686:*EBhello.c$ $ Open file for read/write with backup *P$ $ Read in the first page *SHello$ 0TT$ $ Search for "Hello" and print the line (pointer placed after searched string) printf("Hello world!\n"); The line *-5DIGoodbye$ 0TT$ $ Delete five characters before pointer (ie "Hello"), insert "Goodbye", and print the line printf("Goodbye world!\n"); The updated line *EX$ $ Copy the remainder of the file and exit
714:<0uz ! clear repeat flag ! j 0aua l ! load 1st char into register A ! <0aub ! load 1st char of next line into B ! qa-qb"g xa k -l ga -1uz ' ! if A>B, switch lines and set flag ! qbua ! load B into A ! l .-z;> ! loop back if another line in buffer ! qz;> ! repeat if a switch was made last pass !
218:; each character in a program is an imperative command, dispatched to its corresponding routine. That routine may read further characters from the program stream (giving the effect of string arguments), change the position of the "program counter" (giving the effect of control structures), or push values onto a value stack (giving the effect of nested parentheses). But there is nothing to prevent operations like jumping into the middle of a comment, since there is no syntax and no parsing.
706:!START! j 0aua ! jump to beginning, load 1st char in register A ! !CONT! l 0aub ! load first char of next line in register B ! qa-qb"g xa k -l ga 1uz ' ! if A>B, switch lines and set flag in register Z ! qbua ! load B into A ! l z-."g -l @o/CONT/ ' ! loop back if another line in buffer ! qz"g 0uz @o/START/ ' ! repeat if a switch was made on last pass !
451:, one would simply examine the faulty text and prepare a "correction tape" describing the editing operations to be performed on the text. One would efficiently feed the source tape and the correction tape into the PDP-1 via its high-speed (200 characters per second) reader. Running TECO, it immediately would punch an edited tape with its high-speed (60 characters per second) punch. One could then immediately proceed to load and run the assembler, with no time wasted in online editing.
509:), which operated as the command string was read rather than when executed. Read-time macros made the TECO auxiliary text buffers, called Q-registers, more useful. Carl expanded the Q-register name space. With read-time macros, a large Q-register name space, and efficient buffer operations, the stage was set for binding each key to a macro. These edit macros evolved into
463:
feature-complete editor than
Expensive Typewriter, so editing was much more efficient with TECO). The original PDP-1 version had no screen display. The only way to observe the state of the text during the editing process was to type in commands that would cause the text (or portions thereof) to be typed out on the console typewriter.
516:
The VMS implementation has a long history - it began as TECO-8, implemented in PDP-8 assembly. This code was translated into PDP-11 assembly to produce TECO-11. TECO-11 was used in early versions of VAX/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode. It was later translated from PDP-11 assembly into VAX assembly
424:
characters along the top of every card at the same time as they punched each machine-readable character. Thus IBM programmers could read, insert, delete, and move lines of code by physically manipulating the cards in the deck. Punched paper tape offered no such amenities, leading to the development
572:
It has been observed that a TECO command sequence more closely resembles transmission line noise than readable text. One of the more entertaining games to play with TECO is to type your name in as a command line and try to guess what it does. Just about any possible typing error while talking with
183:
was the only medium for the storage of program source on our PDP-1. There was no hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape (magtape), or network." By the time TECO was made available for general use, the name had become "Text Editor and
Corrector", since even the PDP-1 version by then supported other
462:
The correction tape was a program, and required debugging just like any other program. The pitfalls of even the simplest global search-and-replace soon became evident. In practice, TECO editing was performed online just as it had been with
Expensive Typewriter (although TECO was certainly a more
454:
TECO's sophisticated searching operations were motivated by the fact that the offline
Flexowriter printouts were not line-numbered. Editing locations therefore needed to be specified by context rather than by line number. The various looping and conditional constructs (which made TECO
556:-based. Comments were often a series of lines that included single marginal asterisks and top/bottom full lines of asterisks. Once the cards were transferred online, it was a chore to realign the marginal stars. TECO to the rescue...
432:". Written by Stephen D. Piner, it was the most rudimentary imaginable line-oriented editor, lacking even search-and-replace capabilities. Its name was chosen as a wry poke at an earlier, rather bloated, editor called "
485:
At MIT, TECO development continued in the fall of 1971. Carl
Mikkelsen had implemented a real-time edit mode loosely based on the TECO-6 graphic console commands, but working with the newly installed
489:-3300 CRT text displays. The TECO buffer implementation, however, was terribly inefficient for processing single character insert or delete functions—editing consumed 100% of the PDP-10. With
474:
at MIT. That version supported visual editing, using a screen display that showed the contents of the editing buffer in real time, updating as it changed. Amongst the creators of TECO-6 were
581:, TECO has been described as a "write-only" language, implying that once a program is written in TECO, it is extremely difficult to comprehend what it did without appropriate documentation.
