locative markers, these typically come after the verb. In any case, the least marked
781:
Subject can be marked for in one of two ways. A pronoun coming before the verb can mark for 1, 2, 3 person singular and plural. Additionally, a suffix coming after the TAM marker can mark for the subject as well. In this way, subject marking is more flexible than marking for tense, aspect, and mood;
777:
There are several verbal suffixes for both the future and past tenses, with allomorphs of all three of the future tense suffix markers . The imperfect, conditional, passive voice, plural and singular imperative, and past participle are all marked for with suffixes as well. There are several suffixes
773:
Demonstratives mark proximity/distance but number. Given that Rarámuri is head final, demonstratives come before the noun. They can be used as both articles and pronouns, and can also be doubled. Storytellers will sometimes omit demonstratives in front of names of animals, showing that the animal is
384:
The language is used in primary schools and local administration as well as in traditional religious practices and local business transactions. According to
Ethnologue, Spanish speakers who live near or among the Tarahumara often use it in commerce as well. At the same time, Spanish is becoming ever
769:
In noun morphology, there are two cases: nominative and accusative. Both direct and indirect objects are marked with the suffix . In addition to case marking, there are also the characteristic Uto-Aztecan "absolutive" suffixes, which appear when there is no other suffix. Variants of the absolutive
822:
To form a relative clause in Rarámuri, speakers need only place a suffix, , on the verb of the relative clause in order to achieve grammaticality. Relative clauses can come before or after a head, with the difference only being in emphasis. Sometimes, heads to which relative clauses refer can be
819:-questions are marked with a level or falling prosodic pitch on the last syllable. These words also share a similar phonetic characteristic in that they all contain the allomorph prefixes or , with the exception of , "where", which, contains the same affix, only as a suffix instead of a prefix.
806:
There are "emphatic" morphemes. The particle is added to subjects; the particle to noun phrases filling any grammatical role, and the suffix is an intensifier on nouns and verbs. To "emphasize" adverbs, the prefix is added. Pronouns can be emphasized by repeating them within the sentence. In
785:
There are multiple suffixes that can change nouns to verbs. These suffixes cover a range of meanings, from "become" or "make" to "put on", "take off", and "have". In a similar suffix-adding process, adjectives can also become verbs. In fact, verbs can also take on suffixes to become other verbs,
789:
Rarámuri utilizes valence changing processes that will most often transitivize verbs. This feature is widespread in Uto-Aztecan languages. To transitivize a verb, it is necessary to change the final vowel of the verb root. The process of applicativization involves a suffix and prefix, as well a
348:
Rarámuri is spoken by 70,000 or more
Indigenous Mexicans living in the state of Chihuahua. There is no consensus among specialists on the number of dialects: competing proposals include two (Western and Eastern); four (Western, Northern, Southern, Eastern); and five, according to field surveys
802:
Word order marking of focus and topicalization is heavily used. A sentence constituent may be topicalized by placing it at the beginning of the sentence. Topicalization of the verb requires "emphatic" words to indicate the subject. The OVS order is the order most prevalent in narratives.
353:. Mexican researchers emphasize that the knowledge of Rarámuri dialects is still patchy, and they say there is a possibility that there are many more than five dialects. The five divisions tentatively recognized by the Mexican government are not the same ones proposed by Ethnologue.
814:
Rarámuri questions have the following constructions. Sentence initial question particles are necessary. Yes–no questions are marked with the sentence-initial question particle , which can sometimes be accompanied by rising intonation on the final syllable .
765:
Affixes are almost all suffixes, and clitics too come word finally. Nouns and verbs are semiagglutinating. Words and phrases are head initial. Adpositions can be prepositions or postpositions, and some are suffixed to nouns.
417:. Phonemically, all plosive consonants are voiceless. There are four fricative phonemes, two voiced and two voiceless; but the voiced fricatives both have a plosive allophone: , and , respectively. The phoneme
744:
Stressed phrase- and word-final vowels can optionally acquire voiceless offglides. Word-final vowels, however, only receive offglides when preceding a stressed syllable-initial plosive or affricate.
