Democratic Republic of the Congo

2302: 3633: 1550: 2906: 1686: 102: 5308: 3044: 4506: 3329: 4697: 2286: 4479: 168: 88: 178: 3927: 3985: 4982:, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft accusations, particularly against children and the elderly. Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children. There are charities supporting street children such as the 4045: 4825:

language of education at all levels. Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the third year onward, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward. Portuguese is taught in the Congolese schools as a foreign language. The lexical similarity and phonology with French makes Portuguese a relatively easy language for the people to learn. Most of the roughly 175,000 Portuguese speakers in the DRC are Angolan and Mozambican expatriates.

5695: 2489: 2460:. The armed groups were after gold, diamonds, oil, and cobalt to line the pockets of rich men both in the region and internationally. There were also ethnic and cultural rivalries at play, as well as religious motives and the political crisis with postponed elections. Egeland says people believe the situation in the DRC is "stably bad" but in fact, it has become much, much worse. "The big wars of the Congo that were really on top of the agenda 15 years ago are back and worsening". Disruption in planting and harvesting caused by the conflict was estimated to escalate starvation in about two million children. 1615: 4305: 4854: 2098: 15489: 2801: 4758: 1852: 1961:. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasa-Vubu who publicly blamed him for massacres by the armed forces in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country. On 7 September, Lumumba made a speech to the Congolese House of Representatives, arguing his dismissal was illegal under the nation's laws. Congolese law gave parliament, not the president, the authority to dismiss a government minister. The House and Senate both rejected the dismissal of Lumumba, but the removal proceeded unconstitutionally. 2684: 2083:

of the office to maintain control. Joseph Kasa-Vubu's death in April 1969 ensured that no person with First Republic credentials could challenge his rule. By the early 1970s, Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. Zaire established semi-clientelist relationships with several smaller African states, especially Burundi, Chad, and Togo.

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which would likely take several years and therefore keep him in power past the planned 2016 elections, which he is constitutionally barred from participating in). This bill passed; however, it was gutted of the provision that would keep Kabila in power until a census took place. A census is supposed to take place, but it is no longer tied to when the elections take place. In 2015, elections were scheduled for late 2016 and a tenuous peace held in the Congo. On 27 November 2016 Congolese foreign minister

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mountains in the far east. Since the late 19th century, traditional ways of life have undergone changes brought about by colonialism, the struggle for independence, the stagnation of the Mobutu era, and most recently, the First and Second Congo Wars. Despite these pressures, the customs and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. The country's 81 million inhabitants (2016) are mainly rural. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to

5421: 4469: 727: 4894:. The impact of the Catholic Church is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state." Its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops. 3178:). It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the numbers of chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla (each of whose populations once numbered in the millions) have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos. The gorillas, chimpanzee, bonobo, and okapi are all classified as 602: 17241: 16597: 15704: 14535: 4840: 3787: 15716: 1829: 4936: 2259: 5200: 4348: 2623: 2328:(CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government. In March 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government in which it agreed to become a political party and to have its soldiers integrated into the national army in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members. In 2012 14449: 5021: 3220: 2847: 14525: 752: 708: 693: 664: 649: 2041: 10888:"Article 3, Paragraphe 7: De la mutilation sexuelle; Article 174g; Sera puni d'une peine de servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et d'une amende de deux cent mille francs congolais constants, quiconque aura posé un acte qui porte atteinte à l'intégrité physique ou fonctionnelle des organes génitaux d'une personne. Lorsque la mutilation a entraîné la mort, la peine est de servitude pénale à perpétuité." 4157: 2255:. These were the first free national elections since 1960, which many believed would mark the end to violence in the region. However, an election-result dispute between Kabila and Bemba turned into a skirmish between their supporters in Kinshasa. MONUC took control of the city. A new election took place in October 2006, which Kabila won, and in December 2006 he was sworn in as president. 4709: – constitute an important subset of the population. Additionally, the country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. There is also considerable migration for commercial activities from other African countries and the rest of the world, but these movements are not well studied. Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role. 1396: 3060: 1671:, confirmed the accusations of humanitarian abuses. The Belgian Parliament forced Leopold II to set up an independent commission of inquiry. Its findings confirmed Casement's report of abuses, concluding that the population of the Congo had been "reduced by half" during this period. Determining precisely how many people died is impossible, as no accurate records exist. 4176:

than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (e.g. Matadi to Lubumbashi, 2,700 km (1,700 mi) by road). The figure of 2,250 km (1,400 mi) converts to 35 km (22 mi) of paved road per one million of population. Comparative figures for Zambia and Botswana are 721 km (448 mi) and 3,427 km (2,129 mi), respectively. Three routes in the

1968:, with the backing of the US and Belgium, removed Lumumba from office. On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangan troops. A 2001 investigation by Belgium's Parliament found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death. 2408:

individuals who have died are children under five years of age. There have been frequent reports of weapon bearers killing civilians, of the destruction of property, of widespread sexual violence, causing hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes, and of other breaches of humanitarian and human rights law. One study found that more than

5455:, and France. By the 1980s, numerous Congolese musicians were based in Europe, facilitating the global dissemination of their musical prowess. Congolese lead guitarists became a sought-after commodity, attracting bands worldwide eager to infuse a Congolese flavor into their compositions or learn the intricate art of Congolese guitar dexterity. 2464:

deemed to be a threat to the president," they said. Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord, General Delta. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the U.S. led a push to cut costs.

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goods by boat and ferry than any other country in Africa, but air transport remains the only effective means of moving goods and people between many places within the country, especially in rural areas. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infrastructure.

4264:. The country also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa. The generation and distribution of electricity are controlled by 1725:, remained in office in the Belgian Congo and the majority of Leopold II's administration with him. Opening up the Congo and its natural and mineral riches to the Belgian economy remained the main motive for colonial expansion – however, other priorities, such as healthcare and basic education, slowly gained in importance. 2090:" or "Zairian sickness", meaning gross corruption, theft and mismanagement, was coined, reportedly by Mobutu. International aid, most often in the form of loans, enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one-quarter of what had existed in 1960. Zaire became a 3878:(FGM) is also practiced in DRC, although not on a large scale. The prevalence of FGM is estimated at 5% of women. FGM is illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who violates the "physical or functional integrity" of the genital organs. 3660:

from rampant corruption and inefficiency. The agreements signed at the end of the Second Congo War called for a new "national, restructured and integrated" army that would be made up of Kabila's government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. Also stipulated was that rebels like the RCD-N, RCD-ML, and the

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Under Belgian rule, the Belgians instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole

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The DRC has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of 2,250 km (1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good condition. To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more

3942:, which serves as the primary form of currency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2007, The World Bank decided to grant the Democratic Republic of Congo up to $ 1.3 billion in assistance funds over the following three years. The Congolese government started negotiating membership in the 3659:

The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War and integrated many former rebel groups into its ranks. Due to the presence of undisciplined and poorly trained ex-rebels, as well as a lack of funding and having spent years fighting against different militias, the FARDC suffers

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After a four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new political institutions established at the various levels of government, as well as new administrative divisions for the provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic

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Given the often unstable situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. However, evidence suggests that DRC continues to be a destination country for immigrants, in spite of recent declines in their numbers. Immigration is

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In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $ 88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank.

