763:, U.S. attorney general Eric Holder wrote that the United States will use lethal force by combat drones "in a foreign country against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al Qa'ida or its associated forces, and who is actively engaged in planning to kill Americans, in the following circumstances: (1) the U.S. government has determined, after a thorough and careful review, that the individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) capture is not feasible; and (3) the operation would be conducted in a manner consistent with applicable law of war principles." In a Presidential Policy Guidance entitled "U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities" from May 2013 the United States government stated that lethal force by combat drones "will be used only to prevent or stop attacks against U.S. persons, and even then, only when capture is not feasible and no other reasonable alternatives exist to address the threat effectively". The U.S. government further declared, "lethal force will be used outside areas of active hostilities only when the following preconditions are met:
806:. "It is a hard fact that US strikes have resulted in civilian casualties," he said, adding, "These deaths will haunt us. But as commander-in-chief I must weigh these heartbreaking tragedies against the alternative. To do nothing in the face of terrorist networks would invite far more civilian casualties." Obama said new guidance allowed targeting only those terrorists posing "a continuing and imminent threat to the American people", which administration officials said meant only individuals planning attacks on the U.S. homeland or against U.S. persons abroad. Obama defended the use of drones as just because America "is at war with al Qaeda, the Taliban and their associated forces". To stop terrorists from gaining a foothold, drones will be deployed according to Obama, but only when there is an imminent threat; no hope of capturing the targeted terrorist; "near certainty" that civilians won't be harmed; and "there are no other governments capable of effectively addressing the threat". Never will a strike be punitive.
1842:, or the rise of more—and more resolute—leaders to replace those who were recently "decapitated." Second, drones can drive terrorist leaders into hiding, making the monitoring of their movements, and subsequent intelligence gathering, extremely difficult. Third, "the political message flowing from the use of targeted killings may be harmful to the attacking country’s interest, as it emphasizes the disparity in power between the parties and reinforces popular support for the terrorists, who are seen as a David fighting Goliath." Fourth, when conducted in a foreign country, drone strikes run the risk of heightening tensions between the targeting government and the government in whose territory the operation is conducted. Fifth, targeted killings threaten criticism from local domestic constituencies against the government allowing strikes within their country. Finally, there is a danger of over-using targeted killings, both within and outside the war of terrorism.
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enjoys the protections of due process guarantees. Governments in the midst of war, on the other hand, may claim a legal obligation to take advantage of the relaxation of peacetime constraints on the use of deadly force. Enemy combatants may be targeted and killed not because they are guilty, but because they are potentially lethal agents of a hostile party. No advance warning is necessary, no attempt to arrest or capture is required, and no effort to minimize casualties among enemy forces is demanded by law. The tactic raises complex questions as to the legal basis for its application, who qualifies as an appropriate "hit list" target, and what circumstances must exist before the tactic may be employed. Opinions range from people considering it a legal form of self-defense that reduces terrorism, to people calling it an
1361:. Yandarbiyev was seriously wounded and died in hospital. His 13-year-old son Daud was seriously injured. The day after the attack, Qatari authorities arrested three Russians in a Russian embassy villa. One of them, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy in Qatar, Aleksandr Fetisov, was released in March due to his diplomatic status and the remaining two, the GRU agents Anatoly Yablochkov (also known as Belashkov) and Vasily Pugachyov (sometimes misspelled as Bogachyov), were charged with the assassination of Yandarbiyev, an assassination attempt of his son Daud Yandarbiyev, and smuggling weapons into Qatar. There were some speculations that Fetisov had been released in exchange for Qatari wrestlers detained in Moscow. On 30 June 2004, both Russians were sentenced to
1741:(AUMF) stated on 14 September 2001, "That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations or persons he determines planned, authorized, harbored, committed, or aided in the planning or commission of the attacks against the United States that occurred on 11 September 2001, and to deter and pre-empt any future acts of terrorism or aggression against the United States". This authorization is still in effect today. There are no restrictions regarding the physical location of where this law is applied. It only states that the President has the "authority to use all necessary and appropriate force" this could be interpreted to mean that the President can attack al-Qaeda anywhere in the world.
1879:. That number includes over 50 senior leaders of al Qaeda and the Taliban—top figures who are not easily replaced." Drones have also undercut terrorists' ability to effectively communicate with its target audiences, ultimately straining their recruitment pools. To avoid attracting drones, al Qaeda operates have avoided gathering in large numbers and mitigated use of electronic devices. Byman argues that al Qaeda leaders "cannot give orders when they are incommunicado, and training on a large scale is nearly impossible when a drone strike could wipe out an entire coupe of new recruits. Drones have turned al Qaeda's command and training structures into a liability, forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders."
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drone strikes and stricter regulation on armed drone sales. Finally, he recommends the United States work with international partners to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones. Zenko believes the U.S. government has not been transparent regarding how non-battlefield drone strikes are reconciled with broader foreign policy objectives, the scope of legitimate targets, and their legal framework. While drones may be a critical counterterrorism tool that advances U.S. interests, their "lack of transparency threatens to limit U.S. freedom of action and risks proliferation of armed drone technology without the requisite normative framework." Zenko thinks current drone policy might share the same fate of the Bush-era
1637:, "If you do something for long enough, the world will accept it. The whole of international law is now based on the notion that an act that is forbidden today becomes permissible if executed by enough countries." Reisner continues, "International law progresses through violations. We invented the targeted assassination thesis and we had to push it. At first there were protrusions that made it hard to insert easily into the legal moulds. Eight years later it is in the center of the bounds of legitimacy." This view is disputed by George Bisharat of the University of California's Hastings College of the Law, who contends that assassination is not widely regarded as legal.
813:, the UN's special rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism, who identified 33 drone strikes around the world that have resulted in civilian casualties and may have violated international humanitarian law urged the United States "to further clarify its position on the legal and factual issues ... to declassify, to the maximum extent possible, information relevant to its lethal extraterritorial counter-terrorism operations; and to release its own data on the level of civilian casualties inflicted through the use of remotely piloted aircraft, together with information on the evaluation methodology used".
733:, the Obama administration accelerated work in the weeks before the election to develop explicit rules for the targeted killing of terrorists by unmanned drones, so that a new president would inherit clear standards and procedures. The work to codify U.S. drone policy began in summer 2011. "There was concern that the levers might no longer be in our hands," said one unnamed U.S. official. With a continuing debate about the proper limits of drone strikes, Obama did not want to leave an "amorphous" program to his successor, the official said. The effort, which would have been rushed to completion by January had
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order the killing of
American citizens if they are believed to be "senior operational leaders" of al-Qaida or "an associated force"—even if there is no intelligence indicating they are engaged in an active plot to attack the U.S. However any such targeted killing operation by the United States would have to comply with the four fundamental law-of-war principles governing the use of force which are necessity, distinction, proportionality and humanity – i.e., the avoidance of unnecessary suffering. (Page 8 of). The memo also discusses why targeted killings would not be a war crime or violate
629:." And he further said: "As a matter of international law, the United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, and associated forces, in response to the 9/11 attacks, and we may also use force consistent with our inherent right of national self-defense. There is nothing in international law that bans the use of remotely piloted aircraft for this purpose or that prohibits us from using lethal force against our enemies outside of an active battlefield, at least when the country involved consents or is unable or unwilling to take action against the threat."
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707:, in which the U.S. attacks armed men who fit a pattern of behavior that suggests they are involved in terrorist activities. Signature strikes have been curbed in Pakistan, where they once were common, but in 2012 Obama gave the CIA permission to conduct them in Yemen, where an Al Qaeda affiliate that has targeted the United States has established a safe haven in the south. The lawmakers expressed concern that signature strikes could kill civilians. They added: "Our drone campaigns already have virtually no transparency, accountability or oversight."
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President-elect, Duterte offered medals and cash rewards for citizens that shot dealers dead. "Do your duty, and if in the process you kill 1,000 persons because you were doing your duty, I will protect you", he told police officers on 1 July, the day after his inauguration. He was speaking at a ceremony installing dela Rosa, his loyal henchman, as the nation’s top cop. "If you know of any addicts, go ahead and kill them yourself as getting their parents to do it would be too painful", he was quoted as saying to another crowd that day.'
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1365:; passing the sentence, the judge stated that they had acted on orders from the Russian leadership. But on 23 December 2004, Qatar agreed to extradite the prisoners to Russia, where they would serve out their life sentences. The agents however received a heroes' welcome on returning to Moscow in January 2005 but disappeared from public view shortly afterwards. The Russian prison authorities admitted in February 2005 that they were not in jail, but said that a sentence handed down in Qatar was "irrelevant" in Russia.
844:"A lawful killing in self-defense is not an assassination. In the Department's view, a lethal operation conducted against a U.S. citizen whose conduct poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States would be a legitimate act of national self-defense that would not violate the assassination ban. Similarly, the use of lethal force, consistent with the laws of war, against an individual who is a legitimate military target would be lawful and would not violate the assassination ban."
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that we're making," Obama said and added "creating a legal structure, processes, with oversight checks on how we use unmanned weapons, is going to be a challenge for me and my successors for some time to come." U.S. President Obama also expressed wariness of the powerful temptation drones pose to policy makers. "There's a remoteness to it that makes it tempting to think that somehow we can, without any mess on our hands, solve vexing security problems," he said.
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drone policy, while opposition by non-host partners could impose additional restrictions on the use of drones. Reforming U.S. drone strike policies can do much to allay concerns internationally by ensuring that targeted killings are defensible under international legal regimes that the United States itself helped establish and by allowing U.S. officials to openly address concerns and counter misinformation."
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taken to maintain or restore peace. Article 51 mentions the only exception, as being members of the United
Nations have "the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security". Targeted killing operations, according to
442:(AUMF), a joint resolution of both houses of Congress passed exactly one week after 11 September 2001. The AUMF permits the President to use "all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons".
691:. "I asked that this effort be established. It has been. The way in which this is being done is very careful." Feinstein explained how the oversight works in general. "We receive notification with key details shortly after every strike, and we hold regular briefings and hearings on these operations," Feinstein wrote in May in a letter sent in response to a column that ran in the
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Palestinians called it "state terrorism". In
January 2001, Israeli officials confirmed "the practice of targeted assassinations". Conflict in Israel over the legality of the practice centered on the case of Dr. Thabet Thabet, assassinated as he left his home on New Year's Eve. Dr. Thabet was alleged by the Israeli military to be a senior local leader of
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skyrocketing reports of extrajudicial executions by the police and so-called vigilantes. On 6 August, he warned drug dealers: "My order is shoot to kill you. I don’t care about human rights, you better believe me". He praised the soaring body count of victims of police killings as proof of the "success" of his "war on drugs".
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1899:. However, "Washington now finds itself in a permanent battle with amorphous and geographically dispersed foe, one with an increasingly marginal connection to the original 9/11 plotters. In this endless contest, the United States risks multiplying its enemies and heightening their incentives to attack the country."
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noting that a more detailed disclosure of the administration's legal rationale "would allow for intelligent discussion and assessment of a tactic that (like torture before it) remains hotly debated", McMahon came to the conclusion that the
Freedom of Information Act did not permit her to require such transparency.
833:, NSA analysts and collectors (i.e. NSA personnel who control electronic surveillance equipment) use the NSA's sophisticated surveillance capabilities to track individual targets geographically and in real time, while drones and tactical units aim their weaponry against those targets to take them out.
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that targeted killing was ethical but impractical: "Targeted killing will also invite revenge against the leaders who order it as well as their citizens and property. Given the legal, political and moral constraints that limit such activities in democratic regimes, the United States has a substantial
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This article is construed as prohibiting assassination, proscription, or outlawry of an enemy, or putting a price upon an enemy's head, as well as offering a reward for an enemy "dead or alive". It does not, however, preclude attacks on individual soldiers or officers of the enemy whether in the zone
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prohibits the threat or use of force by one state against another, two exceptions are relevant to the question of whether targeted killings are lawful: (1) when the use of force is carried out with the consent of the host state; and (2) when the use of force is in self-defense in response to an armed
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reported that nearly a dozen people had been killed and others injured in assassination attempts and provided information on every attack recorded by the media in the occupied territories. Some of the attacks were carried out by
Ukrainian partisans who are led and trained by Ukrainian special forces.
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The speech came a few days after Obama authorized the CIA and the U.S. Joint
Special Operations Command (JSOC) to fire on targets based solely on their intelligence "signatures"—patterns of behavior that are detected through signals intercepts, human sources and aerial surveillance, and that indicate
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professors
Gabriella Blum and Philip Heymann, amplify the tension between addressing terrorism as a crime versus addressing terrorism as an act of war. Governments pursuing a law enforcement strategy punish persons for their individual guilt, which must be proven in a court of law, where the accused
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and ruled that the Obama administration must release documents justifying its drone-killings of
Americans and foreigners. The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal released on 23 June 2014 a Juli 2010 memo by then U.S. Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel David Barron which outlined the rationale
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to make public more details about the legal basis for the drone programs U.S. District Court Judge
Colleen McMahon ruled at the end of December 2012 that the U.S. Government has no legal duty to disclose legal opinions justifying the use of drones to kill suspected terrorist operatives abroad. While
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is set. Additionally, Byman argues that
Washington must "remain mindful of the built-in limits of low-cost, unmanned interventions, since the very convenience of drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid." Though Byman recognizes the problems inherent in
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believes the United States should "end so-called signature strikes, which target unidentified militants based on their behavior patterns and personal networks, and limit targeted killings to a small number of specific terrorists with transnational ambitions. He wants more congressional oversight of
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The part of The Charter of the United Nations that regulates "action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression" is Chapter VII (articles 39–50), which requires that it is the Security Council that determines any threat to peace and decides on measures to be
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NBC News released in February 2014 an undated Department of Justice White paper entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force" in which the Obama administration concludes that the U.S. government can
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While the Bush administration had put emphasis on killing significant members of al Qaeda, the use of combat drones underwent a quiet and unheralded shift during the Obama administration to focus increasingly on killing militant foot soldiers rather than high-value targets according to CNN National
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Since the late 20th century, the legal status of targeted killing has become a subject of contention within and between various nations. Historically, at least since the mid-eighteenth century, Western thinking has generally considered the use of assassination as a tool of statecraft to be illegal.
