Technology - Knowledge

1045: 2040: 8816:, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 94–99. "Is life likely to exist elsewhere in the galaxy? Almost certainly yes, given the speed with which it appeared on Earth. Is another technological civilization likely to exist today? Almost certainly no, given the chain of circumstances that led to our existence. These considerations suggest that we are unique not just on our planet but in the whole Milky Way. And if our planet is so special, it becomes all the more important to preserve this unique world for ourselves, our descendants and the many creatures that call Earth home." (p. 99.) 756: 2416: 2332: 47: 1305: 850: 8130: 1770:. Technological determinism is the idea that technologies cause unavoidable social changes. It usually encompasses a related argument, technological autonomy, which asserts that technological progress follows a natural progression and cannot be prevented. Social constructivists argue that technologies follow no natural progression, and are shaped by cultural values, laws, politics, and economic incentives. Modern scholarship has shifted towards an analysis of 12533: 11115: 1164: 12508: 11139: 2553: 11127: 1649:, and steal over $ 600 million worth of cryptocurrency from the game's owner. Because of this, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Blender.io, which marked the first time it has taken action against a mixer, to try to crack down on North Korean hackers. The privacy of cryptocurrency has been debated. Although many customers like the privacy of cryptocurrency, many also argue that it needs more transparency and stability. 1030: 2373:

chance. For example, in the 1940s and 1950s, when knowledge of turbulent combustion or fluid dynamics was still crude, jet engines were invented through "running the device to destruction, analyzing what broke and repeating the process". Scientific explanations often follow technological developments rather than preceding them. Many discoveries also arose from pure chance, like the discovery of

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improving "the freedom and welfare of humankind". It relies on a thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis of past and present technological trends, and attempts to rigorously extrapolate them into the future. Science fiction is often used as a source of ideas. Futures research methodologies include

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between scientific discovery and technological innovation has been debated by scientists, philosophers and policymakers. Because innovation is often undertaken at the edge of scientific knowledge, most technologies are not derived from scientific knowledge, but instead from engineering, tinkering and

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Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era include clothing and shelter. No consensus exists on the approximate time of adoption of either technology, but archaeologists have found archaeological evidence of clothing 90-120 kya and shelter 450 kya. As the Paleolithic era progressed,

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Despite this, modern technology is increasingly reliant on deep, domain-specific scientific knowledge. In 1975, there was an average of one citation of scientific literature in every three patents granted in the U.S.; by 1989, this increased to an average of one citation per patent. The average was

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said in 1964, "Technology is creating both new opportunities and new obligations for us, opportunity for greater productivity and progress; obligation to be sure that no workingman, no family must pay an unjust price for progress." upon signing the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and

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will grant us the ability to manipulate matter "at the molecular and atomic scale", which could allow us to reshape ourselves and our environment in fundamental ways. Nanobots could be used within the human body to destroy cancer cells or form new body parts, blurring the line between biology and

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Since the invention of the wheel, technologies have helped increase humans' economic output. Past automation has both substituted and complemented labor; machines replaced humans at some lower-paying jobs (for example in agriculture), but this was compensated by the creation of new, higher-paying

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Recent years have brought about a rise in social media's cultural prominence, with potential repercussions on democracy, and economic and social life. Early on, the internet was seen as a "liberation technology" that would democratize knowledge, improve access to education, and promote democracy.

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framed it as a tool used by capitalists to oppress the proletariat, but believed that technology would be a fundamentally liberating force once it was "freed from societal deformations". Second-wave philosophers like Ortega later shifted their focus from economics and politics to "daily life and

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is an interdisciplinary subfield of ethics that analyzes technology's ethical implications and explores ways to mitigate the potential negative impacts of new technologies. There is a broad range of ethical issues revolving around technology, from specific areas of focus affecting professionals

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being far more capable than computers, and still being in its infancy, it is not known whether it will follow the same trend; the question has been debated at length among economists and policymakers. A 2017 survey found no clear consensus among economists on whether AI would increase long-term

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have arisen to develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education – their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require sophisticated general and specific training. Moreover, these technologies have

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is the systematic and interdisciplinary study of social and technological progress. It aims to quantitatively and qualitatively explore the range of plausible futures and to incorporate human values in the development of new technologies. More generally, futures researchers are interested in

1087:), and Central Europe. Time estimates range from 5,500 to 3,000 BCE with most experts putting it closer to 4,000 BCE. The oldest artifacts with drawings depicting wheeled carts date from about 3,500 BCE. More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world as of 2024 was found in the 1182:. A bathtub virtually identical to modern ones was unearthed at the Palace of Knossos. Several Minoan private homes also had toilets, which could be flushed by pouring water down the drain. The ancient Romans had many public flush toilets, which emptied into an extensive 2122:

vary, but half of machine learning experts surveyed in 2018 believe that AI will "accomplish every task better and more cheaply" than humans by 2063, and automate all human jobs by 2140. This expected technological unemployment has led to calls for increased emphasis on

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gold, copper, silver, and lead – native metals found in relatively pure form in nature. The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of

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Philosophy of technology is a branch of philosophy that studies the "practice of designing and creating artifacts", and the "nature of the things so created." It emerged as a discipline over the past two centuries, and has grown "considerably" since the 1970s. The

2025:. He invites policymakers to question the assumptions that technological progress is always beneficial, that scientific openness is always preferable, or that they can afford to wait until a dangerous technology has been invented before they prepare mitigations. 2242:

believe that machine superintelligence will "accelerate technological progress" by orders of magnitude and "create even more intelligent entities ever faster", which may lead to a pace of societal and technological change that is "incomprehensible" to us. This

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The transhumanism movement is founded upon the "continued evolution of human life beyond its current human form" through science and technology, informed by "life-promoting principles and values." The movement gained wider popularity in the early 21st century.

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distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he called "technopolies", societies that are dominated by an ideology of technological and scientific progress to the detriment of other cultural practices, values, and world views.

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times (about 10 kya). Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the working of metals led to the discovery of

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skewed upwards by patents related to the pharmaceutical industry, chemistry, and electronics. A 2021 analysis shows that patents that are based on scientific discoveries are on average 26% more valuable than equivalent non-science-based patents.

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Engineering is the process by which technology is developed. It often requires problem-solving under strict constraints. Technological development is "action-oriented", while scientific knowledge is fundamentally explanatory. Polish philosopher

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dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380 kya, humans were constructing temporary wood huts. Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to

3654:; Röding, Carolin; Bosman, Abel M.; Karakostis, Fotios A.; Grün, Rainer; Stringer, Chris; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Thompson, Nicholas C.; Koutoulidis, Vassilis; Moulopoulos, Lia A.; Gorgoulis, Vassilis G.; Kouloukoussa, Mirsini (2019). 4680: 2098:. Some thinkers believe that this may shatter our sense of self, and have urged for renewed public debate exploring the issue more thoroughly; others fear that directed evolution could lead to eugenics or extreme social inequality. 4095:

The art of making a pottery consisting of a siliceous sandy body coated with a vitreous copper glaze seems to have been known unexpectedly early, possibly even as early as the period immediately preceding the Ist Dynasty (4000

691:(German and French) referred either to the academic discipline studying the "methods of arts and crafts", or to the political discipline "intended to legislate on the functions of the arts and crafts." The distinction between 1201:

was built in 312 BCE. The eleventh and final ancient Roman aqueduct was built in 226 CE. Put together, the Roman aqueducts extended over 450 km, but less than 70 km of this was above ground and supported by arches.

3047: 2705:, pp. 117–118: "The first pole, that of the naturalisation of a new discipline within the university curriculum, was presented by Christian Wolff in 1728, in Chapter III of the "Preliminary discourse" to his 5518: 11178: 1364:, and engineering. They were accompanied by consequential social change, with the introduction of skyscrapers accompanied by rapid urbanization. Communication improved with the invention of the 6461: 1751:

living in a techno-material culture", arguing that technology could oppress "even the members of the bourgeoisie who were its ostensible masters and possessors." Third-stage philosophers like

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Ottinger, Gwen (2011). "Rupturing Engineering Education: Opportunities for Transforming Expert Identities Through Community-Based Projects". In Ottinger, Gwen; Cohen, Benjamin (eds.).

4316: 3738: 6649: 685:(French) to refer to a 'way of doing', which included all technical arts, such as dancing, navigation, or printing, whether or not they required tools or instruments. At the time, 2439:. For example, researchers have observed wild chimpanzees using basic foraging tools, pestles, levers, using leaves as sponges, and tree bark or vines as probes to fish termites. 1600:'s "The Future of Jobs Report 2020", AI is predicted to replace 85 million jobs worldwide, and create 97 million new jobs by 2025. From 1990 to 2007, a study in the U.S. by 2284:

Technology's central role in our lives has drawn concerns and backlash. The backlash against technology is not a uniform movement and encompasses many heterogeneous ideologies.

