1743:
1153:
diagnose a test taker's difficulty with certain concepts. As an educational tool, multiple-choice items test many levels of learning as well as a test taker's ability to integrate information, and it provides feedback to the test taker about why distractors were wrong and why correct answers were right. Nevertheless, there are difficulties associated with the use of multiple-choice questions. In administrative terms, multiple-choice items that are effective usually take a great time to construct. As an educational tool, multiple-choice items do not allow test takers to demonstrate knowledge beyond the choices provided and may even encourage guessing or approximation due to the presence of at least one correct answer. For instance, a test taker might not work out explicitly that
655:...with no intention of commending either the religion or the imperialism of China, we could not see why the fact that the most enlightened and enduring government of the Eastern world had acquired an examination as to the merits of candidates for office, should any more deprive the American people of that advantage, if it might be an advantage, than the facts that Confucius had taught political morality, and the people of China had read books, used the compass, gunpowder, and the multiplication table, during centuries when this continent was a wilderness, should deprive our people of those conveniences.
1705:
overall course grade or score do not require the test taker to spend much time preparing for the test. Conversely, nonstandardized tests that are long, infrequent, and do constitute a major portion of the test taker's overall course grade or score usually require the test taker to spend great amounts of time preparing for the test. To prepare for a nonstandardized test, test takers may rely upon their reference books, class or lecture notes, Internet, and past experience. Test takers may also use various learning aids to study for tests such as
91:
775:. In contrast, universities in the United States use an applicant's test score on the SAT or ACT as just one of their many admission criteria to determine whether an applicant should be admitted into one of its undergraduate programs. The other criteria in this case may include the applicant's grades from high school, extracurricular activities, personal statement, and letters of recommendations. Once admitted, undergraduate students in the United Kingdom or United States may be required by their respective programs to take a
1761:
write tests with few multiple-choice options, based on the theory that fully worked answers are difficult to imitate. In some cases, instructors themselves may not administer their own tests but will leave the task to other instructors or invigilators, which may mean that the invigilators do not know the candidates, and thus some form of identification may be required. Finally, instructors or test providers may compare the answers of suspected cheaters on the test themselves to determine whether cheating did occur.
1243:
the word bank are used exactly once. If a teacher wanted to create a test of medium difficulty, they would provide a test with a word bank, but some words may be used more than once and others not at all. The hardest variety of such a test is a fill-in-the-blank test in which no word bank is provided at all. This generally requires a higher level of understanding and memory than a multiple-choice test. Because of this, fill-in-the-blank tests with no word bank are often feared by students.
604:, were familiar with Chinese history and institutions. The NorthcoteâTrevelyan Report of 1854 made four principal recommendations: that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through standardized written examination, that candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy, and that promotion should be through achievement, rather than 'preferment, patronage, or purchase'.
76:
671:
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their answers. In turn, it takes more time to score or grade these items. When these items are being scored or graded, the grading process itself becomes subjective as non-test related information may influence the process. Thus, considerable effort is required to minimize the subjectivity of the grading process. Finally, as an assessment tool, essay questions may potentially be unreliable in assessing the entire content of a subject matter.
201:
1646:; "finals" or the "finals period" at the university level constitutes two or three weeks after the end of the academic term, but sometimes exams are administered in the last week of instruction. Some institutions designate a "study week" or "reading period" between the end of instruction and the beginning of finals, during which no examinations may be administered. Students at many institutions know the week before finals as "
1097:
338:
1273:, which direct the examinee to respond in a particular way, for example by describing or defining a concept, or comparing and contrasting two or more scenarios or events. Some command words require more insight or skill than others: for example, "analyse" and "synthesise" assess higher-level skills than "describe". More demanding command words usually attract greater mark weighting in the examination. In the UK,
1380:
330:
292:. The regular higher level degree examination cycle was decreed in 1067 to be 3 years but this triennial cycle only existed in nominal terms. In practice both before and after this, the examinations were irregularly implemented for significant periods of time: thus, the calculated statistical averages for the number of degrees conferred annually should be understood in this context. The
1717:, demand for private tuition has increased significantly in recent years. Finally, test takers may rely upon past copies of a test from previous years or semesters to study for a future test. These past tests may be provided by a friend or a group that has copies of previous tests or by instructors and their institutions, or by the test provider (such as an
523:. These were chiefly oral in the form of a question or answer, disputation, determination, defense, or public lecture. The candidate gave a public lecture of two prepared passages assigned to him from the civil or canon law, and then doctors asked him questions, or expressed objections to answers. Evidence of written examinations do not appear until 1702 at
1357:
intellectual than questions on a closed-book exam. Rather than testing what facts test takers know, open-book exams force them to apply the facts to a broader question. The main benefit that is seen from open-book tests is that they are a better preparation for the real world where one does not have to memorize and has anything they need at their disposal.
1701:
test banks to university instructors who adopt their published books for their courses. These test banks may contain up to four thousand sample test questions that have been peer-reviewed and time-tested. The instructor who chooses to use this testbank would only have to select a fixed number of test questions from this test bank to construct a test.
280:. Included in the expanded examination system was a military exam that tested physical ability, but the military exam never had a significant impact on the Chinese officer corps and military degrees were seen as inferior to their civil counterpart. The exact nature of Wu's influence on the examination system is still a matter of scholarly debate.
1134:
test items that are widely used by educators and test developers to construct paper or computer-based tests. As a result, these tests may consist of only one type of test item format (e.g., multiple-choice test, essay test) or may have a combination of different test item formats (e.g., a test that has multiple-choice and essay items).
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future such as a test taker's eligibility to attend a specific university program or to enter a desired profession. It is not unusual for test takers to prepare for standardized tests by relying upon commercially available books that provide in-depth coverage of the standardized test or compilations of previous tests (e.g.,
1281:'s guidance on the use of command words advises that they should be used "consistently and correctly", but notes that some subjects have their own traditions and expectations in regard to candidates' responses, and Cambridge Assessment notes that in some cases, subject-specific command words may be in used.
647:, in which he urged the United States government to adopt the Chinese examination system. Like in Britain, many of the American elites scorned the plan to implement competitive examinations, which they considered foreign, Chinese, and "un-American." As a result, the civil services reform introduced into the
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or final project in some courses. The weighting of the final exam also varies. It may be the largestâor onlyâfactor in the student's course grade; in other cases, it may carry the same weight as a midterm exam, or the student may be exempted. Not all finals need be cumulative, however, as some simply
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is a brief assessment which may cover a small amount of material that was given in a class. Some of them cover two to three lectures that were given in a period of times as a reading section or a given exercise in were the most important part of the class was summarize. However, a simple quiz usually
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Items such as short answer or essay typically require a test taker to write a response to fulfill the requirements of the item. In administrative terms, essay items take less time to construct. As an assessment tool, essay items can test complex learning objectives as well as processes used to answer
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Criterion-referenced tests are designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of criteria or learning standards. It is possible for all test takers to pass, just like it is possible for all test takers to fail. These tests can use individual's scores to focus on improving the skills that
607:
When the report was brought up in parliament in 1853, Lord
Monteagle argued against the implementation of open examinations because it was a Chinese system and China was not an "enlightened country." Lord Stanley called the examinations the "Chinese Principle." The Earl of Granville did not deny this
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The process of test construction has been aided in several ways. For one, many test developers were themselves students at one time, and therefore are able to modify or outright adopt questions from their previous tests. In some countries, book publishers often provide teaching packages that include
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Some performance tests are simulations. For instance, the assessment to become certified as an ophthalmic technician includes two components, a multiple-choice examination and a computerized skill simulation. The examinee must demonstrate the ability to complete seven tasks commonly performed on the
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A test developer's choice of which style or format to use when developing a written test is usually arbitrary given that there is no single invariant standard for testing. Be that as it may, certain test styles and formats have become more widely used than others. Below is a list of those formats of
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near London for training of the East India
Company's administrators in India. This was based on the recommendations of British East India Company officials serving in China and had seen the Imperial examinations. In 1829, the company introduced civil service examinations in India on a limited basis.