1141:
Valiñas, L. (2001). "Lengua,dialectos e identidad étnica en la Sierra tarahumara" [Language, dialect and ethnic identity in the Sierra
Tarahumara]. In C. Molinari; E.Porras (eds.).
790:
change in voicing for the root-initial bilabial consonant. This process goes both ways: if a bilabial is , it will become with the addition of these affixes, and vice versa.
2502:
832:
1114:
Dakin, Karen (2007). "Final
Features and Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A Contribution Using Morphological Reconstruction". In Salmons, Joe; Dubenion-Smith, Shannon (eds.).
385:
more prevalent in
Indigenous communities. Currently, only 1% of the speakers are literate in their language, while 20% of them are literate in Spanish.
421:
has two allophones: a trilled and a forward-flapped variation. Both allophones occur phrase-initially, but the trilled allophone is much more common.
1166:
1238:
2512:
1921:
255:
1201:
612:
133:
2507:
2497:
144:
1875:
1833:
1197:
978:
1231:
277:
756:
In unstressed, word-medial or –final syllables, all vowels are dropped when following a nasal and preceding a plosive.
1914:
2492:
578:
543:
267:
1101:
1795:
1478:
1255:
1224:
91:
2517:
2236:
1336:
1116:
Historical
Linguistics 2005: Selected Papers from the 17th International Conference on Historical Linguistics
619:
887:
Comisión
Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI), Mexico; cited by Caballero 2008: 9
1907:
572:
537:
219:
808:
731:
709:
705:
691:
663:
418:
406:
402:
2457:
1708:
1557:
741:
In phrase-initial syllables not followed immediately by a vowel, , or , unstressed vowels acquire length.
639:
596:
139:
1862:
1782:
1749:
1528:
1523:
1287:
1208:
Tarahumara Books by, for, and about the
Ralamuli of Chihuahua, Mexico in Ralamuli, Spanish, and English
650:
503:
496:
2186:
1683:
1574:
565:
2447:
2371:
2275:
2161:
2138:
1279:
807:
order to add still more "emphasis" to a word that already has emphatic particles, the postposition
2216:
514:
373:
357:
1464:
774:
being ranked higher on the animacy scale and/or the animal name is being used as a proper noun.
2206:
1713:
589:
2058:
2462:
2442:
2366:
2246:
2063:
2015:
1965:
1869:
1790:
1772:
1549:
1247:
786:
though noun to verb constructions are the most productive of these types of transformations.
474:
467:
369:
333:
329:
305:
96:
86:
2035:
863:
2226:
1013:
2522:
2093:
1757:
337:
8:
2452:
2361:
2261:
2176:
2108:
2000:
1995:
1930:
439:
2316:
2301:
1723:
1502:
1439:
2256:
2201:
1980:
1703:
1634:
1507:
1394:
434:
429:
2291:
1433:
211:
2401:
2331:
2296:
2281:
2221:
2211:
2191:
2143:
2118:
2030:
1985:
1767:
1692:
1665:
1611:
1534:
1487:
1427:
1401:
1348:
1320:
1315:
1303:
974:
844:
454:
444:
313:
59:
49:
2005:
273:
2421:
2416:
2381:
2351:
2286:
2241:
2181:
2078:
2073:
2025:
2010:
1975:
1970:
1762:
1739:
1718:
1647:
1584:
1379:
1371:
750:
In unstressed, word-medial or –final syllables, becomes allophonically less tense.
604:
232:
970:
Indian
Languages of Mexico and Central America and Their Geographical Distribution
2474:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
2426:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2356:
2321:
2266:
2196:
2171:
2098:
2083:
2068:
1955:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1698:
1653:
1593:
1419:
1408:
1362:
1308:
1264:
449:
78:
224:
2411:
2311:
2251:
2128:
2113:
2020:
1990:
1890:
1817:
1619:
1600:
1568:
782:
however, subject pronouns cannot be used in conjunction with subject suffixes.