240:", suggested that a common game for TECO fans was to enter their name as a command sequence, and then try to work out what would happen. The same essay in describing TECO coined the
459:) were included in order to provide sufficient descriptive power for the correction tape. The terse syntax minimized the number of keystrokes needed to prepare the correction tape.
601:
The escape key displays as a dollar sign, pressed once it delineates the end of a command requiring an argument and pressed twice initiates the execution of the entered commands:
1177:
342:
and could be used as the user's complete operating environment; the user never actually had to exit TECO. The VTEDIT (Video
Terminal Editor) TECO macro was commonly used on
1053:
447:
The original stated purpose of TECO was to make more efficient use of the PDP-1. As envisioned in the manual, rather than performing editing "expensively" by sitting at a
690:
These two example programs are a simple interchange sort of the current text buffer, based on the 1st character of each line, taken from the PDP-11 TECO User's Guide. A "
493:'s support, in summer of 1972 Carl reimplemented the TECO buffer storage and reformed the macros as native PDP-10 code. As entering the real-time mode was by typing
1570:
1365:
He wrote this years after his colleague Carl B. Marbach became editor of a DEC-oriented periodical and wrote "Why Teco?". Both items were published together.
400:
computers, belonging to different departments, both housed in MIT's
Building 26. On these machines, the normal development process involved the use of a
991:
376:
A descendant of the version DEC distributed for the PDP-10 is still available on the
Internet, along with several partial implementations for the
1526:
Includes a TECO based on Pete
Siemsen's TECOC and DECUS documentation. There are MS-DOS, Windows (console), Linux, Mac OS X, and OS/2 versions.
698:" version are shown. The second program originally had a bug that prevented the program terminating and the fixed version is used here instead.
1585:
1229:
549:
517:
to produce TECO32. TECO32 was then converted with the VEST and AEST binary translation utilities to make it compatible with OpenVMS on the
1434:
682:
one could use the following TECO session (noting that the prompt is "*" and "$ " is how ESC is echoed) to change "Hello" into "Goodbye":
287:
screen, and was used as an interactive online editor. Later versions of TECO were capable of driving full-screen mode on various DEC
17:
1057:
1013:
What programming languages were supported on the PDP-8? ... TECO, the text editor, was included in the standard OS/8 distributions
1468:
1152:
1087:
540:
command invoked TECO to read and execute the specified .TE TECO macro. Optional command line parameters gave added adaptability.
1335:
1415:
167:
573:
TECO will probably destroy your program, or even worse - introduce subtle and mysterious bugs in a once working subroutine.
565:
237:
203:
for text manipulation. Arbitrary programs (called "macros") for searching and modifying text give it great power. Unlike
1310:
955:
760:
163:
35:
1236:
778:
436:". Even in those days, online editing could save time in the debugging cycle. Another program written by the PDP-1
94:
490:
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197:
59:
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925:
437:
1575:
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1184:
272:
151:
1497:
793:
The name on the cover of DEC's DEC-10-UTECA-A-D manual is "Introduction To TECO (Text Editor And
Corrector)"
584:
Despite its syntax, the TECO command language was tremendously powerful, and clones are still available for
1565:
1285:
1550:
441:
534:
404:
to prepare source code offline on a continuous strip of punched paper tape. Programmers of the big
595:
TECO commands are characters (including control-characters), and the prompt is a single asterisk:
900:
479:
501:, this was known as control-R mode. At the same time, Rici Liknaitski added input-time macros (
358:) to provide a full-screen visual editor similar in function to the contemporaneously developed
695:
208:
1444:
971:
271:
was implemented in TECO as a set of Editor MACroS. TECO became more widely used following a
1580:
1056:. From a collection of MIT PDP-1 paper tapes at the Computer History Museum. Archived from
429:
330:. A version of TECO was provided with all DEC operating systems; the version available for
226:
200:
147:
8:
564:
The obscurity of the TECO programming language is described in the following quote from "
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media. It was subsequently modified by many other people and is a direct ancestor of
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50:
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Standard TECO. Text Editor and Corrector for the. VAX, PDP-11, PDP-10, and. PDP-8.
283:
in 1964. This implementation continuously displayed the edited text visually on a
945:
915:
750:
747:"A powerful and sophisticated text editor, TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) ...