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that provide extensive or supplementary instructions to test takers to help them better prepare for a standardized test. In Hong Kong, it has been suggested that the tutors running such centers are celebrities in their own right. This has led to private tuition being a popular career choice for new
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As with test constructions, the time needed for a test taker to prepare for a test is dependent upon the frequency of the test, the test developer, and the significance of the test. In general, nonstandardized tests that are short, frequent, and do not constitute a major portion of the test taker's
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that requires a student to write a freehand response. Marks are given more for the steps taken than for the correct answer. If the question has multiple parts, later parts may use answers from previous sections, and marks may be granted if an earlier incorrect answer was used but the correct method
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A fill-in-the-blank item provides a test taker with identifying characteristics and requires the test taker to recall the correct term. There are two types of fill-in-the-blank tests. The easier version provides a word bank of possible words that will fill in the blanks. For some exams all words in
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There are several reasons to using multiple-choice questions in tests. In terms of administration, multiple-choice questions usually requires less time for test takers to answer, are easy to score and grade, provide greater coverage of material, allows for a wide range of difficulty, and can easily
828:
When analyzed in the context of language texting in the naturalization processes, the ideology can be found from two distinct but nearly related points. One refers to the construction and deconstruction of the nation's constitutive elements that makes their own identity, while the second has a more
806:
Standardized tests are sometimes used by certain governing bodies to determine whether a test taker is allowed to practice a profession, to use a specific job title, or to claim competency in a specific set of skills. For example, a test taker who intends to become a lawyer is usually required by a
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in the United States requires individual states to develop assessments for students in certain grades. In practice, these assessments typically appear in the form of standardized tests. Test scores of students in specific grades of an educational institution are then used to determine the status of
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that the individual can perform. More specialised tests may be used to test ability to perform a particular job or role. Many gyms, private organisations and event organizers have their own fitness tests. Using military techniques developed by the
British Army and modern test like Illinois Agility
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Formative assessments are informal and formal tests taken during the learning process. These assessments modify the later learning activities, to improve student achievement. They identify strengths and weaknesses and help target areas that need work. The goal of formative assessment is to monitor
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respectively as a requirement for graduation. These tests are used primarily to assess a student's proficiency in specific subjects such as mathematics, science, or literature. In contrast, high school students in other countries such as the United States may not be required to take a standardized
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Several common methods have been employed to combat cheating. They include the use of multiple proctors or invigilators during a testing period to monitor test takers. Test developers may construct multiple variants of the same test to be administered to different test takers at the same time, or
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on a test is the process of using unauthorized means or methods to obtain a desired test score or grade. This may range from bringing and using notes during a closed book examination, to copying another test taker's answer or choice of answers during an individual test, to sending a paid proxy to
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From the perspective of a test developer, there is great variability with respect to time and effort needed to prepare a test. Likewise, from the perspective of a test taker, there is also great variability with respect to the time and effort needed to obtain a desired grade or score on any given
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A take-home final is an examination at the end of an academic term that is usually too long or complex to be completed in a single session as an in-class final. There is usually a deadline for completion, such as within one or two weeks of the end of the semester. A take-home final differs from a
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An authentic assessment is the measurement of accomplishments within a realistic, practical context that is relevant outside of the school setting. For example, an authentic assessment of arithmetic skills is figuring out how much the family's groceries will cost this week. This provides as much
320:
dynasties, the system contributed to the narrow and focused nature of intellectual life and enhanced the autocratic power of the emperor. The system continued with some modifications until its abolition in 1905 during the last years of the Qing dynasty. The modern examination system for selecting
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Though not as popular as the closed-book test, open-book (or open-note) tests are slowly rising in popularity. An open-book test allows the test taker to access textbooks and all of their notes while taking the test. The questions asked on open-book exams are typically more thought provoking and
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The difficulties with essay items are primarily administrative: for example, test takers require adequate time to be able to compose their answers. When these questions are answered, the answers themselves are usually poorly written because test takers may not have time to organize and proofread
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Non-standardized tests are flexible in scope and format, and variable in difficulty. For example, a teacher may go around the classroom and ask each student a different question. Some questions will inevitably be harder than others, and the teacher may be more strict with the answers from better
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Unlike a nonstandardized test, the time needed by test takers to prepare for standardized tests is less variable and usually considerable. This is because standardized tests are usually uniform in scope, format, and difficulty and often have important consequences with respect to a test taker's
1148:
In a test that has items formatted as multiple-choice questions, a candidate would be given a number of set answers for each question, and the candidate must choose which answer or group of answers is correct. There are two families of multiple-choice questions. The first family is known as the
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when the comparison group is students in the same classroom. Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance results of a statistically selected group of test takers,
848:
Tests are sometimes used as a tool to select for participants that have potential to succeed in a competition such as a sporting event. For example, skaters who wish to participate in figure skating competitions in the United States must pass official U.S. Figure
Skating tests just to qualify.
507:
such as François
Quesnay, whose theory of free trade was based on Chinese classical theory, were sinophiles bent on introducing "l'esprit chinois" to France. He also admits that French education was really based on Chinese literary examinations which were popularized in France by philosophers,
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the emperors expanded both examinations and the government school system, in part to counter the influence of hereditary nobility, increasing the number of degree holders to more than four to five times that of the Tang. From the Song dynasty onward, the examinations played the primary role in
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for aspiring lawyers may be a norm-referenced, standardized, summative assessment. This means that only the test takers with higher scores will pass, that all of them took the same test under the same circumstances and were graded with the same scoring standards, and that the test is meant to
766:
Grades or test scores from standardized test may also be used by universities to determine whether a student applicant should be admitted into one of its academic or professional programs. For example, universities in the United
Kingdom admit applicants into their undergraduate programs based
148:
Tests vary in style, rigor and requirements. There is no general consensus or invariable standard for test formats and difficulty. Often, the format and difficulty of the test is dependent upon the educational philosophy of the instructor, subject matter, class size, policy of the educational
1217:, they would choose an answer close to 48. Moreover, test takers may misinterpret these items and in the process, perceive these items to be tricky or picky. Finally, multiple-choice items do not test a test taker's attitudes towards learning because correct responses can be easily faked.
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Summative assessments evaluate competence at the end of an instructional unit, with the goal of determining if the candidate has assimilated the knowledge or skills to the required standard. Summative assessments may cover a few days' instruction, an entire term's work in cases such as
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does not count very much, and instructors usually provide this type of test as a formative assessment to help determine whether the student is learning the material. In addition, doing this at the time the instructor collected all can make a significant part of the final course grade.
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selecting scholar-officials, who formed the literati elite of society. However the examinations co-existed with other forms of recruitment such as direct appointments for the ruling family, nominations, quotas, clerical promotions, sale of official titles, and special procedures for
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the question. The items can also provide a more realistic and generalizable task for test. Finally, these items make it difficult for test takers to guess the correct answers and require test takers to demonstrate their writing skills as well as correct spelling and grammar.
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cover the material presented since the last exam. For example, a microbiology course might only cover fungi and parasites on the final exam if this were the policy of the professor, and all other subjects presented in the course would then not be tested on the final exam.
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True/False questions present candidates with a binary choice â a statement is either true or false. This method presents problems, as depending on the number of questions, a significant number of candidates could get 100% just by guesswork, and should on average get 50%.
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test. When a test developer constructs a test, the amount of time and effort is dependent upon the significance of the test itself, the proficiency of the test taker, the format of the test, class size, deadline of the test, and experience of the test developer.