2486:
2306:
2231:
2166:
2133:
2103:
2088:
1642:
1624:
1459:
1158:
1095:. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics: 1–149.
1087:
Burgess, Donald H. (1984). Langacker, Ronald W. (ed.). "Western Tarahumara".
393:
The following description is based on Burgess (1984) unless otherwise noted.
365:
The figure of 40,000 is cited as an being official census figure from 1996.
2271:
2123:
1089:
Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 4: Southern Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches
521:
414:
349:
conducted in the 1990s by linguists working for the Mexican government and
1385:
340:(Varihio, Huarijío), which is also spoken in the Sierra Madre Occidental.
332:, but this grouping is no longer considered valid. It is now grouped in a
194:
187:
180:
173:
166:
2326:
1341:
1145:. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropologíae Historia. pp. 105–125.
1132:
Miller, Wick R (1983). "Uto-Aztecan Languages". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.).
633:
410:
325:
1216:
942:
461:
361:
350:
309:
1899:
778:
that indicate different types of gerunds: past, singular, and plural.
753:
In fast speech, vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently dropped.
968:
840:
559:
529:
204:
157:
316:, according to a 2002 census conducted by the government of Mexico.
244:
237:
Pre-contact (green) and current (red) extent of Tarahumara in Mexico
1210:
285:
1960:
1674:
490:
281:
2391:
1136:. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 113–124.
252:
130:
39:
356:
The landscape of the area is dominated almost entirely by the
836:
304:"people language") is a Mexican Indigenous language of the
799:
syntax is not always found, as there are many exceptions.
284:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
914:
1024:
1022:
1103:
Choguita Rarámuri (Tarahumara) Phonology and Morphology
869:
747:
Word-initially, → if between a stressed vowel and .
324:
Tarahumara was previously considered to belong to the
1019:
2503:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
1055:
994:
1109:(PhD thesis). University of California at Berkeley.
902:
864:
Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020
1034:
360:, a mountain range in western Mexico. As of 2011,
890:
2484:
831:Rarámuri language programming is carried by the
336:along with its closest linguistic relative, the
1183:Zamarrón, Jose Luis & Hill, Jane H. 2001.
1180:. Tucson, AZ: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.
388:
299:
251:Tarahumara is classified as Vulnerable by the
27:
1915:
1232:
1080:Diccionario Rarámuri-Castellano (Tarahumara)
708:before , while is an optional allophone of
1143:Identidad y cultura en la sierra Tarahumara
405:. Additionally, occurs as an allophone of
312:(Rarámuri/Ralámuli) people in the state of
1922:
1908:
1239:
1225:
866:INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
243:
231:
1246:
1185:Avances y balances de lenguas yutoaztecas
1125:Nawésari: texte aus der Sierra Tarahumara
1099:
875:
826:
1077:
1028:
1012:Often written as "/w/", this sound is a
720:, respectively, while others spell them
256:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1929:
1140:
1086:
1061:
1000:
920:
278:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2485:
1673:
1134:Handbook of North American Indians, 10
1131:
1122:
1040:
896:
409:word-initially and between a stressed
319:
1903:
1876:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
1834:Nahuatl language in the United States
1220:
1211:Tarahumara Books | Libros Tarahumaras
1198:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1113:
960:
908:
16:Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico
191: – Southwestern Tarahumara
184: – Southeastern Tarahumara
1118:. John Benjamins. pp. 295–310.
737:Some important phonological rules:
379:
372:identified four dialects: Varohio,
13:
1150:
966:
401:Rarámuri has five vowel phonemes:
14:
2534:
1191:
1162:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
649:
638:
618:
611:
595:
588:
577:
571:
564:
542:
536:
520:
513:
502:
495:
473:
466:
1187:. Cordoba: Colección Científica.