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878:
302:
TECO was available for several operating systems and computers, including the
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405:
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was able to drive the GT40 graphics display while the version available for
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Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property: Creative Production
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systems with terminals capable of direct-cursor control (e.g.
211:, though some versions had an "or" operator in string search.
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359:
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976:<tab>text$ , Inserts specified text preceded by a tab.
769:
Bell, C. Gordon; Mudge, J. Craig; McNamara, John E. (1978).
749:
Bell, C. Gordon; Mudge, J. Craig; McNamara, John E. (2014).
1523:
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Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design
752:
Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design
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128:
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Given a file named hello.c with the following contents:
247:, meaning "You Asked For It You Got It" (in contrast to
914:
Mario Biagioli; Peter Jaszi; Martha Woodmansee (2015).
392:
TECO was originally developed at MIT in around 1963 by
1336:"TECO Reference Manual digital equipment corporation"
125:
1178:"For the Time Sharing Computer User: Datapoint 3300"
119:
868:
citing Comm. of the ACM (see vol. 19, no. 12, 1976)
568:", a letter from Ed Post to Datamation, July 1983:
188:, which was originally implemented in TECO macros.
116:
1155:. Memorandum MAC-M-191. p. 2. Archived from
768:
748:
1557:
552:, there were source programs that had begun as
1571:Massachusetts Institute of Technology software
173:According to Murphy, the initial acronym was
154:computers, and has since become available on
1351:
559:
236:A satirical essay on computer programming, "
943:
773:. Elsevier Science & Technology Books.
986:
984:
548:During and shortly following the years of
1170:
992:"Standard TECO Text Editor and Corrector"
932:EMACS was originally built on top of TECO
543:
428:An early editor for the PDP-1 was named "
150:, that was developed in 1962 for use on
1469:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1399:
1345:
1151:Edwards, Daniel J. (October 29, 1964).
1150:
1088:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
981:
836:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
822:
820:
818:
816:
196:TECO is not only an editor but also an
14:
1558:
1458:
1197:
1121:
1077:
826:
801:
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577:According to Craig Finseth, author of
166:developed TECO while a student at the
1541:This article is based in part on the
1230:"An Introduction to the EMACS Editor"
827:Murphy, Dan (October–December 2009).
168:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1374:
813:
528:
466:By 1964, a special Version of TECO (
1586:Text-oriented programming languages
1377:"Real Programmers Don't Use PASCAL"
1235:. MIT. January 1978. Archived from
1126:. Memorandum MAC-M-250. p. 9.
796:
741:
24:
279:implementation developed at MIT's
233:, which is an insertion command).
25:
1597:
1507:
1026:"VSI OpenVMS DCL Dictionary: A-Z"
566:Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal
365:TECO continues to be included in
238:Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal
1545:, which is in the public domain.
369:by VSI, and is invoked with the
338:was implemented as a multi-user
142:, is both a character-oriented
112:
1530:Introduction to the TECO syntax
1393:
1368:
1359:
1328:
1303:
1278:
1253:
1222:
1144:
1122:Samson, Peter (July 23, 1965).
1115:
1071:
1046:
1018:
1001:
964:
947:Harley Hahn's Emacs Field Guide
937:
807:PDP 8/e small computer handbook
607:
312:Incompatible Timesharing System
1519:Pete Siemsen's TECO collection
1286:"VAX PDP11 Compatibility Mode"
907:
893:
871:
862:
787:
723:
470:) had been implemented on the
191:
13:
1:
1441:Digital Equipment Corporation
1427:
1185:Computer Terminal Corporation
1009:"Doug Jones's DEC PDP-8 FAQs"
420:which printed human-readable
273:Digital Equipment Corporation
263:editor originally started by
152:Digital Equipment Corporation
709:
701:
291:video terminals such as the
207:, however, the language was
7:
1311:"Andy Goldstein retirement"
139:Text Editor & Corrector
10:
1602:
1514:Dan Murphy's personal site
1400:Finseth, Craig A. (2006).
1352:Martin Pring (July 1982),
1054:"Summary of TECO commands"
408:customarily punched their
387:
214:TECO does not really have
1403:The Craft of Text Editing
579:The Craft of Text Editing
560:As a programming language
442:Expensive Desk Calculator
254:
176:Tape Editor and Corrector
93:
49:
41:
29:
18:Text Editor and Corrector
1461:"The Beginnings of TECO"
1080:"The Beginnings of TECO"
829:"The Beginnings of TECO"
717:
684:
614:
1315:comp.os.vms.narkive.com
1290:comp.os.vms.narkive.com
314:(ITS) on the PDP-6 and
1443:. 1978. Archived from
1375:Post, Ed (July 1983).