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CIA-ordered drone strikes were eventually ended by President Obama, who transferred control entirely to the U.S. military, under a separate legal authority. President Trump reversed this decision in 2017. A 2016 Obama executive order requiring an annual report of civilian deaths from US airstrikes
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won, will now be finished at a more leisurely pace, the official said. "One of the things we've got to do is put a legal architecture in place, and we need Congressional help in order to do that, to make sure that not only am I reined in but any president's reined in terms of some of the decisions
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The United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, and associated forces, in response to the 9/11 attacks, and we may also use force consistent with our inherent right of national self-defense. There is nothing in international law that bans the use of remotely piloted aircraft
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The United States has made targeted killing—the deliberate assassination of a known terrorist outside the country's territory, usually by airstrike—an essential part of its counter-terrorism strategy. Hence, the United States has justified the killing of terrorists under a war paradigm. "Using the
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25 August 2016: 'one of the first of nearly 2,000 Filipinos killed so far in Duterte’s brutal war on drugs. The carnage is exactly what Duterte promised. "All of you who are into drugs, you sons of bitches, I will really kill you", he said before his election, in April. A month later, when he was
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that was used to justify each drone strike, and sometimes examine telephone intercepts and after-the-fact evidence, such as the CIA's assessment of who was hit. The procedure used by House and Senate intelligence committees to monitor CIA drone strikes was set up largely at the request of Senator
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U.S. congressional oversight over the targeted killing operations increased as the drone program intensified under the Obama administration. Once a month, a group of staff members from the House and Senate intelligence committees would watch videos of the latest drone strikes, review intelligence
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2 March 2017 :’"If by chance that God will place me there, watch out because the 1,000 will become 100,000. You will see the fish in Manila Bay getting fat. That is where I will dump you".(b).’ Since taking office, Duterte has repeatedly vowed to kill drug dealers and users in the midst of
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finds that "more than the quantity of violence, decapitation reduces its quality," as leadership vacuums in militant groups are filled by less competent younger members with fewer inhibitions on harming civilians, and that this effect is most pronounced in the immediate aftermath of a successful
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For drone strikes to be effective, the United States must obtain consent from the host country they are operating in. The growing chorus of objections from host countries, most notably emanating from Pakistan, seriously inhibits drones' effectiveness. "Host states have grown frustrated with U.S.
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Professor Peter Raven-Hansen write: "Targeted killing of terrorists is ... not unlawful and would not constitute assassination." Rory Miller writes: "Targeted killing ... is not 'assassination'", and associate professor Eric Patterson and Teresa Casale write: "Perhaps most important is the legal
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argues that while drones are tactically savvy, they have failed to advance the strategic goals of U.S. counter-terrorism policy. Terrorism itself is a tactic, Cronin notes, but it succeeds on a strategic plane when a shocking event is successfully leveraged for political gain. "To be effective,
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maintains that, "A program of targeted killing far from any battlefield, without charge or trial, violates the constitutional guarantee of due process. It also violates international law, under which lethal force may be used outside armed conflict zones only as a last resort to prevent imminent
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The argument that this policy affords the public a sense of revenge and retribution could serve to justify acts both illegal and immoral. Clearly, lawbreakers ought to be punished. Yet, no matter how horrific their deeds, as the targeting of Israeli civilians indeed is, they should be punished
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and targeted killings are very different acts." For Solis, these conditions require that there is an ongoing military conflict, the targeted individual (civilian or military) has taken up arms, that there is no reasonable possibility of arrest, and that the decision to kill is made by senior
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questioning the oversight of drone strikes. "Committee staff has held 28 monthly in-depth oversight meetings to review strike records and question every aspect of the program including legality, effectiveness, precision, foreign policy implications and the care taken to minimize noncombatant
625:(AUMF) passed by Congress after the 11 September attacks authorizes the president "to use all necessary and appropriate force" against those nations, organizations and individuals responsible for 9/11. There is nothing in the AUMF that restricts the use of military force against al-Qa'ida to
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documented six killings of suspected "traitors" of Ukraine. The victims were officials of local authorities, policemen and civilians who were believed to have voluntarily cooperated with the enemy. According to OHCHR, these killings may have been committed by government agents or with their
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American defense department analyst and professor Thomas Hunter has defined targeted killing as the "premeditated, preemptive, and intentional killing of an individual or individuals known or believed to represent a present or future threat to the safety and security of a state through the
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said that in Yemen more civilians were killed than admitted by the Obama administration, while Amnesty International said the same of drone strikes in Pakistan. Caitlin Hayden, a White House spokeswoman, declined to comment on the reports, but said in an e-mail statement: "As the President
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Further support for the U.S. government's use of drone strike tactics is found in a report found in the Journal of Strategic Security concerning the surgical nature of drone strikes for use in a populated area. The author concedes, "Indeed the tactic of using drones promises the ability of
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and shot in targeted killings were being assassinated. Israelis stated that those killed were responsible for attacks against Israelis. Israeli officials initially accepted responsibility for only some of the killings, and Israeli media termed the practice a "liquidations policy", whereas
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affiliation with terrorist groups or individuals. Hunter writes that the target is a person who is allegedly taking part in an armed conflict or terrorism, whether by bearing arms or otherwise, who has allegedly lost the immunity from being targeted that he would otherwise have under the
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the presence of an important operative or a plot against U.S. interests. Under the previous rules the CIA and the US military were only allowed to use drone strikes against known terrorist leaders whose location could be confirmed and who appeared on secret CIA and JSOC target lists.
715:. Bergen noted: "To the extent that the targets of drone attacks can be ascertained, under Bush, al Qaeda members accounted for 25% of all drone targets compared to 40% for Taliban targets. Under Obama, only 8% of targets were al Qaeda compared to just over 50% for Taliban targets."
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war paradigm for counter-terrorism enabled government lawyers to distinguish lethal attacks on terrorists from prohibited assassinations and justify them as lawful battlefield operations against enemy combatants, much like the uncontroversial targeted killing of Japanese Admiral
1444:, close to 20 Russian-appointed officials and Ukrainian collaborators have been killed or injured in targeted killings. Ukrainian hit squads and saboteurs have gunned down, blown up, hanged and poisoned people who were regarded as collaborators of the puppet governments of
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A report published in the Journal of Strategic Security focusing on the future of drones in geopolitics finds the U.S. government's use of drones in targeted killing operations an "indiscriminant and disproportionate use of force that violates the sovereignty of Pakistan".
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1068:, alleged that Israeli soldiers had targeted often unarmed Palestinians, some under the age of 16, for "premeditated assassinations" or targeted killing, a charge denied by Israeli officials. The allegations included the execution of Palestinians in custody.
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today is that its drone program has taken on a life of its own, to the point where tactics are driving strategy rather than the other way around." Cronin agrees with Daniel Byman of Georgetown University insofar that drones have inflicted real damage upon
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wrote that the Israeli policy of targeted killing during the Second Intifada expanded upon previous policies, targeting not only terrorists but also those thought to direct or coordinate them. Another controversial killing, which occurred following the
884:, a UK-based non-profit news organisation, there were 2,243 drone strikes in the first two years of the Trump presidency, compared with 1,878 in Obama's eight years in office. According to press reports, the Trump administration has at times employed a
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in Latin American right-wing dictatorships involving assassination of political opponents and dissidents. The National Security Archive reported, "Prominent victims of Condor include two former Uruguayan legislators and a former Bolivian president,
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airstrikes killed more than 200 people. Of those, only 35 were the intended targets. During one five-month period of the operation, according to the documents, nearly 90 percent of the people killed in airstrikes were not the intended targets."
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US and UK intelligence agents reportedly say they believe Russian assassins and possibly the Russian government could have been behind at least fourteen targeted killings on British soil, which were dismissed as non-suspicious by UK police.
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centered around White House counterterror chief John Brennan. Under the new plan, Brennan's staff compiles the potential target list and runs the names past agencies such as the State Department at a weekly White House meeting. According to
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infamously stated, "Washington should not be called the murder capital of the world. We are the targeted-killing capital of the world." Barry said that "targeted killings" by D.C.'s cartels were comparable to those during the days of
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Schlager, Scott A. & Govern, Kevin H. (2013). "'Guns for Hire, Death on Demand': The Permissibility of U.S. Outsourcing of Drone Attacks to Civilian Surrogates of the Armed Forces and Challenges to Traditional Just War Theory".
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Political scientists Frank Sauer and Niklas Schörnig have described targeted killing as a violation of international law and a contravention of domestic laws, and maintain that the term itself is merely a legitimized euphemism for
679:, President Obama has placed himself at the helm of a top secret process to designate terrorists for kill or capture, reserving the final say on approving lethal action, and signs off every strike in Yemen, Somalia and Pakistan.
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casualties." If the congressional committees objected to something, the lawmakers could call CIA leaders to testify in closed investigative hearings. If unsatisfied, they could pass legislation limiting the CIA's actions.
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for this purpose or that prohibits us from using lethal force against our enemies outside of an active battlefield, at least when the country involved consents or is unable or unwilling to take action against the threat.
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assumption of the presidency in 2016, police and vigilantes have targeted drug related criminal suspects, with many cases, some involving children, thought to be the result of police extrajudicial executions. The group
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Captain Matthew J. Morgan has argued, "there is a major difference between assassination and targeted killing.... targeted killing not synonymous with assassination. Assassination ... constitutes an illegal killing."
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Bradley, Martha (2013). "Drones and the Chicago Convention: An Examination of the Concepts of Aerial Sovereignty, The War on Terror and the Notion of Self Defense in Relation to the Chicago Convention". University of
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Daniel Reisner, who headed the International Legal Division of the Israeli Military Advocate General's Office from 1994 to 2005, has stated that although targeted killing is illegal under previous understanding of
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1264:, the U.S. State Department noted politically or ethnically motivated "targeted killings" in Bosnia in Section 1a., "Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing", of its 1993 report on human rights practices in
1105:'s condemnation of the practice, was that of Mahmoud Madani, a leader of Hamas shot while leaving a mosque in the Balata refugee camp. The Israeli military suspected Madani of plotting bombings in Israel.
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report analysing the killing of 500 "militants" by US drones between 2008 and 2010 found that only 8% of those killed were mid- to top-tier organisers or leaders; the rest were unidentified foot soldiers.
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8061:"Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur: US policy of using drone strikes to carry out targeted killings 'may encourage other states to flout international law'"
4811:"Undated memo entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force" by the U.S. Department of Justice"
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8143:. Human Rights Council, Fourteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development.
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While the U.S. government is considering whether to kill an American abroad suspected of planning terrorist attacks and how to do so legally under new stricter targeting policy issued in 2013,
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banning assassination: "killings in self-defense are no more 'assassinations' in international affairs than they are murders when undertaken by our police forces against domestic killers."
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who became determined to ensure that it was as precise as the CIA had been claiming. "That's been a concern of mine from the beginning," Feinstein said in little-noticed comments after the
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855:; the freedom of association; right to protection of the family; and, less directly, right to highest attainable health standards; right to education; and right of freedom from hunger.
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Associate Dean & Professor of International Relations, writes: "there are strong reasons to believe that the Israeli policy of targeted killing is not the same as assassination."
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8151:"UN official says 'targeted killings' fall into 'accountability vacuum' (Blog by Government Documents Librarian for the Downtown Campus Library at the Chicago-Kent College of Law)"
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threats, when non-lethal means are not available. Targeting people who are suspected of terrorism for execution, far from any war zone, turns the whole world into a battlefield."
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rather than explosives to kill targets, because it hoped to decrease non-combatant casualties. The missile is believed to have seen its first combat action in the 2017 killing of
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542:, 874 people were killed, including 142 children, in drone strikes in Pakistan that targeted 24 people successfully and unsuccessfully, and, in numerous failed attempts to kill
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Peron, Alcides Eduardo dos Reis (2014). "The "Surgical" Legitimacy of Drone Strikes? Issues of Sovereignty and Human Rights in the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Pakistan".
1088:. A dentist, Dr. Thabet was a friend of many Israeli peace activists and considered one himself. Israeli activists called the killing "a crime", "Mafia-style", and "immoral".
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4674:"White House Fact Sheet on: U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities"
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In 2001, Ibrahim Nafie criticized the U.S. for agreeing with "the Israeli spin that calls ... its official policy of assassinating Palestinian leaders 'targeted killing'."
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1990:
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An assessment that the relevant governmental authorities in the country where action is contemplated cannot or will not effectively address the threat to U.S. persons; and
699:
Congressional criticism of drone strikes has been rare. However, in June 2012, 26 lawmakers, all but two of them Democrats, signed a letter to Obama questioning so-called
6436:
5573:
3062:
3023:
1705:
Lt. Colonol and commander of the IDF school of military law, now Professor of law at the University of Utah, has written, "targeted killing is ... not an assassination".
617:
He justified the use of drones both from domestic law and international law point of view. With respect to domestic law Brennan stated, "as a matter of domestic law, the
9642:
7978:
7846:
Hafez, Mohammed; Hatfield, Joseph (September 2006). "Do Targeted Assassinations Work? A Multivariate Analysis of Israel's Controversial Tactic during Al-Aqsa Uprising".
6546:
4079:
847:
In 2013, a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty proposed that U.S. government drone policy in Pakistan potentially violated human rights according to the U.N.
3792:
9585:
9580:
6890:
6851:
4983:
4433:
1738:
622:
439:
7228:
3823:
1759:
reported, "US law prohibits the targeted killing of foreign leaders... Administration officials have been careful to say they will not expressly aim to kill Saddam."
1034:, "since World War II, Israel has used assassination and targeted-killing more than any other country in the West, in many cases endangering the lives of civilians."
5005:
1670:
think tank, has written that targeted killing is "sometimes necessary, because leaders are obliged to defend their citizens". After the killing of Hamas founder and
3597:
5881:
5600:
5623:
3131:
1593:
shooting. Countries such as the U.S. (in Pakistan and Yemen) and Israel (in the West Bank and Gaza) have used targeted killing to kill members of groups such as
7121:
4946:
2551:
7735:
7609:
5451:
3980:
9669:
7250:
1937:
1882:
939:
2235:
8539:
7476:
7435:
7403:
7371:
7312:
7149:
6932:
6358:
6306:
6264:
6176:
6135:
6094:
6053:
3434:
2965:
2928:
848:
4593:
4140:
3488:
3464:
829:
the author details the flawed methods which are used to locate targets for lethal drone strikes, resulting in the deaths of innocent people. According to
6673:
5532:
4716:
2204:
4810:
3252:
670:
In 2011/2012, the process for selecting targets outside of warzones was altered so that power was concentrated in the hands of a group of people in the
3880:
858:
On 21 April 2014, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the above-mentioned December 2012 ruling by U.S. District Judge
7802:
5006:"Executive Order – United States Policy on Pre- and Post-Strike Measures to Address Civilian Casualties in U.S. Operations Involving the Use of Force"
4651:
2146:
7723:
6384:
3853:
3163:
1947:
876:
outside combat zones was not complied with by the Trump administration for 2017 and was then revoked by an executive order in 2019. According to the
107:
5905:
4230:"U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities"
3735:
1372:, a Chechen militant leader who was alleged to be responsible for numerous guerrilla attacks on security forces in and around Chechnya and the 2002
6410:
4522:
2422:
Johnston, Patrick B. (1 April 2012). "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns".
595:
67:
Some academics, military personnel and officials describe targeted killing as legitimate within the context of self-defense, when employed against
6646:
5951:
5553:
Department of State (March 1993). "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Human Rights Practices, 1992". Department of State Dispatch. Accessed 20 September 2012.
