1599:. Those involved in Islamist terrorism have educational achievement ranging from total lack of qualifications to degree-level education. However, they are almost all employed in low-grade jobs. Far from being religious zealots, a large number of those involved in terrorism do not practise their faith regularly. Many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, and there is a higher than average proportion of converts. Some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. The report claims a well-established religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation, while the influence of clerics in radicalising Islamist terrorists has reduced in recent years.
1693:
confidence in the police. Then confident people give the police information needed to prevent terrorist attacks. Thornton said, "Fewer officers and police community support officers will cut off the intelligence that is so crucial to preventing attacks. Withdrawal from communities risks undermining their trust in us at a time when we need people to have the confidence to share information with us." Thornton also said, "Experts tell us that the spate of attacks in the UK and Europe are a shift not a spike in the threat, which will take 20 or 30 years to eliminate. This new normality necessitates an open-minded dialogue with government about how we respond; and our resources have got to be part of the conversation."
735:
1591:". Around half were born in the United Kingdom, the majority are British nationals and the remainder, with a few exceptions, are in the country legally. Most UK terrorists are male, but women are sometimes aware of their husbands', brothers' or sons' activities. While the majority are in their early to mid-20s when they become radicalised, a small but not insignificant minority first become involved in violent extremism over the age of 30. Those over 30 are just as likely to have a wife and children as to be loners with no ties. MI5 says this challenges the idea that terrorists are young Muslim men driven by sexual frustration and lured to "
3446:
809:
1887:. According to Kepel, an individual progresses into violence by first becoming a salafist. Further, he states that salafist ideology has led to attacking targets which symbolizes Western culture, such as the concerts at Manchester and in the Bataclan theater or deliberately timing attacks to interfere with democratic elections. Scholar
1684:
could have been made from online instructions. Petraeus noted the technical and other skill of the terrorist websites and added, "It is clear that our counter-extremism efforts and other initiatives to combat extremism online have, until now, been inadequate. There is no doubting the urgency of this
1655:
said, "Theresa May should be ashamed of the way she has dragged her heels on this issue, first as home secretary and now as prime minister. No amount of trade with dodgy regimes such as Saudi Arabia is worth putting the safety of the
British public at risk, and if May is serious about our security,
1675:
Jihadist material including bomb making instructions and execution videos gets more clicks in the UK than in any other
European nation and is spread among a wide range of different domains. Internet companies have been accused of not preventing this. New measures are being considered to stop
1692:
fears cuts to the police budget will weaken counter terrorism. Thornton maintains resources needed to deal with terrorist incidents are brought from mainstream policing adding to the strain on general policing. Thornton maintains neighbourhood policing is important because it gives people
1659:
From June 2016 to June 2017, 379 people in the UK had been arrested for terrorism-linked offences with 123 of them being charged, 105 of them for terrorism offences. This was a 68% increase from the previous year which was partly due to various
Islamist terror attacks on UK soil such as the
1971:, has stated that there was a reluctance to investigate Islamist threats due to fears of being labelled Islamophobic or racist. Instead, staff from the government's anti-terror programme were biased towards tackling far-right threats despite Islamist threats posing a greater risk.
1947:
In July 2017, it was reported that
British authorities had stripped some 150 suspected criminals with dual citizenship of their British passport, to prevent them from returning to the UK. Those deprived of their UK citizenship included both "jihadis" and "jihadi brides".
788:
strategy aims to prevent terrorism and other forms of extremism. It places a responsibility on education and health bodies to report individuals who are deemed to be at risk of radicalisation. The 2023 CONTEST report indicated that 75 per cent of the
3120:'There is no proof that shows the young men go from Salafism to terrorism,' Mr. Roy said, pointing out that the planner of the Paris attacks in November, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, ate McDonald's, which is not halal. 'None of the terrorists were Salafists.'
1891:
disagrees, saying that the majority of
Islamic terrorists are radicals first and are drawn to fundamentalist Islam as a result. He has argued that there's no evidence that they go from Salafism to terrorism, noting that Islamic terrorist
1959:, the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom, reiterated that Islamic terrorism was the primary domestic threat facing the UK. Islamic terrorism represented 67% of attacks since 2018, 75% of MI5's caseload, and 64% of those
1931:
trend among
British Muslims in March 2004, when security authorities foiled the "fertilizer bomb plot" orchestrated by a cell of jihadists of Pakistani origin. The most significant event illustrating this trend was the
1643:
was being raised to 'critical', its highest level. By raising the threat level to "critical", Operation
Temperer was started, allowing 5,000 soldiers to replace armed police in protecting parts of the country. BBC's
768:
groups. Since 1970, there have been at least 3,395 terrorist-related deaths in the UK, the highest in western Europe. The vast majority of the deaths were linked to the
Northern Ireland conflict and happened in
1955:, the Director General of MI5. A report published in the same year found that of the 43,000 extremists on MI5's watchlist, around nine-tenths of the people on the list are Islamist extremists. In July 2023,
2555:
2531:
777:, there were 430 terrorist-related deaths between 1971 and 2001. Of these, 125 deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict, and 305 deaths were linked to other causes, including 270 in the
3619:
2441:
2196:
3817:
3594:
738:
Terrorist incidents map of the United
Kingdom 1970–2015, with a total of 4,972 incidents plotted. Northern Ireland and London are major hotspots for incidents. In 2017, there was
3832:
3784:
3681:
3789:
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3794:
155:
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1855:
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3514:
3312:
3891:
3837:
3666:
565:
2884:
Raising the level to critical means that military personnel could be deployed to support armed police officers - part of a plan known as
Operation Temperer.