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exams were not a yearly event and should not be considered so; the annual average figures are a necessary artifact of quantitative analysis. The operations of the examination system were part of the imperial record keeping system, and the date of receiving the
248:
characteristic of the examinations was determined. However these examinations did not offer an official avenue to government appointment, the majority of which were filled through recommendations based on qualities such as social status, morals, and ability.
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Standardized tests are all tests that are administered and scored in a consistent manner, regardless of whether it is a quick quiz created by the local teacher or a heavily researched test given to millions of people. Standardized tests are often used in
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of the soldiers. After the War, industry began using tests to evaluate applicants for various jobs based on performance. In 1952, the first
Advanced Placement (AP) test was administered to begin closing the gap between high schools and colleges.
183:
A test may be developed and administered by an instructor, a clinician, a governing body, or a test provider. In some instances, the developer of the test may not be directly responsible for its administration. For example, in the United States,
1479:
An example is a behind-the-wheel driving test to obtain a driver's license. Rather than only answering simple multiple-choice items regarding the driving of an automobile, a student is required to actually drive one while being evaluated.
365:(794-1185). Like the Chinese examinations, the curriculum revolved around the Confucian canon. However, unlike in China, it was only ever applied to the minor nobility and so gradually faded away under the hereditary system during the
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test to graduate. Moreover, students in these countries usually take standardized tests only to apply for a position in a university program and are typically given the option of taking different standardized tests such as the
819:
Standardized tests are also used in certain countries to regulate immigration. For example, intended immigrants to
Australia are legally required to pass a citizenship test as part of that country's naturalization process.
543:
considered "the candidates not having really undergone any examination whatsoever" because the qualification for a degree was merely four years of residence. France adopted the examination system in 1791 as a result of the
462:
translation of Ricci's journal in 1614. During the 18th century, the imperial examinations were often discussed in conjunction with
Confucianism, which attracted great attention from contemporary European thinkers such as
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True/False question and it requires a test taker to choose all answers that are appropriate. The second family is known as One-Best-Answer question and it requires a test taker to answer only one from a list of answers.
508:
especially
Voltaire. Western perception of China in the 18th century admired the Chinese bureaucratic system as favourable over European governments for its seeming meritocracy. However those who admired China such as
758:
tests on specific subjects to fulfill university-level credit. Depending on the policies of the test maker or country, administration of standardized tests may be done in a large hall, classroom, or testing center. A
576:
This established the principle of qualification process for civil servants in England. In 1847 and 1856, Thomas Taylor Meadows strongly recommended the adoption of the Chinese principle of competitive examinations in
1012:
High-stakes tests are tests with important consequences for the individual test taker, such as getting a driver's license. A high-stakes test does not need to be a high-stress test, if the test taker is confident of
1462:
Stop watch timing was common until recent years when hand timing had proven to be inaccurate and inconsistent. Electronic timing is the new standard in order to promote accuracy and consistency, and lessen bias.
454:(1552â1610), who viewed it and its Confucian appeal to rationalism favorably in comparison to religious reliance on "apocalypse." Knowledge of Confucianism and the examination system was disseminated broadly in
1639:, the exam period varies, with high schools commonly assigning one or two weeks for final exams, but the university periodâsometimes called "exam week" or just "exams"âmay stretch to a maximum of three weeks.
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Norm-referenced tests compare a student's performance against a national or other "norm" group. Only a certain percentage of test takers will get the best and worse scores. Norm-referencing is usually called
1487:. When used for personnel selection, the tests might be referred to as a work sample. A licensure example would be cosmetologists being required to demonstrate a haircut or manicure on a live person. The
1471:
A performance test is an assessment that requires an examinee to actually perform a task or activity, rather than simply answering questions referring to specific parts. The purpose is to ensure greater
1020:
Competitive exams are norm-referenced, high-stakes tests in which candidates are ranked according to their grades and/or percentile, and then top rankers are selected. If the examination is open for
1742:
1608:. A final is technically just a greater form of a "unit test". They have the same purpose; finals are simply larger. Not all courses or curricula culminate in a final exam; instructors may assign a
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3001:
Johanns, Beth; Dinkens, Amber; Moore, Jill (2017-11-01). "A systematic review comparing open-book and closed-book examinations: Evaluating effects on development of critical thinking skills".
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Tests are used throughout most educational systems. Tests may range from brief, informal questions chosen by the teacher to major tests that students and teachers spend months preparing for.
584:. According to Meadows, "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only." Both
1660:, final exams are not often assigned in French high schools. However, French high school students hoping to continue their studies at university level will sit a national exam, known as the
1688:
In some cases, schools will run on a modified schedule for final exams to allow students more time to do their exams. However, this is not necessarily the case for every institution.
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graduates in developed economies. Finally, in some countries, instructors and their institutions have also played a significant role in preparing test takers for a standardized test.
1713:. Test takers may even hire tutors to coach them through the process so that they may increase the probability of obtaining a desired test grade or score. In countries such as the
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given to students at the end of a course of study or training. Although the term can be used in the context of physical training, it most often occurs in the academic world. Most
1183:
1344:
Higher-level mathematical papers may include variations on true/false, where the candidate is given a statement and asked to verify its validity by direct proof or stating a
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An oral test is a test that is answered orally (verbally). The teacher or oral test assessor will verbally ask a question to a student, who will then answer it using words.
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Performance-based assessments require students to solve real-world problems or produce something with real-world application. For example, the student can demonstrate
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After Great Britain's successful implementation of systematic, open, and competitive examinations in India in the 19th century, similar systems were instituted in the
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students. A non-standardized test may be used to determine the proficiency level of students, to motivate students to study, to provide feedback to students, and to
2003:
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A test may be administered formally or informally. An example of an informal test is a reading test administered by a parent to a child. A formal test might be a
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Some countries such as the United Kingdom and France require all their secondary school students to take a standardized test on individual subjects such as the
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itself, and in other Western nations. Like the British, the development of the French and American civil service was influenced by the Chinese system. When
495:, Confucian ideology was used in attacking the privilege of the elite. Figures such as Voltaire claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and
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Haladyna, T.M. & Downing, S.M. (1989) Validity of a Taxonomy of Multiple-Choice Item-Writing Rules. "Applied Measurement in Education", 2(1), 51â78.
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reported that some noblemen did not agree with the measures introduced because they were Chinese. The examination system was finally implemented in the
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403:
period, high offices were closed to aristocrats who had not passed the exams. The examination system continued until 1894 when it was abolished by the
341:
From the mid 19th century, universities began to institute written examinations to assess the aptitude of the pupils. This is an excerpt from the 1842
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but argued in favor of the examination system, considering that the minority Manchus had been able to rule China with it for over 200 years. In 1854,
559:
recommended imitating the Chinese examination system but the first English person to recommend competitive examinations to qualify for employment was
2100:
407:. As in China, the content of the examinations focused on the Confucian canon and ensured a loyal scholar bureaucrat class which upheld the throne.
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1895:
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student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning.
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and the benefits associated with these tests. Tests were used to determine the mental aptitude of recruits to the military. The US Army used the
621:
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in 1870. Even as late as ten years after the competitive examination plan was passed, people still attacked it as an "adopted Chinese culture."
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Finally, standardized tests are sometimes used to compare proficiencies of students from different institutions or countries. For example, the
1671:, with formats modelling the real exam. Students from different schools are often seen exchanging mock papers as a means of test preparation.
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in the 13th century, but was later brought back with regional quotas which favored the Mongols and disadvantaged Southern Chinese. During the
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1997:
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A matching item is an item that provides a defined term and requires a test taker to match identifying characteristics to the correct term.