3347:
3186:
2107:
2080:
241:. Similarly, drug-related "mob hits" in Moscow during the 1990s were euphemistically described as "targeted killings" by the Cox News Service and
9610:
8544:
5680:
5509:
4915:
4402:
4308:
4272:
4171:
5151:
4109:
4049:
9820:
9605:
9556:
5037:
4379:
3401:
9615:
9598:
8138:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Addendum Study on targeted killings (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)"
7555:
4472:
3099:
2818:
Commission of the European Communities (3 May 1999). "Colombia: European Commission approves humanitarian aid worth euro 6.5 million". Rapid.
6639:"United States of America Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy Section B. Killing, injuring or capturing an adversary by resort to perfidy"
4562:
3530:
9593:
9043:
8748:
8575:
8529:
6811:
6608:
5334:
5079:
3712:
1112:
condemned both violence by Palestinians and targeted killings by Israelis during a State Department news briefing. U.S. Secretary of State
935:
6699:
3317:
9048:
8778:
8163:
6751:
3941:
2173:
1042:
364:
5851:
3650:
3505:
9546:
8998:
8283:
752:
6000:
4876:
3374:
9003:
6216:
5123:
3275:
1914:
1545:
attack or an imminent threat, and where the host state is unwilling or unable to take appropriate action. The legality of a targeted
6323:
4673:
4229:
4201:
4003:
350:(AUC) resulted in large numbers of deaths among human rights and political activists, and women and children, throughout the 1990s.
9712:
7764:
7333:
6642:
6475:
5486:
5246:
730:
7061:
5653:
5390:
Barry Schweid (13 February 2001). "Sharon emissaries hold talks with Bush administration officials". Associated Press Worldstream.
3221:
2585:
818:
emphasized, the use of lethal force, including from remotely piloted aircraft, commands the highest level of attention and care."
9830:
9622:
8801:
8278:
8210:
8099:
5973:
1891:
1855:
1718:
1417:
Ukrainian authorities have blamed Russian security services for multiple killings in Ukraine, including assassination of Colonel
825:
reported that the U.S. government is using primarily NSA surveillance to target people for drone strikes overseas. In its report
607:
531:
173:
6727:
5756:
5565:
5195:
4499:
4352:
3918:
3627:
1139:
criticized the George W. Bush administration for condemning the targeted killings. The administration continued to oppose them.
9551:
9013:
8013:"In Israel, leaders struggle with targeted killings; Moral, legal quandaries mark decision to use select weapon against terror"
6447:
6444:
International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law
3534:
3073:
3070:
International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law
3034:
3031:
International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law
770:
Second, the United States will use lethal force only against a target that poses a continuing, imminent threat to U.S. persons.
401:
347:
8150:
7988:
7203:
6554:
4075:
3244:
2144:"Who's getting killed today? Terror, Tuesday, the US Disposition Matrix and a modern history of state-sponsored assassination"
553:, range from 2,000 to 3,500 militants killed and 158–965 civilians killed. 81 insurgent leaders in Pakistan have been killed.
9657:
8913:
8896:
8812:
8693:
7094:
7034:
6900:
6861:
6519:
5807:
5306:
Mark Lavie (14 December 2000). "Israelis kill Palestinian in a car; Palestinians call it an assassination". Associated Press.
5221:
1983:
1056:
condemned Israeli soldiers for what they described as "deliberate, cold-blooded... targeted" killings of Palestinians in the
7224:
7170:
7024:
6585:
4969:
3831:
141:. The American State Department reported the "politically targeted killings" were a prelude to general massacres in Rwanda.
9825:
9810:
9139:
9085:
9023:
8983:
8923:
6505:
5830:
5364:
327:
5779:
5731:
2609:
1247:
a spreadsheet containing the identities of 783 people who were being targeted for assassination by the Syrian government.
9053:
8918:
8667:
7277:
3593:
2830:
2749:"OPERATION CONDOR ON TRIAL: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ON LATIN AMERICAN RENDITION AND ASSASSINATION PROGRAM OPEN IN BUENOS AIRES"
2465:
Price, Bryan C. (1 April 2012). "Targeting Top Terrorists: How Leadership Decapitation Contributes to Counterterrorism".
2046:
1392:, spotted his car approaching a truck laden with explosives that the FSB had prepared, and by remote control triggered a
5877:
5596:
2861:
2756:
1782:, also states in her 2003 article "By Any Name Illegal and Immoral: Response to 'Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing'":
614:. John Brennan acknowledged for the first time that the US government uses drones to kill selected members of al-Qaeda.
515:
9632:
9575:
9344:
9144:
9028:
8993:
8948:
8524:
8235:
5708:
5627:
3429:
2732:
2693:
1787:
according to the law. David's arguments could, in principle, justify the abolition of formal legal systems altogether.
1714:
881:
368:
4938:
3128:
1624:
It is especially forbidden * * * to kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army.
1116:
registered his opposition to "a policy of targeted killings" and the U.S. State Department urged Israel to stop them.
934:. It includes attempts on notable persons who were reported to have been specifically targeted by the various Iranian
648:
and President Obama himself, who defended the use of drones outside of so-called "hot battlefields" like Afghanistan.
9038:
8988:
8928:
8743:
8427:
8137:
7694:
7529:
7114:
6970:
6789:
5317:
Jennifer Ludden (2 January 2001). "Israel's policy of targeted assassinations of alleged militant palestinians". NPR.
2781:"Rights group reports on abuses in El Salvador". United Press International. 29 May 1986. Accessed 20 September 2012.
2268:
2117:
2090:
1825:
1795:
1689:
interest in discouraging acceptance of the killing of political leaders as a routine measure, even in self-defense."
1663:
1527:
1388:, a republic bordering Chechnya. According to the official version of Basayev's death, the FSB, following him with a
1327:
558:
342:
during the late 1980s and 1990s. Targeted killings linked to the drug trade and paramilitary organizations including
32:
17:
7747:
7597:
5445:
3972:
2792:
Samantha Sparks (5 November 1987). "Nicaragua: rights group charges government, contra abuse". Inter Press Services.
9855:
9033:
9008:
8978:
8968:
8933:
8718:
8662:
8657:
8610:
8595:
8580:
8060:
8022:
1838:
Professors Gabriella Blum and Philip Heymann cite six potential hazards of targeted killings: First, the so-called
1640:
1441:
1244:
1132:
973:
947:
238:
2227:
2012:
9674:
9324:
9018:
8973:
8953:
8943:
8938:
8534:
8288:
7882:
Vlasic, Mark V. (2012). "Assassination & Targeted Killing – A Historical and Post-Bin Laden Legal Analysis".
1494:
7491:
7450:
7397:
7365:
7309:
5269:"Israeli soldiers condemned for wilful killings of palestinians". Xinhua General News Service. 20 February 1990.
4585:
3424:
2976:
2939:
9483:
9115:
8963:
8958:
8723:
8677:
8615:
8482:
7997:
4168:"United States District Court Southern District of New York Case 1:12-cv-00794-CM Document 55-1 Filed 01/02/13"
3485:
3456:
1803:
1771:
1586:
1553:(IHL), including the fundamental principles of distinction, proportionality, humanity, and military necessity.
1550:
1407:
1025:
906:
748:
466:
435:
eliminating enemies in complex environments, while minimizing the political implications of resorting to war."
76:
37:
8034:
6669:
5529:
4817:
4724:
3560:
2196:
1424:
The Russian government is alleged by the British government of being behind a failed assassination attempt on
8758:
8401:
8078:
1373:
1163:
2379:
Jordan, Jenna (2 December 2009). "When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation".
1858:
must clarify its policies behind extrajudicial and extraterritorial killings, lest a nefarious precedent in
792:
An assessment that no other reasonable alternatives exist to effectively address the threat to U.S. persons.
9679:
9637:
9570:
9206:
9126:
8733:
8625:
8106:
7835:
7772:
4647:
2143:
1820:
1779:
1730:. Hunter distinguishes between "targeted killing" and "targeted violence" as used by specialists who study
1449:
1445:
1346:
1102:
636:
The justification by Brennan built upon remarks by US top officials like the State Department's top lawyer
169:
5280:"Undercover troops have 'licence to kill' Palestinians: rights group". Agence France-Presse. 29 June 1993.
3155:
594:, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, outlined on 30 April 2012 at the
180:. Instances of targeted killing by the United States that have received significant attention include the
9460:
8793:
8672:
8437:
8203:
7904:
5902:
5507:
Philippines: "If you are poor, you are killed": Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines' "War on Drugs"
803:
659:
599:
501:
197:
150:
41:
7254:
6473:
CHAPTER VII: ACTION with RESPECT to THREATS to the PEACE, BREACHES of the PEACE, and ACTS of AGGRESSION"
6279:"Theresa May has accused Russia of being behind the attempted assassination of a double agent in the UK"
5944:"Mastermind of Russian school siege killed; Report: Chechen warlord dies in blast set by Russian agents"
5677:
3129:"The Assassination Complex": Jeremy Scahill & Glenn Greenwald Probe Secret US Drone Wars in New Book
1863:
using armed UAVs, he believes that they are very effective. "U.S. drones have killed an estimated 3,000
9850:
9840:
9723:
9652:
9565:
8738:
8570:
8512:
6638:
6511:
5943:
5446:
Philippines: Abusive ‘Drug War’ Targets Children 2 New Summary Killings Heighten Urgency of UN Inquiry,
5074:
5070:"Trump quietly rewrote the rules of drone warfare, which means the US can now kill civilians in secret"
4907:
3564:
3509:
1644:
1322:
against Russian forces as well as managing the influx of foreign fighters and money, was killed when a
1184:
994:
618:
193:
7251:"By Any Name Illegal and Immoral: Response to "Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing"[Abstract]"
5506:
4167:
1778:
Yael Stein, the research director of B'Tselem, The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the
318:
had carried out 240 targeted killings throughout 1985. The report relied upon figures provided by the
9815:
9800:
9647:
9538:
9266:
9196:
8889:
8605:
8554:
8447:
2155:
1962:
1957:
1019:
550:
311:
7009:
5342:
4861:
4195:"Eric Holder's May 22, 2013 letter to the U.S. Senate judiciary committee chairman Patrick J. Leahy"
2342:"The ABCs of HVT: Key Lessons from High Value Targeting Campaigns Against Insurgents and Terrorists"
326:. Americas Watch and other rights groups reported "targeted killing" of civilians by the Nicaraguan
9522:
9334:
9261:
9179:
9169:
9078:
8825:
8549:
8047:
4375:
3398:
2831:"Widespread Violence Threatens Colombia's Stability; Leftist, Rightist Groups Have Killed Hundreds"
1710:
1380:
as "one of the most-wanted terrorists in the world", was killed by an explosion near the border of
1377:
927:
688:
181:
8171:
1677:
by Israeli helicopter gunships, Sofaer argued that targeted killing is not prohibited by American
1334:
letter. Chechen sources said that the letter was coated with "a fast-acting nerve agent, possibly
9805:
9736:
9431:
9379:
9328:
9174:
9164:
8753:
7983:
7521:
6437:"Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan"
5401:
Barry Schweid (14 February 2001). "Bush urges Mideast parties to end violence". Associated Press.
5256:
5157:
4558:
3538:
3063:"Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan"
3024:"Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan"
2594:
1886:
1829:
1727:
1389:
1300:
1147:
539:
334:. Politically motivated targeted killings of trade unionists and activists were also recorded in
9364:
9240:
9159:
8853:
8788:
8708:
8255:
8196:
6695:
1541:
1498:
1265:
954:
also allegedly performed a number of political motivated assassinations against dissidents and
585:
in his 2012-04-30 speech "The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"
554:
482:
450:
397:
382:
7952:
5921:
5291:
Derek Brown (30 June 1993). "Israeli undercover units ordered to shoot to kill, says report".
2685:
2639:
Phil Gailey (27 March 1989). "The capital of killings: Drug-related crime exploding in D.C.".
2169:
1142:
Use of targeted killings by Israeli conventional military forces became commonplace after the
1092:, then Israel's Deputy Prime Minister, described the policy as "effective, precise and just".
9707:
9384:
9369:
9359:
9339:
9286:
8863:
8783:
8620:
8079:"The Drone Papers: Secret military documents expose the inner workings of Obama's drone wars"
6996:
5855:
5516:
4974:
4848:
2678:
State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)
1927:
1851:
1702:
1678:
1563:
1468:
1350:
1342:
1228:
910:
852:
838:
319:
56:
5471:
8882:
8600:
8457:
8406:
8230:
2293:"Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark: Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation Strikes"
2139:
1942:
1750:
1659:
1399:
919:
478:
72:
4194:
3942:"John Brennan, White House Counterterrorism Chief, Defends Drone Strikes [UPDATE]"
2654:
Charles C Holmes (31 August 1997). "Focus on Russia's Capital: a new age of uncertainty".
1509:
1037:
590:
In a speech titled "The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"
8:
9845:
9779:
9741:
9478:
9449:
9071:
8835:
8083:
8017:
7960:
7686:
6581:
6472:
6328:
2669:
1209:
1096:
374:
3213:
2610:"Barry Describes Turner As 'Outstanding' Chief; Retirement Talk Said Not Under Pressure"
288:
9702:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9495:
9473:
9468:
9426:
9416:
9276:
9271:
9154:
9105:
8830:
8806:
8763:
8381:
8376:
8302:
8002:
7926:
7863:
7827:
7789:
6822:
6764:
6170:
6129:
6088:
5642:
5474:
2580:
2563:
2490:
2447:
2404:
2361:
2322:
1967:
1835:
1693:
1667:
1558:
1315:
1224:
1151:
889:
814:
743:
570:
307:
8110:
5985:
4495:
4344:
3910:
3619:
2260:
Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations | Jenna Jordan
759:
In a letter dated 22 May 2013 to the chairman of the U.S. Senate Judiciary committee,
130:
as "targeted killings, a kind of ethnic cleansing", shortly before his assassination.
9835:
9500:
9454:
9291:
9249:
9233:
8819:
8768:
8452:
8293:
8030:
7974:
7948:
7930:
7891:
7867:
7793:
7690:
7659:
7525:
7090:
7030:
6896:
6857:
6785:
6724:
6542:
6515:
6333:
6300:
6258:
6047:
6030:
5753:
5458:
5187:
5162:
4556:
4044:
2902:
2728:
2689:
2482:
2439:
2396:
2365:
2314:
2264:
2113:
2086:
2054:
2020:
1932:
1919:
1859:
1634:
1589:(an unmanned, remote-controlled plane), detonating a cell phone bomb, and long-range
1362:
1311:
1281:
1065:
950:
in the 1980s and 1990s. Prior to the establishment of the Islamic State in 1979, the
637:
621:
empowers the President to protect the nation from any imminent threat of attack. The
490:
486:
470:
323:
292:
185:
5706:
Sergei Ivanov has promised to strive for discharge of the Russian prisoners in Qatar
5101:
2881:"Killing Norms Softly: US Targeted Killing, Quasi-secrecy and the Assassination Ban"
2494:
2451:
2408:
2326:
9697:
9488:
8467:
8462:
8154:
7916:
7855:
7819:
7781:
7200:
6283:
3854:"Holder defends killings of American citizens overseas as part of war on terrorism"
2892:
2474:
2431:
2388:
2353:
2304:
1571:
955:
799:
798:
U.S. President Barack Obama touched on the subject of combat drones in a speech on
760:
718:
684:
543:
428:
378:
296:
279:
257:
221:
138:
119:
83:
6359:"Collaborationist officials targeted and killed in Ukraine's occupied territories"
5804:
5217:
3276:"Muslim cleric Aulaqi is 1st U.S. citizen on list of those CIA is allowed to kill"
2897:
2880:
423:
During the period 1976–2001, there was an American norm against targeted killing.