1735:, and were banned under previous legislation. As of 2019, the police have stated that the fastest growing terrorist threat in the UK is from the far right.
3454:
2473:
1651:
There have been calls for the publication of a report into the finance of terrorism which the government said they left unpublished for security reasons.
3273:
3060:
3363:
4602:
1940:
which resulted in fifty-two deaths and over seven hundred injuries. The perpetrators had been trained in an al-Qaeda camp on the Pakistani side of the
1908:
provoked religious violence in France, to which Kepel responded that Britain has no such policies and still suffered several jihadist attacks in 2017.
2989:
4547:
3021:
760:, poses a significant threat to the state. There have been various causes of terrorism in the UK. Before the 2000s, most attacks were linked to the
4332:
3037:
1818:
2817:
4465:
2261:
524:
1602:
On 29 August 2014, the British government launched a raft of counter-terrorism measures as the terrorist threat level was raised to "severe".
3157:
2965:
2947:
2898:"PM says Critical Threat level's Operation Temperer will use up to 5,000 troops to take over armed police patrol duties under police command"
2291:
2762:"MI5 report challenges views on terrorism in Britain Exclusive: Sophisticated analysis says there is no single pathway to violent extremism"
1550:
650:
3207:
1883:, an ideology that clashes with the values of Western democracies and which entered the United Kingdom when the country gave shelter to
4192:
2266:
796:
1,834 people were arrested in the UK from September 2001 to December 2009 in connection with terrorism, of which 422 were charged with
229:
4197:
3884:
1850:
1738:
Organisations the government has designated as terrorist and banned, of whom the vast majority are of radical Islamic ideology, are:
1561:
2693:
4592:
4297:
4007:
3944:
1960:
1676:
internet providers from showing this type of content including fines for internet companies that do not remove jihadist material.
3334:
2582:"Unspeakable: Literature and Terrorism from the Gunpowder Plot to 9/11 . Peter C. Herman. New York: Routledge, 2020. Pp. viii+211"
2256:
2201:
655:
3244:
645:
3491:
2923:
2842:
1541:
have focused on the threat posed by radical Islamic militant organisations within the UK, such as the cell responsible for the
683:
620:
186:
2790:
1785:
4322:
4227:
3141:
2454:
1554:
4372:
4260:
4270:
3964:
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2286:
2217:
2124:
1617:
1603:
610:
605:
487:
3352:
2347:
4002:
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721:
625:
615:
519:
17:
2732:
4367:
4255:
3182:
600:
3451:
4182:
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575:
493:
2323:
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3959:
2401:
2181:
2073:
1830:
4347:
2506:
640:
4420:
4327:
3858:
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2016:
1583:
activity" concludes that British Islamist terrorists "are a diverse collection of individuals, fitting no single
580:
3136:. Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28.
2867:
4478:
4282:
2308:
2119:
1845:
1689:
634:
478:
3441:
2694:"Report of the Independent International Panel on Alleged Collusion in Sectarian Killings in Northern Ireland"
2377:
4597:
4473:
4174:
3969:
1753:
1636:
3109:
4337:
3676:
263:
734:
4521:
4312:
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4207:
4103:
4098:
4068:
4038:
3900:
2276:
2271:
2251:
2239:
2031:
2026:
1933:
1542:
374:
343:
272:
61:
4557:
4397:
4377:
4143:
3484:
2919:
2669:
1747:
1701:
1645:
688:
176:
161:
1529:
There have been many historically significant terrorist incidents within the United Kingdom, from the
570:
4542:
4450:
4445:
4302:
4202:
4093:
4033:
3949:
2559:
2535:
2222:
2191:
2078:
1996:
1665:
813:
590:
368:
359:
4250:
4567:
4440:
4392:
4317:
4287:
4088:
3741:
3313:"Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in the UK: From Northern Irish Troubles to Global Islamist Jihad."
2761:
2186:
1758:
1661:
1624:
797:
739:
4430:
3061:"London Gave Shelter to Radical Islam and Now It's Paying the Price, French Terrorism Expert Says"
1951:
In October 2020, Islamist terrorism remained the greatest threat to the UK by volume according to
1672:. The report also said that 19 terrorist plots had been foiled by British police since June 2013.
4352:
4342:
4108:
4083:
4028:
4012:
3651:
3631:
3534:
3132:
Steinberg, Guido (2013). "Unlikely Internationalists: Putting German Jihadism into Perspective".
