615:"Flowing Water Cut" technique is relevant to a fight with an enemy of a similar level in swordsmanship. When attacking fast, Musashi notes that one will always be at stalemate, so like stagnant water, one must cut as slowly as possible with the long sword. At the beginning of this technique, both combatants will be searching for an opening within each other's defense. When the opponent either tries to push off the sword, or to hasten back as to disengage it, you must first expand your whole body and your mind. By moving your body first and then that of your sword, you will be able to strike powerfully and broadly with a movement that seems to reflect the natural flow of water. Ease and confidence will be attained when this technique is continuously practiced upon.
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warrior, in his thriving and declining, in his harmony and discord. Similarly, there is timing in the Way of the merchant, in the rise and fall of capital. All things entail rising and falling timing. You must be able to discern this. In strategy there are various timing considerations. From the outset you must know the applicable timing and the inapplicable timing, and from among the large and small things and the fast and slow timings find the relevant timing, first seeing the distance timing and the background timing. This is the main thing in strategy. It is especially important to know the background timing, otherwise your strategy will become uncertain.
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582:"In-One Timing" refers to the technique of biding one's time until a suitable gap can be found in the enemies' defense, to which one will deliver one fatal blow to the enemy. Although this is said to be difficult, Musashi notes that masters of this technique are usually masters of the five attitudes because they must be perceptive of weaknesses. It is rumored that Musashi disgraced a former sword master by using such a technique with a
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495:. Water demonstrates natural flexibility as it changes to conform with the boundaries which contain it, seeking the most efficient and productive path. So also should one possess the ability to change in accordance with one's own situation to easily shift between disciplines, methods, and options when presented with new information. A person should master many aspects of life allowing them to possess both balance and flexibility.
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704:, in the opposing force, and then regrouping to exploit such a hole by attacking deep within the enemy's party. Although it is not mentioned, this would most likely be to kill the officer of the highest rank as an attempt to remove the tactical centre of a group of soldiers. A method particularly useful for Musashi or others, if attacking a general directly would signal the end of the battle upon his defeat.
693:(Attacking) is the most obvious method of forestalling an enemy because a head-on collision forces both parties to a standstill. Although it is not mentioned, Musashi must have been well aware that this method would also be the most likely to have a higher death count than the others due to the sheer mass of enemies because more than one enemy could then attack a single soldier or trooper.
575:"No Attitude" refers to those strategists who do not go with the use of the "Five Attitudes" and prefer to simply go without the attitudes of the long sword to focus entirely on technique, as opposed to focusing on both technique and the five attitudes. This is similar to taking chances as opposed to making chances.
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Musashi notes that although most schools have secret and ancient strategies, most forms are derivative of other martial arts. Their similarities and differences evolved through situational factors, such as indoor or outdoor dueling, and the style adapted to the school. He indicates that his appraisal
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Your attitude should be large or small according to the situation. Upper, Lower and Middle attitudes are decisive. Left Side and Right Side attitudes are fluid. Left and Right attitudes should be used if there is an obstruction overhead or to one side. The decision to use Left or Right depends on the
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One of the principles of the Niten Ichi-ryū is that one should be versed in many weaponry skills. Musashi indicates that during battle one should not overuse one weapon—this is as bad as using the weapon poorly, since it becomes easy for an enemy to find a weakness in one's style after countless uses
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These things cannot be clearly explained in words. You must research what is written here. In these three ways of forestalling, you must judge the situation. This does not mean that you always attack first; but if the enemy attacks first you can lead him around. In strategy, you have effectively won
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Other kinds of tactics which of
Musashi tells are way of ensuring that the enemy is at a disadvantage. Forcing yourself on the non-dominant side of a trooper is one way because the left side is difficult for a right-handed soldier. Other disadvantages, such as forcing enemies into footholds, swamps,
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is crucial. You must be in a place where man-made objects such as buildings, towers, castles, and such do not obstruct your view, as well as facing or standing in a position where the sun or moon does not affect your vision. This is purely so that your vision is focused on nothing but the enemy, and
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within one person. The over-familiarity or over-use of one weapon is discouraged by
Musashi, as it would be seen to reveal one's spirituality to one's enemy. The idea is that a perfectly balanced spirit is also a perfectly balanced physical presence, and neither creates weakness nor reveals it to an
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The spiritual bearing in strategy, which