1325:
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276:, implemented imperial examinations on a relatively small scale until the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of
220:
Informal, unofficial, and non-standardized tests and testing systems have existed throughout history. For example, tests of skill such as
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curriculum, in medicine as part of diagnostic testing, and as eligibility requirements in fields that focus on physical ability such as
1979:
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593:
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Standardized tests are sometimes used by certain countries to manage the quality of their educational institutions. For example, the
17:
2632:Ĺ kifiÄ, Sanja (2012). "Language ideology and citizenship: A comparative analysis of language testing in naturalisation processes".
1930:
236:). Oral exams were administered in various parts of the world including ancient China and Europe. A precursor to the later Chinese
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voiced concern over the prevalence of competitive examinations, which he described as "the invasion of this new Chinese culture."
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that educational institution, i.e., whether it should be allowed to continue to operate in the same way or to receive funding.
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Religion in Chinese Society : A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors
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insisted that the English "did not know that it was necessary for them to take lessons from the Celestial Empire." In 1875,
2485:
754:, which are used primarily to measure a student's reasoning skill. High school students in the United States may also take
613:
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The purpose of the test is to make a final review of the topics covered and assessment of each student's knowledge of the
3113:
Mayhew, Jerry L.; Houser, Jeremy J.; Briney, Ben B.; Williams, Tyler B.; Piper, Fontaine C.; Brechue, William F. (2010).
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42:
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Performance tests are commonly used in workplace and professional applications, such as professional certification and
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Yu, Jianfu (2009), "The influence and enlightenment of Confucian cultural education on modern European civilization",
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In some tests; where knowledge of many constants or technical terms is required to effectively answer questions, like
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may also be present during the testing period to provide instructions, to answer questions, or to prevent cheating.
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1801:
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information about the students' addition skills as a test question that asks what the sum of various numbers are.
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praising Confucianism, for which he was accused of atheism and forced to give up his position at the university.
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1906:
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Tests are sometimes used by a group to select for certain types of individuals to join the group. For example,
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in 1868 was not passed until 1883. The Civil Service Commission tried to combat such sentiments in its report:
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601:
597:
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701:, creating a rationalized method for the evaluation of teachers and institutions and creating a basis for the
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1918:
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528:
509:
3270:
188:(ETS), a nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization, develops standardized tests such as the
3824:. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute.
2105:
1423:
in maintaining overall health, and more agencies began to incorporate standardized fitness testing. In the
1156:
865:
that requires individuals to score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised IQ test.
268:
The bureaucratic imperial examinations as a concept has its origins in the year 605 during the short lived
67:
3432:
3411:
643:
in 1868, it contained a chapter on the civil service in China. In 1870, William Spear wrote a book called
829:
restricted view of the notion of specific language and ideologies that may served in a specific purpose.
531:, Europe may have had written examinations since 1518 but he admits the "evidence is not very clear." In
305:
is the only firm date known for even some of the most historically prominent persons in Chinese history.
185:
435:(1919). There were only three levels of examinations in Vietnam: interprovincial, pre-court, and court.
2837:
2232:
Liu, Haifeng (October 2007). "Influence of Chinaâs Imperial Examinations on Japan, Korea and Vietnam".
1324:
employ a style which does not fall into any of the above categories, although some papers, notably the
1060:
1037:
978:
572:
524:
480:
4018:
Gronlund, N. (1993) "How to make achievement tests and assessments", 5th edition, NY: Allyn and Bacon.
2875:
2825:
2799:
1843:, a technology and approach that looks specifically at the assessment of creativity and collaboration.
1667:
In some countries and locales that hold standardised exams, it is customary for schools to administer
3115:"Comparison Between Hand and Electronic Timing of 40-yd Dash Performance in College Football Players"
2013:
1900:
1045:
937:
776:
585:
464:
173:
142:
38:
3776:
Kracke, E. A., Jr. (1967 ). "Region, Family, and Individual in the Chinese Examination System", in
2356:
1912:
1488:
1439:
783:
257:
Standardized written examinations were first implemented in China. They were commonly known as the
145:, or in a predetermined area that requires a test taker to demonstrate or perform a set of skills.
2851:
1927: â Process by which a medical professional investigates a patient's body for signs of disease
616:
in 1855, prior to which admission into the civil service was purely a matter of patronage, and in
1909: â Standardized examination for prospective medical students in the United States and Canada
1650:." Most final exams incorporate the reading material that has been assigned throughout the term.
1621:
1617:
1188:
3766:
Kracke, E. A. (1947) "Family vs. Merit in Chinese Civil Service Examinations under the Empire.â
2976:
2907:
Guidance on command words used in learning outcomes and question papers â Diploma qualifications
500:
3917:
3291:
2892:
2037:
1337:
1252:
878:
118:
2550:
4075:
3666:
1830:
1635:, most universities hold a single set of "Finals" at the end of the entire degree course. In
1083:
determine whether the law school graduates have learned enough to practice their profession.
907:
838:
798:
to evaluate certain skills and knowledge of students from different participating countries.
779:
as a requirement for passing their courses or for graduating from their respective programs.
717:
589:
568:
564:
63:
3840:
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
3579:
1924:
1864:
1846:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1415:. Throughout the 20th century, scientific evidence emerged demonstrating the usefulness of
1333:
1053:
1029:
958:
955:
skills by baking a cake, and having the outcome judged for appearance, flavor, and texture.
921:
896:
887:
702:
685:
began to influence the method of examination in British universities from the 1850s, where
571:
considered the Chinese exams to be "worthy of imitating." In 1806, the British established
540:
499:
advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. According to
346:
258:
237:
205:
169:
161:
83:
2332:
767:
primarily or solely on an applicant's grades on pre-university qualifications such as the
432:
424:
8:
3994:
2618:
2017:
1983:
1824:
1771:
1729:
in Singapore). In many countries, test takers even enroll in test preparation centers or
1115:
by writing or typing within a given space of the test or on a separate form or document.
1007:
858:
536:
513:
392:
2728:
496:
3960:
3939:, Grace S. Fong, editor. (Montreal: Center for East Asian Research, McGill University).
3807:, translated by Conrad Schirokauer, Weatherhill; reprint: Yale University Press, 1981,
3756:
3144:
2778:
2009:
1887:
1657:
1605:
1455:
1404:
1104:
1068:
929:
911:
768:
755:
484:
476:
428:
3986:
3211:"Tests Given Throughout a Course as Formative Assessment Can Improve Student Learning"
1921: â An assessment that requires the subject to actually perform a task or activity
1341:
was followed, and an answer which is correct (given the incorrect input) is returned.
3964:
3906:
3885:
3860:
3843:
3825:
3808:
3798:
3760:
3739:
Ko, Kwang Hyun (2017), "A Brief History of Imperial Examination and Its Influences",
3709:
3701:
3672:
3654:
3610:
3591:
3561:
3529:
3497:
3440:
3314:
3136:
3058:
3026:
3018:
2805:
2766:
2756:
2420:
2393:
2286:
1881:
1870:
1806:
1718:
1569:
1447:
1431:
was established in 1956 as a way to encourage and monitor fitness in schoolchildren.
1416:
1392:
1001:
967:
903:
709:
693:. In the US, the transition happened under the influence of the educational reformer
682:
545:
192:
but may not directly be involved in the administration or proctoring of these tests.