9764:
9662:
9281:
9244:
9149:
8728:
8472:
8371:
8366:
8361:
7921:
7810:
7340:
7316:
7282:
7207:
7156:
7068:
6966:
6818:
6758:
6731:
6577:
6479:
6190:
5909:
5834:
5811:
5783:
5760:
5735:
5712:
5684:
5536:
5513:
5493:
5455:
5434:
5253:
3651:"Top U.S. Security Official Says 'Rigorous Standards' Are Used for Drone Strikes"
3492:
3425:"The Bureau's complete data sets on drone strikes in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia"
3405:
3381:
3354:
3135:
2722:
2589:
2558:
2357:
2150:
1706:
1418:
1296:
1285:
1268:. Targeted killings were also reported by Serbian and Albanian forces during the
1240:
1219:
1143:
1109:
1072:
926:
Alleged and confirmed assassinations were reported to have been conducted by the
864:
859:
655:
591:
582:
497:
458:
413:
283:
189:
7684:
The Assassination Complex: Inside the Government’s Secret Drone Warfare Program.
7178:
7150:"Obama Could Bomb Iraq Without Congress Because War Authorization Never Expired"
6853:
The Impact of 9/11 and the New Legal Landscape: The Day that Changed Everything?
5827:
4617:"Drone strikes killing more civilians than U.S. admits, human rights groups say"
2540:"Rwanda Human Rights Practices, 1994". Department of State Dispatch. March 1994.
1890:
counter-terrorism must itself respond with a coherent strategy. The problem for
253:
133:
Also in Africa, Reuters described "targeted killings of political opponents" by
9731:
9297:
9255:
8391:
8328:
8318:
8074:
7673:
6026:"UK authorities 'overlooked' evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil"
5776:
5728:
5368:
5042:
5010:
4681:
4313:
4277:
4237:
3140:
2617:
2525:
2341:
1429:
1425:
1369:
1307:
1124:
1049:
943:
931:
454:
8874:
7859:
7287:
5643:"The chemical weapons convention and OPCW: the challenges of the 21st century"
3187:"Former CIA Official Drone War Kills Innocents, Creates Terrorist Safe Havens"
2838:
2392:
9794:
9349:
9228:
8703:
8651:
8585:
8487:
8323:
8219:
7895:
7678:
6501:
6337:
6243:"Russia faces Tuesday deadline to explain poisoning of ex-spy Sergei Skripal"
5539:
5242:
5166:
3410:
2906:
2748:
2486:
2443:
2400:
2318:
2058:
2024:
1909:
1764:
1652:
1648:
1579:
1381:
1031:
822:
519:
Graph of average casualties in drone strikes ordered by the United States in
453:, with academics such as Gregory Johnsen and Charles Schmitz, media figures (
310:
released a report stating that death squads and armed forces under President
300:
177:
123:
52:
7650:
5705:
5530:
The Killing Time: Inside Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's War on Drugs
3881:"Pentagon Says U.S. Citizens With Terrorism Ties Can Be Targeted in Strikes"
2082:
The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power
1119:
773:
Third, the following criteria must be met before lethal action may be taken:
9399:
9303:
9201:
8698:
8386:
8065:
7785:
6411:
Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine, 1 February to 31 July 2022
5689:
5487:'“License to Kill” Philippine Police Killings in Duterte’s “War on Drugs”,'
5335:"Israelis Confirm Assassinations Used as Policy; Key Palestinians Targeted"
4782:"Justice Department memo reveals legal case for drone strikes on Americans"
3359:
2258:
1972:
1952:
1839:
1799:
1755:
1674:
1671:
1575:
1546:
1289:
1113:
1089:
810:
712:
663:
611:
557:
are estimated to have killed 846–1,758 militants and 116–225 civilians. 57
393:
225:
149:
During the 1980s and 1990s, targeted killings were employed extensively by
82:
Scholars are also divided as to whether targeted killings are an effective
8012:
5124:"US military increasingly using drone missile with flying blades in Syria"
3100:"House Members Call on Obama to Legally Justify 'Signature' Drone Strikes"
2674:"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"
1505:
9768:
9354:
9189:
9134:
8645:
8396:
8333:
6928:
5412:
Janine Zacharia (3 August 2001). "Sen. Biden defends targeted killings".
3103:
2478:
2435:
2309:
2292:
1843:
1816:
1698:
1583:
1567:
1261:
1215:
967:
734:
722:
671:
645:
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626:
500:
became the first U.S. citizen to be approved for targeted killing by the
462:
409:
315:
201:
60:
7905:"Beheading the Hydra? Does Killing Terrorist or Insurgent Leaders Work?"
7831:
7651:
Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations.
5152:"Secret U.S. Missile Aims to Kill Only Terrorists, Not Nearby Civilians"
2582:
State-directed political assassination in Israel: A political hypothesis
2529:. Sydney, Australia. Reuters. 27 April 1994. Accessed 20 September 2012.
1570:, and which leads to more violence. Methods used have included firing a
1172:
982:
786:
An assessment that capture is not feasible at the time of the operation;
9406:
9184:
8442:
8432:
6385:"Ukraine: at least 18 people working for occupiers targeted in attacks"
5788:
5740:
4908:"Justice Department Memo Approving Targeted Killing of Anwar Al-Awlaki"
1977:
1385:
1269:
1061:
885:
438:
The domestic legislative basis offered to justify drone strikes is the
291:, murdered in Buenos Aires, a former Chilean Minister of the Interior,
234:
6977:
5652:(56). Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation: 47.
3594:"The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"
2817:
9094:
7823:
7660:
The Ethics of Destruction: Norms and Force in International Relations
7632:
This list is in chronological order broken down by publication areas
6110:"Russia blamed for attack on Chechen pair who fought with Ukrainians"
5815:
4805:
4803:
4557:
Eliott C. McLaughlin, Jamie Crawford and Joe Sterling (24 May 2013).
3682:"Brennan speech is first Obama acknowledgment of use of armed drones"
2727:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 78.
2681:
2676:. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.).
1610:
1393:
1136:
1085:
1057:
474:
417:
230:
154:
68:
6465:
6217:"Ukrainian military intelligence officer killed by car bomb in Kiev"
4559:"Obama: U.S. will keep deploying drones – when they are only option"
1310:, who led his militia against Russian forces in Chechnya during the
431:
while he was traveling by a military airplane during World War II."
196:, use of targeted killings expanded, most frequently through use of
9746:
9394:
9224:
8773:
8713:
8590:
8422:
8338:
8313:
8245:
8048:"A targeted killing: How else is Israel meant to deal with terror?"
7087:
Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption and the War on Terrorism
5838:
5764:
5716:
2013:"Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent | Glenn Greenwald"
1896:
1872:
1864:
1731:
1685:
1594:
1403:
1323:
1272:. Both wars involved large scale targeted killings of journalists.
603:
339:
205:
158:
8100:"Convenient Killing: Armed Drones and the 'Playstation' Mentality"
7937:
7402:. New York, New York: Council on Foreign Relations. pp. vii.
6835:
Abarham D. Sofaer (18 February 1991). "Thinking past the moment".
6578:"U.S. Citizen Among Those Killed in Yemen Predator Missile Strike"
6001:"European rights court rules Russia was behind Litvinenko killing"
4800:
2724:
Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America
9421:
9411:
9389:
9374:
8477:
6737:
6547:"Responses to Terrorism / Targeted killing is a necessary option"
6324:"Ukrainian hit squads target Russian occupiers and collaborators"
6069:"Masquerading as Reporter, Assassin Hunted Putin Foes in Ukraine"
4877:"Court rules Obama administration must justify targeted killings"
4004:"Secret 'Kill List' Proves a Test of Obama's Principles and Will"
3821:
1868:
1349:
between 1996 and 1997, was killed when a bomb ripped through his
1292:
870:
783:
Near certainty that non-combatants will not be injured or killed;
564:
508:
331:
330:
government in the following year during its campaign against the
127:
95:
79:(drones) are more humane and more accurate than manned vehicles.
8188:
6781:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
6507:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
3824:"Eric Holder: U.S. can target citizens overseas in terror fight"
3713:"Brennan Defends Drone Strikes as Pakistan and Protestor Object"
651:
7979:"Responses to Terrorism/Targeted killing is a necessary option"
7334:
UN report calls for independent investigations of drone attacks
6034:. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017
4309:"Fact Sheet: The President's May 23 Speech on Counterterrorism"
1590:
1454:
1331:
1319:
1053:
915:
388:
377:
during World War II. This counterattack shot down the plane of
103:
7709:"Targeted Killing and Assassination: The U.S. Legal Framework"
7062:"Targeted Killing and Assassination: The U.S. Legal Framework"
6976:. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from
3793:"Obama Administration Official Publicly Defends Drone Attacks"
3375:
Obama-led drone strikes kill innocents 90% of the time: report
1832:, both of which were unpopular, illegal and ultimately ended.
1075:. Palestinians stated that individuals belonging to the group
504:(CIA). Awlaki was killed in a drone strike in September 2011.
9063:
7556:"Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice"
6414:
4714:
4273:"Remarks by the President at the National Defense University"
1876:
1598:
1354:
1335:
1081:
1076:
951:
520:
335:
209:
162:
99:
8820:
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
7961:
Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.
7518:
Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History
6245:. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018
4645:
4586:"Drone strikes by US may violate international law, says UN"
3214:"BBC News – Islamist cleric Anwar al-Awlaki killed in Yemen"
1991:
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
1604:
8308:
8298:
7310:
Drone strikes by US may violate international law, says UN
7201:"Killer drones: The 'silver bullet' of democratic warfare?"
7193:
6151:"Hours Before He Died, a Putin Critic Said He Was a Target"
5597:"Rights: Journalists "first target" in conflicts, IFJ says"
5102:"Trump revokes Obama rule on reporting drone strike deaths"
5055:
5023:
4701:
4434:"Pivoting From a War Footing, Obama Acts to Curtail Drones"
4330:
4294:
4257:
2803:
Kathie Klarreich (12 August 1988). "Haiti's cry for help".
2508:
Rosie Millard (12 November 1994). "The Making of a Saint".
1358:
343:
215:
134:
8164:"UN expert criticises targeted killings, US drone attacks"
7391:
7389:
5878:"Russia: RFE/RL Interviews Chechen Field Commander Umarov"
5852:"Russia's tactics make Chechen war spread across Caucasus"
4939:"Drone Memo Justifying Anwar al-Awlaki's Killing Released"
767:
First, there must be a legal basis for using lethal force.
440:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
303:, assassinated by a car bomb in downtown Washington D.C."
9721:
6191:"Ukraine intelligence officer killed by car bomb in Kiev"
5999:
Faulconbridge, Guy; Holden, Michael (21 September 2021).
4979:
4717:"The NSA's Secret Role in the U.S. Assassination Program"
4715:
Jeremy Scahill & Glenn Greenwald (10 February 2014).
4400:
3822:
Richard A. Serrano & Andrew R. Grimm (5 March 2012).
3620:"White House in first detailed comments on drone strikes"
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
1722:
distinction between targeted killing and assassination."
1052:
Palestinian uprising, the Palestinian human-rights group
877:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
6609:"Hamas Leader Dies in Apparent Israeli Targeted Killing"
5903:
No Terrorist Acts in Russia Since Beslan: Whom to Thank?
5038:"Executive Order on Revocation of Reporting Requirement"
4646:
Kimberly Dozier & Nedra Pickler (10 February 2014).
4496:"Obama shows a strong commitment to the drone programme"
4465:"Obama: U.S. at 'crossroads' in fight against terrorism"
4462:
2109:
Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism
2047:"Learning From Israel's Political Assassination Program"
1071:
Controversy over targeted killings continued during the
851:. The rights in direct question were the right to life;
36:
Modern targeted killings are frequently performed using
7386:
5148:
4073:
496:
In early 2010, with President Barack Obama's approval,
6752:
Why Palestine Should Take Israel to Court in The Hague
5188:"German court implicates Iran leaders in '92 killings"
4552:
4550:
4548:
4403:"Obama, in a Shift, to Limit Targets of Drone Strikes"
2913:
1108:
At that time, spokesman for the U.S. State Department
662:
and chief counter-terrorism advisor to U.S. President
7707:
Banks, William C.; Raven-Hansen, Peter (March 2002).
7370:. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. p. 3.
7350:
7108:
7106:
7026:
Ireland and the Middle East: trade, society and peace
6429:
5922:"Chechen Guerilla Leader Calls Russians 'Terrorists'"
5428:
B'Tselem Statistics, Objectives of a Targeted Killing
4775:
4773:
4110:"Election Spurred a Move to Codify U.S. Drone Policy"
2197:"The philosopher making the moral case for US drones"
1938:
International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA
7429:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7225:"Frequently Asked Questions About Targeting Killing"
6971:"Fatal Choices: Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing"
4001:
3973:"Who will drones target? Who in the US will decide?"
3856:. Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 5 March 2012.
3710:
3596:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
3016:
849:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
780:
Near certainty that the terrorist target is present;
172:, targeted killings became a frequent tactic of the
5998:
5552:
5247:'How Arafat Eluded Israel’s Assassination Machine,'
4545:
4074:Peter Bergen & Megan Braun (6 September 2012).
3762:"White House approves broader Yemen drone campaign"
3348:
The Obama Administration's Drone-Strike Dissembling
3057:
3055:
2999:
2997:
1802:, stated that U.S. drone strikes may have violated
530:reported, "Between January 2012 and February 2013,
7963:" International Security, vol. 25. no. 1: 105–133.
7227:. American Civil Liberties Union. 30 August 2010.
7103:
6719:
6717:
6606:
5992:
5566:"US pushes plans to end fighting in Serb province"
5150:
4970:"Trump Restores CIA Power to Launch Drone Strikes"
4770:
4648:"Obama officials weigh drone attack on US suspect"
4224:
4222:
4141:"Court: Feds can keep drone legal opinions secret"
4040:"Congress keeps closer watch on CIA drone strikes"
4033:
4031:
4029:
2828:
1737:In response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the
1628:of hostilities, occupied territory, or elsewhere.