Musashi writes about concerns your temperament and spirituality whilst in the midst of, or in formulation of a battle. Being a Buddhist, most of what is written in the section concerning spirituality refers to principles of calmness, tranquility and spiritual
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Since
Musashi is drawing upon classical Buddhist Five Element theory, Void in this case refers to Sunyata (in Pali), sometimes translated as "Emptiness", or "ether". Void, as such, is also empty of the sense of self (anatta), good and evil, wanting and non-wanting, and is the spiritual dynamic that
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are referred to as the five classifications of areas for attack on the human body. These are areas which are noted for their advantages when striking at an enemy, and the strategist is said to think of them when in situations where, for any reason, they should not be able to strike them, and adjust
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In regards to the gaze of someone, he notes that a person must be able to perceive that which is all around him without moving their eyeballs noticeably, which is said to be a skill which takes an enormous amount of practice to perfect. He notes that this is again one of the most important parts of
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During battle, the spirituality and balance is something of which
Musashi notes that one should take advantage. Since small people know the spirituality of big people, they can thus note differences and weaknesses between each other. This is something which seems easy, but it is said to change when
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Musashi establishes a "no-nonsense" theme throughout the text. For instance, he repeatedly remarks that technical flourishes are excessive, and contrasts worrying about such things with the principle that all technique is simply a method of cutting down one's opponent. He also continually makes the
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as having no equal on the battlefield, until swords clash, when it becomes useless. He does note that the gun had the disadvantage of being unable to see a bullet and adjust aim as one would with a bow. He writes: "The bow is tactically strong at the commencement of battle, especially battles on a
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As one man can defeat ten men, so can one thousand men defeat ten thousand. However, you can become a master of strategy by training alone with a sword, so that you can understand the enemy's stratagems, his strength and resources, and come to appreciate how to apply strategy to beat ten thousand
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has been published in
English multiple times. The Thomas Cleary translation is the most widely available and has been reprinted multiple times. A translation by William Scott Wilson is aimed towards practitioners of Japanese classical swordsmanship. A translation by D. E. Tarver is marketed as a
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Know the smallest things and the biggest things, the shallowest things and the deepest things. As if it were a straight road mapped out on the ground... These things cannot be explained in detail. From one thing, know ten thousand things. When you attain the Way of
Strategy there will not be one
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refers to "Niten No Ichi Ryu" or "Ni-Ten Ichi Ryu", which literally translates to "Two
Heavens, One School". Alternative translations include: "Two Swords, One Spirit", and "Two Swords, One Entity". The translation, "Two Swords, One Dragon" was thought to be a misinterpretation of the Kanji word
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The main difference that
Musashi notes between the Ichi School and other strategists and schools is that other schools do not teach the "broader" meaning of strategy. There is a strategy above sword-fencing: "Some of the world's strategists are concerned only with sword-fencing, and limit their
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Whereas most of the information given in the previous books is useful in such a way that it could still be applicable today, this book is primarily concerned with the specific details about other strategies that existed at the time. The broader lesson from this book is that an important part of
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Timing is important in dancing and pipe or string music, for they are in rhythm only if timing is good. Timing and rhythm are also involved in the military arts, shooting bows and guns, and riding horses. In all skills and abilities there is timing.... There is timing in the whole life of the
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The Earth book, according to "Go Rin No Sho", refers expressly to the strategy taught by
Musashi at the Ichi School. It is said to be how to distinguish the Way through "Sword-Fencing", or "Swordsmanship". The idea of strategy would be encouraged to be very astute in their study and strategy:
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The Book of Earth ends with nine basic principles – the "ground" upon which the samurai must rely. These are "practical" or "worldly," each intended to help develop an understanding of strategy (while the other books focus on tactics and movement). These rules are for his students, and are
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Although there are other methods, they are mostly situational methods relating to the crossing of rough terrain, and battling within such rough terrain. Although it spreads over two or more paragraphs, most information is common sense, relating to caution and avoidance of such situations.
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an attack, then striking an enemy as they are retreating from the attack, hitting them in the abdomen with the correct timing of either two moves or two seconds. Although the technique seems relatively simple, Musashi lists this as one of the hardest techniques to time correctly.