2211:
1991:
1975:
1888:
1813:
1669:
714:
546:
411:
288:
278:
51:
4516:
3374:
3323:
3302:
3287:
1569:
4455:
4357:
4307:
4265:
4235:
4217:
4187:
4148:
4138:
4113:
4073:
3646:
3420:
Precursor Crimes of Terrorism: The Criminalisation of Terrorism Risk in Comparative Perspective
2729:"Village - Politics, Media and Current Affairs in Ireland - 'I'm lucky to be above the ground'"
2063:
2006:
1981:
790:
500:
456:
191:
140:
86:
2816:
Dodd, Vikram; Pidd, Helen; Rawlinson, Kevin; Siddique, Haroon; MacAskill, Ewen (23 May 2017).
1579:
analysis of "several hundred individuals known to be involved in, or closely associated with,
4562:
4483:
4382:
4118:
3726:
3721:
3696:
3554:
3477:
3086:"It's Not Islam That Drives Young Europeans to Jihad, France's Top Terrorism Expert Explains"
2134:
1801:
1681:
293:
131:
106:
3447:
DEAD LINK: Pak-UK talks for joint framework on anti-terrorism Open this result in new window
4435:
4412:
4240:
3751:
3701:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3559:
3544:
3529:
2901:
2303:
2155:
2145:
2083:
2049:
Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis Sudan (Vanguard for the protection of Muslims in Black Africa)
2044:
1796:
1728:
1628:
1538:
743:
317:
201:
111:
56:
4212:
2614:
8:
4078:
3914:
3779:
3746:
3736:
3716:
3706:
3691:
3686:
3636:
3604:
3589:
3564:
3500:
2704:
2670:"CAIN: Issues: Violence: Stevens Enquiry (3) Overview and Recommendations, 17 April 2003"
2382:
2298:
2114:
2052:
1791:
1616:
warned a terrorist attack was "highly likely", following the coming to prominence of the
693:
630:
406:
258:
234:
136:
121:
96:
91:
4526:
4387:
4277:
4164:
4048:
3929:
3731:
3656:
3626:
3183:"Director General Ken McCallum makes first public address | MI5 – The Security Service"
2897:
1937:
1912:
1893:
1773:
1768:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1592:
707:
349:
339:
303:
33:
4552:
4402:
4362:
4043:
3974:
3954:
3924:
3919:
3353:"Evolution of British Law on Terrorism: From Ulster to Global Terrorism (1970–2010)."
3137:
2450:
2397:
2168:
2140:
2104:
1968:
1763:
1588:
1580:
778:
765:
678:
441:
421:
219:
151:
3303:"Countering Irish Republican terrorism in Britain: Its origin as a police function."
2644:
1840:
781:. Since 2001, there have been almost 100 terrorist-related deaths in Great Britain.
4425:
3390:
Sinclair, Georgina. "Confronting terrorism: British Experiences past and present."
2626:
2593:
2163:
2150:
2129:
1956:
1732:
1640:
770:
436:
298:
3274:"Counter-Terrorism and Civil Liberties: The United Kingdom Experience, 1968-2008."
2630:
1927:
and other jihadist groups. The British government received early warnings of this
3979:
3418:
3293:
2281:
2173:
2088:
1967:
report. The Independent Reviewer for the government's anti-terror programme, Sir
1880:
555:
466:
446:
224:
146:
2313:
2206:
2058:
1928:
1835:
1705:
1677:
1610:
1530:
483:
401:
334:
268:
166:
101:
3869:
3400:
Tinnes, Judith, ed. "Bibliography: Northern Ireland conflict (the troubles)."
808:
4586:
3458:
2234:
2098:
2011:
1632:
1606:
774:
747:
461:
196:
3395:
1648:
said that the first deployment of troops is expected to be in the hundreds.
3282:
Bonner, David. "United Kingdom: the United Kingdom response to terrorism."
3041:
3025:
2993:
2951:
2766:
2511:
2507:"No terror arrests in 100,000 police counter-terror searches, figures show"
2318:
1952:
1905:
1872:
1584:
1534:
761:
471:
396:
3464:
3005:
1860:
3110:"'That Ignoramus': 2 French Scholars of Radical Islam Turn Bitter Rivals"
2645:"CAIN: Issues: Collusion - Chronology of Events in the Stevens Inquiries"
2563:
2556:
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
2539:
2532:
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
2484:
2001:
1941:
1884:
1613:
757:
384:
379:
283:
3405:
1635:
in the most deadly terrorist attack on British soil since 2005. After a
1596:
3225:
1986:
1652:
431:
426:
389:
3469:
3022:
Don't cut police anti-terror budget as threat grows, warns top officer
2990:
Britain has large audience for online jihadist propaganda, report says
2818:"At least 22 killed, 59 injured in suicide attack at Manchester Arena"
2474:"CONTEST: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism 2023"
2093:
1716:
41:
3934:
2966:"UK terror arrests rise 68% to record level during year of attacks"
2598:
2581:
2109:
2021:
1924:
1920:
1916:
364:
74:
3245:"Islamist extremism 'not being effectively tackled by Government'"
1731:, the other fourteen organisations operate (for the most part) in
3038:
Fastest Growing Terrorist Threat is from the Far Right say Police
2905:
1964:
1901:
1719:
and banned them. 44 of these organisations were banned under the
785:
416:
354:
3317:
Counter-Terrorism, Constitutionalism and Miscarriages of Justice
2567:
2543:
3134:
German Jihad: On the Internationalization of Islamist Terrorism
2197:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
2039:
1639:
meeting, UK Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK's
451:
3295:
Britain and the war on terror: Policy, strategy and operations
3158:"UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'"
2443:
CONTEST The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism
1727:
for "glorifying terrorism." Other than the far-right neo-Nazi
3392:
Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies
3277:
Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies
2378:"How many people are killed by terrorist attacks in the UK?""