1345:, who served as acting president of the breakaway
952:Organization of Intelligence and National Security
725:anti-war protest: 'Stop Killer Drones', 5 May 2013
358:
7740:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
7706:
7418:
6937:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
6888:
6849:
6834:
6541:
5678:"Top Chechen separatist dies in Qatar bomb blast"
5367:. Associated Press. 1 August 2001. Archived from
5332:
1157:
481:, have criticized targeted killings as a form of
373:An early example of American targeted killing is
9792:
7878:," Journal of Strategic Studies, 41:1–2, 143–159
7475:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010).
7434:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010).
7278:"Opinion | The very model of a rogue state"
7084:
6305:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6263:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6175:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6157:. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017
6134:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6116:. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017
6093:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6052:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5621:
5149:Lubold, Gordon; Warren P. Strobel (9 May 2019).
4748:"NSA growth fueled by need to target terrorists"
4401:Charlie Savage & Peter Baker (22 May 2013).
3733:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3498:
3052:
2994:
2964:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010).
2927:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010).
2802:
2653:
1275:
1127:, who was assassinated in Syria in February 2013
267: active members (lighter green less active)
8904:
7643:Killing Terrorists. A Moral and Legal Analysis.
7078:
6965:
6714:
6688:
6569:
6075:. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017
5411:
5316:
4523:"Obama's revamp of anti-terror policies stalls"
4487:
4463:Karen DeYoung & Greg Miller (23 May 2013).
4219:
4026:
3591:
3307:. January/February 2013 Vol. XXXII, No. 1. p.35
3267:
2791:
1299:, after his location was detected by a Russian
188:in 2022, as well as those of American citizens
7598:"Why Drones Fail: When Tactics Drive Strategy"
4345:"Barack Obama defends 'just war' using drones"
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4069:
4067:
871:Trump administration position on combat drones
565:Obama administration position on combat drones
549:Estimates for the total people killed in U.S.
9079:
8890:
8204:
7845:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7275:
7071:, Banks, William C., Raven-Hansen, Peter, 37
6777:
6500:
6287:. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018
5594:
5400:
5389:
3578:
3211:
2879:Banka, Andris; Quinn, Adam (2 October 2018).
2507:
1651:, has argued that under certain conditions, "
1084:and plotting attacks against Israelis in the
839:a U.S. executive order banning assassinations
126:described torture and killing by warlords in
6744:
6446:: 1–165, 112. September 2012. Archived from
5914:
5640:
3911:"Obama defends US drone strikes in Pakistan"
3736:"U.S. Shifts Policy on Secrecy of Drone Use"
3523:
3091:
3072:: 1–165, 105. September 2012. Archived from
2607:
2516:
1850:Daniel Byman, security studies professor at
1260:Referring to human rights abuses during the
900:
689:raid that killed Osama bin Laden in May 2011
644:, the US Defense Department general counsel
248:
165:within the context of civil unrest and war.
113:
8779:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
8145:Third party briefing papers on the report:
8010:
7818:(2). Council on Foreign Relations: 95–111.
7214:43 (4): 363–380, accessed 1 September 2012.
7162:
7022:
6927:
6892:The Impact of 9–11: The New Legal Landscape
6828:
6784:. Cambridge University Press. p. 542.
6600:
6575:
6535:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
5854:. Kavkaz. 16 September 2005. Archived from
5563:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5290:
4094:
4064:
4002:Jo Becker & Scott Shane (29 May 2012).
3273:
3242:
2638:
922:was assassinated in the Netherlands in 2015
561:leaders are confirmed to have been killed.
365:List of assassinations by the United States
282:was a campaign of political repression and
9086:
9072:
8897:
8883:
8211:
8197:
7582:
7171:"Campaign to eliminate Saddam gains speed"
5984:(in Russian). 23 July 2006. Archived from
5305:
4639:
4514:
2878:
2552:"Threats and Responses: Hunt for Suspects"
1508:. Please do not remove this message until
27:Extrajudicial assassination by governments
8153:. govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu. Archived from
8029:
7920:
7736:"Targeted Killing as active self-defense"
7596:Cronin, Audrey Kurth (July–August 2013).
7549:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7541:
6933:"Targeted Killing as Active Self-Defense"
5262:
4376:"5 things we learned from Obama's speech"
3790:
3033:: 118–119. September 2012. Archived from
2896:
2308:
2010:
1915:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
1684:Previously, Sofaer had argued during the
1605:Legal justifications for targeted killing
1528:Learn how and when to remove this message
546:, 76 children and 29 adults were killed.
220:Referring to killings by drug cartels in
94:Targeted killings have also been used in
9713:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
8576:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
7159:12 June 2014. Accessed 17 February 2015.
7075:667 (2002–03). Retrieved 9 October 2010.
7016:
6812:"Targeted killing is a necessary option"
6643:International Committee of the Red Cross
6485:
5405:
5321:
4874:
4614:
4493:
4138:
4037:
3305:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
3236:
2720:
2668:
2575:
2573:
2544:
2501:
2421:
1504:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1118:
1036:
914:
729:Facing the possibility of defeat in the
717:
650:
514:
387:
322:and included allegations of torture and
299:and his 26-year-old American colleague,
252:
216:American and Russian drug cartels, 1980s
31:
8284:Operation Enduring Freedom participants
8148:
8073:
8058:
7884:Georgetown Journal of International Law
7762:
7515:
7168:
6607:Mohammed Daraghmeh (20 February 2001).
4841:
4779:
4583:
4520:
4165:
3495:. New America Foundation. 23 June 2018.
2632:
2601:
2339:
2194:
2044:
1798:on human rights and counter terrorism,
1739:Authorization for Use of Military Force
1255:
623:Authorization for Use of Military Force
295:, as well as former Chilean ambassador
192:and his teenage son in 2011. Under the
137:army and militias in Rwanda during the
14:
9793:
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7995:
7973:
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5659:from the original on 24 September 2015
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4986:from the original on 22 September 2018
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3970:
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3600:from the original on 23 September 2012
3535:The Bureau of Investigative Journalism
3318:"US strikes in Yemen, 2002 to present"
3286:from the original on 15 September 2010
3184:
3153:
3097:
2776:
2774:
2378:
2290:
2112:. Yale University Press. p. 410.
1809:
961:
348:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
9821:Counterterrorism in the United States
9067:
8878:
8813:Targeted Killing in International Law
8694:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
8192:
8045:
8011:Blumenfield, Laura (27 August 2006).
7800:
7553:
7395:
7363:
7199:Sauer, Frank/Schoernig Niklas, 2012:
6667:
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2176:from the original on 10 February 2015
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
1984:Targeted Killing in International Law
1549:must be evaluated in accordance with
416:targeted political leadership of the
9140:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
8859:
8161:
8035:"Targeted killing won't bring peace"
7941:Florida Journal of International Law
7902:
7477:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing"
7474:
7436:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing"
7433:
7406:from the original on 6 February 2013
7399:Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies
7374:from the original on 6 February 2013
7367:Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies
7169:Branson, Louise (14 November 1998).
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6947:from the original on 14 January 2015
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6676:from the original on 5 February 2015
6619:from the original on 5 November 2015
6588:from the original on 3 December 2013
5954:from the original on 21 January 2009
5333:Keith B. Richburg (8 January 2001).
4780:Isikoff, Michael (4 February 2013).
4692:from the original on 26 January 2017
4627:from the original on 22 October 2013
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4321:from the original on 20 January 2017
4285:from the original on 20 January 2017
4248:from the original on 26 January 2017
4174:from the original on 10 January 2013
3879:Savage, Charlie (22 February 2012).
3467:from the original on 1 November 2017
3417:
2966:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing"
2963:
2929:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing"
2926:
2859:
2550:David Johnston and David E. Sanger,
2105:
2078:
2045:Pollack, Kenneth M. (7 March 2018).
2011:Greenwald, Glenn (24 October 2012).
1978:Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions
1478:
1303:, which intercepted his phone call.
1167:
977:
7848:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
7231:from the original on 11 August 2012
6313:
6149:Kramer, Andrew E. (23 March 2017).
5828:"Convicted Russia agents 'missing'"
4949:from the original on 19 August 2014
4918:from the original on 19 August 2014
4887:from the original on 13 August 2014
4788:from the original on 19 August 2014
4615:Whitlock, Craig (22 October 2013).
4166:McMahon, Colleen (1 January 2013).
4147:from the original on 9 January 2013
4076:"Drone is Obama's weapon of choice"
3772:from the original on 6 October 2014
3328:from the original on 25 August 2017
3245:"U.S. citizen in CIA's cross hairs"
3212:Frank Gardner (30 September 2011).
2829:Serge F. Kovaleski (1 March 1998).
2771:
2647:
2257:Press, Stanford University (2019).
1871:, and other jihadist operatives in
1744:
1288:was killed on 21 April 1996 by two
1064:. In 1993, the human rights group,
24:
9145:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
7801:Byman, Daniel (March–April 2006).
7627:
7554:Byman, Daniel (July–August 2013).
5805:Задержанные в Катаре – офицеры ГРУ
5595:Niccolo Sarno (22 December 1999).
5224:from the original on 4 August 2017
3891:from the original on 26 April 2012
3803:from the original on 28 April 2012
3734:Julian E. Barnes (20 April 2012).
3630:from the original on 30 April 2012
3430:Bureau of Investigative Journalism
3166:from the original on 8 August 2014
2862:"CIA Plot to Kill Castro Detailed"
2126:
1410:ruled Russia was responsible for.
882:Bureau of Investigative Journalism
485:, which may be illegal under both
369:Human rights violations by the CIA
25:
9867:
9643:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
8744:Enhanced interrogation techniques
8540:Georgia Sustainment and Stability
8428:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
8218:
8025:from the original on 11 May 2008.
7716:University of Richmond Law Review
7612:from the original on 13 July 2013
7570:from the original on 19 June 2013
7484:Harvard National Security Journal
7443:Harvard National Security Journal
7276:Ibrahim Nafie (31 October 2001).
7073:University of Richmond Law Review
7043:from the original on 23 June 2013
6909:from the original on 23 June 2013
6870:from the original on 22 June 2013
6702:from the original on 17 June 2013
6482:". Charter of the United Nations.
6108:Walker, Shaun (31 October 2017).
6067:Kramer, Andrew E. (9 June 2017).
5884:from the original on 17 June 2008
5622:Eric S. Margolis (5 April 2010).
5603:from the original on 2 April 2015
5576:from the original on 17 June 2013
4967:
4584:Bowcott, Owen (18 October 2013).
4565:from the original on 21 June 2013
4502:from the original on 12 June 2013
4139:Gerstein, Josh (1 January 2012).
4108:Shane, Scott (24 November 2012).
4014:from the original on 14 July 2012
3791:Hosenball, Mark (26 March 2010).
3711:Mark Schone & Muhammad Lila.
3661:from the original on 17 June 2013
3649:Savage, Charlie (30 April 2012).
3592:John O. Brennan (30 April 2012).
3224:from the original on 24 June 2012
2759:from the original on 19 July 2017
2702:from the original on 19 July 2018
2346:Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
1826:enhanced interrogation techniques
1796:United Nations Special Rapporteur
1578:attack helicopter (Israel), or a
1435:
1123:Funeral of Iranian Major General
863:for killing the American Citizen
559:Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
465:), civil rights groups (i.e. the
9775:
9774:
9586:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
8858:
8849:
8848:
8719:Combatant Status Review Tribunal
8668:President's Surveillance Program
8663:Military Commissions Act of 2009
8658:Military Commissions Act of 2006
8611:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
8586:Moro conflict in the Philippines
8581:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
8109:. September 2010. Archived from
7996:Kaplan, Eben (25 January 2006).
7509:
7468:
7326:
7302:
7269:
7243:
7217:
7139:
7055:
6959:
6921:
6882:
6843:
6771:
6661:
6631:
6403:
6377:
6351:
6271:
6235:
6209:
6183:
6142:
6101:
6060:
6018:
5966:
5936:
5896:
5870:
5844:
5821:
5795:
5770:
5754:"Russia 'behind Chechen murder'"
5747:
5722:
5696:
5671:
5634:
5615:
5522:
5500:
5480:
5465:
5439:
5420:
5284:
5236:
5210:
5180:
5142:
5116:
5094:
5062:
5030:
4998:
4961:
4906:Savage, Charlie (23 June 2014).
4875:Wolfgang, Ben (21 August 2014).
4533:from the original on 26 May 2014
4444:from the original on 7 June 2013
4413:from the original on 1 June 2013
4382:from the original on 4 July 2013
4355:from the original on 30 May 2013
4207:from the original on 2 June 2013
3983:from the original on 9 July 2012
3971:Dozier, Kimberly (21 May 2012).
3952:from the original on 22 May 2012
3940:Stone, Andreas (30 April 2012).
3437:from the original on 8 June 2015
3193:from the original on 2 June 2013
2656:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2172:. Council on Foreign Relations.
1662:, a former legal advisor to the
1483:
1442:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1171:
1013:
981:
974:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
948:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran
802:delivered on 23 May 2013 at the
741:In response lawsuits brought by
353:
306:In 1986, the human rights group
239:Prohibition in the United States
9670:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
8535:Georgia Train and Equip Program
6576:Dana Priest (8 November 2002).
5564:Jane Perlez (28 January 1999).
4930:
4899:
4868:
4835:
4739:
4708:
4666:
4608:
4577:
4456:
4425:
4394:
4367:
4337:
4301:
4264:
4186:
4159:
4132:
3995:
3964:
3933:
3921:from the original on 1 May 2012
3903:
3872:
3846:
3815:
3784:
3753:
3727:
3704:
3692:from the original on 1 May 2012
3673:
3642:
3612:
3553:
3479:
3449:
3391:
3367:
3340:
3310:
3298:
3255:from the original on 7 May 2010
3243:Greg Miller (31 January 2010).
3205:
3147:
3122:
3110:from the original on 2 May 2013
2957:
2872:
2853:
2741:
2714:
2662:
2458:
2415:
2372:
2333:
2284:
2195:Carroll, Rory (2 August 2012).
1666:and fellow at the conservative
1621:31. Assassination and Outlawry
1467:acquiescence and may amount to
1326:messenger hired by the Russian
1043:assassinated Iranian scientists
359:Use by United States government
77:unmanned combat aerial vehicles
38:unmanned combat aerial vehicles
9831:Extrajudicial killings by type
9093:
8724:Criticism of the war on terror
8678:Terrorist Surveillance Program
8483:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
8236:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
8149:McClure, Kevin (3 June 2010).
8136:Alston, Philip (28 May 2010).
8059:Bowcott, Owen (21 June 2012).
6735:, Yotam Feldman and Uri Blau,
6670:"FM 27-10 Chptr 2 Hostilities"
5624:"Time to Set the Chechen Free"
5078:. 7 March 2019. Archived from
4521:DeYoung, Karen (22 May 2014).
4494:McKelvey, Tara (24 May 2013).
4200:. U.S. Department of Justice.
4038:Dilanian, Ken (25 June 2012).