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strategy, as well as being able to see things which are close, such as the technique of an enemy. It is also used to perceive things far away, such as arriving troops or enemies, as that is the precursor to battle. One can then change one's actions according to what one sees.
803:. It seems very esoteric in nature because he emphasizes that people must learn to perceive that which they cannot understand or comprehend. He notes that in this Void, what can be comprehended are things which we do and see, such as the way of the warrior, martial arts, and
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moor, as it is possible to shoot quickly from among the spearmen. However, it is unsatisfactory in sieges, or when the enemy is more than forty yards away. For this reason there are nowadays few traditional schools of archery. There is little use for this kind of skill."
811:) are part of the information which we perceive on a conscious level, but with which we have no physical relationship. It is arguable whether Musashi is referring to religious spirituality or if he is actually explaining a way to live a life and to process thoughts.
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may be one sided because the only school he had interest for was his own, and, in a way, he does not see parallels to his own creation and work. However, he still admits that without basic understanding of these alternate techniques, one will not be able to learn
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training to flourishing the long sword and carriage of the body." The book has many paragraphs on the subject of other schools' techniques, and much of the text lists the ways that other schools do not conform to the ideals which he himself writes about in the
711:(Accompanying and Forestalling). Albeit very confusing, the idea of Tai Tai No Sen is circumventing an ambush or quick attack from the enemy by taking the initiative and attacking in full force. Musashi admits himself that this is a difficult thing to explain.
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smoke, and arrow fire, the initial attacks used when starting battles can be highly effective. Individually, it refers to attacking the enemy's sword, breaking it, removing it from play, and a technique of controlling it through direct blade on blade contact.
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He notes that an enemy's formation can fall if they lose rhythm. It was known that in such battles, drummers drummed a tune for their other fellow soldiers to march to; and, if the rhythm was lost, it led to a "collapse when their rhythm becomes deranged".
618:"Continuous Cut" refers to when you are again faced with stalemate within a duel, where your swords are clasped together. In one motion, when your sword springs away from theirs, Musashi says to use a continuous motion to slash their head, body, and legs.
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Upon their mastery of the strategy and timing listed in the five books, Musashi states that people will be able to defeat ten men as easily as they could defeat one, and asks: "When you have reached this point, will it not mean that you are invincible?"
603:. Aside from this philosophical approach to the meaning, the technique is relatively simple to explain: if you are in a deadlock with the enemy, using the force from the cut, you push with your body and use the disciplines outlined in the
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As each is thought of as an attitude, it could be thought of that Musashi means to practice with each "attitude" so that you do not become over-reliant upon one, something which Musashi repeatedly notes as being worse than bad technique.
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Just as one's spirit should be balanced, one's various techniques be honed to a perfectly balanced demeanor. In terms of stance, much like balance within the trooper, Musashi notes that stance is an important part of strategy, or battle:
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The Book of Wind chapter is something of a pun, since the Japanese character for "wind" can also mean "style" (such as, of martial arts). It discusses what Musashi considers to be the failings of various contemporary schools of sword
294:. Though ideas are taken from other sources, the text is predominantly seminal. The five "books" refer to the idea that there are different elements of battle, just as there are different physical elements in life, as described by
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Just as Musashi mentions in his philosophical style, there is a cause for a collapse. As there is collapse within an enemy, such as waning in his numbers, Musashi notes that one must observe such events and use them to advantage.
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forms the jumping off point to satori, enlightenment. Emptiness, and the establishing of the conditions that allow it to arise, is a common theme in Zen Buddhist meditation practice, which informed the perspective of the author.
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The attitude of "Existing – Non Existing", mixes the Five Attitudes with the Attitude of "No Attitude", meaning that the user of the longsword uses the techniques and principles of both at whichever moment is most opportune.
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The idea of timing, as with singular battles, is known as the most important part of attacking next to the skill of participants. However, the type of timing in this instance is somewhat different from the timing noted in
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one is on the battlefield, as then one must know to both adjust one's spiritual balance according to the surrounding environment, and to perceive the balance of others to take advantage accordingly.