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At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most-industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector. Foreign businesses have curtailed operations because of uncertainty about the outcome of long-term conflicts, lack

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Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The DRC generated up to 70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and 1980s and was particularly hit when resource prices deteriorated at that time. By 2005,

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as the winner of the presidential vote, and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January. However, there were widespread suspicions that the results were rigged and that a deal had been made between Tshisekedi and Kabila. The Catholic Church said that the official results did not correspond

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ally. Opponents within Zaire stepped up demands for reform. This atmosphere contributed to Mobutu's declaring the Third Republic in 1990, whose constitution was supposed to pave the way for democratic reform. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. Mobutu continued in power until armed forces

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but has suffered from political instability, a lack of infrastructure, corruption, and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation, followed by more than 60 years of independence, with little widespread development. Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities,

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Figures for Congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending on the source, from three to six million. This discrepancy is due to a lack of official, reliable data. Emigrants from the DRC are above all long-term emigrants, the majority of whom live in Africa and to a lesser extent in Europe; 79.7%

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Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult. The terrain and climate of the Congo Basin present serious barriers to road and rail construction, and the distances are enormous across this vast country. The DRC has more navigable rivers and moves more passengers and

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on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality". Ertürk added that "Armed groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and children, and make them work as sexual slaves". In December 2008,

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broke out across the country and protesters demanded that Kabila step down as president. The protests began after the passage of a law by the Congolese lower house that, if also passed by the Congolese upper house, would keep Kabila in power at least until a national census was conducted (a process

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in the Democratic Republic of Congo every year. In 2018 and 2019, Congo reported the highest levels of sexual violence in the world. According to the Human Rights Watch and the New York University-based Congo Research Group, armed troops in DRC's eastern Kivu region have killed over 1,900 civilians

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By late 1967 Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent. Throughout the late 1960s, Mobutu continued to shuffle his governments and cycle officials in and out

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against the new leadership. Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country. After the United Nations rejected Lumumba's call for help to put down the secessionist movements, Lumumba asked for assistance from the Soviet Union, who accepted and sent military

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A relative of Mobutu explained how the government illicitly collected revenue during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority and take out ten. Mobutu

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employ new, integrated and responsive strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis, an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required for their security needs. Highlighting the DR Congo's importance to United States national security, the effort to establish an elite

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techniques. The people living in the south and southwest were foraging groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture. This led to the displacement of the hunter-gatherer groups in the east

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in the late 1990s—early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education. Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with the number of children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5 million in 2002 to 16.8 million in

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Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008.

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writes literature for the between generations of those who grew up in the Congo, during the time when they were colonised, fighting for independence and after. Yamusangie in an interview said he felt the distance in literature and wanted to remedy that he wrote the novel, Full Circle, which is a

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The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its numerous ethnic groups and their differing ways of life throughout the country—from the mouth of the River Congo on the coast, upriver through the rainforest and savanna in its centre, to the more densely populated

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The political allies of Kabila maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. However, Tshisekedi succeeded in strengthening his hold on power. In a series of moves, he won over more legislators, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the

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Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Kabila recruited former 23 March Movement fighters to put down country-wide protests over his refusal to step down from office at the end of his term. "M23 fighters patrolled the streets of Congo's main cities, firing on or arresting protesters or anyone else

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in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority. Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and armed

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to live in the country came from Uganda in 1953. Four years later the first local administrative council was elected. In 1970 the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of

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published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the

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running out at 64 km/h (40 mph) and 46 m (50 yd) wide. One of the three streams flowed directly through Goma, killing 45 people and leaving 120,000 homeless. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from the city during the eruption. The lava flowed into and poisoned the water of

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reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000. The death toll is caused by widespread disease and famine; reports indicate that almost half of the

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The government – not the President – is responsible to the Parliament. The new constitution also granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and the head of the provincial government, whom they elect. The new

1705:, assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in Brussels). The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. In 1923 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior. 4064:

and is not reflected in GDP data. A third of the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond production levels. In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country but to date has only been mined on a small scale. Smuggling of

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The 2006 constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in February 2006. It had concurrent authority, however, with the transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. Under the new

2452:, the situation in the DRC became much worse in 2016 and 2017 and is a major moral and humanitarian challenge comparable to the wars in Syria and Yemen, which receive much more attention. Women and children are abused sexually and "abused in all possible manners". Besides the conflict in 4012:

and are highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world, and artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production.

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killing its plants, animals and fish. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The lava flowed through and past the airport, destroying a runway and trapping several parked airplanes. Six months after the event, nearby

2343:, M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012. Neighboring countries, particularly Rwanda, have been accused of arming rebel groups and using them as proxies to gain control of the resource-rich country, an accusation they deny. In March 2013, the 4028:

missions met with the government to help it develop a coherent economic plan, and President Kabila began implementing reforms. Much economic activity still lies outside the GDP data. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries.

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guilty of corruption. He was sentenced to 20 years' hard labour, after facing charges of embezzling almost $ 50m (£39m) of public funds. He was the most high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the DRC. However, Kamerhe was released already in December 2021.

5906: 2475:. Nearly 900 Banunu people from four villages were slaughtered by members of the Batende community in a deep-rooted rivalry over monthly tribal duties, land, fields and water resources. Some 100 Banunus fled to Moniende island in the Congo River, and another 16,000 to 150: 3590:

It is thought that due to the importance of cobalt for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, the DRC could become an object of increased geopolitical competition.

2676: 2590:, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term. On 31 December 2023, officials said that President Felix Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun. 1630:

In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in

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The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed concern over abuses against civilians, especially women and children, in South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It frequently receives reports of abductions, executions, rapes, and

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suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership.

3668:(Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilisation, and national defence policy. The FARDC is organised on the basis of brigades, which are dispersed throughout the 2768:

As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of 2,000 millimetres (80 in) in some places, and the area sustains the

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for petroleum and chemical processing; drying agents for paints and inks; ground coats for porcelain enamels; decolorant for ceramics and glass; and pigments for ceramics, paints, and plastics. The country possesses 80% of the world's cobalt reserves.

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of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. The wars intensified the impact of such basic problems as an uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations.

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and four vice presidents. The President was also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The transitional constitution also established a relatively independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with constitutional interpretation powers.

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was complete by the 10th century, followed by the establishment of the Bantu kingdoms, whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local, regional, and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in slaves, salt, iron, and copper.

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Kimbanguism was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", has about three million members, primarily among the Bakongo of

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In July 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC. A phenomenon of "pendulum displacement" has developed, where people hasten at night to safety. According to Yakin Ertürk, the

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forced him to flee in 1997. "From 1990 to 1993, the United States facilitated Mobutu's attempts to hijack political change", one academic wrote, and "also assisted the rebellion of Laurent-Desire Kabila that overthrew the Mobutu regime."

9971: 7460: 11699: 12958: 4716:, the number of immigrants in the DRC has fallen from just over one million in 1960, to 754,000 in 1990, to 480,000 in 2005, to an estimated 445,000 in 2010. Official figures are unavailable, partly due to the predominance of the 3266:

constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party able to secure a majority in the National Assembly.

2232:. The two rebel movements, along with Rwandan and Ugandan troops, started the Second Congo War by attacking the DRC army in 1998. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government. 2479:

in Republic of Congo. Military-style tactics were employed in the bloodbath, and some assailants were clothed in army uniforms. Local authorities and elements within the security forces were suspected of lending them support.

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as well as the ongoing military conflict. This was criticized as these regions are known as opposition strongholds. In August 2019, six months after the inauguration of Félix Tshisekedi, a coalition government was announced.

4812:). Although some limited number of people speak these as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language, after the native language of their own ethnic group. Lingala was the official language of the 3872:

groups in the eastern part of the country. The eastern part of the country in particular has been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the prevalence of sexual violence there described as the worst in the world.

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Mobutu allegedly amassed between US$ 50 million and $ 125 million during his rule. He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II," noted

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occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi). The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. Major tributaries include the

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report, 49 million Congolese people (51% of the population) could read and write in French. A 2021 survey found that 74% of the population could speak French, making it the most widely spoken language in the country.