3760:Miller, Greg (26 April 2012).
3680:Miller, Greg (30 April 2012).
3160:American Civil Liberties Union
2975:: 145–170, 150. Archived from
2938:: 145–170, 146. Archived from
2641:St. Petersburg Times (Florida)
2608:Michael York (24 March 1989).
2579:Nir Gazit and Robert J. Brym,
2250:
2219:
2188:
2162:
2106:Lynn, John A. (23 July 2019).
2099:
2072:
2038:
2004:
1804:international humanitarian law
1772:American Civil Liberties Union
1551:international humanitarian law
1408:European Court of Human Rights
1203:
1158:Use by North Korean government
1026:List of Israeli assassinations
907:List of Iranian assassinations
749:American Civil Liberties Union
467:American Civil Liberties Union
13:
1:
8759:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
8402:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
7396:Micah, Zenko (January 2013).
7364:Micah, Zenko (January 2013).
6417:. 27 September 2022. para. 40
4937:Sledge, Matt (23 June 2014).
4746:Priest, Dana (22 July 2014).
4374:Monroe, Bryan (24 May 2013).
4271:Obama, Barack (23 May 2013).
3917:. BBC News. 31 January 2012.
3154:Shamsi, Hina (3 March 2014).
3098:Glaser, John (13 June 2012).
3006:Journal of Strategic Strategy
2898:10.1080/09636412.2018.1483633
2805:The Christian Science Monitor
2643:. Accessed 20 September 2012.
2263:. Stanford University Press.
2226:Shane, Scott (14 July 2012).
1998:
1617:(Field Manual 27–10) states:
1374:Moscow theater hostage crisis
1276:Use by the Russian government
1164:Assassination of Kim Jong-nam
1103:George W. Bush administration
942:forces, most notably against
170:George W. Bush administration
9207:International Criminal Court
8734:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
8626:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
8170:(237): 32–35. Archived from
8107:Fellowship of Reconciliation
8046:Dromi, Uri (24 March 2010).
7998:"Q&A: Targeted Killings"
7922:10.1080/14702436.2013.845383
7876:The rise of targeted killing
7803:"Do targeted killings work?"
7773:Theoretical Inquiries in Law
6837:U.S. News & World Report
5650:The CBW Conventions Bulletin
4498:. BBC News US & Canada.
4432:Baker, Peter (23 May 2013).
4193:Holder, Eric (22 May 2013).
3274:Greg Miller (7 April 2010).
3185:Glaser, John (6 June 2012).
2860:Snow, Anita (27 June 2007).
2358:10.1080/1057610x.2011.531456
2291:Jordan, Jenna (April 2014).
2079:Mann, James (14 June 2012).
1821:Council on Foreign Relations
1717:Professor William Banks and
1384:in the village of Ali-Yurt,
1347:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
1318:, setting up many effective
381:, the senior planner of the
243:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
186:killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
57:outside a judicial procedure
7:
9826:Military-related euphemisms
9811:Central Intelligence Agency
9616:Russian invasion of Ukraine
8905:targeted killings by county
8802:State Sponsors of Terrorism
8673:Protect America Act of 2007
7663:. Cornell University Press.
5365:"Key Hamas Leader is Slain"
3156:"Death Without Due Process"
2228:"The Moral Case for Drones"
2159:, 30 June 2017 pp.3–5, p. 3
1902:
1510:conditions to do so are met
1474:
1440:Since the beginning of the
886:missile that deploys blades
804:National Defense University
660:Central Intelligence Agency
502:Central Intelligence Agency
151:death squads in El Salvador
144:
55:carried out by governments
10:
9872:
9590:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
8739:Killing of Osama bin Laden
8616:War in Somalia (2006–2009)
8571:Operation Active Endeavour
7654:Stanford University Press.
6889:Matthew J. Morgan (2009).
6850:Matthew J. Morgan (2009).
6696:"Daniel Reisner's Profile"
6512:Cambridge University Press
5641:Ian R Kenyon (June 2002).
5075:Business Insider Singapore
4816:. NBC News. Archived from
2721:McSherry, Patrice (2005).
1540:While article 2(4) of the
1462:On 27 September 2022, the
1450:Luhansk people's republics
1243:showed British politician
1239:In 2016, Syrian President
1207:
1161:
1023:
1017:
971:
965:
904:
753:Freedom of Information Act
731:2012 presidential election
568:
362:
182:killing of Osama bin Laden
9761:
9690:
9531:
9440:
9316:
9267:Joint criminal enterprise
9217:
9197:Responsibility to protect
9125:
9114:
9101:
8910:
8844:
8686:
8638:
8606:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
8563:
8555:Drone strikes in Pakistan
8511:
8504:
8448:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
8415:
8354:
8347:
8271:
8264:
8226:
8162:Raja, Kanaga (May 2010).
8130:Government and UN reports
7874:James Igoe Walsh (2018) "
7860:10.1080/10576100600641972
7115:"CRS Report for Congress"
7085:Thomas B. Hunter (2009).
5908:18 September 2008 at the
5426:For more information see
3491:18 September 2017 at the
3486:"Pakistan Leaders Killed"
3457:"Drone Strikes: Pakistan"
3399:The Assassination Complex
2973:National Security Journal
2936:National Security Journal
2598:26(6) (2011), pp. 862–877
2393:10.1080/09636410903369068
2156:Times Literary Supplement
2149:24 September 2017 at the
1963:Manhunt (law enforcement)
1958:Licence to kill (concept)
1428:and his daughter using a
1250:
1020:Israeli targeted killings
901:Use by Iranian government
658:, former director of the
551:drone strikes in Pakistan
538:According to analysis by
249:Central and South America
114:Somalia and Rwanda, 1990s
89:
71:or combatants engaged in
8826:Unitary executive theory
7763:Statman, Daniel (2004).
7315:30 November 2016 at the
7029:. Irish Academic Press.
5974:
5924:. ABC News. 28 July 2005
5711:14 February 2008 at the
5535:20 December 2017 at the
5104:. BBC News. 7 March 2019
2280:– via www.sup.org.
2085:. Penguin. p. 410.
1469:extrajudicial executions
1328:Federal Security Service
1234:
1231:as "targeted killings".
1150:used the tactic to kill
928:Islamic Republic of Iran
402:assassinate Fidel Castro
174:United States government
9856:International terrorism
9737:Crimes against humanity
9581:Libyan civil war (2011)
9432:Wartime sexual violence
9380:Human trophy collecting
9365:Enforced disappearances
8754:Extraordinary rendition
8749:Extrajudicial prisoners
7984:San Francisco Chronicle
7959:Thomas, Ward J. 2000. "
7909:Defence Studies Journal
7522:Oxford University Press
7067:10 October 2017 at the
6730:30 January 2013 at the
6551:San Francisco Chronicle
5976:Ликвидация с вариациями
5880:. Rferl. 28 July 2005.
5833:29 October 2008 at the
5599:. Inter Press Service.
5492:6 December 2017 at the
5433:31 January 2018 at the
5257:New York Times Magazine
5158:The Wall Street Journal
3740:The Wall Street Journal
3563:. Washington, DC, USA:
3508:. Washington, DC, USA:
2595:International Sociology
2557:25 January 2017 at the
1887:George Mason University
1830:warrantless wiretapping
1728:Third Geneva Convention
1301:reconnaissance aircraft
1148:Israeli security forces
895:
532:U.S. special operations
118:During fighting in the
9385:Indiscriminate attacks
9370:Extrajudicial killings
9241:Command responsibility
8789:Operation Eagle Assist
8709:Clash of Civilizations
8256:Symbolism of terrorism
8168:Third World Resurgence
7786:10.2202/1565-3404.1090
7657:Thomas, Ward J. 2001.
7206:17 August 2012 at the
7004:Cite journal requires
6856:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6821:, Sofaer, Abraham D.,
6778:Gary D. Solis (2010).
6478:25 August 2014 at the
5810:6 October 2014 at the
5777:Aslan Maskhadov Killed
5472:"You Can Die Any Time"
5454:1 January 2018 at the
4856:Cite journal requires
3561:"Yemen Leaders Killed"
3506:"Drone Strikes: Yemen"
2588:6 October 2014 at the
2467:International Security
2424:International Security
2297:International Security
1789:
1630:
1542:United Nations Charter
1266:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1229:extrajudicial killings
1128:
1045:
930:and previously by the
923:
726:
667:
640:, US Attorney General
588:
555:Drone strikes in Yemen
524:
483:extrajudicial killings
451:United States Congress
449:Twenty-six members of
405:
400:and other mobsters to
383:attack on Pearl Harbor
275:
45:
9708:List of global issues
9543:Gaza–Israel conflict
9360:Desecration of graves
9340:Collective punishment
8784:Operation Noble Eagle
8621:2007 Lebanon conflict
7841:on 30 September 2011.
7746:: 319. Archived from
7734:Guiora, Amos (2004).
7722:: 667. Archived from
7648:Jordan, Jenna. 2019.
7516:Abrahms, Max (2018).
7490:: 166. Archived from
7449:: 165. Archived from
7339:24 March 2018 at the
7120:. law.umaryland.edu.
6757:22 March 2017 at the
5988:on 28 September 2007.
5517:Amnesty International
5512:14 March 2017 at the
4975:All Things Considered
3404:30 March 2018 at the
3353:25 March 2018 at the
2868:. Washington, DC. AP.
1928:Executive Order 12333
1852:Georgetown University
1847:decapitation strike.
1784:
1703:Israel Defense Forces
1679:Executive Order 11905
1664:U.S. State Department
1643:Professor and former
1619:
1564:extrajudicial killing
1452:. On 30 August 2022,
1343:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev
1341:On 13 February 2004,
1330:(FSB) gave Khattab a
1122:
1040:
918:
911:Chain murders of Iran
853:right to a fair trial
721:
654:
608:US Federal government
574:
518:
391:
320:Roman Catholic Church
256:
35:
9763:‡ Does not apply to
9742:Crimes of aggression
9724:international crimes
9628:Sri Lankan Civil War
9427:Use of human shields
9325:humanitarian workers
8601:Operation Linda Nchi
8545:OEF – Horn of Africa
8458:Islamic Courts Union
8407:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
8231:September 11 attacks
7903:Dear, Keith (2013).
7687:Simon & Schuster
7641:Anna Goppel (2013):
7524:. pp. 151–164.
7023:Rory Miller (2007).
6817:18 June 2013 at the
5759:8 March 2007 at the
5220:. Bakhtiari Family.
4650:. Associated Press.
3979:. Associated Press.
3386:The Washington Times
3380:9 March 2018 at the
2670:McSherry, J. Patrice
2479:10.1162/ISEC_a_00075
2436:10.1162/ISEC_a_00076
2340:Frankel, M. (2010).
2310:10.1162/ISEC_a_00157
2140:Clive Stafford Smith
1943:Justifiable homicide
1780:Occupied Territories
1751:1998 bombing of Iraq
1400:Alexander Litvinenko
1295:when he was using a
1284:, Chechen President
1256:In Bosnia and Serbia
1227:has described these
920:Mohammad-Reza Kolahi
312:José Napoleón Duarte
194:Obama administration
73:asymmetrical warfare
9606:Russo-Ukrainian War
9234:Civilian casualties
8116:on 22 December 2011
8084:The Huffington Post
8077:(15 October 2015).
8018:The Washington Post
7750:on 22 December 2011
7645:De Gruyter, Berlin.
7497:on 7 September 2012
7456:on 7 September 2012
7155:8 June 2015 at the
6983:on 16 November 2010
6762:, George Bisharat,
6582:The Washington Post
6329:The Washington Post
5782:27 May 2007 at the
5734:6 June 2011 at the
5683:29 May 2012 at the
5339:The Washington Post
5218:"Bakhtiar, Teymour"
5130:. 25 September 2020
4943:The Huffington Post
4881:The Washington Post
4752:The Washington Post
4727:on 10 February 2014
4621:The Washington Post
4469:The Washington Post
3946:The Huffington Post
3766:The Washington Post
3686:The Washington Post
3280:The Washington Post
3134:8 June 2016 at the
2982:on 7 September 2012
2945:on 7 September 2012
2866:The Washington Post
2835:The Washington Post
2614:The Washington Post
2170:"Targeted Killings"
1948:Kill authorizations
1883:Audrey Kurth Cronin
1810:Additional concerns
1656:political leaders.
1615:Law of Land Warfare
1497:of this article is
1396:in the explosives.
1210:Philippine Drug War
1097:The Washington Post
962:Use by Saudi Arabia
831:The Washington Post
751:seeking to use the
602:to kill members of
420:for assassination.
375:Operation Vengeance
273: collaborators
168:Starting under the
9703:War crime apologia
9623:Second Chechen War
9317:War crimes by type
9277:Military necessity
9272:Medical neutrality
9190:Protocol II (1977)
9155:Geneva Conventions
9106:List of war crimes
8831:Unlawful combatant
8764:Iranian Revolution
8550:OEF – Trans Sahara
8525:War in Afghanistan
8382:Jalaluddin Haqqani
8377:Sirajuddin Haqqani
8303:Iraqi Armed Forces
8157:on 17 August 2011.
8052:The New York Times
8039:The New York Times
8031:Barghouti, Mustafa
8003:The New York Times
7991:on 29 August 2011.
7765:"Targeted Killing"
7347:. 18 October 2013.
7323:. 18 October 2013.
7290:on 23 January 2011
7181:on 2 February 2016
6969:(September 2002).
6823:Hoover Institution
6768:, 31 January 2013.
6765:The New York Times
6741:, 29 January 2009.
6725:Consent and advise
6698:. martindale.com.
6580:. The Tech (MIT);
6453:on 20 January 2013
6155:The New York Times
6073:The New York Times
5841:, 17 February 2005
5693:, 14 February 2004
5630:on 5 January 2012.
5570:The New York Times
5475:Human Rights Watch
5414:The Jerusalem Post
5371:on 18 October 2016
5345:on 17 January 2013
5252:7 May 2018 at the
5082:on 27 January 2020
4912:The New York Times
4527:The New York Times
4438:The New York Times
4407:The New York Times
4114:The New York Times
4008:The New York Times
3885:The New York Times
3655:The New York Times
3531:"Drone War: Yemen"
3414:. 15 October 2015.
3388:. 15 October 2015.
3079:on 20 January 2013
3040:on 20 January 2013
2567:, 6 November 2002.
2564:The New York Times
2232:The New York Times
2051:The New York Times
1968:Manhunt (military)
1836:Harvard Law School
1692:Author and former
1668:Hoover Institution
1559:Harvard Law School
1402:was poisoned with
1338:or a derivative".