2068:
1897:
1876:
3335:"Great Britain: Terrorism and counter-terrorism since 1968."
2889:
2398:"Sutton Index of Deaths: Geographical Location of the death"
1879:
violence is rooted in Islamic fundamentalism in the form of
2948:
9/11 survivors urge May to publish UK terror funding report
1708:
responsible for counter terrorism operations and strategy.
812:
Terrorism deaths in Western Europe 1970-2017, based on the
3417:
Walker, C., Llobet Anglí, M., and Cancio Meliá,M. (eds.),
3351:
Martínez-Peñas, Leandro, and Manuela Fernández-Rodríguez.
2860:
1704:
is the national collaboration of police forces across the
3009:
2815:
2525:
1576:
3208:"Stabbing suspect was assessed by anti-terror programme"
1885:
radical Islamist leaders from around the world in London
3006:
UK's terror fight 'puts unsustainable strain on police'
1963:
for terrorism-connected offences according to the 2023
764:. In the late 20th century there were also attacks by
3364:"Northern Ireland, Terrorism, and the British State."
2868:"PM Theresa May raises UK threat level to 'critical'"
1911:
In the 2000s, there was an increase in the number of
3442:
Efforts to curb politicised Islam backfiring - study
3357:
Post 9/11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency
3339:
Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism
2612:
2372:
2370:
1786:
List of neo-Nazi organizations § United Kingdom
1656:
she would publish the report in full, immediately."
3375:"Terrorism in Britain: Threat, reality, response."
2789:
793:'s caseload was from monitoring Islamist threats.
4548:January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium
2367:
1685:matter. The status quo clearly is unacceptable."
4584:
3226:"UK terrorism risk is rising - Suella Braverman"
2912:
2843:"Latest updates as UK terror threat level raise"
1978:, including the Ziyad al Jarrah Battalions (AAB)
3899:
3385:The Routledge companion to UK counter-terrorism
2788:Coates, Sam; Hamilton, Fiona (30 August 2014).
2549:
2324:State-sponsored terrorism § United Kingdom
3414:(Third edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)
2791:"Security crackdown amid severe terror threat"
2787:
2262:Prevention of Terrorism Act (Northern Ireland)
1597:beautiful virgins waiting for them in paradise
1587:, nor do they all follow a typical pathway to
3885:
3485:
3383:Staniforth, Andrew, and Fraser Sampson, eds.
2667:
2468:
2466:
2292:Violence against Muslims in independent India
1819:Revolutionary People's Liberation Party-Front
715:
4057:
3344:Lennon, Genevieve and Walker, Clive (eds.),
3330:(Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2019) pp. 15–47.
3328:Contagion, Counter-Terrorism and Criminology
2342:
2340:
2338:
1623:On 22 May 2017, 23 people were killed after
1551:List of terrorist incidents in Great Britain
1537:of Northern Ireland. In recent history, the
2895:
1896:was known to violate religious rules about
4193:2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers
3892:
3878:
3492:
3478:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2463:
2428:. University of Michigan Press, 2014. p.18
2426:Law, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Terrorism
2267:Right-wing terrorism in the United Kingdom
1723:. Two of these were also banned under the
1533:of 1605 to the various attacks related to
722:
708:
4603:Human rights abuses in the United Kingdom
4198:2016 stabbing of Brussels police officers
3131:
2904:). Retweeted by The Guardian – via
2597:
2420:
2418:
2335:
2101:(IK) (also known as the Caucasus Emirate)
1570:accused of involvement in state terrorism
1562:Timeline of the Northern Ireland Troubles
4543:2014 anti-terrorism operations in Norway
4008:Shchelkovo Highway police station attack
3945:ISIL-related terrorist attacks in France
807:
762:Northern Ireland conflict (the Troubles)
733:
177:Special-interest / Single-issue
3499:
3346:Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism
3319:(Hart Publishing, 2018) pp. 45–62.