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The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "République du Congo" ("Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" in English). Shortly after, on 15 August 1960, the neighboring French colony of

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under Belgian colonial rule and remains to this day the predominant language of the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the east also uses Swahili, where it competes to be the regional

1099:, are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of its exports in 2019. In 2021, DR Congo's level of human development was ranked 179th out of 191 countries by the 3949:

The DRC is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$ 24 trillion. The DRC has 70% of the world's

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In 2021, the UN estimated the country's population to be 96 million, a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war. As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. About 600,000

11702:[Technical Study preparing lobby-work on energy-resources and conflict prevention – Hydroelectric power dams at Inga: Great potential for the development of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Africa] 3823: 3817: 5413:, have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in exorbitant designer clothes. They came to be known as the fourth generation of Congolese music and mostly come from the former prominent band 5067:

Actual school attendance has also improved greatly in recent years, with primary school net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of children ages 6–11 attended school; 83.4% for boys, 80.6% for girls).

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In a campaign to identify himself with African nationalism, starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became Kinshasa (the country was known as Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville became

10303: 149: 8755:"'The wars will never stop' – millions flee bloodshed as Congo falls apart: Starving and sick, people living in the Democratic Republic of Congo are caught in a bloody cycle of violence and political turmoil" 2025:

the year before Mobutu's coup of 1965 resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo". In 1971 Mobutu changed the name again, this time to "Republic of Zaire".

17195: 10156: 4268:, but only 15% of the country has access to electricity. The DRC is a member of three electrical power pools. These are Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, and Central African Power Pool. 2301: 1314:

In 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", but the change was not made. The country's name was later restored by President

1119:, around 600,000 Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries. Two million children risk starvation, and the fighting has displaced 4.5 million people. The country is a member of the 9402: 7603: 17313: 13340: 1732:). Indigenous courts had only limited powers and remained under the firm control of the colonial administration. The Belgian authorities permitted no political activity in the Congo whatsoever, and the 17348: 10631: 9930: 7104: 4871:

Program in 2013–2014 indicated that Christians constituted 93.7% of the population (with Catholics making up 29.7%, Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%). A new Christian religious movement,

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conflict zones. In 2015, figures both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and Emmanuel Weyi, spoke out about the need to curb violence and instability as the 2016 elections approached.

2202:) fled to eastern Zaire and used refugee camps as bases for incursions against Rwanda. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire. 14854: 3868: 151: 12122: 10891: 9129: 8764: 3632: 2765:, with one-third to the north and two-thirds to the south. With an area of 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. 14183:, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. 5135:

The incidence of yellow fever-related fatalities in DRC is relatively low. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) report in 2021, only two individuals died due to yellow fever in DRC.

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Because of abundant sunlight, the potential for solar development is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 MW, located in

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constitution also saw the disappearance of the Supreme Court, which was divided into three new institutions. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of the Supreme Court is now held by the

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rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. The Simbas were pushed out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during

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and Tshisekedi resulted in new agreements increasing international trade and security (counterterrorism, immigration, cyber security, and customs) between the two countries. In February 2022,

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in the DRC. Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon.

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and 15.3% respectively, according to estimated 2000 data. New destination countries include South Africa and various points en route to Europe. The DRC has produced a considerable number of

2022: 11707: 13159: 12968: 10851: 5807: 14734: 14624: 10503: 2564: 2437:

told the press no elections would be held in 2016: "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that election will take place in April 2018."

16650: 12078: 11902: 10182: 9771: 9653: 8561: 2580: 2205:

A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, launching the First Congo War. The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by

1549: 13856: 1721:

The transition from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo was a break, but it also featured a large degree of continuity. The last governor-general of the Congo Free State, Baron

1701:) and took over the Free State from King Leopold II. On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony. Executive power went to the 3595: 14878: 14588: 8099: 4875:, had the adherence of 2.8%, while Muslims made up 1%. Other recent estimates have found Christianity the majority religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according to a 2010 3598:

in the DRC and Congolese exports to China have grown rapidly. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's

9302: 8958: 8903: 8822: 15754: 14749: 12146: 10096: 3304: 3958:

90% of the DRC's revenues derived from its minerals. Congolese citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. In 2023, 60% of Congolese subsisted on less than $ 2.15 a day, and

2920:

The Albertine Rift plays a key role in shaping the Congo's geography. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but tectonic movement results in

14900: 14688: 13716: 3813: 2248: 1587:

Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony. In a succession of negotiations, Leopold, professing humanitarian objectives in his capacity as chairman of the

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During 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. In some areas the population declined dramatically – it has been estimated that

15123: 14178: 12990: 12714: 11854: 10473: 8467: 8049: 2060: 10609: 9842: 8706: 8651: 2014:, a military operation conducted by Belgian and American forces to rescue hundreds of hostages. Congolese government forces fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965. 11645: 6285: 5970: 16121: 15192: 14614: 8536: 5462:

emerged as a fast-paced, hip-swaying dance music, drawing inspiration from Congolese rumba and soukous. This genre gained widespread popularity in Africa, Europe, and the

5177:

levels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are very unhealthy. In 2020, annual average air pollution in the DRC stood at 34.2 μg/m, which is almost 6.8 times the

3943: 3271: 3032: 2557: 12777: 12669: 11060: 10064: 4712:

Immigration to the DRC has decreased steadily over the past two decades, most likely as a result of the armed violence that the country has experienced. According to the

12103: 9812: 9223: 7540: 5877: 2247:. Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003 all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo. A 101: 14958: 14888: 14769: 14744: 12310: 10870: 6090: 5713: 4344:

linguistic groups. Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic group in the Congo, however the following ethnic groups account for 51.5% of the population:

3038: 10300: 15024: 14938: 14815: 14759: 13817: 13677: 10921: 6025: 5097: 3615: 3525: 3247: 2553: 2210: 833: 10413: 10005: 7907: 14982: 11909: 11880: 11737: 10148: 10032: 6644: 5519: 4275:(167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148 Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 MW. 4255: 2213:. In 1997 Mobutu fled and Kabila marched into Kinshasa, naming himself as president and reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2063:. He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. Although relative peace and stability were achieved, Mobutu's government was guilty of severe 10764: 7397: 3778:

In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $ 138 million.

17244: 15097: 14953: 14844: 13042: 9386: 7595: 6760: 5718: 5672: 5337:". Imported records by Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros, often mislabeled as "rumba", played a significant role. Artists such as Antoine Kasongo, Paul Kamba, 4939: 4736:, there were more than 460,000 refugees from the DRC; in 2008, Congolese refugees numbered 367,995 in total, 68% of whom were living in other African countries. 4316:

estimated the population to be over 115 million as of 2024. Between 1950 and 2000, the country's population nearly quadrupled from 12.2 million to 46.9 million.

4104:

defined the DRC as economically "the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age," because of its cobalt resources, cobalt being essential in the production of the

3979: 3805: 2409: 14030: 13747: 12340: 11824: 10323: 7166: 5851: 2902:

into the Atlantic Ocean. The river and a 37-kilometre-wide (23 mi) strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic.

1036: 16440: 16059: 14895: 14754: 14729: 13334: 8731: 6123: 4450: 4131: 3830:

have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed groups. Instances of child labor and

3809: 2587: 2516: 2252: 1887: 1859: 1068: 366: 13538: 11354: 7573: 6677: 5048:. Primary education is neither free nor compulsory, even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution). 1216:). According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson: "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root 16126: 14820: 14805: 14739: 14581: 10635: 8121: 7962: 4260:

Both coal and crude oil resources were mainly used domestically up to 2008. The DRC has the infrastructure for hydro-electricity from the Congo River at the

4113: 3844: 3198: 828: 11939: 11225: 11035: 10648:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) et ICF International (2014).