712:before . Some writers spell as
177: – Northern Tarahumara
1046:
1006:
734:is alveolar in some dialects.
343:
198: – Western Tarahumara
170: – Central Tarahumara
145:Secretaría de Educación Pública
2508:Southern Uto-Aztecan languages
2498:Indigenous languages of Mexico
1340:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
1159:A grammar of Choguita Rarámuri
1071:
935:
926:
881:
857:
1:
2513:Subject–object–verb languages
1176:Hilton, Kenneth Simon. 1993.
760:
1100:Caballero, Gabriela (2008).
704:is an optional allophone of
396:
7:
2458:Plains Indian Sign Language
1156:Caballero, Gabriela. 2022.
389:Grammar of Western Rarámuri
306:Uto-Aztecan language family
10:
2539:
1796:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
2471:
2435:
2344:
2152:
2044:
1946:
1937:
1884:
1854:
1826:
1781:
1748:
1732:
1682:
1664:
1633:
1610:
1583:
1548:
1516:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1452:
1418:
1370:
1361:
1329:
1296:
1272:
1263:
1254:
793:
301:Rarámuri/Ralámuli ra'ícha
264:
242:
230:
218:
202:
155:
150:
138:
121:Official language in
119:
114:
75:
71:92,000 (2020 census)
65:
55:
45:
35:
26:
21:
2448:Albarradas Sign Language
1202:translated into Rarámuri
1078:Brambila, David (1976).
850:
308:spoken by around 70,000
2493:Agglutinative languages
1709:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
1165:Gorney, Cynthia. 2008.
358:Sierra Madre Occidental
300:
28:
1714:Central Puebla Nahuatl
1178:Diccionario Tarahumara
1123:Deimel, Claus (2001).
827:Mass media in Rarámuri
376:, Pachera, and Tubar.
266:This article contains
2463:Chatino Sign Language
2443:Mexican Sign Language
1791:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
1773:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
1248:Uto-Aztecan languages
370:Manuel Orozco y Berra
330:Uto-Aztecan languages
97:Tarahumaran languages
2518:Vulnerable languages
1127:. Berlin: D. Reimer.
1014:bilabial approximant
839:, broadcasting from
92:Southern Uto-Aztecan
2453:Mayan Sign Language
1931:Languages of Mexico
1283:(including Bannock)
1171:National Geographic
923:, pp. 114–120.
320:Genetic affiliation
296:Tarahumara language
2064:Chontal de Tabasco
1704:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
1558:Downriver Guarijio
1052:Caballero 2008: 26
718:⟨sh⟩
672:⟨sh⟩
668:⟨ch⟩
127:national languages
2480:
2479:
2340:
2339:
2162:Chontal of Oaxaca
1897:
1896:
1891:extinct languages
1863:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1758:Michoacán Nahuatl
1693:Classical Nahuatl
1544:
1543:
1529:Southern Tepehuan
1524:Northern Tepehuan
1473:
1472:
1448:
1447:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1312:
1284:
1167:Tarahumara People
980:978-0-8466-4042-4
835:'s radio station
726:⟨s⟩
722:⟨c⟩
714:⟨s⟩
700:⟨c⟩
696:⟨s⟩
688:⟨j⟩
684:⟨ʼ⟩
680:⟨y⟩
676:⟨s⟩
661:
660:
338:Guarijío language
334:Tarahumaran group
292:
291:
274:rendering support
270:phonetic symbols.
140:Regulated by
2530:
2187:Chichimeca Jonaz
1944:
1943:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1763:Coatepec Nahuatl
1740:Huasteca Nahuatl
1724:Ometepec Náhuatl
1719:Guerrero Nahuatl
1680:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1575:Upriver Guarijio
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1306:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1173:, November 2008.
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1096:
1083:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1016:(Brambila 1976).
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
939:
933:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
810:
733:
728:, respectively.