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The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads. The ancient Sumerians used a

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denouncing technology's negative impacts on nature and human freedom. The essay resonated with a large part of the American public. It was partly inspired by Jacques Ellul's

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Cohen, Benjamin; Ottinger, Gwen (2011). "Introduction: Environmental Justice and the Transformation of Science and Engineering". In Ottinger, Gwen; Cohen, Benjamin (eds.).

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would lead to the discovery of marketable technologies has lost credibility. Probabilist Nassim Taleb argues that national research programs that implement the notions of

240: 5737: 3945: 1673:. All of these have had a significant impact on the environment of the earth. As technology has advanced, so has the negative environmental impact, with the releasing of 7671: 1855:

examines issues surrounding the alteration of matter at the atomic and molecular level in various disciplines including computer science, engineering, and biology. And

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With the growing reliance of technology, there have been security and privacy concerns along with it. Billions of people use different online payment methods, such as

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as "possibly the greatest ever made by man". Archaeological, dietary, and social evidence point to "continuous fire-use" at least 1.5 Mya. Fire, fueled with wood and

5847:"Dynamic common correlated effects of technological innovations and institutional performance on environmental quality: Evidence from East-Asia and Pacific countries" 3078: 7182:

Vannini, Phillip; Jonathan Taggart (2013). "Voluntary simplicity, involuntary complexities, and the pull of remove: The radical ruralities of off-grid lifestyles".

1056:; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to around 7,000 BCE. From prehistoric times, Egyptians likely used the power of the annual 11735: 6933: 6746: 4625: 4577: 908:

social structures and specialized labor, of trade and war among adjacent cultures, and the need for collective action to overcome environmental challenges such as

4238: 2709:: 'Technology is the science of skills and works of skill, or, if one prefers, the science of things made by man's labour, chiefly through the use of his hands.'" 801:, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten. The 11164: 5510: 3423:; Cerasoni, Jacopo Niccolò; Aldeias, Vera; Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Olszewski, Deborah I.; Hajraoui, Mohamed Abdeljalil El; Dibble, Harold L. (24 September 2021). 444: 6198: 4481: 7629: 7414: 6707: 5584: 3339: 1282:

to Europe, which facilitated the communication of knowledge. Technology became increasingly influenced by science, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement.

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Recent Progress in Robotics: Viable Robotic Service to Human: An Edition of the Selected Papers from the 13th International Conference on Advanced Robotics

2009:, "one in which there is some level of technological development at which civilization almost certainly gets devastated by default", citing the risks of a 1106:

dates to around 3,429 BCE, and even older fragments of wheel-thrown pottery have been found in the same area. Fast (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early

5389: 8709: 6005: 1637:, and much more to help transfer money. Although security measures are placed, some criminals are able to bypass them. In March 2022, North Korea used 8105: 6453: 5874: 5823: 2204:, that is, a society in which laws, governments, and social conditions serve the needs of all its citizens. Examples of techno-utopian goals include 1612:

by 0.2%, or about 3.3 workers, and lowered wages by 0.42%. Concerns about technology replacing human labor however are long-lasting. As US president

5323: 4359: 3629: 12551: 12546: 6615: 270: 8003:. River Flow 2016: Eighth International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics. St. Louis: University of Southampton Institutional Research Repository. 11530: 4108:

Akanuma, Hideo. "The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey".

5511:"Remarks Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. | The American Presidency Project" 3826: 1136:, England, dating to around the same period. The first long-distance road, which came into use around 3,500 BCE, spanned 2,400 km from the 5644: 4533: 3364:

Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021).

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The use of basic technology is also a feature of non-human animal species. Tool use was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus

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looks at ethical issues surrounding biotechnologies and modern medicine, including cloning, human genetic engineering, and stem cell research.

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Technological change is the largest cause of long-term economic growth. Throughout human history, energy production was the main constraint on

1114:, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources. The first two-wheeled carts were derived from 1060:

to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and "catch" basins. The ancient

5955: 5764: 6982: 6902: 5614: 4320: 8333: 3857: 3722: 3016: 11728: 11622: 8173: 865:) brought about an acceleration of technological innovation, and a consequent increase in social complexity. The invention of the polished 8570: 3879:

Sussman, Robert W.; Hall, Roberta L. (April 1972). "Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic".

8841: 8588:"Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age" 6641: 5419: 4799: 3366:"Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age" 1554:

Modern research has turned to investigate the internet's downsides, including disinformation, polarization, hate speech, and propaganda.

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Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain more modern technologies, and entire

437: 230: 4089: 2997:. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique. Vol. 9. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing. pp. 185–198. 803: 11592: 8652: 5356: 3822:

The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland

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Chaudhry, Imran Sharif; Ali, Sajid; Bhatti, Shaukat Hussain; Anser, Muhammad Khalid; Khan, Ahmad Imran; Nazar, Raima (October 2021).

5289: 3968: 2291:, a pushback against early automation in textile production. Automation had resulted in a need for fewer workers, a process known as 2131:. Political science experts predict that this could lead to a rise in extremism, while others see it as an opportunity to usher in a 1809:

working with technology to broader social, ethical, and legal issues concerning the role of technology in society and everyday life.

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First came fire, which made edible a wider variety of foods, and made it less physically demanding to digest them. Fire also enabled

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Emerging technologies are novel technologies whose development or practical applications are still largely unrealized. They include

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Shaar, R.; Matmon, A.; Horwitz, L. K.; Ebert, Y.; Chazan, M.; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021).

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through frequent trial and error are more likely to lead to useful innovations than research that aims to reach specific outcomes.

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technology. Autonomous robots have undergone rapid progress, and are expected to replace humans at many dangerous tasks, including

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Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution

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stopped being considered a distinct academic discipline and took on the meaning: the systemic use of knowledge to practical ends.

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Boesch, Christophe; Boesch, Hedwige (1984). "Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking".

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Initially, technology was seen as an extension of the human organism that replicated or amplified bodily and mental faculties.

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Pollution, the presence of contaminants in an environment that causes adverse effects, could have been present as early as the

430: 7823: 7656: 7119: 11607: 7765: 5551: 2854: 708: 8427: 7481: 7060: 7021: 6846: 6500: 6346: 6159: 6105: 6066: 5699: 4977: 4931: 4841: 4719: 3497: 1689:, gradually heating the earth and causing global warming. All of this has become worse with the advancement of technology. 3070: 1340:

which led to rapid scientific discovery, standardization, and mass production. New technologies were developed, including

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I find the most useful conceptual definition for this study to be that given by Harvey Brooks, who has defined technology

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genre, which juxtaposes futuristic technology with societal collapse, dystopia or decay. Notable cyberpunk works include

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and farming. This use of polished stone axes increased greatly in the Neolithic but was originally used in the preceding

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represent a turn toward de-generalization and empiricism, and considered how humans can learn to live with technology.

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Technologies have contributed to human welfare through increased prosperity, improved comfort and quality of life, and

8148:"Feasting, Social Complexity, and the Emergence of the Early Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: A View from Göbekli Tepe" 5677: 1961:

or civilizational collapse, and look for ways to build resilience against them. Relevant research centers include the

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which helped them to hide their cryptocurrency exchanges, to launder over $ 20.5 million in cryptocurrency, from

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in 1947, which significantly compacted computers and led the digital transition. Information technology, particularly

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allowed greater travel and the creation of more complex machines. More recent technological inventions, including the

11938: 11931: 11914: 11793: 11783: 11765: 11557: 10940: 8478: 8238: 6182: 4465: 3732: 2789: 2735: 2656: 1867: 1767: 416: 6699: 3331: 2262:. Techno-utopianism has attracted both praise and criticism from progressive, religious, and conservative thinkers. 885:. Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could participate in 12165: 9699: 7320: 5576: 2955: 8154:. Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation. Vol. 8. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 91–132. 5220: 5036: 3797: 1774:, "assemblages of things, people, practices, and meanings", looking at the value judgments that shape technology. 1079:

Archaeologists estimate that the wheel was invented independently and concurrently in Mesopotamia (in present-day

778:(million years ago), they learned to make the first stone tools by hammering flakes off a pebble, forming a sharp 12274: 10928: 8834: 8746: 8004: 3308: 2119: 1966: 1874:, which deals with ethical issues involved in the design, construction, use, and treatment of robots, as well as 1325: 739: 381: 3425:"A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco" 1886:(ensuring that AI behaviors are aligned with their creators' intended goals and interests) and the reduction of 11744: 11516: 11353: 11320: 10903: 8287: 3699: 3528: 1609: 1019: 6376: 5381: 3850:"The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period" 11672: 8691: 2567: 2469:

The relationship of humanity with technology has been explored in science-fiction literature, for example in

1813: 1661:, which are usually the reverse of the initial damage, such as; the creation of pollution and the attempt to 391: 17: 2039: 1052:

After harnessing fire, humans discovered other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the

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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

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allowed for the simultaneous raising of more children, as infants no longer needed to be carried around by

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Thomas Michaud (2008). "Science fiction and politics: Cyberpunk science fiction as political philosophy".