3205:
2918:
2746:
2579:
2504:
2257:Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom
2202:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
1560:For incidents in Northern Ireland, see
14:
4585:
3083:
3058:
2963:
2759:
2415:
2214:(also known as Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat)
1936:, a series of suicide bombings in the
1851:Irish People's Liberation Organisation
821:Terrorist incidents in United Kingdom
525:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
3873:
3473:
3242:
3054:
3052:
3050:
2924:"Threat level raised: Latest updates"
2615:"5/11: Revisiting the Gunpowder Plot"
2348:"List of proscribed terrorist groups"
1555:List of terrorist incidents in London
4522:Operation Vigilant Guardian, Belgium
3965:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2436:
2434:
2287:Violence against Christians in India
2125:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1618:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1549:For incidents in Great Britain, see
4003:2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing
3378:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
3370:(Routledge, 2019) pp. 121–135.
3341:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 540–551.
3243:Hymas, Charles (21 February 2024).
1915:traveling to training camps in the
1900:food. Roy has also argued that the
1824:
1715:has designated 58 organisations as
24:
4373:2020 Romans-sur-Isère knife attack
4368:Paris police headquarters stabbing
4256:2014 Tours police station stabbing
3359:(Springer, 2012) pp. 201–222.
3265:
3047:
2964:Travis, Alan (14 September 2017).
1741:
25:
4614:
4183:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
3940:Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
3435:
2431:
2218:Tehrik Nefaz-e Shari'at Muhammadi
1871:According to political scientist
4298:2016 Paris police station attack
4246:Toulouse and Montauban shootings
3960:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3423:(Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2022)
3306:Terrorism and Political Violence
3284:Terrorism and Political Violence
3206:Mendick, Robert (23 June 2020).
2402:Conflict Archive on the Internet
2182:Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
2074:Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen
1831:Continuity Irish Republican Army
1696:
4593:Terrorism in the United Kingdom
4421:2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting
3452:MI5 watch 2,000 terror suspects
3428:Terrorism: British Perspectives
3236:
3218:
3199:
3175:
3164:. Press Association. 2017-07-30
3150:
3125:
3102:
3077:
3031:
3015:
2999:
2983:
2957:
2941:
2835:
2809:
2781:
2721:
2686:
2661:
2637:
2613:Hamourtziadou; Jackson (2018).
2606:
2573:
2540:globalterrorismdb_0616dist.xlsx
2137:(formerly Jaish Ansar al-Sunna)
754:Terrorism in the United Kingdom
4479:2018 Amsterdam stabbing attack
4283:Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
3970:Al-Qaeda involvement in Europe
3412:The Anti-Terrorism Legislation
3368:Terrorism: Theory and Practice
3324:"Counter-Terrorism in the UK."
2498:
2390:
2309:Terrorism in the United States
2120:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
1846:Irish National Liberation Army
13:
1:
4563:2015 Saint-Denis, France raid
4348:Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
3084:Lerner, Davide (2017-08-20).
3059:Lerner, Davide (2017-06-14).
2631:10.13169/jglobfaul.5.1-2.0091
2568:https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd
2544:https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd
2329:
1906:secularist policies of France
816:. The UK is presented in red.
4517:Opération Sentinelle, France
2896:Alan Travis (23 May 2017).
2731:. 2006-11-16. Archived from
2619:Journal of Global Faultlines
1779:
1575:A "restricted" 12 June 2008
1513:
1499:
1485:
1471:
1457:
1443:
1429:
1415:
1401:
1387:
1373:
1359:
1345:
1331:
1317:
1303:
1289:
1275:
1261:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1205:
1191:
1177:
1163:
1149:
1135:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1079:
1065:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1009:
995:
981:
967:
953:
939:
925:
911:
897:
883:
869:
855:
841:
7:
4333:2017 Champs-Élysées ramming
4313:2016 Normandy church attack
4208:August 2017 Brussels attack
4104:2019 London Bridge stabbing
4099:Parsons Green train bombing
4039:2017 Stockholm truck attack
3901:Islamic terrorism in Europe
3348:(Routledge, Abingdon, 2015)
2760:Travis, Alan (2008-08-21).
2580:Larabee, Ann (1 May 2021).
2277:List of terrorist incidents
2272:Islamic terrorism in Europe
2252:Crime in the United Kingdom
2245:
2240:Balochistan Liberation Army
1934:7 July 2005 London bombings
1866:
1807:
1568:The British state has been
1543:7 July 2005 London bombings
520:Designated terrorist groups
10:
4619:
4568:2017 Saint Petersburg raid
4558:2016 Brussels police raids
4484:2019 Utrecht tram shooting
4398:2023 Arras school stabbing
4378:2020 Paris stabbing attack
4323:2017 Champs-Élysées attack
4261:2015 Île-de-France attacks
4144:2004 Madrid train bombings
3465:Counter Terrorism Policing
1783:
1748:Ulster Defence Association
1702:Counter Terrorism Policing
803:
798:terrorism-related offences
689:Anti-terrorism legislation
4535:
4509:
4500:
4464:
4451:2020 Dresden knife attack
4446:2017 Hamburg knife attack
4411:
4303:2016 Magnanville stabbing
4226:
4203:June 2017 Brussels attack
4173:
4157:
4131:
4094:2017 London Bridge attack
4034:2015 Copenhagen shootings
4021:
3995:
3988:
3950:Brussels ISIL terror cell
3907:
3851:
3803:
3765:
3507:
3402:Perspectives on Terrorism
2560:Global Terrorism Database
2536:Global Terrorism Database
2228:
2223:Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan
2192:Palestinian Islamic Jihad
2079:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
814:Global Terrorism Database
742:in Manchester, following
684:International conventions
591:State-sponsored terrorism
4441:2016 Berlin truck attack
4393:Rambouillet knife attack
4318:2017 Orly Airport attack
4288:2015 Thalys train attack
4089:Manchester Arena bombing
2187:Muslims Against Crusades
1759:Loyalist Volunteer Force
1750:/Ulster Freedom Fighters
800:and 237 were convicted.