15922: 15747: 15034: 15009: 14871: 14849: 14832: 14800: 14795: 11607: 8517: 4284: 4169: 3799: 3627: 3028: 2018: 1983:, along with all 15 passengers, setting off a succession crisis. Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government was led by technicians (the 1060: 542: 417: 325: 287: 17: 12848: 12119: 11768: 10895: 10373: 9121: 8754: 7140: 4233:. All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the European Commission, because of inadequate safety standards. 2894:

are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the

1407:

The geographical area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the

17343: 14928: 14837: 12907: 10951: 5680: 5614: 5604: 5006:. Though recently outlawed, children have been subjected in these exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of self-proclaimed prophets and priests. 3856: 3645: 3314: 3298: 3257:

had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet, headed by a

14349:

From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa

6316: 5778:

The figures are obtained by dividing the population figures in the Knowledge country articles by the paved roads figure in the 'Transport in ' articles.

5002:(children accused of witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations have been formed to capitalize on this belief by charging exorbitant fees for 4924:

pushed into the interior for ivory- and slave-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to the

17308: 16420: 16343: 16261: 16177: 16172: 15087: 14999: 14994: 14861: 14827: 10701: 10561: 9099: 6719: 5936: 5652:

are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Several Congolese players and players of Congolese descent—including strikers

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There are economic and strategic incentives (for external countries) to bring more "security" to the Congo, which is rich in natural resources such as

2598: 2076: 387: 13070: 12005: 11532: 11475: 11120: 9450: 9263: 988:

formally acquired rights to the Congo territory from the colonial nations of Europe in 1885 and declared the land his private property, naming it the

16379: 16328: 15044: 15029: 15014: 14968: 14883: 14810: 14717: 14528: 13303: 12753:"UIS.Stat (see: National Monitoring >> Number of students and enrolment rates by level of education >> Enrollment by level of education)" 11380: 9354: 8791: 7281: 7034: 6924: 5015: 4752: 4455: 4125: 3669: 3649: 3310: 3294: 3258: 2692: 2640: 1895: 1841: 372: 357: 351: 13382: 12398: 10813: 10118: 7852: 16054: 15082: 15039: 14783: 14764: 14574: 12878: 12640: 11554: 9182: 7431: 6980: 5610: 5600: 5236:

story of a boy named Emanuel who in the beginning of the book feels a difference in culture among the different groups in the Congo and elsewhere.

5224: 5083: 4834: 4203:: this east–west highway crosses Katanga and requires re-construction over most of its length, being an earth track between the Angolan border and 3214: 3024: 2290: 606: 588: 305: 17149: 13944: 13020: 11454: 11008: 9058: 8613: 6059: 3736:

got one, and we took the other nine." Mobutu institutionalized corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging his control, leading to an

16415: 15740: 15116: 15059: 14963: 14916: 14606: 11277: 10848: 6987: 5799: 5708: 5530: 5194: 4290: 3921: 3915: 2696: 2325: 1463: 1360: 424: 13151: 11082: 10676: 10495: 2544:

in the country left nearly 5,000 dead in 2019. The Ebola outbreak ended in June 2020, after causing 2,280 deaths over 2 years. Another, smaller

87: 16642: 15067: 15019: 14943: 12232: 12172: 12134: 11700:"Energie hydraulique des barrages d'Inga : Grands potentiels pour le développement de la République Démocratique du Congo et de l'Afrique" 10733: 9661: 7701: 5447:, expanding the spread of Congolese urban music. Notably, the quartet Ry-Co Jazz played a crucial role in globalizing Congolese music, touring 5077: 4779: 4249: 3318: 3243: 3183: 1728:

Colonial administrators ruled the territory and a dual legal system existed (a system of European courts and another one of indigenous courts,

1429:

at some point during the first millennium BC, then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the adoption of

1142: 493: 107: 13476: 13412: 11798: 6869: 2905: 16223: 15946: 15183: 15092: 15049: 15004: 14683: 13918: 13435: 12062: 11667: 10178: 9763: 8557: 7251: 5249: 5060:

2018, and the number of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from 2.8 million in 2007 to 4.6 million in 2015 according to

4093: 3963: 3867:(pp. 299) found that 74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances. The United Nations 3712: 2021:. Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to launch a coup. A 557: 299: 17144: 13840: 12731: 12557: 9476: 6155: 1685: 17333: 16266: 15562: 15077: 10349: 9502: 7732: 7486: 5240:, an author from the Katanga province, wrote novels and poems to promote artistic expressions as a way to address and deal with conflicts. 4906: 4265: 3700: 3653: 1148: 763: 202: 93: 14167: 13969: 13507: 12527: 12280:(in French). Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité, Ministère de la Santé Publique. p. 36. 11969: 11310: 11253:

which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized.

8075: 5636:

is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country.

3756:

case of about $ 6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss bank, and therefore the assets should be returned to Mobutu's family.

17318: 17190: 16520: 16246: 16167: 16162: 11510: 8966: 8900: 8814: 8591: 8493: 6259: 6188: 2524:

to the information its election monitors had collected. The government had also "delayed" the vote until March in some areas, citing the

1717:

soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.

1698: 17264: 12150: 10220: 10086: 9294: 8941: 7828: 7189: 7007: 6611: 6462: 6409: 5745:

proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".

16276: 6961: 6840: 6804: 6572: 5573: 3759:

President Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001. However, in 2016 the

890: 570: 14505: 13700: 10982: 8444: 4505: 17303: 16633: 16200: 15132: 14866: 14196:

Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU.

11576: 11194: 8988: 7993: 4843: 3254: 2348: 402: 12982: 12826: 11846: 10465: 9599: 9324: 8464: 8045: 12932: 11686: 10601: 9834: 9741: 8703: 8643: 7932: 4713: 4197:: the DR Congo is the main missing link in this east–west highway and requires a new road to be constructed before it can function. 2225: 1467: 1459: 11637: 8844: 7794: 6281: 2545: 17154: 16463: 16271: 15982: 15498: 15137: 12778:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP);

12670:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP);

11487: 9895:"The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (in French)" 8533: 7020:

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government.

5962: 5700: 4084: 2504: 1980: 1798:. Belgian Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia in 1751:

turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian-Portuguese invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the

1487: 14653: 13611: 13592:. Middletown, Connecticut, United States: Wesleyan University Press for the Society for Ethnomusicology. 2008. pp. 297–309. 12236: 12176: 9631: 8298: 5185:

of an average citizen of the DRC by almost 2.9 years. Currently, the DRC does not have a national ambient air quality standard.

4478: 4032: 1863: 1845: 1823: 1236: 1016: 16410: 16116: 15763: 13887: 13587: 12457:

Schatzberg, Michael G (February 1980) Politics and Class in Zaire: Bureaucracy, Business and Beer in Lisala, Africana Pub. Co.

11052: 10054: 9240: 7908:"Congo-Zaire's 1996–97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" 7885: 6984: 6858:"Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" 3282: 2899: 2321: 1319:

when he overthrew Mobutu in 1997. To distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, it is sometimes referred to as

1246:

At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour

1186: 1136: 437: 37: 14277:, Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147–205, 9804: 6703: 5873: 3893:

released a film documenting the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia. In June 2010,

16233: 16215: 16079: 16042: 15548: 14392: 14363: 14294: 14282: 14267: 14209: 14138: 14067: 13998: 13850: 13811: 13710: 13671: 13571: 12503: 12373: 12306: 12281: 12246: 12186: 12100: 12072: 10867: 10284: 10259: 10214: 8676: 8358: 8328: 8272: 8242: 8212: 8182: 8093: 8023: 7676: 7636: 7524: 7360: 7116: 7001: 6955: 6605: 6566: 6456: 6403: 6376: 6349: 6253: 5032:

rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female) according to a

2951:

has exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to mining.