5846: 5795: 1550:, but they can also disrupt existing social hierarchies, cause pollution, and harm individuals or groups. 1497:

become so complex that entire fields have developed to support them, including engineering, medicine, and

12579: 11567: 11363: 10952: 8122: 5311: 4074: 3621: 2727: 2406: 2155: 994: 235: 38: 9949: 6600: 5637:"H.R.11611 – An Act to establish a National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress" 5175: 3131:"Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis" 2377:

as a result of accidental lab contamination. Since the 1960s, the assumption that government funding of

707:. The term was previously uncommon in English and mostly referred to the academic discipline, as in the 12269: 11677: 8827: 6296: 4011: 2771: 2648: 2477: 2292: 2022: 1790:

suggest that technological society will inevitably deprive us of our freedom and psychological health.

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What is technology?: an inaugural lecture delivered in the University of Edinburgh on November 7, 1855

8587: 8061: 6399: 3365: 12519: 12476: 12471: 12446: 12361: 12351: 12346: 11086: 10945: 10886: 10068: 3820: 2308: 2248: 2239: 1763: 1501:; and other fields have become more complex, such as construction, transportation, and architecture. 1125:

The oldest known constructed roadways are the stone-paved streets of the city-state of Ur, dating to

6276: 5636: 4517: 12356: 12259: 11906: 11853: 11662: 11657: 11582: 11358: 11081: 10935: 10911: 10876: 10769: 9184: 5947: 3554:"South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa" 2572: 2499: 2191: 1965:, and the Stanford Existential Risk Initiative. Future technologies may contribute to the risks of 1952: 1733: 1658: 1014: 1009: 386: 328: 313: 308: 255: 6956: 6876: 5606: 5105:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

670:, used to mean 'knowledge of how to make things', which encompassed activities like architecture. 12376: 12204: 12155: 11156: 10804: 10786: 10751: 10719: 10607: 10545: 10441: 9719: 9689: 9147: 8764: 3931: 3849: 3105: 2846: 2781: 2691:...as 'knowledge of how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way.' 2440: 2205: 2068: 1910: 1592: 1558: 1265: 587: 207: 134: 11492: 1453:, given off by alien civilizations. In medicine, new technologies were developed for diagnosis ( 12386: 12371: 12331: 12103: 11926: 11687: 11617: 11267: 10869: 10836: 10727: 9608: 8542: 6271: 2493: 2149: 2128: 1642: 1510: 1272: 1215: 1160:

on the north side of the island. Unlike the earlier road, the Minoan road was completely paved.

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Salomon, Jean-Jacques (1984). "What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions".

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Brey, P. (2000). Mitcham, C. (ed.). "Theories of Technology as Extension of Human Faculties".

5411: 5285: 4792: 1519:, and new technologies allowed humans to significantly increase the amount of available energy 12483: 12451: 12426: 12311: 12264: 12160: 12138: 12128: 12113: 12053: 12040: 12013: 11878: 11843: 11800: 11632: 11539: 11487: 11459: 11234: 11211: 11130: 10923: 10841: 10826: 10809: 10590: 9413: 9206: 8471:

Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World

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An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools

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The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics

896:. What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as 12398: 12341: 12244: 12224: 12182: 12098: 12093: 12068: 11993: 11760: 11702: 11667: 11562: 11421: 11091: 10881: 10856: 10639: 10312: 10186: 9536: 9494: 9448: 8599: 8254: 8073: 7860: 7705: 7191: 6411: 6251:

Luppicini, R. (2008). "The emerging field of Technoethics". In Luppicini; R. Adell (eds.).

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is concerned with the "meaning of technology for, and its impact on, society and culture".

1597: 1516: 1493: 1356:, and airplanes. These technological advances led to significant developments in medicine, 1261: 1057: 893: 858: 844: 591: 563: 363: 101: 1539:

to survive, and began to settle in towns and cities, forming more complex societies, with

1260:. A system of universities developed and spread scientific ideas and practices, including 8: 12574: 12391: 12381: 12239: 12209: 12133: 12118: 12078: 12073: 11998: 11883: 11692: 11612: 11277: 11224: 11118: 10916: 10389: 10058: 10053: 9667: 9640: 8812: 8810:, "Alone in the Milky Way: Why we are probably the only intelligent life in the galaxy", 8335:

Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation

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Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation

2402: 2386: 2303: 2159: 2091: 1848: 1478: 1211: 1095:; Austrian experts have established that the wheel is between 5,100 and 5,350 years old. 964:(about 4,000 BCE). The first use of iron alloys such as steel dates to around 1,800 BCE. 877:

in some areas such as Ireland. Agriculture fed larger populations, and the transition to

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were invented and asserted dominance in processing complex data. While the invention of

12436: 12306: 12108: 12008: 12003: 11788: 11398: 11393: 11348: 10781: 10585: 10515: 10414: 10384: 10339: 10295: 10228: 10201: 9834: 9780: 9677: 9672: 9391: 9078: 8738: 8623: 8505: 8367: 8320: 8312: 8097: 7948: 7931: 7886: 7731: 7520: 7367: 7312: 7304: 7257: 7207: 7111: 6799: 6556: 6435: 5796:"The impact of changes in agricultural technology on long-term trends in deforestation" 5480: 5273: 5189: 5138: 5028: 4672: 4467:

The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes

4056: 3906: 3898: 3789: 3691: 3583: 3465: 3424: 3401: 3253: 3225: 3206: 3198: 3158: 2947: 2939: 2662: 2448: 2410: 2354: 2229: 1970: 1860: 1856: 983: 973: 916: 575: 175: 121: 7601: 7564: 7386: 5819: 665: 12524: 12507: 12488: 12123: 12058: 12028: 11572: 11431: 11368: 11254: 11142: 11138: 11076: 10664: 10550: 10409: 10043: 9704: 9578: 9460: 8786: 8742: 8701: 8673: 8642: 8627: 8615: 8562: 8529: 8521: 8513: 8474: 8452: 8417: 8396: 8374: 8339: 8324: 8304: 8268: 8228: 8198: 8163: 8089: 8035: 7909: 7878: 7851: 7721: 7663: 7621: 7617: 7543: 7524: 7471: 7446: 7406: 7402: 7359: 7296: 7261: 7249: 7211: 7164: 7115: 7103: 7050: 7011: 6972: 6892: 6872: 6836: 6791: 6769: 6736: 6678: 6579: 6560: 6548: 6490: 6439: 6427: 6336: 6300: 6188: 6149: 6095: 6056: 5997: 5987: 5913: 5903: 5760: 5472: 5281: 5193: 5179: 5130: 5081: 5076: 5059: 5020: 4967: 4921: 4884: 4831: 4771: 4746: 4709: 4676: 4662: 4615: 4567: 4523: 4471: 4431: 4391: 4349: 4295: 4228: 4186: 4180: 3974: 3935: 3910: 3781: 3728: 3695: 3683: 3675: 3588: 3532: 3470: 3452: 3419:

Hallett, Emily Y.; Marean, Curtis W.; Steele, Teresa E.; Álvarez-Fernández, Esteban;

3405: 3393: 3300: 3290: 3257: 3245: 3162: 3150: 3109: 3006: 2951: 2931: 2868: 2860: 2850: 2818: 2795: 2785: 2749: 2741: 2731: 2678: 2670: 2652: 2558: 2335: 2221: 2104: 2094:

will allow far greater control over human biological nature through a process called

1901:

Other fields of ethics have had to contend with technology-related issues, including

1879: 1705: 1686: 1547: 1436: 1416: 1194: 1141: 1099: 811:, though some researchers find the evidence inconclusive. Archaeological evidence of 790: 556: 516: 404: 250: 95: 55: 8611: 7952: 7890: 7316: 5983:

Philosophy of Technology : An Introduction for Technology and Business Students

5277: 5142: 3389: 3210: 1882:. Within the field of AI ethics, significant yet-unsolved research problems include 12441: 12416: 12316: 12177: 12172: 11953: 11627: 11587: 11330: 11297: 11219: 11013: 10774: 10669: 10602: 10436: 10275: 10238: 9868: 9817: 9810: 9563: 9509: 9396: 9273: 8769: 8607: 8554: 8497: 8296: 8155: 8101: 8085: 8081: 7940: 7868: 7735: 7713: 7652: 7613: 7512: 7398: 7351: 7288: 7241: 7199: 7154: 7095: 7083: 6964: 6884: 6803: 6781: 6538: 6423: 6419: 5866: 5815: 5484: 5462: 5454: 5265: 5232: 5171: 5163: 5120: 5071: 5012: 4957: 4876: 4654: 4218: 4046: 3890: 3773: 3667: 3651: 3578: 3570: 3460: 3444: 3385: 3237: 3190: 3142: 2998: 2923: 2124: 1958: 1887: 1844: 1817: 1498: 1466: 1341: 870: 815:

was dated to 790 kya; researchers believe this is likely to have intensified human

783: 775: 461: 333: 260: 8819: 7159: 7142: 5540: 4060: 2196:

Technological utopianism refers to the belief that technological development is a

1190:; construction began on it in the sixth century BCE and it is still in use today. 12456: 12301: 12279: 12048: 11963: 11948: 11713: 11577: 11441: 11312: 10985: 10864: 10404: 10394: 10080: 10063: 9793: 9788: 9662: 9623: 9548: 9519: 9499: 9482: 9403: 8934: 8445:

Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement

8411: 8191:

Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement

7540:

Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research

7465: 7044: 7005: 6830: 6672: 6484: 6330: 6143: 6089: 6050: 5981: 5870: 4961: 4915: 4825: 4703: 4385: 4343: 3493: 3489: 3146: 3002: 2582: 2471: 2464: 2444: 2279: 1998: 1990: 1974: 1932: 1922: 1902: 1832: 1783: 1756: 1536: 1449: 1444: 1420: 1404: 1388: 1380: 1372: 1324:, which saw wide-ranging technological discoveries, particularly in the areas of 1299: 1107: 1088: 1048:

Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered as of 2024)

886: 771: 755: 520: 481: 195: 185: 145: 8285:(1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990". 8159: 6968: 6888: 6029:

Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Technology. Research in Philosophy and Technology

4157:

Usai, Donatella; Salvatori, Sandro. "The oldest representation of a Nile boat".