153:
3148:
2611:
90:
4042:
4026:
The Rise of Standardized Educational Testing in the U.S. â A Bibliographic Overview
4025:
3952:
3748:
3646:
3126:
3010:
2641:
2561:
1936:
1890: â The questioning of a witness in a trial by the party who called the witness
1746:
1451:
1420:
1278:
1041:
760:
697:. The shift helped standardize an expansion of the curricula into the sciences and
333:
Invigilators seated on high chairs at a provincial exam in 1888 in northern Vietnam
134:
3256:
2663:
2509:
2162:
1774: â Any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise
4049:
3982:
3879:
3792:
The Class of 1761: Examinations, the State and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China
3131:
3114:
2832:
2677:
2414:
2166:
2125:
2069:
1953:
1783:
1726:
1143:
1079:
862:
772:
625:
556:
308:
A brief interruption to the examinations occurred at the beginning of the Mongol
221:
3188:
2492:
1661:
742:
82:
students taking an exam in order to apply for the Don Bosco Technical School of
4012:
4011:
Cangelosi, J. (1990) "Designing Tests for Evaluating Student Achievement". NY:
3852:
3386:
3239:
3014:
2049:
1987:
1941:
1798: â Form of computer-based test that adapts to the examinee's ability level
1789:
1714:
1632:
1383:
A Minnesota National Guardsman performs pushups during a physical fitness test.
1345:
1329:
1057:
636:
609:
539:, founded in 1747, is commonly believed to be the first honor examination, but
492:
3956:
3752:
160:
administered by a psychologist in a clinic. Formal testing often results in a
4069:
4038:
3724:
The Ladder of Success in Imperial China Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368â1911
3444:
3318:
3022:
2801:
Creating a Digital-Rich Classroom: Teaching & Learning in a Web 2.0 World
2770:
2138:
2057:
1947:
1792: â Type of examination in the United States, used in free response exams
1643:
1593:
1585:
1492:
1424:
1396:
1049:
577:
94:
4008:
Airasian, P. (1994) "Classroom Assessment", Second Edition, NY: McGraw-Hill.
3584:
3575:, John K. Fairbank, editor. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
420:
3693:
3240:"Oxford University Press | Online Resource Centre | Learn about Test banks"
3140:
3030:
2527:
2121:
1852:
1730:
1680:
final paper, often involving research, extended texts and display of data.
451:
362:
317:
313:
309:
284:
273:
229:
209:
3804:
China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China
3787:(Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985).
2887:
2885:
2750:
1277:
maintains an official list of command words explaining their meaning. The
934:
typically of the same age or grade level, who have already taken the exam.
301:
degree is often a key biographical datum: sometimes the date of achieving
4032:
3835:
3521:
3044:
2845:"Constructing Written Test Questions For the Basic and Clinical Sciences"
2645:
2085:
1812:
1573:
1500:
1309:
1127:
1064:
874:
694:
690:
675:
504:
472:
404:
269:
241:
233:
176:, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by
3881:
The Chinese Imperial Examination System : An Annotated Bibliography
3571:
Ch'Ăź, T'ung-tsu (1967 ). "Chinese Class Structure and its Ideology", in
3342:
1403:. They are commonly employed in educational institutions as part of the
519:
The earliest evidence of examinations in Europe date to 1215 or 1219 in
3771:
2938:, Guidance document 174/2015, issued June 2015, accessed 15 August 2020
2882:
2223:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd Ed., pp. 145â147, 198â200.
2117:
2065:
1818:
1815: â Physical fitness test, used by Law, Military, and Fire services
1609:
1581:
982:
747:
698:
670:
560:
177:
165:
97:
students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in 2001
75:
3975:
3668:
The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System
3166:
1710:
1706:
1647:
1636:
1484:
1400:
1366:
1321:
1313:
1126:â the test developer may allow every test taker to bring with them a
1119:
1112:
974:
807:
governing body such as a governmental bar licensing agency to pass a
686:
444:
277:
245:
200:
122:
3653:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
2311:
Ssu-yu Teng, "Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System",
1821: â Qualification or authority issued by a competent third party
1332:
employ multiple choice. Instead, most mathematics questions state a
1028:
candidates in ranks pass, the others are rejected. They are used as
149:
institution, and requirements of accreditation or governing bodies.
3924:(1967 ). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3898:
3465:"Proxy test takers, item harvesters and cheaters... be very afraid"
2752:
Psychological testing : principles, applications, & issues
2387:
2129:
2081:
2041:
1991:
1777:
1753:
1529:
1473:
1408:
1111:). A test taker who takes a written test could respond to specific
990:
808:
468:
337:
130:
79:
4059:
Wilson, N. (1997) Educational standards and the problem of error.
1780:, also known as Assignment (education) â Educational practice
1495:
tests which trainee train drivers in the UK are required to pass.
1096:
1004:
to make it more appropriate for either low- or high-skill students
3780:, John K. Fairbank, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3719:
2093:
2089:
2061:
2045:
2033:
1973:
1836:
1625:
1577:
1443:
1435:
1317:
1123:
1107:
are tests that are administered on paper or on a computer (as an
617:
549:
532:
520:
366:
289:
157:
4033:
Correcting Fallacies About Educational and Psychological Testing
2692:
1786: â Test required to practice law in a specific jurisdiction
1596:, or more traditionally at the end of a complete degree course.
1379:
708:
Both World War I and World War II demonstrated the necessity of
3607:
A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China
2390:
The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform
2112:
2077:
2073:
2024:
1968:
1884: â The interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent
1654:
1412:
1274:
952:
488:
455:
448:
400:
384:
378:
342:
329:
204:"The Official Career of Xu Xianqing" - on the bottom right the
138:
3935:
Yu, Pauline (2002). "Chinese Poetry and Its Institutions", in
2652:
2283:
The expansion of England: race, ethnicity and cultural history
1956: â Method of problem-solving, a method of problem solving
1749:
may oversee a test to reduce cheating methods such as copying.
321:
civil servants also indirectly evolved from the imperial one.
3987:
American Libraries Internet Archive Google Books (Searchable)
3073:"USMC Personal Fitness Test (Chapter 2 - Conduct of the PFT)"
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2142:
2053:
1256:
1108:
1078:
A single test can have multiple qualities. For example, the
823:
792:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
459:
388:
358:
225:
126:
3822:
Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent
2965:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 85 (Chapter 4).
645:
The Oldest and the Newest Empire-China and the United States
512:
were sometimes persecuted. In 1721 he gave a lecture at the
361:
implemented the examination system for 200 years during the
3433:"The new boom in home tuition â if you can pay ÂŁ40 an hour"
1296:
1290:
1072:
396:
3112:
2861:
2579:
1915: â Capturing of human-marked data from document forms
1827: â Document allowing one to drive a motorized vehicle
1312:
questions, or calculation questions from subjects such as
2918:
2416:
Writing in the Academic Disciplines: A Curricular History
1876:
751:
189:
2004:
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
1867: â Standardized measurement of academic performance
2336:
2135:
Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission
1599:
447:
as early as 1570. It received great attention from the
141:). A test may be administered verbally, on paper, on a
3089:
2804:. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press. pp. 2â3.
2619:"Australian Citizenship - Australian Citizenship test"
914:
examples, or professional licensing tests such as the
641:
Report from the Joint Select Committee on Retrenchment
2569:"International Qualifications - University of Oxford"
2331:. Committee on Asiatic Studies in American Education
2137:â Organization authorized to conduct examinations in
1616:
Prior to the examination period most students in the
1191:
1159:
796:
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
582:
Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China
3785:
Government Education and Examinations in Sung China
3264:"How to study for Quizzes and Exams in Biochemistry"
1950: â Jump vertically in the air, a leg power test
1849: â Software intended for an educational purpose
1841:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1442:(commonly known as the "beep test"), and numbers of
168:. A test score may be interpreted with regards to a
3634:, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 405â410
3000:
2755:. Dennis P. Saccuzzo (Ninth ed.). Boston, MA.