2129:

During the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the United States on several occasions, meeting with U.S. Presidents

1988: 14073: 12792: 12684: 10652: 10443: 9543: 9016: 8922: 8878: 8687: 8152: 7642: 7366: 5307: 956:, the territory of the Congo was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the 16445: 16434: 16195: 11257: 10670:"Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 9657: 8419: 8389: 7566:"Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination of Congo's First Democratically Elected Leader" 5966: 2814:

produced the Congo River system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through. The

2376: 1972: 1795: 1592: 13801: 13661: 13230: 13095: 10917: 10583: 9902: 6018: 16530: 16525: 16256: 16251: 16084: 13280: 12734:

2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006).

12473: 11428: 10405: 9997: 9573: 5171:, in 2020 four in ten people in Congo lacked food security and about 15.6 million were facing a potential hunger crisis. 4857: 4222:. Traditionally water transport has been the dominant means of moving around in approximately two-thirds of the country. 3546:

The global growth in demand for scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India, Russia, Brazil and other

1883: 1752: 1005: 11733: 11300:"The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo" 10756: 10028: 7389: 6634: 3555:

Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S. to professionalize armed forces in this "strategically important" region.

2243:, arrived in April 2001. In 2002–03 Bemba intervened in the Central African Republic on behalf of its former president, 1369:, the territory comprising the Democratic Republic of the Congo was home to Central Africa's oldest settled groups, the 17338: 17323: 16089: 14634: 14316: 14305: 13210: 13128: 10537: 6216: 5431:

Political and economic challenges under Mobutu prompted a mass exodus of musicians to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,

5163:

United Nations emergency food relief agency warned that amid the escalating conflict and worsening situation following

3043: 1702: 1540: 1001: 14164:

The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo

13253: 13046: 12712: 12215: 9159: 7060:

Yellen, John E. (1 September 1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa".

6756: 4236:

Several international airlines service Kinshasa's international airport and a few also offer international flights to

1926:.' To avoid confusion between the two, the former Belgian Congo became known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1697:

In 1908, the Belgian parliament, in spite of initial reluctance, bowed to international pressure (especially from the

15176: 14489: 14246: 14112: 14020: 13739: 12462: 12332: 11820: 10320: 9424: 7333: 7230: 7205: 7160: 6834: 6798: 6001: 5843: 4341: 3883: 3835: 2662: 2441:

when Kabila's term in office ended. Across the country, dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were arrested.

1447: 886: 11991: 10790: 8723: 6112: 3842:

in the DRC in 2013 and six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on the department's December 2014

3688:

region, and other rebellions since the Second Congo War. Besides the FARDC, the largest peacekeeping mission of the

3328: 2055:; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa. A 1446:

By the 13th century there were three main confederations of states in the western Congo Basin. In the east were the

1173:, which flows through the country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's third-largest river 16425: 16358: 16348: 16284: 16144: 15509: 14705: 13530: 11403:"Province orientale: le diamant et l'or quelle part dans la reconstruction socio – économique de la Province?" 11402: 11338: 11172: 8125: 7565: 6667: 4237: 2438: 1984: 13778: 11903:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 11168: 7954: 6082: 4951:

foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012 plans were announced to build a national

3897:

reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and researchers from

16500: 14619: 11931: 11032: 5629: 5129: 4786:

In Kinshasa, 67% of the population in 2014 could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and understand it.

4705:

very diverse in nature; refugees and asylum-seekers – products of the numerous and violent conflicts in the

3826:

was initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The International Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004.

2351:

to neutralize armed groups. On 5 November 2013, M23 declared an end to its insurgency. Additionally, in northern

2344: 2142: 14385:

Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur

12035: 11615: 11221: 10632:"UN expert on violence against women expresses serious concerns following visit to Democratic Republic of Congo" 8514: 7137: 5116:

was introduced around Kinshasa. In 2012, it was estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15–49 were living with

4952: 4700:

Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012

4696: 2285: 17205: 17180: 16353: 16071: 15930: 12900: 12852: 11760: 10370: 9872: 6309:"Violence is roiling the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some say it's a strategy to keep the president in power" 6119: 5033: 4868: 3864: 2991:, iron ore, and coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in the Congo's southeastern Katanga region. 2644: 2216:

Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. Rwandan troops retreated to

10947: 6308: 4920:

Islam has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 18th century, when Arab traders from

16626: 16577: 16405: 16393: 16136: 16048: 14646: 12587: 9477:"Gunfire rings out in Congo's capital as men in military uniform clash with politician's guards | World News" 5618: 5297: 5232: 4898: 4883:

reports this figure to be 95.9%. The proportion of followers of Islam is variously estimated from 1% to 12%.

4184: 4177: 2251:

was set up until after the election. A constitution was approved by voters, and on 30 July 2006 DRC held its

2221: 2126:, its fourth name change in eleven years and its sixth overall. The Congo River was renamed the Zaire River. 2102: 852: 167: 16885: 15413: 12617: 11146: 10708: 10553: 9082: 4792:

Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, of which four have the status of national languages:

4020:

Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. A number of

3124: 2533:

National Assembly. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. In April 2021, the

17353: 16492: 16455: 16430: 16241: 16094: 15999: 15169: 13067: 11536: 11112: 6757:"5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments" 5479: 4337: 3967: 3930:

Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

3753: 2429: 1875: 1521:

founded in the 15th and 17th centuries respectfully dominated the eastern region, until colonial conquest.

1072: 818: 293: 14548: 13311: 12405: 11376: 7273: 7038: 6886: 6540:

Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean

6430:

Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994

1055:

from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people. The war ended under President

16936: 16468: 16205: 16104: 15975: 14499: 13374: 12756: 12001: 9199: 7841: 6996:. Message from the President of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. p. 87. 6528:

Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816

5914: 5737:

The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as

5576:(RTNC) is the national broadcaster of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. RTNC currently broadcasts in 5181:

PM2.5 guideline (5 μg/m: set in September 2021). These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the

4021: 3599: 2413:

and kidnapped at least 3,300 people since June 2017 to June 2019. On 10 May 2018, Congolese gynecologist

2380: 1787: 1608: 1174: 13336:

52 ans de musique congolaise : Au Congo-Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo (RDC) – 1960–2012

12874: 11550: 7428: 5495: 16515: 16320: 16027: 14514: 13940: 13012: 11450: 11274: 11004: 10091: 9041: 8621: 7197: 6051: 2206: 1316: 790: 10669: 7352:

Bortaï: journal de campagne: Abyssinie 1941, offensive belgo-congolaise, Faradje, Asosa, Gambela, Saio

4905:, since it covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25 million members, it constitutes 4778:, facilitating communication among the many different ethnic groups of the Congo. According to a 2018 4187:: this route crosses the western extremity of the country on National Road No. 1 between Kinshasa and 3770:

In June 2020, a court in the Democratic Republic of Congo found President Tshisekedi's chief of staff

2399:

moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the

177: 16473: 14933: 11090: 9183:"Vaccine hesitancy runs high in some African countries, in some cases leaving unused doses to expire" 5548: 5369:

authentically popularized the style and made significant contributions to it in the 1940s and 1950s.