1419:, allowed for simple and fast long-distance communication, which ushered in the 1144:, but was not paved and was only partially maintained. In around 2,000 BCE, the 1110:

of pottery, but it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy (through

476:

can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both tangible

12514: 12466: 12421: 12214: 12150: 12063: 12023: 11863: 11823: 11469: 11449: 11408: 11340: 11325: 11239: 10831: 10732: 10684: 10632: 10575: 10527: 10431: 10399: 10280: 10206: 10018: 9996: 9844: 9822: 9805: 9635: 9613: 9435: 9122: 8907: 8895: 8466: 8282: 7230:"Urgency, uncertainty, and innovation: Building jet engines in postwar America" 4953: 4563:

Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management

3766:

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

3521:

Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France

3448: 3420: 3130: 2990: 2612: 2520: 2451:, Brazil. Tool use is not the only form of animal technology use; for example, 2378: 2213: 2209: 2179: 2175: 2099: 2083: 2048: 1986: 1978: 1875: 1682: 1674: 1613: 1605: 1486: 1349: 1333: 1279: 1233: 1198: 1172: 1084: 892:

With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in

794: 619: 548: 353: 8501: 8147: 7450: 3671: 3304: 12568: 12326: 12296: 12234: 12035: 11983: 11978: 11888: 11378: 11229: 10891: 10846: 10761: 10505: 10490: 10468: 10451: 10290: 10246: 10179: 10038: 10030: 10001: 9971: 9929: 9885: 9863: 9839: 9768: 9408: 9368: 9329: 9297: 9179: 8885: 8807: 8705: 8619: 8566: 8517: 8509: 8388: 8308: 8093: 7625: 7410: 7363: 7300: 7253: 7245: 7168: 7107: 6795: 6552: 6431: 6001: 5917: 5476: 5085: 5024: 4888: 4611:

Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture

4176: 4084: 3785: 3679: 3456: 3397: 3249: 3154: 2935: 2872: 2767: 2420: 2299: 2225: 2167: 2108: 2052: 1666: 1646: 1470: 1412: 1384: 1371:

The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of

1187: 1183: 816: 659: 610: 501: 51: 7873: 7846: 6770:"Viewpoint: When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts" 6543: 6526: 3553: 2799: 2753: 2682: 2319:

movement, advocate a withdrawal from technology and a return to nature. The

673:

Starting in the 19th century, continental Europeans started using the terms

12286: 12145: 12083: 11818: 11464: 11454: 11426: 11282: 11244: 11003: 10998: 10819: 10627: 10622: 10500: 10344: 10256: 10223: 10211: 9986: 9873: 9851: 9453: 9418: 9213: 9139: 9056: 9051: 8946: 8558: 8533: 8264: 7882: 7844: 7229: 7084:"Politics in a Small Room: Subterranean Babel in Piglia's El camino de Ida" 5673: 5258:"How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills" 5134: 5125: 5100: 4650:

Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities

4648: 3687: 3656:"Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia" 3592: 3474: 3176: 2927: 2912:""Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930" 2719: 2597: 2577: 2531: 2488: 2415: 2316: 2259: 2255: 2112: 2075: 2014: 2002: 1994: 1906: 1883: 1871: 1821: 1778: 1702: 1608:

showed that an addition of one robot for every 1,000 workers decreased the

1570: 1276: 1225: 1168: 1137: 1102:

and may have invented it. A stone pottery wheel found in the city-state of

1053: 905: 469: 106: 8773: 8543:"Philosophical and Ethical Problems of Technicism and Genetic Engineering" 8222: 7819: 6768:

Grace, K.; Salvatier, J.; Dafoe, A.; Zhang, B.; Evans, O. (31 July 2018).

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Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 1

5897: 5765:"Cutting Through Environmental Issues: Technology as a double-edged sword" 5167: 4658: 4387:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

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led to the spread of cultural knowledge and became the basis for history,

12321: 12018: 11988: 11973: 11838: 11833: 11497: 11416: 11383: 11373: 11287: 11272: 11008: 10744: 10679: 10674: 10595: 10570: 10483: 10458: 10424: 10376: 10317: 9959: 9880: 9763: 9751: 9376: 9189: 9034: 8880: 8062:"Cost–benefit analysis of space exploration: Some ethical considerations" 6786: 5980:

de Vries, M. J.; Verkerk, M. J.; Hoogland, J.; van der Stoep, J. (2015).

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with the introduction of silk production (in Asia and later Europe), the

1221: 1156:

on the south side of the island, through the mountains, to the palace of

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Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform

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Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy

2431:. This view was supplanted after discovering evidence of tool use among 849: 12254: 12249: 11858: 11828: 11810: 11302: 11292: 11262: 11053: 11038: 10520: 10495: 10364: 10300: 10268: 10216: 10174: 10102: 10095: 10090: 10085: 9944: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9650: 9618: 9341: 9334: 9319: 9285: 9157: 9127: 9100: 9083: 9029: 8958: 8687: 8316: 7944: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7371: 7342:

Skolimowski, Henryk (1966). "The Structure of Thinking in Technology".

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Grainger, Alan; Francisco, Herminia A.; Tiraswat, Penporn (July 2003).

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jobs. Studies have found that computers did not create significant net

1566: 1540: 1482: 1408: 1376: 1329: 1309: 924: 909: 874: 808: 583: 567: 544: 524: 512: 160: 111: 8726: 8369:

To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism

7998: 7717: 5162:. SSRC Anxieties of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4319:. Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office. Archived from 3284: 2078:

claimed the next technological revolution would rest upon advances in

1197:, which were used to transport water across long distances. The first 12431: 11898: 11873: 11752: 11071: 11066: 11043: 11023: 10463: 10359: 10354: 10305: 10191: 10162: 10157: 10147: 10130: 10048: 9991: 9827: 9746: 9714: 9600: 9541: 9381: 9356: 9324: 9314: 9233: 8979: 8448: 8194: 6332:

Foundations of Futures Studies, Volume 1: Human Science for a New Era

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Pollution of Lakes and Rivers : a Paleoenvironmental Perspective

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movement seeks to reestablish harmony between technology and nature.

2018: 1828: 1670: 1532: 1474: 1432: 1428: 1365: 1357: 1316:

Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the discovery of

1229: 1179: 1073: 948: 920: 878: 571: 170: 91: 8300: 7845:

Rutz, C.; Bluff, L.A.; Weir, A.A.S.; Kacelnik, A. (4 October 2007).

7355: 5979: 5016: 3847: 3777: 3655: 3418: 2090:, with robotics being the most impactful of the three technologies. 1535:. Then came the agricultural revolution: humans no longer needed to 1068:

used a complex system of canals and levees to divert water from the

904:, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly 11028: 11018: 10993: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10617: 10537: 10478: 10473: 10152: 10122: 10075: 9910: 9897: 9856: 9758: 9655: 9568: 9526: 9477: 9302: 9268: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9174: 9066: 9044: 8963: 8902: 8890: 8216:. Translated by Lovitt, W. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 25–26. 7516: 6868: 6368: 5730:"U.S. ties North Korean hacker group to Axie Infinity crypto theft" 5458: 3894: 3574: 3241: 3194: 2602: 2217: 2087: 2079: 2056: 2010: 1890:. Some researchers have warned against the hypothetical risk of an 1752: 1721: 1709: 1524: 1424: 1396: 1253: 1163: 1092: 939: 866: 820: 798: 779: 767: 760: 715: 552: 532: 489: 116: 11186: 8547:

Society for Philosophy and Technology Quarterly Electronic Journal

7565:"Understanding is a Poor Substitute for Convexity (Antifragility)" 7203: 3878: 2864: 2552: 2302:

carried out a series of bombings across America and published the

807:

proposes that the ability to cook promoted an increase in hominid

11775: 11474: 10739: 10196: 10112: 10107: 10008: 9981: 9939: 9917: 9645: 9487: 9425: 9386: 9346: 9278: 9263: 9107: 8951: 8914: 7748: 6642:"Ray Kurzweil Predicts Three Technologies Will Define Our Future" 5668: 2607: 2505: 2343: 2288: 2271: 1762:

Early scholarship on technology was split between two arguments:

1678: 1557:

Since the 1970s, technology's impact on the environment has been

1454: 1403:, their sheer size precluded widespread use until innovations in 1361: 1275:

era produced many innovations, including the introduction of the

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triggered by the development of novel armaments and the loss of

12408: 11061: 11033: 10814: 10419: 10322: 10285: 9954: 9905: 9709: 9630: 9583: 9514: 9504: 9290: 9223: 9169: 9039: 9006: 8994: 8989: 8968: 8929: 5672:; Harrell, Peter E.; Shiffman, Gary M.; Dorshimer, Sam (2019). 4128:"Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel" 4078: 2201: 1634: 1630: 1245: 1153: 1069: 957: 953: 812: 4522:. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. p. 6. 3283:

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1957:

Existential risk researchers analyze risks that could lead to

1859:

deals with the professional standards of engineers, including

507:

Technological advancements have led to significant changes in

10612: 10565: 10510: 10349: 10334: 10251: 9976: 9964: 9934: 9922: 9694: 9558: 9553: 9531: 9472: 9465: 9307: 9194: 9152: 9061: 8999: 8984: 8924: 3650: 3622:"'Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock" 2338:

experimenting with combustion generated by amplified sunlight

1657:

Technology has impacted the world with negative and positive

1400: 1257: 1241: 1237: 1149: 1061: 1029: 961: 901: 882: 782:. This practice was refined 75 kya (thousand years ago) into 650: 613: 540: 6574:

Kurzweil, Ray (2005). "GNR: Three Overlapping Revolutions".

5262:

Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law EJournal

4470:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 130. 2158:

grew to dislike urban living and developed a preference for

555:, have lowered barriers to communication and ushered in the 10327: 10263: 10135: 10013: 9798: 9726: 9682: 9590: 9573: 9443: 9351: 9218: 9164: 9112: 9095: 9071: 8975: 8939: 8919: 8727:"Approaches to the Prevention of Global Catastrophic Risks" 5945: 4702:

Courtenay, W. J.; Miethke, J.; Priest, D. B., eds. (2000).

2436: 2428: 1878:, which is concerned with ensuring the ethical behavior of 1747: 1713: 1119: 1080: 897: 477: 465: 8413:

The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity

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Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment

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Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future

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The International Journal Covering All Aspects of Land Use

3762:"The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times" 3666:(7766). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 500–504. 3490:"Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture" 10659: 10580: 10560: 10555: 10446: 10167: 10142: 9201: 9117: 9090: 9011: 7650: 5793: 5382:"Robots and AI Taking Over Jobs: What to Know | Built In" 5058:

Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Trajtenberg, M. (1 January 1995).

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A wide branch of technology ethics is concerned with the

1601: 1528: 1462: 1248:) were combined into more complicated tools, such as the 6835:(20th Anniversary ed.). Syracuse University Press. 6767: 6601:"Technology's challenge to democracy: What of the human" 6222:"The Many Ethical Implications of Emerging Technologies" 5001:"Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function" 4614:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 106. 3727:. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. Springer New York. 2813:

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Franssen, M.; Lokhorst, G.-J.; van de Poel, I. (2018).

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The Birth of Penicillin, and the Disarming of Microbes

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5844: 5577:"If Robots Take Our Jobs, Will They Make It Up to Us?" 4701: 3551: 2845:. Oxford World's Classics. Translated by Ross, David. 2443:

use stone hammers and anvils for cracking nuts, as do

2357:

framed it like so: "science concerns itself with what

2326: 7959: 7928: 7274: 7003: 4348:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 290. 4294:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 67. 4116:. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. 2891: 703:

is absent in English, and so both were translated as

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Against Technology: From the Luddites to Neo-Luddism

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The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society

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The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays