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
653:
642:
622:
615:
599:
592:
581:
575:
568:
546:
540:
524:
517:
506:
499:
477:
470:
424:
423:
420:
408:
404:
380:Roles in society
303:
258:
247:
235:
214:
197:
190:
183:
176:
169:
160:
81:
31:
29:Rarámuri ra'ícha
19:
18:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2431:
2336:
2276:whistled speech
2154:
2148:
2084:Sierra Popoluca
2046:
2040:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1880:
1838:
1822:
1813:Tabasco Nahuatl
1808:Isthmus Nahuatl
1801:Orizaba Nahuatl
1777:
1744:
1728:
1699:Morelos Nahuatl
1660:
1629:
1606:
1579:
1540:
1512:
1469:
1444:
1440:Luiseño-Juaneño
1414:
1353:
1325:
1292:
1280:Northern Paiute
1250:
1245:
1194:
1153:
1151:Further reading
1106:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
985:
983:
981:
967:Thomas, Cyrus.
965:
961:
951:
949:
941:
940:
936:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
853:
829:
796:
763:
725:
721:
717:
713:
699:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
399:
391:
382:
346:
322:
272:Without proper
260:
259:
250:
238:
210:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:
178:
172:
171:
165:
164:
156:
122:
115:Official status
110:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Western Apache
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2045:10,000-100,000
2042:
2041:
2039:
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1192:External links
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901:
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876:Caballero 2008
868:
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973:. p. 8.
972:
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963:
948:
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922:
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898:
893:
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878:, p. 12.
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702:
664:/t͡ʃ,ʃ,j,ʔ,h/
657:
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394:
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341:
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328:group of the
327:
317:
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311:
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298:(native name
297:
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263:
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61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2473:
2367:Plautdietsch
2345:Non-official
2153:Under 10,000
2053:
1976:Tzotzil Maya
1971:Tzeltal Maya
1966:Yucatec Maya
1886:
1870:Proto-Nahuan
1868:
1861:
1691:
1652:
1599:
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1567:
1562:
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1157:
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1102:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1064:, p. 8.
1062:Burgess 1984
1057:
1048:
1036:
1031:, p. v.
1008:
1003:, p. 7.
1001:Burgess 1984
996:
984:. Retrieved
969:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:
937:
928:
921:Valiñas 2001
916:
904:
892:
883:
871:
859:
830:
821:
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813:
805:
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797:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
736:
730:
703:
666:are spelled
662:
415:glottal stop
400:
392:
383:
367:
355:
347:
344:Dialectology
323:
295:
293:
265:
203:
126:
101:
2227:Matlatzinca
2059:Tojol-abʼal
1550:Tarahumaran
1465:Tübatulabal
1307:(including
1072:Works cited
1041:Deimel 2001
897:Miller 1983
732:/𝼈 /
694:is spelled
634:Approximant
411:close vowel
403:/a,e,i,o,u/
326:Taracahitic
280:instead of
87:Uto-Aztecan
2487:Categories
2362:Portuguese
2262:Texistepec
2197:Chocholtec
2177:Chiricahua
2139:Qʼanjobʼal
2054:Tarahumara
1940:Indigenous
1563:Tarahumara
947:Ethnologue
932:Ethnologue
909:Dakin 2007
761:Morphology
368:Historian
362:Ethnologue
351:Ethnologue
310:Tarahumara
225:Tarahumara
163:Variously:
125:One of 63
102:Tarahumara
60:Tarahumara
22:Tarahumara
2257:Kaqchikel
2237:Mezcalero
2202:Pima Bajo
2109:Popolocan
2036:Purépecha
2016:Chinantec
1938:Official/
1889:indicate
1508:Pima Bajo
1395:Kitanemuk
845:Chihuahua
841:Guachochi
560:Fricative
530:Affricate
440:Retroflex
397:Phonology
374:Guazapare
314:Chihuahua
205:Glottolog
158:ISO 639-3
56:Ethnicity
50:Chihuahua
2523:Rarámuri
2402:Japanese
2372:Venetian
2332:Awakatek
2327:Ayapanec
2222:Jakaltek
2212:Lacandón
2192:Huarijío
2155:speakers
2119:Cuicatec
2094:Tepehuán
2047:speakers
2031:Tlapanec
1949:speakers
1947:100,000+
1768:Pochutec
1733:Huasteca
1635:Corachol
1535:Tepecano
1517:Tepehuan
1479:Southern
1428:Cahuilla
1402:Tataviam
1349:Kawaiisu
1330:Southern
1321:Timbisha
1316:Comanche
1304:Shoshoni
1256:Northern
943:"Mexico"
435:Alveolar
430:Bilabial
413:and the
286:Help:IPA
212:tara1321
2422:Chinese
2417:Italian
2382:Catalan
2352:English
2317:Cochimí
2247:Kʼicheʼ
2242:Ixcatec
2207:Qʼeqchí
2182:Tacuate
2144:Tepehua
2079:Chatino
2074:Huichol
2026:Mazahua
2011:Huastec
2001:Mazatec
1996:Totonac
1986:Zapotec
1961:Nahuatl
1956:Spanish
1887:Italics
1855:History
1783:Eastern
1750:Western
1684:Central
1675:Nahuatl
1666:Aztecan
1648:Huichol
1503:Oʼodham
1488:Tepiman
1386:Vanyume
1380:Serrano
1309:Gosiute
1297:Central
1273:Western
952:Feb 25,
491:Plosive
455:Glottal
445:Palatal
282:Unicode
2427:German
2407:Korean
2397:Romani
2392:Arabic
2387:Hebrew
2377:Basque
2357:French
2322:Kiliwa
2312:Olutec
2302:Pápago
2297:Kumiai
2292:Qatoʼk
2287:Cucapá
2272:Kikapú
2267:Paipai
2172:Akatek
2099:Triqui
2069:Amuzgo
1981:Mixtec
1654:Cazcan
1612:Cahita
1594:Eudeve
1585:Opatan
1434:Cupeño
1409:Tongva
1372:Serran
977:
794:Syntax
605:Liquid
253:UNESCO
131:Mexico
46:Region
40:Mexico
2412:Greek
2252:Lipan
2129:Yaqui
2114:Huave
2006:Chʼol
1991:Otomí
1827:Other
1818:Pipil
1620:Yaqui
1601:Opata
1569:Tubar
1496:Pimic
1453:Other
1420:Cupan
1363:Takic
1265:Numic
1107:(PDF)
986:9 May
851:Notes
837:XETAR
809:/-pa/
710:/t͡ʃ/
462:Nasal
450:Velar
2436:Sign
2307:Ixil
2282:Teko
2232:Seri
2167:Chuj
2134:Pame
2104:Cora
2089:Mayo
2021:Mixe
1643:Cora
1625:Mayo
1460:Hopi
1288:Mono
988:2024
975:ISBN
954:2021
294:The
2124:Mam
1342:Ute
833:CDI
706:/s/
692:/s/
544:t͡ʃ
538:t͡s
419:/r/
407:/a/
268:IPA
220:ELP
195:tac
188:twr
181:tcu
174:thh
167:tar
129:of
2489::
1200:,
1169:.
1093:56
1091:.
1021:^
945:.
847:.
843:,
817:Wh
724:,
716:,
690:;
686:,
682:,
678:,
670:,
640:β̞
620:𝼈
2278:)
2274:(
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
1657:?
1344:)
1311:)
1240:e
1233:t
1226:v
1213:.
1204:.
1082:.
1043:.
990:.
956:.
899:.
698:/
674:/
651:j
613:ɾ
597:h
590:ɣ
579:ʃ
576:~
573:s
566:β
541:~
522:ʔ
515:k
504:t
497:p
475:n
468:m
288:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