5268:

Congo has a rich musical heritage, rooted in traditional rhythms. The earliest known form of popular

5178: 5167:

in the DRC, millions of lives were at risk as they could die of hunger. According to the data of the

5101: 4194: 3935: 3926: 3875: 3718: 3112: 2593:

In May 2024, during a parliamentary crisis related to the election for the leadership of parliament,

2572: 2449: 2396: 1530: 893:. With a population of around 109 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous 14464: 10725: 7693: 4044: 3281:, the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the 16725: 16619: 16510: 16154: 16012: 15252: 13468: 11790: 7508: 6857: 6552: 5377: 5164: 5113: 4200: 3827: 3278: 3197:, which threatens wildlife populations, water pollution and mining. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of 2710: 1903: 1044: 906: 338: 14287:

Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent

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was called in and made the practice of cutting off the limbs of the natives a matter of policy.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the

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The law on sexual violence, DRC 2006 (Les lois sur les violences sexuelles) reads (in French):

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The economy of DRC relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from

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also erupted. The mountain subsequently erupted again in 2006, and once again in January 2010.

2606: 2011: 1064: 672: 624: 15669: 8583: 7186: 6366: 6178: 4853: 4515: 4304: 4191:, a distance of 285 km (177 mi) on one of the only paved sections in fair condition. 2924:

activity, occasionally with loss of life. The geologic activity in this area also created the

16745: 16333: 16305: 15272: 10251: 10244: 10204: 8938: 6991: 6941: 6720:"DR Congo: Children's access to education under threat from ongoing violence in Kasai region" 6595: 6446: 6393: 6339: 5665: 4553: 4371: 3562:, a metal used in many industrial and military applications. The largest use of cobalt is in 3511: 3202: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3064: 3052: 2781:

of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is surrounded by

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in 2013 and 400,000 persons displaced in the province as of 2013. On and off fighting in the

1923: 1569: 1251: 1247: 1182: 985: 902: 33: 14566: 14345:

Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

12130: 10974: 9239: 9198: 8441: 7985: 7325: 7111:, New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–55, 6820: 6784: 6556: 2403:. The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II. In 2009, 2239:

succeeded him and called for multilateral peace talks. UN peacekeepers, MONUC, now known as

2097: 16982: 16300: 15938: 14555: 14220: 9945: 9696: 6947: 6900: 5288:. The style gained popularity in the 1920s–1930s, introducing the "bar-dancing" culture in 5168: 4987: 4983: 4324:

Over 250 ethnic groups and 450 tribes (ethnic subgroups) populate the DRC. They are in the

3984: 3959: 3954:, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper. 3902: 2929: 2500: 2476: 2364: 2068: 1565: 1124: 946: 44: 12818: 4947: 2332:, the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, mutinied and formed the rebel military 1607:. Leopold's regime began various infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the 8: 17221: 17038: 15530: 15513: 14421: 13954: 13705:. Santa Barbara, California, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 207–208. 12963: 12936: 10206:

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)

9595: 8085: 5622: 4925: 4876: 4801: 4706: 4356: 4105: 3469: 3393: 3235: 3232: 3179: 3116: 2925: 2750: 2525: 2472: 2280: 2072: 1614: 1280: 802: 267: 14454: 12430: 12399:"Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" 9949: 9733: 9700: 7924: 6904: 5237: 5036:

nationwide survey. The education system is governed by three government ministries: the

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Christianity is the predominant religion of the DRC. A 2013–14 survey, conducted by the

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discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. In June 2014,

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was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.

2602: 2520: 2493: 1976: 1076: 17328: 17226: 17023: 16551: 16504: 14494: 14401:

Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa

14215: 11996: 11551:"Katanga Project Update and 2Q 2008 Financials, Katanga Mining Limited, 12 August 2008" 8852: 7790: 7085: 7035:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program" 6916: 6790: 6672: 5487: 5362: 4880: 4313: 4230: 3547: 2794: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2702: 2360: 1748: 1588: 1311:

as the name used by the natives (i.e., derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.

1079:, who has served as president since. Since 2015, eastern Congo has been the site of an 15161: 12901:"Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014" 12849:"The World Factbook – Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate" 9122:"Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – Ebola Situation Report #40 – April 10, 2021" 8294: 2519:

was held. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate

1722: 17028: 16765: 16338: 16037: 15876: 15715: 15288: 15072: 14388: 14359: 14312: 14301: 14290: 14278: 14263: 14262:

Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010.

14242: 14205: 14201: 14134: 14108: 14063: 13846: 13807: 13706: 13667: 13634: 13603: 13567: 13443: 13206: 13088:"Millions 'on the edge' in DR Congo, now in even greater danger of tipping over: WFP" 12779: 12671: 12499: 12458: 12252: 12242: 12192: 12182: 12068: 11346: 10533: 10280: 10255: 10210: 10179:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 9963: 9714: 9621: 9510: 9394: 9231: 9190: 9091: 9050: 8089: 7672: 7632: 7520: 7513: 7356: 7329: 7318: 7226: 7201: 7112: 7089: 7077: 6997: 6951: 6920: 6830: 6794: 6601: 6562: 6452: 6399: 6372: 6345: 6249: 6019:

Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report

5997: 5661: 5589: 5281: 5228: 4769: 4333: 4329: 4101: 4066: 3852: 3579: 3551: 2998: 2895: 2867: 2774: 2594: 2549: 2508: 2434: 2418: 2333: 2229: 2224:

to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of a rebel movement called the

2183: 2138: 1807: 1775: 1619: 1600: 1412: 1240: 1067:, torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties. Following the 13879: 10554:"Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 7877: 5350: 4643: 4005: 3435: 3407: 1851: 1415:, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, believed to have been used to catch 968:

from the 14th to 19th centuries. In the northeast, center, and east, the empires of

16017: 14678: 14663: 14629: 13987:"Rwanda Kicks Off Quest for Africa Women's Volleyball Championship Against Morocco" 9953: 9704: 9425:"Congolese army says shootout in the capital is failed coup, perpetrators arrested" 8702:

Al Jazeera News (9 March 2018). "UN: Two million children risk starvation in DRC."

8673: 8350: 8320: 8264: 8234: 8204: 8174: 8081: 7791:""Zaire: The Hoax of Independence", The Aida Parker Newsletter #203, 4 August 1997" 7069: 6912: 6908: 6693: 6524:

An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700

6241: 6183: 5676: 5645: 5641: 5617:. The sports are played in numerous stadiums throughout the country, including the 5577: 5535: 5383:

style that evolved from Congolese rumba. Soukous led to diverse offshoots, such as

5366: 5285: 5139: 5105: 5056: 4975: 4805: 4717: 4406: 4211:, and a paved road in fair condition over the short distance to the Zambian border. 4109: 4061: 4057: 4009: 3497: 3096: 3048: 2995: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2742: 2352: 2187: 2176: 2166: 2044: 1965: 1942: 1891: 1867: 1837: 1623: 1604: 1577: 1561: 1534: 1510: 1390: 1263: 1228: 1193: 1087: 1052: 1032: 989: 973: 961: 942: 798: 716: 450: 262: 257: 138: 15902: 13986: 13880:"Musique : qu'est-ce que le clan Wenge, pionnier de la danse Ndombolo ?" 13152:"Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation" 12474:"Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location. 12362: 12274: 8015: 6993:

Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa

6885:

Ballinger, Benjamin; Stringer, Martin; Schmeda-Lopez, Diego R. (1 December 2019).

5628:

Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball

5284:, encompassing parts of the present-day Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and 4757: 4732:

located in the region and beyond. These numbers peaked in 2004 when, according to

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International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3818:

International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3664:

would become part of the new armed forces. It also provided for the creation of a

3421: 2000: 1946: 1803: 1667:, was instructed by the British government to investigate. His report, called the 1656:

killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River.