547:Violent non-state actors
4474:Murder of Theo van Gogh
4353:2018 Paris knife attack
4343:2017 Marseille stabbing
4338:Levallois-Perret attack
4109:2020 Streatham stabbing
4084:2017 Westminster attack
4029:2010 Stockholm bombings
4013:Crocus City Hall attack
3308:18.1 (2006) pp: 95-118.
2449:. HM Government. 2018.
2212:Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan
2036:Ansar Al Sharia Tunisia
1992:Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
1976:Abdullah Azzam Brigades
1942:Afghan–Pakistani border
1814:Kurdistan Workers Party
289:Clandestine cell system
4527:Operation Temperer, UK
4456:2024 Mannheim stabbing
4358:2018 Strasbourg attack
4328:2017 Notre Dame attack
4308:2016 Nice truck attack
4266:Charlie Hebdo shooting
4251:2013 La Défense attack
4236:Air France Flight 8969
4218:2023 Brussels shooting
4188:2016 Brussels bombings
4149:2017 Barcelona attacks
4139:2003 Istanbul bombings
4114:2020 Reading stabbings
4074:Glasgow Airport attack
3550:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3461:BBC News, May 4, 2007.
3394:18.2 (2014): 117-122.
3301:Clutterbuck, Lindsay.
2570:University of Maryland
2546:University of Maryland
2064:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
2007:Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
1997:Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
1982:Abu Nidal Organisation
1754:Ulster Volunteer Force
817:
791:Security Service (MI5)
750:
457:Propaganda of the deed
4431:Würzburg train attack
4383:Murder of Samuel Paty
4119:Murder of David Amess
3426:Wilkinson, Paul, ed.
3404:10.1 (2016): 83-110.
3380:12.3 (1989): 153-165.
3286:4.4 (1992): 171-205.
2701:Patfinucanecentre.org
2564:gtd1993_0616dist.xlsx
2135:Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
1856:Irish Republican Army
1784:Further information:
1725:Terrorism Act of 2006
1721:Terrorism Act of 2000
1572:in Northern Ireland.
811:
737:
673:Response to terrorism
294:Leaderless resistance
4598:Terrorism by country
4436:2016 Ansbach bombing
4069:2005 London bombings
3501:Terrorism in Europe
3373:Sacopulos, Peter J.
3272:Blackbourn, Jessie.
2304:Right-wing terrorism
2146:Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen
2084:Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
2045:Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
1666:London Bridge attack
1595:" by the promise of
1539:UK security services
112:Right-wing/Far-right
4079:Murder of Lee Rigby
3915:Terrorism in Europe
3766:States with limited
2668:Dr Martin Melaugh.
2299:Left-wing terrorism
2115:Islamic Jihad Union
2053:Armed Islamic Group
1792:Atomwaffen Division
1641:terror threat level
1585:demographic profile
822:
756:, according to the
694:Terrorism insurance
495:Rockets and mortars
235:Resistance movement
18:Terrorism in the UK
4388:2020 Nice stabbing
4293:2015 Paris attacks
4278:2015 Nice stabbing
4165:2020 Vienna attack
4049:2022 Oslo shooting
3930:Islam and violence
3430:(Dartmouth, 1993).
3387:(Routledge, 2012).
3322:Hamilton, Claire.
3298:(Routledge, 2016).
2566:). Retrieved from
2542:). Retrieved from
2160:Kateeba al Kawthar
1938:London Underground
1913:British Pakistanis
1894:Abdelhamid Abaaoud
1774:Red Hand Defenders
1769:Red Hand Commandos
1713:British government
1682:Parsons Green bomb
1670:Westminster attack
1662:Manchester bombing
1625:a bombing occurred
820:
818:
751:
340:Aircraft hijacking
97:Left-wing/Far-left
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4553:Brussels lockdown
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4403:2023 Paris attack
4363:2019 Lyon bombing
4271:Hypercacher siege
4213:2018 Liège attack
4127:
4126:
4044:2017 Turku attack
3955:Cannes-Torcy cell
3925:Islamic extremism
3920:Islamic terrorism
3867:
3866:
3143:978-0-231-50053-1
2456:978-1-5286-0209-9
2178:Minbar Ansar Deen
2169:Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
2141:Jamaat Ul-Furquan
2105:Indian Mujahideen
2055:also known as GIA
1969:William Shawcross
1764:Orange Volunteers
1589:violent extremism
1581:violent extremist
1527:
1526:
779:Lockerbie bombing
766:Islamic terrorist
732:
731:
679:Counter-terrorism
664:
663:
422:Individual terror
243:
242:
220:Violent extremism
16:(Redirected from
4610:
4507:
4506:
4426:Hanover stabbing
4171:
4170:
4055:
4054:
3993:
3992:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3804:Dependencies and
3508:Sovereign states
3494:
3487:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3056:
3045:
3035:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2703:. Archived from
2698:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2592:(4): E230–E232.