1316:Second Chechen War
1306:On 20 March 2002,
1225:Human Rights Watch
1183:. You can help by
1129:
1046:
993:. You can help by
956:opposition leaders
946:dissidents of the
924:
890:Abu Khayr al-Masri
815:Human Rights Watch
744:The New York Times
727:
677:The New York Times
668:
571:Disposition Matrix
525:
406:
392:The CIA recruited
324:summary executions
276:
75:. They argue that
46:
9851:National security
9841:International law
9788:
9787:
9757:
9756:
9698:War crimes trials
9532:War crimes by war
9312:
9311:
9292:Protected persons
9185:Protocol I (1977)
9061:
9060:
8872:
8871:
8769:Islamic terrorism
8634:
8633:
8530:OEF – Philippines
8500:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8453:Hizbul Mujahideen
8294:Northern Alliance
8174:on 7 January 2012
7977:(26 March 2004).
7676:and The Staff of
7212:Security Dialogue
7096:978-1-4392-5205-5
7089:. Thomas Hunter.
7036:978-0-7165-2868-5
6902:978-0-230-60838-2
6863:978-0-230-60838-2
6557:on 29 August 2011
6545:(26 March 2004).
6543:Abraham D. Sofaer
6521:978-0-521-87088-7
6031:Independent.co.uk
5858:on 1 January 2014
5528:Rishi Iyengar,
5459:Human Right Watch
5194:. 10 April 1997.
5056:National Archives
5024:National Archives
4823:on 26 August 2014
4702:National Archives
4331:National Archives
4295:National Archives
4258:National Archives
4045:Los Angeles Times
3828:Los Angeles Times
3626:. 30 April 2012.
3249:Los Angeles Times
2753:nsarchive.gwu.edu
2523:"End Bloodbath".
1933:High-value target
1860:international law
1635:international law
1538:
1537:
1530:
1376:and described by
1363:life imprisonment
1282:First Chechen War
1201:
1200:
1066:Middle East Watch
1011:
1010:
711:Security Analyst
703:signature strikes
693:Los Angeles Times
638:Harold Hongju Koh
491:international law
471:CIA station chief
398:Santo Trafficante
293:Bernardo Leighton
237:" at the time of
18:Targeted killings
16:(Redirected from
9863:
9816:Counterterrorism
9801:Targeted killing
9778:
9777:
9719:
9718:
9633:Syrian civil war
9576:2006 Lebanon War
9539:Afghanistan wars
9282:Prisoners of war
9123:
9122:
9118:humanitarian law
9088:
9081:
9074:
9065:
9064:
8999:Papua New Guinea
8899:
8892:
8885:
8876:
8875:
8862:
8861:
8852:
8851:
8807:Targeted killing
8596:Iraqi insurgency
8516:Enduring Freedom
8509:
8508:
8468:Jemaah Islamiyah
8463:Jaish-e-Mohammed
8352:
8351:
8269:
8268:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8190:
8189:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8158:
8144:
8142:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8115:
8104:
8088:
8070:
8055:
8042:
8026:
8007:
7992:
7987:. Archived from
7956:
7934:
7924:
7899:
7871:
7842:
7840:
7834:. Archived from
7824:10.2307/20031914
7807:
7797:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7730:
7729:on 10 June 2010.
7728:
7713:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7593:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7551:
7536:
7535:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7496:
7481:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7440:
7431:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7393:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7361:
7348:
7330:
7324:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7286:. Archived from
7273:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7257:on 14 March 2012
7253:. Archived from
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7221:
7215:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7177:. Archived from
7166:
7160:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7126:
7119:
7110:
7101:
7100:
7082:
7076:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7007:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6982:
6975:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6832:
6826:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6775:
6769:
6748:
6742:
6721:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6553:. Archived from
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6498:
6483:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6441:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6391:. 4 October 2022
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6365:. 30 August 2022
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6304:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6284:Business Insider
6275:
6269:
6268:
6262:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6133:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6092:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6051:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5982:Russian Newsweek
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5950:. 10 July 2006.
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5918:
5912:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5848:
5842:
5825:
5819:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5774:
5768:
5751:
5745:
5726:
5720:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5647:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5626:. Archived from
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5526:
5520:
5519:31 January 2017,
5504:
5498:
5484:
5478:
5469:
5463:
5461:9 September 2017
5443:
5437:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5341:. Archived from
5330:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5154:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4723:. Archived from
4712:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4678:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4554:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4471:. Archived from
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4234:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4048:. Archived from
4035:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3830:. Archived from
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3541:on 25 March 2020
3537:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3502:
3496:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3421:
3415:
3395:
3389:
3371:
3365:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3151:
3145:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3067:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2933:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2885:Security Studies
2876:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:. Archived from
2826:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2616:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
2577:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2381:Security Studies
2376:
2370:
2369:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2008:
1745:Legal opposition
1572:Hellfire missile
1533:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1471:and war crimes.
1368:On 10 July 2006
1196:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1133:Democratic Party
1041:Memorial to the
1006:
1003:
985:
978:
800:Counterterrorism
761:Patrick J. Leahy
706:
705:
685:Dianne Feinstein
610:under President
586:
544:Ayman al-Zawahri
429:Isoroku Yamamoto
379:Isoroku Yamamoto
297:Orlando Letelier
289:Juan José Torres
280:Operation Condor
278:The U.S.-backed
272:
266:
265:
258:Operation Condor
222:Washington, D.C.
184:in 2011 and the
139:Rwandan genocide
120:Somali Civil War
84:counterterrorism
49:Targeted killing
21:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9765:airborne forces
9753:
9732:Atrocity crimes
9717:
9686:
9527:
9443:committed by...
9442:
9436:
9345:Criminal orders
9308:
9287:Proportionality
9245:Superior orders
9213:
9150:Geneva Protocol
9117:
9110:
9097:
9092:
9062:
9057:
8906:
8903:
8873:
8868:
8840:
8729:CIA black sites
8682:
8630:
8559:
8514:
8492:
8473:Lashkar-e-Taiba
8411:
8372:Anwar al-Awlaki
8367:Hamza bin Laden
8362:Osama bin Laden
8343:
8260:
8222:
8217:
8177:
8175:
8140:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8102:
8098:
8075:Scahill, Jeremy
8033:(8 June 2007).
7975:Sofaer, Abraham
7838:
7811:Foreign Affairs
7805:
7767:
7753:
7751:
7726:
7711:
7630:
7628:Further reading
7625:
7615:
7613:
7602:Foreign Affairs
7594:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7560:Foreign Affairs
7552:
7539:
7532:
7514:
7510:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7438:
7432:
7419:
7409:
7407:
7394:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7362:
7351:
7341:Wayback Machine
7331:
7327:
7317:Wayback Machine
7307:
7303:
7293:
7291:
7283:Al-Ahram Weekly
7274:
7270:
7260:
7258:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7208:Wayback Machine
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7167:
7163:
7157:Wayback Machine
7144:
7140:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7083:
7079:
7069:Wayback Machine
7060:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7037:
7021:
7017:
7005:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6967:Steven R. David
6964:
6960:
6950:
6948:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6903:
6887:
6883:
6873:
6871:
6864:
6848:
6844:
6833:
6829:
6825:, 26 March 2004
6819:Wayback Machine
6810:
6806:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6776:
6772:
6759:Wayback Machine
6749:
6745:
6732:Wayback Machine
6722:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6677:
6666:
6662:
6652:
6650:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6574:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6499:
6486:
6480:Wayback Machine
6470:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6420:
6418:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6288:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6256:
6255:
6248:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6147:
6143:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6117:
6106:
6102:
6086:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6065:
6061:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5997:
5993:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5910:Wayback Machine
5901:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5835:Wayback Machine
5826:
5822:
5818:, 29 April 2004
5812:Wayback Machine
5801:
5800:
5796:
5784:Wayback Machine
5775:
5771:
5761:Wayback Machine
5752:
5748:
5744:, 25 March 2004
5736:Wayback Machine
5727:
5723:
5713:Wayback Machine
5702:
5701:
5697:
5685:Wayback Machine
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5547:
5537:Wayback Machine
5527:
5523:
5514:Wayback Machine
5505:
5501:
5494:Wayback Machine
5485:
5481:
5470:
5466:
5456:Wayback Machine
5444:
5440:
5435:Wayback Machine
5425:
5421:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5322:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5259:23 January 2018
5254:Wayback Machine
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5049:
5047:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5017:
5015:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4873:
4869:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4778:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4709:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:. 23 May 2013.
4676:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4555:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4351:. 24 May 2013.
4343:
4342:
4338:
4324:
4322:
4317:. 23 May 2013.
4307:
4306:
4302:
4288:
4286:
4269:
4265:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4072:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4036:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3915:31 January 2012
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3834:on 14 July 2012
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3797:The Daily Beast
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3590:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3493:Wayback Machine
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3433:. 6 June 2015.
3423:
3422:
3418:
3406:Wayback Machine
3396:
3392:
3382:Wayback Machine
3372:
3368:
3355:Wayback Machine
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3189:. Antiwar.com.
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3136:Wayback Machine
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3002:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2914:
2877:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2841:on 2 April 2015
2827:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2667:
2663:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2602:
2590:Wayback Machine
2578:
2571:
2559:Wayback Machine
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2463:
2459:
2420:
2416:
2377:
2373:
2338:
2334:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2151:Wayback Machine
2138:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1905:
1812:
1747:
1607:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1438:
1419:Maksym Shapoval
1297:satellite phone
1286:Dzhokhar Dudaev
1278:
1258:
1253:
1241:Bashar al-Assad
1237:
1220:Rodrigo Duterte
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1181:needs expansion
1166:
1160:
1144:Second Intifada
1110:Richard Boucher
1073:Second Intifada
1028:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
998:
991:needs expansion
976:
970:
964:
913:
905:Main articles:
903:
898:
873:
865:Anwar al-Aulaqi
860:Colleen McMahon
811:Ben Emmerson QC
701:
700:
656:John O. Brennan
592:John O. Brennan
587:
583:John O. Brennan
581:
573:
567:
498:Anwar al-Awlaki
459:Glenn Greenwald
414:Phoenix Program
371:
361:
356:
274:
270:
268:
263:
262:
251:
224:in 1989, mayor
218:
190:Anwar al-Awlaki
147:
116:
92:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9869:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9806:Assassinations
9803:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9782:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9728:
9726:
9716:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9694:
9692:
9691:Related topics
9688:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9672:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9596:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9549:
9541:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9518:United Kingdom
9515:
9510:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9493:
9492:
9491:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9403:
9402:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9375:Hostage-taking
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9335:Child soldiers
9332:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9298:Ruse de guerre
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9256:Hors de combat
9252:
9247:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9229:non-combatants
9221:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9199:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9120:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9091:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9068:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9044:United Kingdom
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8879:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8856:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8816:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8795:Situation Room
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8649:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8521:
8519:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8392:Khalil Haqqani
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8329:European Union
8326:
8321:
8319:United Kingdom
8316:
8311:
8306:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8243:
8233:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8216:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8159:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8071:
8056:
8043:
8027:
8008:
7993:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7964:
7957:
7947:(2): 147–206.
7935:
7915:(3): 293–337.
7900:
7890:(2): 259–333.
7879:
7872:
7854:(4): 359–382.
7843:
7798:
7760:
7731:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7674:Jeremy Scahill
7670:
7669:
7665:
7664:
7655:
7646:
7638:
7637:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7581:
7537:
7530:
7508:
7467:
7417:
7385:
7349:
7325:
7301:
7268:
7242:
7216:
7192:
7161:
7138:
7102:
7095:
7077:
7054:
7035:
7015:
7006:|journal=
6958:
6920:
6901:
6881:
6862:
6842:
6827:
6804:
6790:
6770:
6743:
6713:
6687:
6660:
6630:
6599:
6568:
6534:
6520:
6484:
6464:
6428:
6402:
6376:
6350:
6312:
6270:
6234:
6223:. 27 June 2017
6208:
6197:. 27 June 2017
6182:
6141:
6100:
6059:
6017:
5991:
5965:
5935:
5913:
5895:
5869:
5843:
5820:
5794:
5792:, 9 March 2005
5769:
5767:, 30 June 2004
5746:
5721:
5719:, 3 March 2004
5695:
5670:
5633:
5614:
5587:
5556:
5545:
5521:
5499:
5479:
5464:
5438:
5419:
5404:
5393:
5382:
5356:
5320:
5309:
5298:
5283:
5272:
5261:
5235:
5209:
5179:
5141:
5115:
5093:
5061:
5046:. 6 March 2019
5043:whitehouse.gov
5029:
5011:whitehouse.gov
4997:
4968:Welna, David.
4960:
4929:
4898:
4867:
4858:|journal=
4834:
4799:
4769:
4738:
4707:
4682:whitehouse.gov
4665:
4638:
4607:
4576:
4544:
4513:
4486:
4475:on 1 June 2013
4455:
4424:
4393:
4366:
4336:
4314:whitehouse.gov
4300:
4278:whitehouse.gov
4263:
4238:whitehouse.gov
4218:
4185:
4158:
4131:
4093:
4063:
4052:on 7 July 2012
4025:
3994:
3963:
3932:
3902:
3871:
3845:
3814:
3783:
3752:
3726:
3703:
3672:
3641:
3611:
3577:
3552:
3522:
3497:
3478:
3448:
3416:
3390:
3366:
3364:14 March 2016.
3339:
3309:
3297:
3266:
3235:
3204:
3177:
3146:
3141:Democracy Now!
3121:
3090:
3051:
3015:
2993:
2956:
2912:
2891:(4): 665–703.
2871:
2852:
2821:
2810:
2795:
2784:
2770:
2740:
2734:978-0742536876
2733:
2713:
2695:978-0415664578
2694:
2661:
2646:
2631:
2620:on 3 June 2013
2600:
2569:
2543:
2532:
2526:The Sun-Herald
2515:
2500:
2457:
2414:
2387:(4): 719–755.
2371:
2332:
2283:
2269:
2249:
2218:
2187:
2161:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2037:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1854:, argues that
1811:
1808:
1746:
1743:
1701:, formerly an
1686:First Gulf War
1660:Abraham Sofaer
1653:Assassinations
1641:Georgetown Law
1606:
1603:
1536:
1535:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1437:
1436:Use in Ukraine
1434:
1430:Novichok agent
1426:Sergei Skripal
1370:Shamil Basayev
1308:Ibn al-Khattab
1277:
1274:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1236:
1233:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1178:
1176:
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1125:Hassan Shateri
1050:First Intifada
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
988:
986:
966:Main article:
963:
960:
932:Pahlavi regime
902:
899:
897:
894:
872:
869:
796:
795:
794:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
768:
579:
566:
563:
479:Robert Grenier
455:Jeremy Scahill
360:
357:
355:
352:
308:Americas Watch
269:
261:
260:participants.