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In the above quote, Musashi speaks of "virtue and no evil". This may mean "goodness and banishment of evil" or "purpose and non-existence of good and evil", and the exact meaning is open to debate.
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since this variety of timing requires looking at the various physical factors which affect an enemy during battle, such as determining if strength is waning or rising within a group of troopers.
408:. The idea of timing as explained within the book is that one must be able to adapt one's strategy to timing with your skill, in that one must know when to attack and when not to attack.
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The idea of treading down the sword is a very simple technique. Squashing an enemy's attack before it starts by using a form of charging and then attacking under the veil of
267:
621:"Fire and Stone's Cut" refers to when swords clash together. Without raising the sword, cut as strongly as possible. This means cutting quickly with hands, body, and legs.
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Although short, the void book lists, philosophically, the nature of both human knowledge and other things. The void book expressly deals with "That which cannot be seen".
700:(Waiting for the Initiative) is invented for very opportunistic and decided battles between parties. The main idea being to feign weakness as to open a weak spot, or
377:
The strategies listed in this discipline or book relate to situations requiring different weapons and tactics, such as indoor weapons. Musashi states that the use of
154:. Descriptions of principles are often followed by admonitions to "investigate this thoroughly" through practice rather than trying to learn them by merely reading.
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are purely for the field, whereas the longsword and accompanying short-sword can be used in most environments, such as on horseback or in fierce battle.
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In strategy your spiritual bearing must not be any different from normal. Both in fighting and in everyday life you should be determined though calm.
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and Japanese artist Chie Kutsuwada, 2012, Shambhala Publications, Boston, USA. A graphic novel based on the translations of William Scott Wilson.
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The Book of Earth chapter serves as an introduction, and metaphorically discusses martial arts, leadership, and training as building a house.
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motivational book with a commercial bias. Additional published translators include Stephen F. Kaufman and Kenji Tokistu (2010).
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In the void is virtue, and no evil. Wisdom has existence, principle has existence, the Way has existence, spirit is nothingness.
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thus there is more concentration upon the enemy's stratagems. Musashi also seems to note the age old strategy of the
624:"Red Leaves Cut" refers to knocking down the enemy's long sword in the spirit of the "No Design, No Conception" cut.
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point that the understandings expressed in the book are important for combat on any scale, whether a one-on-one
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The Book of Fire chapter refers to the heat of battle, and discusses matters such as different types of timing.
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and throughout the world. For instance, some foreign business leaders find its discussion of conflict to be
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The Book of the Void chapter is a short epilogue, describing, in more esoteric terms, Musashi's (probably)
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This is the most important method of hitting. It is often used. You must train hard to understand it.
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understanding one's own way is to understand the way of one's opponent as precisely as possible.
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and preparedness before a duel or battle as it applies to one man or a whole group of men:
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1248:"Ancient Wisdom for Modern Life: Five Lessons from Miyamoto Musashi's 'Way of the Warrior
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ditches, and other difficult terrain, force the enemy to be uncertain of his situation.
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complemented by the 21 "spiritual principles" for all to follow, which are found in the
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Adopt a stance with the head erect, neither hanging down, nor looking up, nor twisted.
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Timing, as explained by Musashi, is the core principle in strategy which is listed in
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around 1645. Many translations have been made, and it has garnered broad attention in
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You must look down on the enemy, and take up your attitude on slightly higher places.
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refers to fighting methods unlike the specific fighting techniques listed in the
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by Miyamoto Musashi (translation from Japanese by Victor Harris), London:
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The Book of Five Rings: A Classic Text on the Japanese Way of the Sword
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By knowing things that exist, you can know that which does not exist.
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when you forestall the enemy, so you must train well to attain this.
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are the teachings which Musashi preached to his students in his own
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632:"The Book of Fire" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Musashi describes and advocates a two-sword fencing style (
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Miyamoto Musashi; his Swordsmanship and Book of Five Rings
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447:"Distinguish between gain and loss in worldly matters."
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The Book of Water chapter describes Musashi's style,
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employs it as a manual of technique and philosophy.
507:This balance refers to what could be thought of as
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1775:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
601:When word and actions are spontaneously the same
18:Text on kenjutsu and the martial arts in general
1919:Association of East Asian Research Universities
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104:in general, written by the Japanese swordsman
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1871:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
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1182:Miyamoto Musashi (translator Thomas Cleary),
707:Only a small amount of text is written about
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453:"Perceive those things which cannot be seen."