1572:. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant 1564:

and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s. It was first led by

17170: 16820: 15708: 15617: 15204: 14948: 14673: 14480: 14171: 14057: 13973: 13561: 13074: 12783: 12718: 12675: 12126: 12107: 11482: 11281: 11261: 11039: 10874: 10855: 10656: 10649: 10435: 10377: 10327: 10307: 9535: 9020: 9013: 8945: 8926: 8919: 8907: 8874: 8759: 8710: 8691: 8684: 8680: 8540: 8521: 8471: 8448: 8148: 7626: 7435: 7350: 7216: 7193: 7170: 7144: 6220: 5754: 5657: 5649: 5637: 5633: 5334: 5255: 5213: 5182: 5145: 5052: 4793: 4765: 4396: 4325: 3939: 3745: 3582:

consumes significant quantities of cobalt in a variety of applications including

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The country is currently divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and 25 other

3171: 3163: 3108: 2941: 2871: 2777:. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central 2534: 2171: 2162: 2056: 2007: 2006:

Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the

1911: 1907: 1879: 1855: 1764: 1668: 1439: 1408: 1374: 1366: 1307:

is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to

1048: 1028: 969: 957: 930: 774: 529: 252: 237: 72: 14539: 14433:

In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo

11254: 8411: 8381: 8295:"Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade" 6979: 6240:, Arab Human Development Report, United Nations, pp. ii–iii, 29 June 2022, 6233: 4172:

and the Office of the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles, CFU).

2683: 2457: 17018: 16022: 16007: 15871: 15654: 15638: 13226: 13087: 12785:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

12677:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

11668:"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy" 10650:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

10587: 10525: 9958: 9894: 6891: 6245: 5742: 5475: 5424: 5354: 5157: 5149: 4971: 4729: 4661: 4535: 4391: 4386: 4080: 3992:

The DRC is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of

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in the world. The DRC is also one of the twenty lowest-ranked countries on the

3791: 3760: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3571: 3379: 3343: 3104: 2863: 2855: 2778: 2576: 2568: 2384: 2372: 2329: 2317: 2276: 2052: 1996: 1713: 1664: 1660: 1641: 1544: 1426: 1209: 1120: 997: 993: 977: 882: 13276: 13181: 12231: 12171: 12147:"Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala" 11424: 9709: 9684: 9565: 9355:"DR Congo presidential election: partial results give Tshisekedi a clear lead" 7073: 5088: 4789:

In 2024, there were around 12 million native French speakers in the country.

3962:

had reached 173%. DR Congo consistently has the lowest, or nearly the lowest,

3863:

seems to be perceived by large sectors of society to be normal. The 2013–2014

2017:

Lumumba had previously appointed Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army,

1992: 17297: 17279: 17266: 16941: 16790: 15991: 15897: 15892: 15720: 15328: 14700: 14695: 14641: 14543: 14252: 14186:

Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.

13806:. New York City, New York State, United States: Hachette Books. p. 129. 13447: 13043:"The World Factbook – Country Comparison : Maternal mortality rate" 12737: 11581: 11350: 9967: 9626: 9514: 9398: 9235: 9194: 9095: 9054: 7081: 6887:"The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply" 6213: 5653: 5467: 5400: 5396: 5346: 5342: 5311: 5269: 5174: 4914: 4809: 4774: 4414: 4381: 4226: 3831: 3771: 3673: 3611: 3535: 3351: 3223: 3190: 2840: 2836: 2609:

were arrested by security forces, and videos of their capture shared online.

2414: 2340: 2310: 2272: 2236: 2145:

U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a

2134: 2130: 1930:), while the former French colony retained the name 'Republic of the Congo' ( 1828: 1779: 1680: 1573: 1455: 1422: 1243:, before returning to its current name the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1232: 1197: 1128: 1080: 1056: 1009: 845: 463: 217: 204: 15148: 13120: 5142:, in 2016, 26,529 people died on the roads in DRC due to traffic accidents. 4136: 4000:. As of 2023, the country is estimated to possess around 70% of the world's 3641: 1708: 16695: 15833: 15438: 15428: 15232: 14658: 14174:, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. 14126: 13666:. New York City, New York State, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 13245: 12819:"Congo, With Donors' Help, Introduces New Vaccine for Pneumococcal Disease" 10496:"DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $ 138 million embezzlement" 10059: 10029:"An April 2009 report to Congress by the National Defense Stockpile Center" 9718: 9451:"RDC: situation confuse à Kinshasa autour de la résidence de Vital Kamerhe" 9151: 7664: 5560: 5502:

making significant contributions to its evolution and international stage.

5491: 5432: 5414: 5388: 5358: 5338: 5277: 5125: 4990:'s flagship project is Kimbilio, which works to reunite street children in 4897:

Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under the umbrella of the

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in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense

2064: 1953: 1919: 1819: 1783: 1518: 1370: 1201: 1164: 1024: 981: 476: 14257:

Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community

10436:"Vital Kamerhe: DRC president's chief of staff found guilty of corruption" 9764:"Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat" 4772:

of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is culturally accepted as the

1513:

was founded in the 14th century and dominated the western region, and the

17098: 16900: 16880: 16800: 15612: 15443: 15333: 11425:"UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last" 10786: 6341:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo. La République Démocratique du Congo

5499: 5448: 5380: 4929: 4921: 4887: 4872: 4739:

Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from

4401: 4070: 4008:

in the west. By far the largest mines in the DRC are located in southern

3764: 3483: 3399: 3238:. The 2003 transitional constitution had established a parliament with a 3012: 2948: 2937: 2891: 2887: 2820: 2815: 2714: 2445: 2392: 2388: 2199: 2091: 1950: 1740: 1514: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1430: 1170: 1160: 965: 953: 910: 411: 396: 13957:

Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

12493: 11410: 8558:"1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces" 5038:

Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP

984:

ruled from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries to the 19th century. King

17073: 17068: 16962: 16895: 16835: 16825: 16815: 16720: 16546: 15828: 15818: 15803: 15519: 15423: 15388: 15373: 15358: 15313: 15247: 14180:

Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo

13770: 12554:

U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

11689:, Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. 10812:

Matundu Mbambi, Annie; Faray-Kele, Marie-Claire (April–December 2010).

10087:"DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver" 9359: 8845:"REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president" 7986:"Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers" 6826: 5420: 5410: 5326: 4991: 4979: 4959: 4847: 4839: 4679: 4625: 4548: 4530: 4510: 4483: 4208: 4141: 4025: 3677: 3567: 3563: 3505: 3491: 3427: 3084: 2913: 2875: 2647: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2453: 2368: 2294: 2115: 1690: 1450:, considered to be the oldest and most powerful, which likely included 1096: 1092: 1051:. The country then had its name changed back and was confronted by the 309: 32:

This article is about the larger country. For the smaller country, see

15596: 13845:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 313. 12711:

Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo – Wikisource

11853:. UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 10277:

War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies

6444: 5664:—have gained prominence in world football. DR Congo has twice won the 5148:

is poor in DRC. According to 2010 estimates, DRC has the 17th highest

5092:

Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3786: 3721:

are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

3075:

The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great

2359:

created by Laurent Kabila slipped out of the control of Kinshasa with

1890:

of the Republic of the Congo, on 24 June 1960. The parliament elected

1739:

The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During

17058: 17053: 16998: 16840: 15813: 15378: 14197: 13992: 12027: 10849:"Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH" 9805:"Interim Constitution – Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006)" 9503:"DRC army says it stopped attempted coup involving three US citizens" 9083:"New Ebola Outbreak in Congo, Already Hit by Measles and Coronavirus" 7187:

The Cambridge history of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC

5792: 5671:

DR Congo's women's national volleyball team lastly qualified for the

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Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification

2258: 2111: 1581: 11053:"Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release" 10149:"China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies" 9931:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" 9864: 8149:"Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces" 4347: 4308:

Democratic Republic of the Congo's population between 1960 and 2017.

4077:

and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the eastern Congo.

2622: 1639:

to honor himself and his country. To enforce the rubber quotas, the

1611:

of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), which took eight years to complete.