6265: 6244: 5060:"General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'?" 3282: 3129:Gowlett, J. A. J.; Wrangham, R. W. (1 March 2013). 1712:of ores, along with the use of a wind-drafted clay 1152:built a 50 km road leading from the palace of 663: 637: 11743: 8366: 8220: 7600:Narin, Francis; Olivastro, Dominic (1 June 1992). 6129:Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology 5700:"U.S. takes aim at North Korean crypto laundering" 5581:The University of Chicago Booth School of Business 5441:Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual (1 June 2020). 4390:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 146. 3276: 1963:Cambridge Center for the Study of Existential Risk 1827:Technology ethics encompasses several key fields. 831:out of Africa around 200 kya, initially moving to 594:, and ways to mitigate its downsides are ongoing. 7387:"The relationship between science and technology" 7004:Blackford, R.; Bostrom, N.; Dupuy, J.-P. (2011). 6049:Johnson, Deborah G.; Wetmore, Jameson M. (2021). 5443:"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets" 4120: 3179:(1984). "Hominid dietary selection before fire". 3071:"Stone Age Toolmakers Surprisingly Sophisticated" 2287:The earliest known revolt against technology was 1132:, and timber roads leading through the swamps of 938:and provided, for the first time, the ability to 12566: 8768:(1st ed.). Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox. 7811: 6926:"A New Generation of Transhumanists Is Emerging" 6520: 6518: 6290: 6184:The Ethics of Technology: Methods and Approaches 5440: 5416:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4182:Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? 4179:(1999). "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". 3923: 2298:Between the 1970s and 1990s, American terrorist 1993:, though technologies may also help us mitigate 1863:and their moral responsibilities to the public. 1193:The ancient Romans also had a complex system of 8146:Dietrich, O.; Notroff, J.; Schmidt, J. 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It has spawned the dystopian and futuristic 1531:, copper, and iron tools, used for hunting or 11729: 11524: 11172: 8835: 8188: 7996: 6954: 6867: 6515: 5155: 4827:To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History 4793:"The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914" 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4444: 4379: 4377: 3927:Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective 2812: 2643:Skolnikoff, Eugene B. (1993). "The Setting". 869:was a major advance that allowed large-scale 819:and may have contributed to the emergence of 438: 8638:A Treatise on Science Technology and Society 7780: 7696:Oakley, K. P. (1976). "Man the Tool-Maker". 6832:Technological Utopianism in American Culture 6284: 6259: 5674:"Financial Technology and National Security" 5176:11245.1/cf2f5b6a-8dc8-4400-bc38-3317b0164499 4548: 2903: 2766: 1368:, the telephone, the radio, and television. 698: 692: 686: 680: 674: 8150:. In Chacon, R. J.; Mendoza, R. G. 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The primary sewer in Rome was the 714:In the 20th century, as a result of 54:with the case opened, an example of 27:Use of knowledge for practical goals 12230:Digital media use and mental health 11944:Sociology of the history of science 8409: 8121:Bernstein, Jared (7 October 2014). 7632:from the original on 4 October 2022 7484:from the original on 4 October 2022 7429: 7417:from the original on 4 October 2022 7218: 7063:from the original on 4 October 2022 7024:from the original on 4 October 2022 6849:from the original on 4 October 2022 6810:from the original on 4 October 2022 6749:from the original on 4 October 2022 6621:from the original on 4 October 2022 6503:from the original on 4 October 2022 6349:from the original on 4 October 2022 6201:from the original on 4 October 2022 6162:from the original on 4 October 2022 6108:from the original on 4 October 2022 6008:from the original on 4 October 2022 5659: 5092: 4980:from the original on 4 October 2022 4934:from the original on 4 October 2022 4895:from the original on 4 October 2022 4844:from the original on 4 October 2022 4722:from the original on 4 October 2022 4683:from the original on 4 October 2022 4425: 4107: 3741:from the original on 4 October 2022 3602:from the original on 1 October 2009 3311:from the original on 14 August 2020 3019:from the original on 4 October 2022 2991:"Discovery Processes: Trial Models" 2593:Productivity-improving technologies 2327:Relation to science and engineering 1946: 1741:humanities philosophy of technology 1685:, into the atmosphere, causing the 1395:allowed for digital computing with 930:Continuing improvements led to the 24: 8801: 8655:from the original on 17 April 2021 8641:. 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In 2019 philosopher 1772:sociotechnical systems 1511:Technology and society 1481:), and research (like 1313: 1216:Renaissance technology 1175: 1049: 1041: 854: 763: 751:Prehistoric technology 699: 693: 687: 681: 675: 655:, 'study, knowledge'). 460:is the application of 344:History of measurement 304:History of agriculture 271:Medieval Islamic world 181:Digital transformation 58: 12494:Transition management 12484:Technology assessment 12452:Regulation of science 12427:Evidence-based policy 12312:Sociotechnical system 12161:Traditional knowledge 12041:Psychology of science 12014:Mapping controversies 11920:shaping of technology 11879:Social constructivism 11844:Philosophy of science 11801:History of technology 11633:Industrial Revolution 11540:History of technology 11488:History of technology 11460:Limits of computation 11235:Planetary engineering 11212:Megascale engineering 10842:Technology assessment 10827:Persuasive technology 10810:Intellectual property 10798:Policy & politics 9414:Interchangeable parts 8781:Wright, R.T. 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(2014). 4043:1964Natur.203Q.337T 3441:2021iSci...24j2988H 3382:2021QSRv..25906907S 2888:, pp. 114–115. 2403:Tool use by animals 2304:Unabomber Manifesto 2170:technology, termed 2092:Genetic engineering 1989:, or stable global 1820:, and the issue of 1768:social construction 1663:undo said pollution 1212:Medieval technology 995:Egyptian technology 759:A person holding a 716:scientific progress 566:and improves human 349:History of medicine 334:History of maritime 241:Indian subcontinent 12580:Technology systems 12520:History of science 12437:Funding of science 12307:Skunkworks project 12004:Double hermeneutic 11789:History of science 11399:Wet nanotechnology 11394:Wearable generator 11349:DNA nanotechnology 10782:Sustainable design 10516:Integrated circuit 10340:Telecommunications 10296:Optical instrument 9392:Injection moulding 9079:Musical instrument 8864:Major technologies 8416:. Hachette Books. 8332:Kuijt, I. (2006). 7945:10.1007/BF02382388 7293:10.1007/BF00869324 7100:10.3138/ycl.63.005 6930:Interalia Magazine 6220:Al-Rodhan, Nayef. 5761:Macauley, Molly K. 5238:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 5111:(1986): 20110568. 4791:Mokyr, J. (2000). 4224:The Sumerian World 4006:Goody, J. (1986). 3336:The New York Times 3236:(S16): S303–S313. 2478:A Clockwork Orange 2425: 2411:Ecosystem engineer 2355:Henryk Skolimowski 2340: 2230:singularitarianism 2160:locally autonomous 2096:directed evolution 2074:In 2005, futurist 2045: 1971:biological warfare 1911:educational ethics 1861:software engineers 1857:engineering ethics 1417:optical amplifiers 1314: 1176: 1167:Photograph of the 1050: 1042: 1020:Iranian technology 1005:Chinese technology 984:Ancient technology 974:Ancient technology 855: 804:cooking hypothesis 764: 607:early 17th century 576:resource depletion 519:, followed by the 468:, especially in a 286:Renaissance Europe 59: 12562: 12561: 12489:Technology policy 12220:Dematerialization 12029:black swan events 11711: 11710: 11506: 11505: 11432:Synthetic element 11369:Nanobiotechnology 11255:Macro-engineering 11154: 11153: 11104: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11077:Mature technology 10965: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10665:Graphics software 10044:Blood transfusion 9705:Epicyclic gearing 9537:Archimedes' screw 8197:. pp. 1–18. 7718:10.1038/1991042e0 7653:Schnitzer, Monika 5736:. 15 April 2022. 5611:www.govinfo.gov n 5550:. February 1966. 5548:files.eric.ed.gov 4914:Agar, J. (2012). 4428:Ways of the World 4426:Lay, M G (1992). 4323:on 26 August 2016 4219:Crawford, Harriet 3652:Harvati, Katerina 2856:978-0-19-921361-0 2559:Technology portal 2368:The direction of 2336:Antoine Lavoisier 2222:superintelligence 2105:search and rescue 1687:greenhouse effect 1527:, and the use of 1142:Mediterranean Sea 1027: 1026: 1000:Indian technology 915:The invention of 793:was described by 791:discovery of fire 648: 636: 588:political debates 557:knowledge economy 517:prehistoric times 455: 454: 256:Hellenistic world 251:Maya civilization 56:energy technology 16:(Redirected from 12592: 12535: 12534: 12510: 12462:Right to science 12442:Horizon scanning 12417:Academic freedom 12317:Technical change 12178:Women in science 12173:Unity of science 11954:Strong programme 11738: 11731: 11724: 11715: 11714: 11628:Great Divergence 11533: 11526: 11519: 11510: 11509: 11331:Photolithography 11298:Space settlement 11220:Astroengineering 11181: 11174: 11167: 11158: 11157: 11141: 11129: 11128: 11117: 11116: 10982: 10981: 10975:Related concepts 10971: 10970: 10775:Clean technology 10716: 10715: 10705: 10704: 10670:Operating system 10276:Magnetic storage 10239:Electromagnetism 9869:Air conditioning 9818:Geothermal power 9564:Block and tackle 9510:Four-bar linkage 9397:Lost-wax casting 9274:Horseback riding 8871: 8870: 8860: 8859: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8821: 8820: 8796: 8777: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8683: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8631: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8537: 8484: 8462: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8410:Ord, T. 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October 2020. 5353:www3.weforum.org 5350: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5322:. 30 June 2017. 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5241:. 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1888:algorithmic bias 1818:algorithmic bias 1777:Cultural critic 1675:greenhouse gases 1548:medical progress 1499:computer science 1467:dialysis machine 1450:technosignatures 1445:radio telescopes 1389:Analog computers 1131: 1130: 4,000 BCE 1128: 1039: 1038: 4,000 BCE 1036: 1015:Roman technology 1010:Greek technology 978: 977: 871:forest clearance 784:pressure flaking 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 669: 654: 653: 643: 641: 631: 629: 628: 617: 616: 447: 440: 433: 266:Byzantine Empire 61: 60: 21: 12600: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12498: 12457:Research ethics 12403: 12302:Reverse salient 12196: 12189: 11965: 11958: 11949:Sociotechnology 11893: 11805: 11770: 11747: 11742: 11712: 11707: 11642: 11613:Medieval Europe 11542: 11537: 11507: 11502: 11479: 11442:Femtotechnology 11436: 11403: 11335: 11313:Microtechnology 11307: 11249: 11206: 11188: 11185: 11155: 11150: 11149: 11096: 11048: 10986:Applied science 10976: 10957: 10898: 10865:Futures studies 10851: 10793: 10756: 10710: 10691: 10532: 10405:Electrical grid 10395:Circuit breaker 10371: 10233: 10117: 10081:Medical imaging 10064:Genetic testing 10025: 9892: 9775: 9663:Heavy equipment 9624:Washing machine 9595: 9520:Rack and pinion 9430: 9404:Mass production 9363: 9228: 9134: 9018: 8865: 8854: 8848: 8804: 8802:Further reading 8799: 8793: 8752: 8750: 8715: 8713: 8690:(6 June 2019). 