2711:"Formal vs. Informal Assessments | Scholastic"
2455:"A Brief History of the Advanced Placement Program"
2263:
1833: â Use of information technology in assessment
1269:Instructions to exam candidates rely on the use of
3583:
3307:"Sharp rise in children receiving private tuition"
2909:, version 5, June 2021, accessed 23 September 2023
1903: â Final examination before school graduation
1520:, is an exam given near the middle of an academic
1209:
1177:
2452:
2412:
814:
739:General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)
215:
4067:
4056:(New York: Basic Books, 1985), pp. 172â181.
3974:(Shanghai, VariĂŠtĂŠs Sinologiques. No. 9, 1896).
3664:
2244:
2242:
1839: â project at Goldsmiths University, London
1067:way to select worthy applicants without risking
906:, or even multiple years' study, in the case of
552:implemented the examination system around 1800.
137:, or classification in many other topics (e.g.,
4061:Education Policy Analysis Archives, Vol 6 No 10
3976:University of Oregon Libraries (not searchable)
2824:North Central Regional Educational Laboratory,
2543:
1896:List of standardized tests in the United States
622:Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, 1st Baron Lamington
156:administered by a teacher in a classroom or an
2670:
2388:Huddleston, Mark W.; William W. Boyer (1996).
801:
3733:The Higher Civil Service in the United States
3119:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
2977:"Different Exam Types - Different Approaches"
2797:
2693:"Homepage - CMU - Carnegie Mellon University"
2239:
1998:International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
1961:
1063:. Competitive examinations are considered an
535:, medication examinations began in 1725. The
443:The imperial examination system was known to
3997:that is believed to be in the public domain.
3993:This article incorporates material from the
3859:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3688:Religion and Society in T'ang and Sung China
2392:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15.
1855: â Anxiety or stress triggered by exams
399:) was able to take the examinations. By the
180:analysis of a large number of participants.
3937:Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry, Volume 2
3550:The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China
2439:Kaplan, R. M. & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009)
1873: â Fitness test, a cardiovascular test
1584:run final exams at the end of a particular
916:United States Medical Licensing Examination
23:
3730:
3218:American Society for Engineering Education
2783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2551:"Cambridge Pre-U - Post 16 Qualifications"
2516:
2342:
2221:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
824:Language testing in naturalization process
594:Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh
24:
3972:Pratique Des Examens Militaires En Chine.
3842:. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson.
3208:
3130:
2893:"MFO Topic C5: Developing Test Questions"
2486:"GCSEs: The official guide to the system"
1374:
1303:
1100:Indonesian students taking a written test
3797:
3700:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
3641:The Marriage of Sung Imperial Clanswomen
3578:
2369:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
2323:
2321:
1931:Pilot certification in the United States
1741:
1378:
1095:
832:
669:
336:
328:
199:
89:
74:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3685:
3638:
3547:
3528:(New York: Columbia University Press).
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
1220:
555:Englishmen in the 18th century such as
548:but it collapsed after only ten years.
417:Confucian examination system in Vietnam
14:
4068:
3794:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3698:Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology
3526:Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume I
3384:
2960:
2748:
2690:
2631:
1524:term, or near the middle of any given
1506:
588:, who was instrumental in passing the
4035:, American Psychological Association.
3869:
3726:, New York: Columbia University Press
3622:
3604:
3430:
3304:
2744:
2742:
2318:
2179:Thissen, D. & Wainer, H. (2001).
1944: â High School study (in the US)
1178:{\displaystyle 6.14\cdot 7.95=48.813}
1086:
724:
665:
3877:
3552:, State University of New York Press
3237:
2729:"What Are Some Types of Assessment?"
2593:
2296:
2006:(IGCSE) â international examinations
1600:Isolated purpose and common practice
1543:
1503:, that are simulated on a computer.
1466:
1429:President's Council on Youth Fitness
852:
3927:
3778:Chinese Thoughts & Institutions
3625:"Civil Service Examinations (Keju)"
3573:Chinese Thoughts & Institutions
3539:
3387:"Meet the 'tutor kings and queens'"
2634:European Journal of Language Policy
2363:
1674:
121:intended to measure a test-taker's
56:
4002:
3942:
3768:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3738:
3718:
3609:, University of California Press,
2739:
2313:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2269:
2248:
1351:
1237:
1137:
678:examination in a classroom in 1940
419:was established in 1075 under the
57:
4087:
3857:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
3409:
3165:. Digital Reality. Archived from
2354:
2236:, Volume 2, Issue 4, pp. 493â512.
1809: â Knowledge assessment tool
1034:university and college admissions
714:StanfordâBinet Intelligence Scale
3930:The Encyclopedia of Confucianism
2660:"Welcome to U.S. Figure Skating"
2219:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
1861: â High school diploma test
1802:Computerized classification test
1229:
1091:
208:examinees sit their exam, 1590,
4043:"The Uses and Misuses of Tests"
3632:Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
3590:. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
3515:
3490:"Easy Ways to Prevent Cheating"
3482:
3469:ccie-in-3-months.blogspot.co.uk
3457:
3431:Cohen, Daniel H. (2013-10-25).
3424:
3412:"How to become a private tutor"
3403:
3378:
3349:
3331:
3298:
3280:
3231:
3202:
3181:
3155:
3106:
3082:
3065:
3051:
3037:
2994:
2969:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2912:
2899:
2818:
2791:
2721:
2703:
2684:
2625:
2502:
2478:
2446:
2433:
2419:. SIU Press. pp. 158â159.
2406:
2381:
2372:
2348:
2275:
1859:General Educational Development
1691:
1511:
944:were lacking in comprehension.
843:
3905:. New York: Crown Publishers.
3872:A Crisis in the Literati State
3560:. Feltham: Hamlyn Publishing.
3357:"Past papers and mark schemes"
2555:www.cambridgeinternational.org
2254:
2226:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2173:
2155:
1907:Medical College Admission Test
1642:Practice varies widely in the
1532:. Midterm exams are a type of
1391:is a test designed to measure
1050:positions in the public sector
815:Immigration and naturalization
216:Oral and informal examinations
13:
1:
3770:10#2 1947, pp. 103â123.
3385:Sharma, Yojana (2012-11-27).
2691:University, Carnegie Mellon.
2234:Frontiers of History in China
2148:
1796:Computerized adaptive testing
1620:have a week or so of intense
1360:
948:Performance-based assessments
3731:Huddleston, Mark W. (1996),
3671:. Harvard Univ Asia Center.
3132:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c08860
2951:, accessed 23 September 2023
2876:"Types of Test Item Formats"
2587:"Harvard College Admissions"
2357:"China: A Teaching Workbook"
2183:. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 1.
729:
614:British Indian Civil Service
68:Examination (disambiguation)
7:
3884:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
3542:Neo-Confucianism in History
3305:Weale, Sally (2016-09-07).
3003:Nurse Education in Practice
2949:Understanding Command Words
2925:, accessed 27 December 2018
2000:â international examination
1933: â Pilot certification
1764:
1737:
1683:
1434:Common tests include timed
1210:{\displaystyle 6\cdot 8=48}
802:Licensing and certification
186:Educational Testing Service
10:
4092:
3870:Smith, Paul Jakov (2015),
3686:Gregory, Peter N. (1993),
3556:Christie, Anthony (1968).
3015:10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.018
2749:Kaplan, Robert M. (2018).
2453:The College Board (2003).
2413:Russell, David R. (2002).
1962:International examinations
1364:
1288:
1284:
1250:
1141:
1046:civil service examinations
1038:Joint Entrance Examination
1024:positions, then the first
979:professional certification
883:Assessment types include:
872:
836:
598:NorthcoteâTrevelyan Report
525:Trinity College, Cambridge
503:(1849-1906), followers of
481:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
410:
391:in 958 under the reign of
376:
232:(or, more mythologically,
195:
61:
4031:Phelps, R.P., Ed. (2008)
3957:10.1007/s11516-009-0002-5
3790:Man-Cheong, Iona (2004).