809:. 1970. pp. 2–30.
575:
544:As a programmer's tool
1524:Tom Almy's TECO page.
1499:TECO Historic Archive
1482:10.1109/MAHC.2009.127
1101:10.1109/MAHC.2009.127
950:. Apress. p. 9.
848:10.1109/mahc.2009.127
570:
444:, in a similar vein.
1576:OpenVMS text editors
1459:Murphy, Dan (2009).
1078:Murphy, Dan (2009).
944:Harley Hahn (2016).
901:"A History of EMACS"
732:The DEC Professional
550:the punched card era
430:Expensive Typewriter
201:programming language
148:programming language
1566:History of software
972:"TECO Pocket Guide"
730:"DEC Timesharing".
434:Colossal Typewriter
425:of online editing.
205:regular expressions
1551:TECO Manual (OS/8)
656:"Hello world!
491:Richard Greenblatt
476:Richard Greenblatt
402:Friden Flexowriter
310:(under OS/8), the
181:punched paper tape
31:Original author(s)
1436:TECO pocket guide
1417:978-1-4116-8297-9
1211:. August 16, 2010
755:. Digital Press.
529:OS/8 MUNG command
382:Microsoft Windows
269:Guy L. Steele Jr.
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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1535:TECO Information
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457:Turing-complete
396:for use on two
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42:Initial release
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1508:External links
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1476:(4): 110–115.
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1261:"tecox Readme"
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1095:(4): 110–115.
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957:978-1484217030
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842:(4): 110–115.
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762:978-1483221106
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525:respectively.
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480:Stewart Nelson
406:IBM mainframes
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306:computer, the
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1447:on 2008-02-07
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1396:
1389:(7): 263–265.
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1242:on 2020-10-27
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1205:"Teco Editor"
1200:
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1159:on 2007-09-28
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1074:
1060:on 2008-01-18
1059:
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1267:. 2019-06-10
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1237:the original
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1157:the original
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1135:. Retrieved
1124:"PDP-6 TECO"
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1058:the original
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1037:. Retrieved
1035:. April 2020
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1543:Jargon File
1132:1721.1/5917
885:. v.4.4.7.
418:key punches
410:source code
281:Project MAC
198:interpreted
192:Description
144:text editor
100:Text editor
1560:Categories
1451:2012-05-24
1428:References
1382:Datamation
1321:2020-09-13
1296:2020-09-13
1271:2020-09-13
1265:github.com
1246:2016-11-15
1215:2013-08-17
1190:2009-10-27
1163:2007-09-12
1137:2007-09-12
1064:2007-09-12
1039:2020-09-13
927:022617249X
696:structured
422:dot-matrix
227:whitespace
209:imperative
164:Dan Murphy
36:Dan Murphy
767:See also
710:Example 2
702:Example 1
533:The OS/8
487:Datapoint
373:command.
371:EDIT/TECO
179:because "
1490:18805607
1408:Lulu.com
1354:Why Teco
1153:"TECO 6"
1109:18805607
856:18805607
588:and for
416:, using
229:(except
1502:. 1990.
887:ibiblio
736:Tee'koh
694:" and "
523:Itanium
449:console
438:hackers
388:History
367:OpenVMS
326:on the
324:TOPS-20
320:TOPS-10
249:WYSIWYG
245:YAFIYGI
242:acronym
170:(MIT).
88:Multics
84:OpenVMS
68:TOPS-20
64:TOPS-10
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650:printf
604:*$ $
586:MS-DOS
468:TECO-6
378:MS-DOS
344:RSTS/E
336:RSTS/E
328:PDP-10
318:, and
316:PDP-10
289:RS-232
275:(DEC)
255:Impact
216:syntax
146:and a
80:RSX-11
76:RSTS/E
1486:S2CID
1464:(PDF)
1339:(PDF)
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1105:S2CID
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852:S2CID
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718:Notes
519:Alpha
511:Emacs
472:PDP-6
414:cards
398:PDP-1
360:Emacs
356:VT100
308:PDP-8
304:PDP-1
297:VT100
277:PDP-6
261:EMACS
186:Emacs
72:RT-11
1412:ISBN
952:ISBN
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692:goto
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620:main
590:Unix
538:MUNG
521:and
503:cntl
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478:and
440:was
354:and
352:VT52
346:and
332:RT11
322:and
293:VT52
267:and
259:The
225:and
223:case
160:Unix
158:and
108:TECO
95:Type
56:OS/8
1478:doi
1128:hdl
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626:int
617:int
535:CCL
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348:VAX
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