250:
247:
217:
214:
146:
143:
115:
112:
91:
88:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9868:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9781:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9766:
9760:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9720:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9689:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9675:Yugoslav Wars
9673:
9671:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9611:War in Donbas
9609:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9523:United States
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9463:
9462:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9439:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9401:
9400:Mass killings
9398:
9397:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9355:Death marches
9353:
9351:
9350:Death flights
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9315:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9216:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9180:Fourth (1949)
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:Second (1949)
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:International
9113:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9089:
9084:
9082:
9077:
9075:
9070:
9069:
9066:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9049:United States
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8900:
8895:
8893:
8888:
8886:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8865:
8857:
8855:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8810:
8808:
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8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8704:Bush Doctrine
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
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8659:
8656:
8653:
8652:Torture Memos
8650:
8647:
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8641:
8637:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
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8612:
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8507:
8503:
8489:
8488:Islamic State
8486:
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8353:
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8325:
8324:United States
8322:
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8307:
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8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8251:
8248:(2003–2011) (
8247:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8220:War on terror
8214:
8209:
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7695:9781501144134
7692:
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7679:The Intercept
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7113:Grimmett, R.
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6895:. Macmillan.
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6509:
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6502:Gary D. Solis
6497:
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5625:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5549:
5541:
5540:Time Magazine
5538:
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5515:
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5508:
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5491:
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5483:
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5325:
5313:
5302:
5294:
5287:
5276:
5265:
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5255:
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5248:
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5243:Ronen Bergman
5239:
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5168:
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5014:. 1 July 2016
5013:
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4721:The Intercept
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3411:The Intercept
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2270:9781503608245
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2119:9780300188813
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2092:9781101583616
2088:
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2083:
2075:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Assassination
1908:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
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1822:
1818:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1765:assassination
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Johns Hopkins
1708:
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1420:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:North Ossetia
1379:
1375:
1371:
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1360:
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1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1179:This section
1177:
1174:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:Ronen Bergman
1030:According to
1027:
1021:
1014:Use by Israel
1005:
996:
992:
989:This section
987:
984:
980:
979:
975:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
917:
912:
908:
893:
891:
887:
883:
880:, citing the
879:
868:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
840:
834:
832:
828:
827:The Intercept
824:
823:The Intercept
819:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
765:
764:
762:
757:
754:
750:
746:
745:
739:
736:
732:
724:
720:
716:
714:
708:
704:
697:
694:
690:
686:
680:
678:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:combat drones
597:
596:Wilson Center
593:
584:
578:
572:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
528:The Intercept
522:
517:
513:
510:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
487:United States
484:
480:
476:
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468:
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460:
456:
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447:
443:
441:
436:
432:
430:
424:
421:
419:
415:
411:
403:
399:
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178:War on Terror
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51:is a form of
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9769:paratroopers
9653:World War II
9552:2023–present
9501:Soviet Union
9459:
9329:parachutists
9327: /
9304:Safe conduct
9296:
9254:
9243: /
9202:Rome Statute
9175:Third (1949)
9165:First (1949)
9014:South Africa
8818:
8811:
8794:
8699:Axis of evil
8515:
8387:Anas Haqqani
8265:Participants
8176:. Retrieved
8172:the original
8167:
8155:the original
8118:. Retrieved
8111:the original
8082:
8066:The Guardian
8064:
8051:
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7086:
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7025:
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6978:the original
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6072:
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6038:15 September
6036:. Retrieved
6029:
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5856:the original
5846:
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5628:the original
5617:
5607:20 September
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5590:
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5578:. Retrieved
5569:
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5080:the original
5073:
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4837:
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4784:. NBC News.
4760:. Retrieved
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4241:. May 2013.
4236:
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4170:. Politico.
4161:
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4143:. Politico.
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4054:. Retrieved
4050:the original
4043:
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3555:
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3539:the original
3525:
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3460:
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3428:
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3409:
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3369:
3360:The Atlantic
3358:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3321:
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3288:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
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3159:
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3112:. Retrieved
3093:
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3074:the original
3069:
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3035:the original
3030:
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2984:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2972:
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2947:. Retrieved
2940:the original
2935:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2865:
2855:
2845:21 September
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2834:
2824:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2787:
2761:. Retrieved
2752:
2743:
2723:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2677:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2624:20 September
2622:. Retrieved
2618:the original
2613:
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2593:
2581:
2562:
2546:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2503:
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2430:(4): 47–79.
2427:
2423:
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2384:
2380:
2374:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2259:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2201:The Guardian
2200:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2108:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2050:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2017:The Guardian
2016:
2006:
1989:
1982:
1973:Proscription
1953:Killing Hope
1920:
1881:
1849:
1840:Hydra effect
1834:
1813:
1800:Ben Emmerson
1793:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1756:The Scotsman
1754:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1715:Syracuse Law
1691:
1683:
1675:Ahmed Yassin
1672:quadriplegic
1658:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1576:AH-64 Apache
1555:
1547:drone strike
1539:
1524:
1515:
1493:
1461:
1453:
1439:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1406:, which the
1398:
1367:
1340:
1305:
1290:laser-guided
1279:
1259:
1238:
1213:
1192:January 2020
1189:
1185:adding to it
1180:
1141:
1130:
1114:Colin Powell
1107:
1095:
1094:
1090:Ephraim Sneh
1070:
1047:
1029:
1002:January 2020
999:
995:adding to it
990:
940:intelligence
925:
874:
857:
846:
843:
835:
830:
826:
820:
809:A report by
808:
797:
758:
742:
740:
728:
713:Peter Bergen
709:
702:
698:
692:
681:
676:
669:
664:Barack Obama
635:
631:
619:Constitution
616:
612:Barack Obama
589:
575:
548:
537:
527:
526:
523:, 2002–2017.
506:
495:
448:
444:
437:
433:
425:
422:
407:
396:(pictured),
394:Sam Giancana
372:
305:
284:state terror
277:
242:
226:Marion Barry
219:
167:
148:
132:
117:
93:
81:
65:
48:
47:
29:
9648:World War I
9638:Tigray war
9323:Attacks on
9250:Distinction
9135:Lieber Code
9004:Philippines
8914:Afghanistan
8646:Patriot Act
8397:Hafiz Saeed
8355:Individuals
8334:Philippines
8289:Afghanistan
8272:Operational
7501:11 February
7460:11 February
7410:11 February
7378:11 February
6929:Amos Guiora
6680:15 February
6668:John Pike.
6653:11 December
6613:Times Daily
6161:18 November
6120:18 November
6079:29 November
5477:April 2009.
4762:14 February
4731:13 February
4696:13 February
4658:13 February
4124:25 November
4086:9 September
3565:New America
3510:New America
3471:10 December
3461:New America
3322:Google Docs
3144:3 May 2016.
3104:Antiwar.com
3012:(7): 81–93.
2473:(4): 9–46.
2303:(4): 7–38.
2242:13 February
2211:16 December
2180:15 February
1923:(2014 film)
1844:Max Abrahms
1817:Micah Zenko
1749:During the
1707:Steve David
1699:Amos Guiora
1645:U.S. Marine
1568:due process
1566:that lacks
1518:August 2024
1280:During the
1262:Bosnian War
1245:David Davis
1216:Philippines
1204:Philippines
1154:militants.
1152:Palestinian
1048:During the
968:Tiger Squad
735:Mitt Romney
723:Minneapolis
672:White House
646:Jeh Johnson
642:Eric Holder
627:Afghanistan
598:the use of
463:James Traub
410:Vietnam War
408:During the
316:El Salvador
202:Afghanistan
61:battlefield
42:MQ-9 Reaper
9846:Law of war
9795:Categories
9680:Kosovo War
9599:Second war
9571:Korean War
9441:War crimes
9417:Starvation
9407:No quarter
9095:War crimes
9024:Tajikistan
8984:Mozambique
8924:Bangladesh
8797:photograph
8443:Boko Haram
8438:Al-Shabaab
8433:Abu Sayyaf
8250:Withdrawal
8240:Withdrawal
8178:4 December
8120:4 December
7968:Newspapers
7754:4 December
7636:Monographs
6706:31 January
6457:7 February
6421:10 October
6413:(Report).
6395:10 October
6369:10 October
6343:12 October
6227:1 December
6201:1 December
5888:4 November
5862:4 November
5789:Kommersant
5741:Kommersant
5108:27 January
5086:27 January
5050:27 January
5018:27 January
4631:22 October
4600:18 October
3715:. ABC News
3083:7 February
3044:7 February
2986:7 February
2949:7 February
2684:. p.
2203:. London.
1999:References
1892:Washington
1856:Washington
1649:Gary Solis
1495:neutrality
1386:Ingushetia
1270:Kosovo War
1208:See also:
1062:Gaza Strip
1024:See also:
972:See also:
569:See also:
363:See also:
328:Sandinista
235:Eliot Ness
86:strategy.
69:terrorists
9594:First war
9557:by Israel
9547:2008–2009
9484:Palestine
9461:Wehrmacht
9395:Massacres
9225:Civilians
9054:Venezuela
8919:Australia
8513:Operation
8505:Conflicts
8069:. London.
7931:154170644
7896:1550-5200
7868:109665115
7794:201122053
7682:(2016).
6338:0190-8286
6171:cite news
6130:cite news
6089:cite news
5816:Gazeta.ru
5663:4 October
5167:0099-9660
4953:15 August
4922:15 August
4891:15 August
4843:Pretoria.
4827:15 August
4792:15 August
4178:5 January
4151:5 January
3864:17 August
3170:15 August
2907:0963-6412
2682:Routledge
2510:The Times
2487:0162-2889
2444:0162-2889
2401:0963-6412
2366:110265235
2352:: 17–30.
2319:0162-2889
2276:3 January
2059:0362-4331
2025:0261-3077
1794:In 2013,
1694:U.S. Army
1611:U.S. Army
1506:talk page
1394:detonator
1357:capital,
1324:Dagestani
1137:Joe Biden
1086:West Bank
1058:West Bank
475:Islamabad
469:) and ex-
418:Viet Cong
231:Al Capone
155:Nicaragua
40:like the
9836:Homicide
9780:Category
9747:Genocide
9566:Iraq War
9029:Thailand
8994:Pakistan
8949:Ethiopia
8854:Category
8774:Islamism
8714:Cold War
8639:Policies
8591:Iraq War
8423:al-Qaeda
8416:Factions
8339:Ethiopia
8314:Pakistan
8246:Iraq War
8023:Archived
7832:20031914
7701:Journals
7610:Archived
7568:Archived
7404:Archived
7372:Archived
7337:Archived
7313:Archived
7261:17 March
7235:5 August
7229:Archived
7204:Archived
7153:Archived
7146:The Hill
7131:14 March
7122:Archived
7065:Archived
7041:Archived
6945:Archived
6931:(2004).
6907:Archived
6874:5 August
6868:Archived
6815:Archived
6797:5 August
6755:Archived
6728:Archived
6700:Archived
6674:Archived
6647:Archived
6617:Archived
6586:Archived
6504:(2010).
6476:Archived
6301:cite web
6291:13 March
6259:cite web
6249:13 March
6195:BBC News
6048:cite web
5952:Archived
5928:30 March
5906:Archived
5882:Archived
5839:BBC News
5831:Archived
5808:Archived
5780:Archived
5765:BBC News
5757:Archived
5732:Archived
5729:"Let Go"
5717:Lenta.ru
5709:Archived
5681:Archived
5654:Archived
5601:Archived
5574:Archived
5533:Archived
5510:Archived
5490:Archived
5452:Archived
5431:Archived
5250:Archived
5228:4 August
5222:Archived
5202:4 August
5196:Archived
4984:Archived
4947:Archived
4916:Archived
4885:Archived
4786:Archived
4756:Archived
4687:Archived
4652:Archived
4625:Archived
4594:Archived
4563:Archived
4531:Archived
4500:Archived
4442:Archived
4411:Archived
4380:Archived
4353:Archived
4349:BBC News
4319:Archived
4283:Archived
4243:Archived
4202:Archived
4172:Archived
4145:Archived
4118:Archived
4080:Archived
4012:Archived
3981:Archived
3950:Archived
3919:Archived
3889:Archived
3858:Archived
3801:Archived
3770:Archived
3690:Archived
3659:Archived
3628:Archived
3624:BBC News
3598:Archived
3570:20 April
3489:Archived
3465:Archived
3435:Archived
3402:Archived
3378:Archived
3351:Archived
3332:24 March
3326:Archived
3284:Archived
3253:Archived
3228:5 August
3222:Archived
3218:BBC News
3191:Archived
3164:Archived
3132:Archived
3108:Archived
2763:24 March
2757:Archived
2700:Archived
2672:(2011).
2586:Archived
2555:Archived
2495:15188795
2452:53519659
2409:59496454
2327:57569755
2236:Archived
2205:Archived
2174:Archived
2147:Archived
1903:See also
1897:al Qaeda
1873:Pakistan
1865:al Qaeda
1732:violence
1595:Al-Qaeda
1580:Predator
1574:from an
1499:disputed
1475:Legality
1404:polonium
1378:ABC News
1332:poisoned
1320:ambushes
1293:missiles
1218:, since
1135:senator
936:security
747:and the
604:al-Qaeda
580:—
540:Reprieve
346:and the
340:Colombia
206:Pakistan
159:Colombia
145:Americas
108:in Libya
9455:Germany
9450:Croatia
9422:Torture
9412:Perfidy
9390:Looting
9127:Sources
9039:Ukraine
8989:Nigeria
8929:Belarus
8864:Commons
8687:Related
8478:Taliban
8348:Targets
7953:2341756
7616:10 July
6943:(319).
6738:Haaretz
6005:Reuters
4561:. CNN.
4378:. CNN.
4078:. CNN.
4018:15 July
3545:28 June
3515:28 June
2064:22 July
2030:22 July
1869:Taliban
1819:at the
1446:Donetsk
1353:in the
1214:In the
1146:, when
944:Kurdish
606:by the
509:Reuters
332:Contras
176:in the
128:Kismayo
96:Somalia
9767:(i.e.
9722:Other
9658:Allied
9513:Turkey
9508:Serbia
9496:Russia
9469:Israel
9262:Intent
9218:Topics
9034:Turkey
9009:Russia
8979:Mexico
8969:Israel
8934:Brazil
8654:(2002)
8648:(2001)
7951:
7929:
7894:
7866:
7830:
7792:
7693:
7574:8 July
7528:
7294:20 May
7210:, in:
7093:
7047:29 May
7033:
6987:29 May
6951:29 May
6913:29 May
6899:
6860:
6788:
6623:20 May
6592:19 May
6561:20 May
6527:19 May
6518:
6363:Meduza
6336:
5958:23 May
5165:
4990:31 May
4569:2 June
4537:27 May
4506:2 June
4479:2 June
4448:2 June
4417:2 June
4386:2 June
4359:2 June
4325:2 June
4289:2 June
4252:2 June
4211:2 June
4056:7 July
3987:7 July
3441:6 June
3290:20 May
3259:20 May
3197:24 May
3114:24 May
2905:
2731:
2706:7 July
2692:
2493:
2485:
2450:
2442:
2407:
2399:
2364:
2325:
2317:
2267:
2116:
2089:
2057:
2023:
1719:GW Law
1591:sniper
1584:Reaper
1455:Meduza
1355:Qatari
1251:Europe
1054:Al Haq
412:, the
271:
264:
161:, and
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