2586:Modern Philology
2577:
2571:
2553:
2547:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2438:
2429:
2424:Douglas, Roger.
2422:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2344:
2164:Khuddam ul-Islam
2151:Jemaah Islamiyah
2130:Jaish-e-Mohammed
1957:Suella Braverman
1825:Irish republican
1733:Northern Ireland
823:
819:
771:Northern Ireland
724:
717:
710:
541:
540:
514:Terrorist groups
496:
230:Militia movement
197:Green/Ecological
102:Narcotics-driven
80:
79:
29:
28:
21:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4572:
4531:
4502:
4488:
4460:
4407:
4222:
4169:
4153:
4123:
4060:
4053:
4017:
3984:
3980:Salafi jihadism
3903:
3898:
3868:
3863:
3847:
3805:
3799:
3785:Northern Cyprus
3767:
3761:
3682:North Macedonia
3503:
3498:
3438:
3433:
3410:Walker, Clive,
3333:Hewitt, Steve.
3311:Greer, Steven.
3268:
3266:Further reading
3263:
3253:
3251:
3241:
3237:
3232:. 18 July 2023.
3224:
3223:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3048:
3036:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3004:
3000:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2962:
2958:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2922:(23 May 2017).
2917:
2913:
2894:
2890:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2758:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2674:Cain.ulst.ac.uk
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2649:Cain.ulst.ac.uk
2643:
2642:
2638:
2611:
2607:
2578:
2574:
2554:
2550:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2282:Hindu terrorism
2248:
2231:
2174:Lashkar-e-Toiba
2089:Harkat-ul-Ansar
1869:
1827:
1810:
1797:National Action
1788:
1782:
1744:
1742:Ulster unionist
1729:National Action
1699:
830:
806:
728:
699:
698:
674:
666:
665:
660:
585:
556:State terrorism
538:
530:
529:
515:
507:
506:
505:
501:Vehicle-ramming
494:
329:
327:
310:
309:
308:
253:
245:
244:
239:
225:Ethnic violence
206:
171:
116:
77:
66:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3859:European Union
3855:
3853:
3852:Other entities
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3806:other entities
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3757:United Kingdom
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Czech Republic
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:2013-04-19 at
3449:
3444:
3437:
3436:External links
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3381:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3342:
3331:
3320:
3309:
3299:
3292:Chin, Warren.
3290:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3235:
3217:
3198:
3187:www.mi5.gov.uk
3174:
3149:
3142:
3124:
3101:
3076:
3046:
3030:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2956:
2940:
2920:Gardner, Frank
2911:
2888:
2859:
2834:
2808:
2780:
2745:
2720:
2685:
2660:
2636:
2605:
2599:10.1086/712496
2572:
2548:
2524:
2497:
2462:
2455:
2430:
2414:
2389:
2386:. 5 June 2017.
2366:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:Terrorism Acts
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:The Saved Sect
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Asbat al-Ansar
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:Ansar al-Islam
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1929:radicalization
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Fianna Éireann
1838:
1836:Cumann na mBan
1833:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1706:United Kingdom
1698:
1695:
1688:Police chief,
1678:David Petraeus
1611:Home Secretary
1604:Prime Minister
1566:
1565:
1558:
1531:Gunpowder Plot
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
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1297:
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1286:
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1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
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1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
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1179:
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3362:O'Day, Alan.
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3279:8 (2008): 63+
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3249:The Telegraph
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3212:The Telegraph
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2874:. 23 May 2017
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2735:on 2007-11-20
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2710:on 2011-06-10
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3795:Transnistria
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3252:. Retrieved
3248:
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3190:. Retrieved
3186:
3177:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:the Guardian
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2970:the Guardian
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2822:The Guardian
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2767:The Guardian
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2512:The Guardian
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2354:
2319:The Troubles
2017:Al Murabitun
1953:Ken McCallum
1950:
1946:
1910:
1902:burkini bans
1873:Gilles Kepel
1870:
1737:
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1535:The Troubles
1528:
795:
783:
753:
752:
641:Saudi Arabia
635:Soviet Union
571:Soviet Union
397:Bioterrorism
360:Animal-borne
26:
4466:Netherlands
3833:Isle of Man
3768:recognition
3742:Switzerland
3677:Netherlands
3254:22 February
2625:(1–2): 91.