3753:10.1007/s12115-017-0134-9
3665:Franke, Wolfgang (1960).
3639:Chaffee, John W. (1991),
3522:de Bary, William Theodore
2329:Chinese Ideas in the West
1901:Matriculation examination
1476:to what is being tested.
938:Criterion-referenced test
777:comprehensive examination
586:Thomas Babington Macaulay
465:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
324:
18:Test (student assessment)
3605:Elman, Benjamin (2002),
3045:"Army Fitness Standards"
1913:Optical mark recognition
1440:multi-stage fitness test
1246:
1016:Competitive examinations
993:, and many other fields.
868:
784:No Child Left Behind Act
660:Civil Service Commission
649:House of Representatives
372:
353:
252:
39:latest accepted revision
3820:Murck, Alfreda (2000).
3623:—— (2009),
3059:"RAF Fitness Standards"
2963:Overcoming Math Anxiety
2443:Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2315:7 (1942â1943): 267â312.
2281:Schwarz, Bill. (1996).
1061:Competitive Examination
573:a Civil Service College
438:
240:was in place since the
4054:The Schools We Deserve
3928:Yao, Xinzhong (2003),
3548:Chaffee, John (1995),
3540:Bol, Peter K. (2008),
3189:"Noun 1. midterm exam"
2947:Cambridge Assessment,
2798:Ormiston, Meg (2011).
2680:. Mensa International.
2359:. Columbia University.
2038:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1750:
1491:is one of a number of
1384:
1375:Physical fitness tests
1304:Mathematical questions
1253:Free response question
1211:
1179:
1101:
908:high school exit exams
879:Educational assessment
761:proctor or invigilator
705:according to ability.
679:
663:
563:in 1776. In 1838, the
350:
334:
212:
119:educational assessment
98:
87:
59:Educational assessment
3580:Crossley, Pamela Kyle
3363:. AQA. Archived from
3209:O'Connell, Robert M.
3191:. The Free Dictionary
2936:Fair access by design
2540:Name changed in 1996.
2441:Psychological Testing
2092:; previously used in
1831:Electronic assessment
1745:
1658:tertiary institutions
1459:Run and Cooper Test.
1389:physical fitness test
1382:
1212:
1180:
1099:
1030:entrance examinations
1002:modify the curriculum
996:Non-standardized test
873:Further information:
839:Intelligence quotient
833:Intelligence quotient
703:streaming of students
689:had common since the
673:
653:
602:British civil service
590:Saint Helena Act 1833
569:Walter Henry Medhurst
565:Congregational church
427:and lasted until the
340:
332:
272:. Its successor, the
259:imperial examinations
238:imperial examinations
203:
93:
78:
64:Exam (disambiguation)
3903:The Chinese Heritage
3651:China: A New History
3163:"GroupâBourdon tool"
2857:on October 25, 2004.
2646:10.3828/ejlp.2012.13
2524:"About ACT: History"
2285:. Psychology Press;
2163:"Definition of test"
1925:Physical examination
1865:Grading in education
1847:Educational software
1538:summative assessment
1334:mathematical problem
1221:Alternative response
1189:
1157:
1054:Foreign Service Exam
959:Authentic assessment
922:Norm-referenced test
897:Summative assessment
888:Formative assessment
710:standardized testing
683:Standardized testing
541:James Bass Mullinger
501:Ferdinand Brunetière
395:. Any free man (not
347:Cambridge University
206:imperial examination
62:For other uses, see
4024:Monahan, T. (1998)
3995:Library of Congress
3647:Fairbank, John King
3238:WEHMEIER, Nicolas.
2678:"How do I Join Up?"
2018:Republic of Ireland
2014:Leaving Certificate
1919:Performance testing
1772:Academic dishonesty
1624:and study known as
1507:Midterms and finals
1185:, but knowing that
1075:or other concerns.
859:Mensa International
600:that catalyzed the
596:, who prepared the
537:Mathematical Tripos
514:University of Halle
393:Gwangjong of Goryeo
387:was established in
244:, during which the
29:Page version status
4048:2017-10-18 at the
3981:2014-04-15 at the
3945:Front. Educ. China
3878:Wang, Rui (2013).
3799:Miyazaki, Ichisada
3339:"Past Exam Papers"
3288:"Study strategies"
2961:Tobias, S (1995).
2934:Welsh Government,
2831:2008-03-05 at the
2715:www.scholastic.com
2530:on October 8, 2006
2010:Junior Certificate
1888:Direct examination
1751:
1489:GroupâBourdon test
1452:abdominal crunches
1405:physical education
1385:
1207:
1175:
1102:
1087:Assessment formats
1069:influence peddling
930:grading on a curve
912:GCE Advanced Level
756:Advanced Placement
725:Contemporary tests
680:
674:Students taking a
666:Modern development
529:Sir Michael Sadler
485:Friedrich Schiller
385:examination system
351:
335:
213:
99:
88:
35:
3783:Lee, Thomas H.C.
3678:978-0-674-75250-4
3558:Chinese Mythology
3534:978-0-231-10939-0
3169:on 3 January 2011
2811:978-1-935249-87-0
2762:978-1-337-09813-7
1882:Cross-examination
1871:Harvard step test
1807:Concept inventory
1719:examination board
1669:mock examinations
1653:Though common in
1550:final examination
1544:Final examination
1467:Performance tests
1417:strength training
1393:physical strength
1042:secondary schools
968:Standardized test
853:Group memberships
741:(in England) and
546:French Revolution
154:final examination
47:13 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
4083:
3967:
3932:
3918:Yang Ch'ing-k'un
3895:
3874:
3817:
3763:
3735:
3727:
3690:
3682:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3619:
3601:
3589:
3553:
3544:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3496:. Archived from
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3341:. Archived from
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3290:. Archived from
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3269:. Archived from
3268:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3200:
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3197:
3196:
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3179:
3178:
3176:
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3110:
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3101:
3100:
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3079:
3077:
3069:
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3062:
3055:
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3048:
3041:
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2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2850:. Archived from
2849:
2841:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2774:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:. Archived from
2656:
2650:
2649:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2571:. Archived from
2565:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2526:. Archived from
2520:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2491:. Archived from
2490:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2460:. Archived from
2459:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2309:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2272:, p. 15-16.
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2109:
1937:Progress testing
1842:
1825:Driver's license
1675:Take-home finals
1421:aerobic exercise
1279:Welsh government
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1008:High-stakes test
661:
497:François Quesnay
224:have existed in
222:archery contests
135:physical fitness
21:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4066:
4065:
4050:Wayback Machine
4005:
4003:Further reading
3983:Wayback Machine
3892:
3853:Rossabi, Morris
3815:
3679:
3627:
3617:
3598:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3471:. 24 April 2008
3463:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3410:Lomax, Robert.
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3303:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3038:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:Wayback Machine
2823:
2819:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2747:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2510:"About the SAT"
2508:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2343:Huddleston 1996
2341:
2337:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2167:Merriam-Webster
2161:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2126:Advanced Higher
2103:
2101:Nationella prov
2070:North Macedonia
1964:
1959:
1954:Trial and error
1840:
1784:Bar examination
1767:
1757:take the test.