8680: 8658: 8656: 8649: 8576: 8574: 8481: 8459: 8433: 8431: 8424: 8403: 8381: 8355: 8353: 8346: 8301:10.2307/2118405 8275: 8244: 8242: 8235: 8205: 8179: 8177: 8170: 8136: 8134: 8111: 8109: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8042: 8024: 8020: 8010: 8008: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7964: 7960: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7902: 7898: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7758:Leakey, Richard 7747: 7743: 7728: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7659: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7606:Research Policy 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7567: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7536: 7532: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7439: 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5880: 5878: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5759:Austin, David; 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5667: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5254: 5250: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5154: 5150: 5097: 5093: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5017:10.2307/1926047 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4974: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4669: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4530: 4514: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4478: 4462: 4445: 4438: 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2807: 2792: 2765: 2761: 2738: 2717: 2713: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2659: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2583:Instrumentation 2557: 2550: 2547: 2494:Minority Report 2472:Brave New World 2467: 2465:Science fiction 2461: 2459:Popular culture 2413: 2399: 2350: 2329: 2282: 2280:Bioconservatism 2268: 2194: 2188: 2152: 2146: 2141: 2037: 2031: 1991:totalitarianism 1975:nuclear warfare 1955: 1949: 1933:survey research 1928:Futures studies 1925: 1923:Futures studies 1919: 1917:Futures studies 1903:military ethics 1833:Computer ethics 1802: 1796: 1784:Herbert Marcuse 1757:Albert Borgmann 1736: 1730: 1695: 1655: 1623: 1584: 1579: 1513: 1507: 1487:DNA microarrays 1437:crewed missions 1421:Information Age 1405:quantum physics 1381:nuclear weapons 1373:nuclear fission 1350:electric motors 1344:, electricity, 1302: 1300:Information Age 1290:Main articles: 1288: 1234:Simple machines 1218: 1210:Main articles: 1208: 1129: 1108:mass production 1089:Ljubljana Marsh 1037: 976: 970: 923:, schools, and 887:hunter-gatherer 847: 841: 772:trial and error 753: 747: 742: 734:Main articles: 732: 600: 582:resulting from 521:control of fire 451: 422: 421: 407: 405:Article indices 397: 396: 377: 369: 368: 299: 291: 290: 281:Medieval Europe 226: 218: 217: 208:Post-industrial 196:Imagination Age 186:Information Age 146:Standardization 74: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12598: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12467:Science policy 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12422:Digital divide 12419: 12413: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12338:Technological 12336: 12335: 12334: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12215:Design studies 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12158: 12153: 12151:Scientometrics 12148: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12024:Paradigm shift 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11970: 11968: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11864:Postpositivism 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11824:Antipositivism 11821: 11815: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11794:and technology 11786: 11780: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11763: 11757: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11741: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11718: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11608:Medieval Islam 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11536: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11513: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11470:Nuclear isomer 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11450:Femtochemistry 11446: 11444: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11409:Picotechnology 11405: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11341:Nanotechnology 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11326:Micromachinery 11323: 11317: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11259: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11240:Space elevator 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11216: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11161: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11135: 11123: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11058: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10978: 10977: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10908: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10861: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10832:Science policy 10829: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10766: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10733:Low technology 10724: 10722: 10712: 10711: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10685:Word processor 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10642: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10633:World Wide Web 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10542: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10528:Superconductor 10525: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10432:Electric light 10429: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10381: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10337: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10328:Motion picture 10325: 10315: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10281:Microwave oven 10278: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10243: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10207:Chromatography 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10145: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10127: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10019:Spinning wheel 10016: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9902: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9823:Heat exchanger 9820: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9806:Energy storage 9803: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9785: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9636:Electric motor 9628: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9579:Potter's wheel 9576: 9571: 9566: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9458: 9457: 9456: 9446: 9440: 9438: 9436:Simple machine 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9238: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9123:Printing press 9120: 9115: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8908:Sewing machine 8900: 8899: 8898: 8896:Working animal 8893: 8888: 8877: 8875: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8846: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792:978-1590707180 8791: 8778: 8759: 8731:Human Prospect 8722: 8684: 8679:978-0495570523 8678: 8665: 8648:978-8131806678 8647: 8632: 8583: 8538: 8496:(2): 113–156. 8485: 8479: 8463: 8458:978-0262015790 8457: 8440: 8423:978-0316484893 8422: 8407: 8402:978-0226550275 8401: 8385: 8380:978-1610391399 8379: 8362: 8345:978-0306471667 8344: 8329: 8295:(3): 681–716. 8279: 8274:978-0670022151 8273: 8251: 8234:978-0865717046 8233: 8218: 8209: 8204:978-0262015790 8203: 8186: 8169:978-3319484020 8168: 8143: 8118: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8041:978-1570037368 8040: 8018: 7989: 7958: 7939:(2): 160–170. 7921: 7915:978-0521423717 7914: 7896: 7837: 7810: 7779: 7741: 7727:978-0226612706 7726: 7688: 7643: 7612:(3): 237–249. 7592: 7555: 7549:978-0521653183 7548: 7530: 7517:10.1086/368647 7507:. 2nd Series. 7495: 7477:978-0049250055 7476: 7456: 7428: 7397:(5): 477–486. 7377: 7350:(3): 371–383. 7334: 7287:(3): 405–419. 7267: 7240:(2): 127–157. 7217: 7190:(2): 295–311. 7174: 7153:(2): 207–225. 7133: 7074: 7056:978-1135522391 7055: 7035: 7017:978-1456815653 7016: 6996: 6978:978-1118334294 6977: 6947: 6916: 6898:978-1118334294 6897: 6860: 6842:978-0815630616 6841: 6821: 6760: 6742:978-3540767282 6741: 6721: 6690: 6684:978-0471079354 6683: 6663: 6632: 6591: 6585:978-1101218884 6584: 6566: 6537:(4): 455–476. 6514: 6496:978-0199606504 6495: 6489:. OUP Oxford. 6475: 6445: 6390: 6360: 6342:978-1412823791 6341: 6312: 6306:978-0521112352 6305: 6293:Machine Ethics 6283: 6258: 6243: 6212: 6194:978-1783486595 6193: 6173: 6155:978-1134774661 6154: 6134: 6119: 6101:978-1405111621 6100: 6080: 6062:978-0262539968 6061: 6038: 6019: 5993:978-1317445715 5992: 5969: 5935: 5909:978-1444307573 5908: 5888: 5837: 5806:(3): 209–223. 5786: 5751: 5721: 5706:. 6 May 2022. 5691: 5658: 5628: 5598: 5568: 5532: 5502: 5459:10.1086/705716 5433: 5418:. 4 May 2020. 5403: 5373: 5337: 5316:igmchicago.org 5303: 5248: 5211: 5185:978-1108835558 5184: 5148: 5091: 5050: 5011:(3): 312–320. 4991: 4973:978-0674037731 4972: 4945: 4927:978-0745634692 4926: 4906: 4855: 4837:978-1538105047 4836: 4816: 4783: 4777:978-0813347295 4776: 4758: 4752:978-0786490868 4751: 4733: 4715:978-9004113510 4714: 4694: 4668:978-1317116530 4667: 4639: 4621:978-1118014752 4620: 4591: 4573:978-1466552500 4572: 4547: 4529:978-0865162822 4528: 4495: 4477:978-1615307012 4476: 4443: 4437:978-1875368051 4436: 4415: 4397:978-1575060422 4396: 4373: 4355:978-0226452388 4354: 4334: 4307: 4301:978-0691058870 4300: 4282: 4279:. p. 110. 4267: 4264:. p. 285. 4252: 4234:978-0203096604 4233: 4210: 4192:978-0393319378 4191: 4177:Postel, Sandra 4168: 4149: 4119: 4100: 4085:Chisholm, Hugh 4066: 4017: 3998: 3980:978-0878917044 3979: 3959: 3941:978-0495030393 3940: 3916: 3895:10.1086/201274 3889:(2): 258–267. 3871: 3840: 3811: 3772:(1/2): 27–56. 3752: 3733: 3713: 3643: 3613: 3575:10.1086/375407 3544: 3538:978-0520096622 3537: 3511: 3480: 3411: 3353: 3322: 3296:978-0199652594 3295: 3275: 3242:10.1086/692113 3216: 3195:10.1086/203106 3168: 3121: 3115:978-1841192352 3114: 3092: 3061: 3030: 3012:978-3319000770 3011: 2981: 2969: 2922:(3): 486–512. 2902: 2900:, p. 117. 2890: 2878: 2855: 2830: 2824:978-0198611868 2823: 2805: 2790: 2759: 2736: 2711: 2695: 2657: 2651:. p. 13. 2634: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2613:Technogaianism 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2546: 2543: 2521:William Gibson 2460: 2457: 2398: 2395: 2379:basic research 2364: 2360: 2328: 2325: 2267: 2264: 2214:mind uploading 2210:life extension 2190:Main article: 2187: 2184: 2180:technopaganism 2176:hacker culture 2148:Main article: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2100:Nanotechnology 2084:nanotechnology 2049:nanotechnology 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 1987:global warming 1979:nanotechnology 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1876:machine ethics 1870:: it includes 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1732:Main article: 1729: 1726: 1701:. They used a 1694: 1691: 1683:carbon dioxide 1654: 1651: 1622: 1619: 1614:Lyndon Johnson 1606:Daron Acemoglu 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1537:hunt or gather 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1342:sewage systems 1334:factory system 1287: 1284: 1280:printing press 1207: 1204: 1199:Roman aqueduct 1100:potter's wheel 1085:Maykop culture 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 989: 988: 987: 986: 972:Main article: 969: 966: 843:Main article: 840: 837: 795:Charles Darwin 749:Main article: 746: 743: 731: 728: 599: 596: 549:printing press 515:, used during 472:way. The word 453: 452: 450: 449: 442: 435: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 408: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 389: 384: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 231:Ancient Africa 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 130: 129: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 89: 83: 82: 80:Pre-industrial 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12597: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12406: 12400: 12397: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12328: 12327:Technoscience 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12297:Media studies 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12235:Early adopter 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12205:Co-production 12203: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12192: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12054:communication 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12036:Pseudoscience 12034: 12030: 12027: 12026: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11984:Boundary-work 11982: 11980: 11979:Bibliometrics 11977: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11889:Transhumanism 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11808: 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11739: 11734: 11732: 11727: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11716: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11645: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11583:Ancient Greek 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11568:Ancient Egypt 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11534: 11529: 11527: 11522: 11520: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11379:Nanomaterials 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230:Megastructure 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11182: 11177: 