663:The dependence of location according to the
431:(Musashi's final work). The principles are:
137:. Musashi strove to be as great a master in
234:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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369:thing you cannot see. You must study hard.
1770:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
1116:Under the Sun: The Miyamoto Musashi Story
987:The Book of Feats of Arms and of Chivalry
254:Learn how and when to remove this message
1186:, 2005, Boston: Shambhala Publications.
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141:just as much as he did in swordsmanship.
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1198:The Book of Five Rings: a graphic novel
1168:Miyamoto Musashi: His Life and Writings
1155:, translated by Victor Harris. London:
1135:Miyamoto Musashi: His Life and Writings
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1790:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
524:This is part of what Musashi notes as
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1170:. Boston: Shambhala Publications Inc.
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599:"No Design, No Conception" refers to
1059:The Real Musashi: The Bushu denraiki
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232:adding citations to reliable sources
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470:Dream Chronicles: The Book of Water
444:"Know the Ways of all professions."
441:"Become acquainted with every art."
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591:"Abdomen Timing of Two" refers to
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1228:by Imai Masayuki Nobukatsu, 10th
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1954:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
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1040:Miyamoto Musashi: A Life in Arms
905:Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
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459:"Do nothing which is of no use."
456:"Pay attention even to trifles."
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1137:. Shambhala Publications, Inc.
650:He notes obvious advantages of
487:and philosophy. The meaning of
280:killing a giant creature, from
1901:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
1876:East Asian Football Federation
1118:. Understanding Apples Press.
1097:The Real Musashi: A Miscellany
1031:References and further reading
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956:Records of the Grand Historian
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1949:Journal of East Asian Studies
1886:East Asian Judo Championships
1733:East Asia Climate Partnership
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1224:Information on understanding
1078:The Real Musashi: The Bukoden
1972:Horses in East Asian warfare
1515:other ethnic groups in China
392:Musashi also remarks on the
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1099:. Floating World Editions.
1080:. Floating World Editions.
1061:. Floating World Editions.
1042:. Floating World Editions.
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435:"Do not think dishonestly."
164:in his prime, wielding two
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2026:Needham Research Institute
1934:East Asia Image Collection
1929:East Asian Economic Review
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1151:Miyamoto, Musashi (1974).
1095:De Lange, William (2016).
1076:De Lange, William (2011).
1057:De Lange, William (2010).
1038:De Lange, William (2014).
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536:Attitudes of swordsmanship
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180:): that is, wielding both
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1805:Human rights in East Asia
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1690:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
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607:to knock the enemy over.
438:"The Way is in training."
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963:The 33 Strategies of War
938:Miyamoto Musashi Station
933:List of military writers
928:Legend of the Five Rings
747:Not to be confused with
479:The water book concerns
468:Not to be confused with
348:Not to be confused with
2067:Allison and Busby books
1891:East Asian martial arts
1838:Archaeological cultures
1232:of Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū
1166:Tokitsu, Kenji (2004).
1159:; Woodstock, New York:
1133:Tokitsu, Kenji (2004).
491:in relation to life is
22:The Book of Five Rings
2018:Science and technology
2002:The Book of Five Rings
1896:East Asian Youth Games
1256:The Objective Standard
1175:The Book of Five Rings
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696:As the name suggests,
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557:The five attitudes of
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2041:Traditional medicine
1939:East Asia Law Review
1795:East Asian Community
1485:Indigenous Taiwanese
1153:A Book of Five Rings
1017:A Book of Five Rings
401:of the same weapon.
228:improve this section
139:Japanese calligraphy
118:Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū
1466:Khalkha in Mongolia
1242:Summary of the book
1202:Sean Michael Wilson
1157:Allison & Busby
841:Martial Arts portal
37:Original title
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1640:Hip-and-gable roof
1635:Chinese characters
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1161:The Overlook Press
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1087:978-1-891640-60-5
1068:978-1-891640-56-8
1021:Allison and Busby
950:Philosophy of war
464:The Book of Water
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66:1645
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411:In
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312:Ryu
230:by
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81:五輪書
41:五輪書
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