1740:
1727:ten year series
1694:
1686:
1677:
1602:
1562:final interview
1546:
1514:
1509:
1469:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1352:Open-book tests
1326:Maths Challenge
1306:
1293:
1287:
1259:
1249:
1240:
1238:Completion type
1232:
1223:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1144:Multiple choice
1140:
1138:Multiple choice
1094:
1089:
1048:, required for
881:
871:
863:high-IQ society
855:
846:
841:
835:
826:
817:
804:
773:Cambridge Pre-U
732:
727:
668:
662:
659:
626:Archibald Sayce
557:Eustace Budgell
527:. According to
510:Christian Wolff
477:Baron d'Holbach
441:
413:
381:
375:
356:
345:examination in
327:
255:
218:
198:
71:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4039:Ravitch, Diane
4036:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:Addison-Wesley
4009:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3990:
3968:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3914:
3896:
3890:
3875:
3867:
3850:
3833:
3818:
3813:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3764:
3747:(3): 272â278,
3736:
3728:
3716:
3691:
3683:
3677:
3662:
3644:
3636:
3620:
3615:
3602:
3596:
3576:
3569:
3554:
3545:
3537:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3481:
3456:
3423:
3402:
3377:
3361:www.aqa.org.uk
3348:
3345:on 2010-08-10.
3330:
3297:
3294:on 2011-10-07.
3279:
3276:on 2010-12-31.
3255:
3244:global.oup.com
3230:
3201:
3180:
3154:
3125:(2): 447â451.
3105:
3081:
3064:
3050:
3036:
2993:
2968:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2911:
2898:
2881:
2860:
2836:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2761:
2738:
2720:
2702:
2683:
2669:
2666:on 2010-07-27.
2651:
2640:(2): 217â236.
2624:
2610:
2592:
2578:
2575:on 2010-08-22.
2560:
2542:
2515:
2501:
2498:on 2012-06-04.
2477:
2445:
2432:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2355:Bodde, Derke.
2347:
2335:
2317:
2295:
2274:
2262:
2253:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2172:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2132:
2115:
2097:
2050:Czech Republic
2021:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1977:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1942:Project Talent
1939:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1790:Blue book exam
1787:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1739:
1736:
1715:United Kingdom
1693:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1601:
1598:
1588:, typically a
1545:
1542:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1468:
1465:
1376:
1373:
1365:Main article:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:counterexample
1330:United Kingdom
1328:papers in the
1305:
1302:
1286:
1283:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1058:United Nations
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
997:
994:
970:
965:
961:
956:
949:
941:
940:
935:
924:
919:
899:
894:
890:
870:
867:
854:
851:
845:
842:
837:Main article:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
803:
800:
731:
728:
726:
723:
667:
664:
657:
637:Thomas Jenckes
633:United Kingdom
610:Edwin Chadwick
458:following the
440:
437:
429:Nguyáť
n dynasty
412:
409:
377:Main article:
374:
371:
355:
352:
326:
323:
254:
251:
217:
214:
197:
194:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4088:
4077:
4074:
4073:
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4062:
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4044:
4040:
4037:
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4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
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3996:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:Yang, C. K. (
3915:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3891:9780810887022
3887:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3865:0-520-05913-1
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:0-500-05090-2
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:0-674-00782-4
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:9780300026399
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:9780374105365
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:Hinton, David
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:0-674-11670-4
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3616:0-520-21509-5
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3524:, ed. (1960)
3523:
3520:
3519:
3500:on 2016-12-06
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3413:
3406:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3367:on 2016-12-21
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3074:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:
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2462:the original
2448:
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2345:, p. 9.
2338:
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2260:Kracke, 251.
2256:
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2206:
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2197:
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2188:
2181:Test Scoring
2180:
2175:
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2122:Higher Grade
2099:
2029:
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1967:
1853:Test anxiety
1759:
1752:
1747:Invigilators
1731:cram schools
1723:
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1662:BaccalaurĂŠat
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1582:universities
1574:high schools
1565:
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1497:
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3586:The Manchus
2697:www.cmu.edu
2534:October 31,
2104: [
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1813:Cooper test
1501:retinoscopy
1310:mathematics
1128:cheat sheet
1065:egalitarian
1052:; the U.S.
904:final exams
875:Group tests
695:Horace Mann
691:Middle Ages
676:scholarship
567:missionary
505:Physiocracy
473:Montesquieu
405:Gabo Reform
283:During the
270:Sui dynasty
242:Han dynasty
178:statistical
103:examination
3706:0374105367
3597:1557865604
3566:0600006379
3504:2016-12-09
3475:2016-12-09
3450:2016-12-09
3417:2016-12-09
3396:2016-12-09
3371:2016-12-09
3324:2016-12-09
3249:2016-12-09
3195:2012-05-12
3099:2016-11-10
2987:2017-12-11
2471:2009-01-29
2399:0822974738
2149:References
2128:â used in
2118:National 5
2111:â used in
2066:Montenegro
2032:â used in
1972:â used in
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1721:) itself.
1707:flashcards
1610:term paper
1361:Oral tests
1289:See also:
1251:See also:
1113:test items
1056:, and the
983:psychology
699:humanities
687:oral exams
561:Adam Smith
421:LĂ˝ dynasty
228:since the
166:test score
111:evaluation
3965:143586407
3899:Wu, K. C.
3761:149230149
3445:0261-3077
3319:0261-3077
3090:"Welcome"
3023:1471-5953
3009:: 89â94.
2826:NCREL.org
2779:cite book
2771:982213567
2141:state in
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1648:dead week
1637:Australia
1534:formative
1485:licensure
1401:endurance
1367:Oral exam
1322:economics
1314:chemistry
1196:⋅
1164:⋅
1120:Chemistry
975:education
730:Education
445:Europeans
433:Khải Äáťnh
278:Wu Zetian
246:Confucian
174:criterion
123:knowledge
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3979:Archived
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3838:(1998).
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3722:(1962),
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3649:(1992).
3582:(1997).
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3141:20072055
3031:28881323
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2905:NEBOSH,
2829:Archived
2733:Edutopia
2130:Scotland
2082:Slovenia
2042:Bulgaria
2030:Maturita
1992:Scotland
1778:Homework
1765:See also
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1738:Cheating
1684:Schedule
1622:revision
1594:semester
1578:colleges
1530:semester
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1409:military
1338:exercise
1080:bar exam
1013:passing.
991:military
809:bar exam
658:â
469:Voltaire
431:Emperor
423:Emperor
143:computer
131:aptitude
95:American
43:reviewed
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3223:6 April
3173:2 March
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2293:p. 232.
2270:Yu 2009
2249:Ko 2017
2094:Albania
2090:Ukraine
2062:Hungary
2046:Croatia
2034:Austria
1990:except
1984:A-level
1974:Germany
1837:E-scape
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1626:swotvac
1606:subject
1590:quarter
1568:, is a
1526:quarter
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1448:sit-ups
1438:or the
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1397:agility
1318:physics
1285:Quizzes
1124:Biology
989:), the
985:(e.g.,
639:made a
618:England
580:in his
550:Germany
533:Prussia
521:Bologna
493:Britain
411:Vietnam
367:Samurai
290:eunuchs
196:History
158:IQ test
139:beliefs
86:in 2008
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592:, and
489:France
483:, and
456:Europe
449:Jesuit
401:Joseon
379:Gwageo
343:Tripos
325:Spread
303:jinshi
299:jinshi
294:jinshi
117:is an
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3757:S2CID
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2143:India
2108:]
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1566:final
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1257:Essay
1247:Essay
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794:uses
487:. In
460:Latin
389:Korea
373:Korea
369:era.
359:Japan
354:Japan
253:China
226:China
164:or a
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3315:ISSN
3225:2019
3175:2011
3137:PMID
3027:PMID
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2806:ISBN
2785:link
2767:OCLC
2757:ISBN
2536:2006
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1982:and
1980:GCSE
1709:and
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1073:bias
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383:The
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316:and
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2402:.
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2096:.
2028:/
2020:.
1994:.
1976:.
1450:/
1202:=
1199:8
1193:6
1170:=
1026:n
1022:n
918:.
349:.
261:(
105:(
70:.
49:.
20:)
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