11175: 11170: 11168: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11146: 11145: 11140: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10968: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10893: 10892:Transhumanism 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10857:Progressivism 10854: 10848: 10847:Technorealism 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10796: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10762:Ecotechnology 10759: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10702: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10506:Semiconductor 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10491:Lightning rod 10489: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10469:Circuit board 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10291:Optical fiber 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10247:Electromagnet 10245: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10180:Haber process 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10039:Birth control 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10031:Biotechnology 10028: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10003: 10002:Vulcanization 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9972:Nanomaterials 9970: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9930:Chipped stone 9928: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9887: 9886:Photovoltaics 9884: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9864:Refrigeration 9862: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9409:Assembly line 9407: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9369:Manufacturing 9366: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330:Space station 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Motor vehicle 9296: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:Fortification 9178: 9177: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8886:Domestication 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8838: 8833: 8831: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8808:Gribbin, John 8806: 8805: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8760: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8480:0-684-86311-1 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8363: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8057: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7972:New Scientist 7969: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7925: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7859:(5851): 765. 7858: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7222: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7204:10.1068/a4564 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7049:. Routledge. 7048: 7047: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7000: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6873:Vita-More, N. 6870: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6704:New Scientist 6701: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6667: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531:Global Policy 6528: 6521: 6519: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6148:. Routledge. 6147: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6123: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6043: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5974: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5940: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5468:1721.1/130324 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5070:(1): 83–108. 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4820: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4770:. Routledge. 4769: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4745:. McFarland. 4744: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653:. Routledge. 4652: 4651: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4420: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4380: 4378: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4037:(4943): 337. 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3734:9780306471667 3730: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435:(9): 102988. 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189:(2): 151–68. 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177:Stahl, Ann B. 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3108:. p. 9. 3107: 3103: 3096: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791:0-19-910205-8 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2772:Scott, Robert 2769: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2737:0-226-53196-1 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720:Mitcham, Carl 2715: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2658:0-691-08631-1 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2421:walking stick 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2300:Ted Kaczynski 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245:event horizon 2241: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2226:transhumanism 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:decentralized 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109:bomb disposal 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:biotechnology 2050: 2041: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:bioterrorists 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:deforestation 1664: 1660: 1653:Environmental 1650: 1648: 1647:Axie Infinity 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:tradesmanship 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:defibrillator 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:optical fiber 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:nuclear power 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352:, railroads, 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236:(such as the 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1188:Cloaca Maxima 1185: 1184:sewage system 1181: 1180:running water 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1031: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 991: 990: 985: 982: 981: 980: 979: 975: 965: 963: 959: 955: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 851: 846: 836: 834: 830: 824: 822: 818: 817:socialization 814: 810: 806: 805: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 762: 757: 752: 741: 737: 727: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 701: 695: 689: 683: 677: 671: 668: 667: 661: 660:Ancient Greek 657: 646: 640: 634: 627: 621: 612: 608: 604: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 502:everyday life 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 428: 426: 425: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 406: 401: 400: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 373: 372: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 295: 294: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Ancient China 244: 242: 239: 237: 236:Ancient Egypt 234: 232: 229: 228: 222: 221: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 201: 200: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 136: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 97: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 70: 69: 66: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52:steam turbine 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Technological 12542:Associations 12377:criticism of 12287:Leapfrogging 12270:linear model 12194: 12156:Team science 12146:Scientocracy 12069:Neo-colonial 11819:Anthropocene 11650: 11637: 11550: 11465:Mode-locking 11455:Hafnium bomb 11427:Rydberg atom 11354:Implications 11283:Panama Canal 11245:Terraforming 11196: 11143: 11131: 11119: 11004:Construction 10999:Architecture 10820:Trade secret 10709:Perspectives 10628:Social media 10623:Peer-to-peer 10501:Oscilloscope 10442:Incandescent 10345:Mobile phone 10257:Optical disc 10224:Spectrometer 10212:Distillation 9987:Rammed earth 9874:Refrigerator 9852:Oil drilling 9700:Differential 9454:Ball bearing 9419:Machine tool 9214:Stonemasonry 9140:Construction 9057:Lock and key 9052:Cryptography 8947:Food storage 8850: 8811: 8782: 8763: 8753:11 September 8751:. 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Penguin. 6236:13 December 5928:14 February 5881:14 February 5830:10 February 5779:10 February 5386:builtin.com 5231:(3): 3–30. 4958:Katz, L. F. 4632:12 November 4584:12 November 4540:12 November 4488:12 November 4245:12 November 3141:(1): 5–30. 3075:science.org 3054:2 September 2526:Neuromancer 2453:beaver dams 2433:chimpanzees 2383:serendipity 2348:Engineering 2276:Neo-Luddism 2164:sustainable 2115:, and war. 2065:blockchains 2061:3D printing 1892:AI takeover 1837:Cyberethics 1822:aligning AI 1788:John Zerzan 1724:of rivers. 1699:Inca Empire 1354:automobiles 1346:light bulbs 1326:agriculture 1318:steam power 1273:Renaissance 1250:wheelbarrow 1222:Middle Ages 1134:Glastonbury 1066:Mesopotamia 774:. 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Polity. 4408:26 October 4366:26 October 4327:8 November 4142:8 November 3864:7 November 3376:: 106907. 3346:7 November 3305:1124046527 2865:2009005379 2667:j.ctt7rpm1 2625:References 2538:The Matrix 2463:See also: 2401:See also: 2375:penicillin 2342:See also: 2321:ecovillage 2270:See also: 2198:moral good 2013:caused by 1853:Nanoethics 1849:censorship 1728:Philosophy 1718:atmosphere 1671:oil spills 1639:Blender.io 1627:WeChat Pay 1604:economist 1559:criticized 1541:militaries 1494:industries 1483:interferon 1443:have used 1409:transistor 1377:Atomic Age 1330:metallurgy 1310:automobile 1244:, and the 1230:horseshoes 1206:Pre-modern 927:research. 925:scientific 910:irrigation 875:Mesolithic 809:brain size 724:technology 705:technology 615:Τεχνολογία 603:Technology 584:automation 568:prosperity 545:Bronze Age 513:stone tool 474:technology 458:Technology 161:Atomic Age 112:Bronze Age 107:Copper Age 12432:Factor 10 12260:diffusion 12099:consensus 12094:community 12059:education 11899:Sociology 11874:Scientism 11753:Economics 11603:Byzantine 11563:Neolithic 11072:Invention 11067:High tech 11044:Surveying 11024:Logistics 11014:Forensics 10720:Criticism 10464:Capacitor 10415:Generator 10360:Telephone 10355:Telegraph 10306:Telescope 10229:Synthesis 10192:Pesticide 10163:Gunpowder 10158:Fireworks 10148:Explosive 10131:Detergent 10049:Dentistry 9992:Recycling 9828:Heat pump 9747:Rivet gun 9715:Gyroscope 9690:Mechanism 9614:Appliance 9601:Machinery 9542:Propeller 9382:Carpentry 9357:Submarine 9325:Satellite 9315:Scuba set 9234:Transport 8980:Equipment 8774:Q26221492 8743:135224906 8716:1 January 8706:0028-7504 8688:Tooze, A. 8628:234833092 8620:0277-3791 8567:1091-8264 8518:0734-1512 8510:1477-2620 8449:MIT Press 8325:139085606 8309:0033-5533 8255:Kelly, K. 8195:MIT Press 8094:0265-9646 7626:0048-7333 7525:144475553 7411:0048-7333 7364:0040-165X 7301:0039-7857 7262:143813033 7254:1744-9359 7212:143970611 7169:1356-9317 7116:220494877 7108:0084-3695 6796:1076-9757 6608:Parrhesia 6561:203169705 6553:1758-5880 6468:4 October 6440:247718992 6432:0265-9646 6329:Bell, W. 6272:CiteSeerX 6094:. Wiley. 6002:907132694 5918:476272945 5769:Brookings 5607:"GovInfo" 5477:0022-3808 5194:243715477 5086:0304-4076 5025:0034-6535 4889:0372-0187 4708:. BRILL. 4677:148764971 4159:Antiquity 4132:The Hindu 3911:143449170 3786:0307-3114 3696:195873640 3680:0028-0836 3457:2589-0042 3406:234833092 3398:0277-3791 3258:148798286 3250:0011-3204 3163:163033909 3155:0067-270X 2952:143784033 2936:0040-165X 2873:246896490 2839:Aristotle 2774:(1996) . 2630:Citations 2517:cyberpunk 2512:Inception 2449:Boa Vista 2387:convexity 2370:causality 2139:Movements 2019:arms race 1829:Bioethics 1693:Pollution 1591:. Due to 1475:pacemaker 1433:Sputnik 1 1429:Space Age 1399:like the 1397:computers 1366:telegraph 1358:chemistry 1266:Cambridge 1254:windmills 1195:aqueducts 1074:Euphrates 1062:Sumerians 949:Neolithic 921:libraries 879:sedentism 867:stone axe 839:Neolithic 682:technique 633:romanized 598:Etymology 572:pollution 171:Space Age 92:Stone Age 12552:Scholars 12547:Journals 12537:Category 12511:Portals 12392:transfer 12382:dynamics 12332:feminist 12134:priority 12119:literacy 12079:rhetoric 12045:Science 12009:Logology 11120:Category 11029:Medicine 11019:Forestry 10994:Agronomy 10655:Database 10650:Compiler 10645:Software 10618:Internet 10551:Hardware 10538:Computer 10479:Inductor 10474:Resistor 10153:Dynamite 10123:Chemical 10076:Hospital 9950:Aluminum 9911:Concrete 9898:Material 9857:Fracking 9794:Charcoal 9759:Robotics 9678:Manifold 9673:Cylinder 9656:Windmill 9569:Flywheel 9527:Pendulum 9478:Catapult 9303:Railroad 9269:Elevator 9257:Seaplane 9252:Airplane 9247:Aerostat 9242:Aircraft 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