2485:Home Office
2002:Al Ghurabaa
1919:regions of
1889:Olivier Roy
1614:Theresa May
758:Home Office
284:Death squad
187:Suffragette
107:Nationalist
52:Definitions
4587:Categories
4510:Operations
3712:San Marino
3672:Montenegro
3652:Luxembourg
3632:Kazakhstan
3535:Azerbaijan
3192:2020-10-18
3168:2018-02-23
3115:2018-07-19
3095:2018-06-10
3070:2018-06-09
2774:2008-08-23
2739:2016-01-28
2714:2016-01-28
2679:2016-01-28
2654:2016-01-28
2558:. (2016).
2534:. (2016).
2518:2016-01-28
2360:2018-03-22
2330:References
2027:Al-Shabaab
1987:Abu Sayyaf
1961:in custody
1668:, and the
1653:Tim Farron
1627:following
581:Uzbekistan
566:Kazakhstan
432:Kidnapping
427:Insurgency
375:Improvised
202:Misogynist
4503:terrorism
3975:Lone wolf
3823:Gibraltar
3647:Lithuania
2796:The Times
2156:Jundallah
2094:Hezbollah
1861:Saor Éire
1780:Far-right
1717:terrorist
1680:said the
1629:a concert
1593:martyrdom
837:Injuries
831:incidents
829:Number of
784:The UK’s
744:a concert
656:Venezuela
537:Adherents
437:Lone wolf
350:Beheading
299:Lone wolf
259:Financing
252:Structure
137:Christian
122:Religious
92:Communist
87:Anarchist
62:Incidents
42:Terrorism
4501:Counter-
3935:Jihadism
3843:Svalbard
3828:Guernsey
3775:Abkhazia
3727:Slovenia
3722:Slovakia
3697:Portugal
3555:Bulgaria
3455:Archived
3230:BBC News
2928:BBC News
2872:ITV News
2847:BBC News
2770:. London
2246:See also
2110:Islam4UK
2022:Al Qaeda
1925:al-Qaeda
1923:to join
1921:Pakistan
1881:Salafism
1867:Islamist
1808:Far-left
1802:The Base
1620:(ISIL).
621:Pakistan
479:Stabbing
462:Shooting
304:Domestic
264:Fronting
132:Buddhist
75:ideology
34:a series
32:Part of
4413:Germany
4175:Belgium
4061:Kingdom
3989:Attacks
3908:General
3752:Ukraine
3702:Romania
3662:Moldova
3620:Ireland
3615:Iceland
3610:Hungary
3600:Germany
3595:Georgia
3585:Finland
3580:Estonia
3575:Denmark
3560:Croatia
3545:Belgium
3540:Belarus
3530:Austria
3525:Armenia
3520:Andorra
3515:Albania
3090:Haaretz
3065:Haaretz
2975:19 July
2906:Twitter
2490:18 July
1965:CONTEST
1917:Pashtun
804:History
786:CONTEST
486: (
442:Nuclear
407:Dry run
367: (
355:Bombing
342: (
324:Tactics
321:Methods
152:Islamic
57:History
4228:France
4059:United
3838:Jersey
3780:Kosovo
3747:Turkey
3737:Sweden
3717:Serbia
3707:Russia
3692:Poland
3687:Norway
3667:Monaco
3637:Latvia
3605:Greece
3590:France
3565:Cyprus
3406:online
3396:online
3288:online
3140:
2933:23 May
2878:23 May
2852:23 May
2827:23 May
2801:23 May
2481:gov.uk
2453:
2407:5 June
2355:Gov.uk
2229:Others
2040:Ansaru
1877:jihadi
1875:, the
1664:, the
1523:5,937
834:Deaths
631:Russia
611:Kuwait
606:Israel
467:School
452:Piracy
385:Threat
380:Letter
273:online
162:Jewish
141:Mormon
4536:Raids
4132:South
4022:North
3813:Åland
3732:Spain
3657:Malta
3627:Italy
2902:Tweet
2708:(PDF)
2697:(PDF)
2477:(PDF)
2447:(PDF)
2351:(PDF)
2069:Hamas
1898:halal
1637:COBRA
1520:3,447
1517:5,218
1514:Total
646:Syria
626:Qatar
616:Libya
472:Spree
447:Paper
390:Proxy
147:Hindu
4158:West
3996:East
3256:2024
3138:ISBN
2977:2018
2935:2017
2880:2017
2854:2017
2829:2017
2803:2017
2492:2023
2451:ISBN
2409:2017
1904:and
1711:The
1609:and
1553:and
1500:1970
1486:1971
1472:1972
1467:275
1458:1973
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1444:1974
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1430:1975
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1402:1977
1397:113
1388:1978
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1369:115
1360:1980
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1346:1981
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1234:1989
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1220:1990
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1206:1991
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1192:1992
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1103:161
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1038:2003
1024:2004
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926:2011
912:2012
898:2013
884:2014
870:2015
856:2016
851:301
842:2017
826:Year
601:Iran
488:list
369:list
344:list
167:Sikh
3366:in
3355:in
3337:in
3326:in
3315:in
3010:BBC
2627:doi
2594:doi
2590:118
1631:by
1577:MI5
1492:110
1481:37
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