1599:

King Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the

1181:("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King 901:, which is also the economic center. The country is bordered by the 17314:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

17200: 17124: 17093: 17088: 16755: 16750: 16710: 16705: 16690: 15848: 15838: 15793: 15783: 15478: 15453: 15303: 15298: 15277: 15242: 15227: 14484: 14378:

Bradt Travel Guide: Congo — Democratic Republic/Republic

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Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009

11476:"Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production" 11250: 10659:. Rockville, Maryland, USA : MPSMRM, MSP and ICF International 8875:"DR Congo presidential election: Outcry as Tshisekedi named winner" 7596:"Belgians accused of war crimes in killing of Congo leader Lumumba" 7147:. BBC World Service: The Story of Africa; accessed 2 December 2017. 6698: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5319: 5289: 5263: 5117: 5029: 4967: 4891: 4725: 4638: 4602: 4496: 4491: 4473: 4229:) that offered flights inside DR Congo. Congo Airways was based at 4225:

As of February 2024, DR Congo had one major national airline (

4219: 4074: 3640:

The military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as the

3583: 3385: 3337: 3194: 3080: 2960: 2883: 2854:

The Congo River has the second-largest flow and the second-largest

2730: 2146: 2119: 2051:

Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his

1653: 1632: 1554: 1434: 926: 898: 840: 778: 196: 16641: 12579: 11297: 10702:"Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)" 10119:"Congo Reviews $ 6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows" 8959:"DR Congo announces new govt 7 months after president inaugurated" 6152:"Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis | Human Rights Watch" 4886:

There are about 35 million Catholics in the country with six

1262:(a past name for the Congo River) on 27 October 1971 by President 17108: 17103: 17078: 17033: 17013: 17003: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16890: 16870: 16855: 16845: 16810: 16735: 16700: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 15823: 15798: 15762: 15685: 15664: 15633: 15591: 15463: 15433: 15418: 15403: 15393: 15383: 15348: 15343: 15293: 15262: 15237: 15212: 14371:

The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

12609: 11876: 11142: 9387:"DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul" 9295:"RDC failed coup plot: president's security adviser in detention" 8939:

Nearly 900 killed in ethnic violence in Congo in mid-December -UN

8920:

DR Congo: Nearly 900 killed in ethnic clashes last month, UN says

8077:

The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World

6212:

BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth".

5436: 5405: 5373: 5259: 5121: 4963: 4797: 4584: 4204: 3997: 3898: 3696:, is also present in the country with about 18,000 peacekeepers. 3693: 3661: 3575: 3477: 3463: 3455: 3413: 3147: 2988: 2980: 2956: 2786: 2782: 2762: 2726: 2483: 2356: 2240: 1499: 1400: 1020: 922: 480: 319: 15960: 14062:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. 11992:"The World Factbook: Africa – Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 11638:"The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for" 11113:"World Bank Pledges $ 1 Billion to Democratic Republic of Congo" 9566:"Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo | John Seach" 8948:. Reuters. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. 5020: 3305:

Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3219: 2846: 2583:

in the country led to uncertainty, but the coup attempt failed.

2423:

the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

2220:

and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the

1971:

On 18 September 1961, in ongoing negotiations of a ceasefire, a

1957:

supplies and advisers. On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces

1813: 1786:, the Belgian Congo provided a crucial source of income for the 1603:

in 1885 and made the land his private property. He named it the

17349:

1960 establishments in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

17083: 17063: 17048: 17043: 16977: 16972: 16946: 16875: 16850: 16785: 16780: 16770: 16715: 15843: 15808: 15778: 15488: 15473: 15468: 15408: 15363: 15323: 15217: 15196: 14518: 13306:[Musical Journey: the return and return of the rumba]. 11246: 10055:"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?" 9869:

Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future

9224:"Italy Mourns an Ambassador and His Bodyguard, Killed in Congo" 8815:"Surprise Winner Of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader" 7671:(expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. 7274:"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo" 6724: 5440: 5153: 5061: 4861: 4740: 4620: 4571: 4437:

Largest cities or towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Rail transportation is provided by the Congo Railroad Company (

4001: 3993: 3951: 3814:

Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3559: 3371: 3365: 3088: 2984: 2952: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2718: 2040: 1760: 1636: 1568:, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King 1475: 1471: 1451: 1416: 1189:, established by him in 1879, were also named after the river. 1132: 938: 934: 918: 914: 12752: 11608:"10th Annual Pan-European Conference Strategic Decisions 2013" 8046:"ICC Convicts Bemba of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity" 6884: 6043: 1770:

After 1918, Belgium was rewarded for the participation of the

1192:

The Congo River was named by early European sailors after the

1023:

on 30 June 1960 and was immediately confronted by a series of

16967: 16865: 16860: 16795: 16775: 16760: 16685: 16363: 15659: 15448: 15398: 15353: 15338: 15318: 15308: 15282: 15222: 14668: 14596: 12101:"Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants" 12067:(in French). International Organization for Migration. 2010. 10466:"DRC: Under what conditions has Vital Kamerhe been released?" 10274: 6448:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

6368:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5483: 5204: 5042:

Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU)

4733: 4656: 4145: 3894: 3607: 3574:

and in cutting and wear-resistant materials such as cemented

3100: 3068: 3002: 2862:

in both respects). The sources of the Congo River are in the

2793:

extending beyond the Congo River in the north. The glaciated

2548:

began in June 2020, ultimately causing 55 deaths. The global

2468: 2191: 2035: 1910:, and the Parti National du Peuple led by Albert Delvaux and 1899: 1833: 1799: 1503: 1495: 1259: 1258:

on 1 August 1964, the country became the DRC but was renamed

1220:, 'to gather' (trans)." The modern name of the Kongo people, 1040: 516: 14105:

The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective

12550:"2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 10814:"Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo" 10757:"Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in World" 9325:"Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt" 8929:. BBC. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. 8524:. The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. 8235:"Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says" 7759: 7631:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–18. 6179:"Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer" 5403:

ethnic background. The same soukous, under the guidance of "

4156: 3944:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

3869:

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

3763:

issued a report claiming that the Congo is run as a violent

3033:

Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1059:, who governed the country from 2001 to 2019 and under whom 16905: 16830: 16805: 16730: 15458: 15368: 15257: 14025: 12750: 11195:"Congo with $ 24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor" 8614:"The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle" 7912:

Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick

7842:"The 2006 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo" 7669:

The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo

6974:

Aid Applicant: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC).

5841: 5444: 5109: 4674: 2964: 2878:. The river flows generally west from Kisangani just below 2306: 2217: 2195: 1204:, when they encountered them in the 16th century. The word 1112: 14120:

The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair

12935:. World Health Organization. 24 April 2014. Archived from 11761:"The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country" 11028: 11026: 10894:[The laws against sexual violence]. Archived from 10602:"Foreign travel advice – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 10530:

Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy

10279:. Faculty of Philosophy Columbia University. p. 261. 9596:"Lambertini, A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt" 9152:"Covid: DR Congo in race against time to vaccinate people" 8813:

Gonzales, Richard; Schwartz, Matthew S. (9 January 2019).

8069: 8067: 7105:"The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540" 5714:

Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles

4207:, a paved road in very poor condition between Kolwezi and 3039:

List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1395: 1086:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in

14231:. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 13949: 13842:

Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture

11672: 10787:"UN official calls DR Congo 'rape capital of the world.'" 10380:. Swissinfo, Basel Institute of Governance, 14 July 2009. 9899:

National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

9025: 7955:"Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name | The Spokesman-Review" 7809: 7771: 7747: 6639: 6551: 6113:"Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 5996:. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapter 1 and 2. 4761:

The four Bantu languages with elevated "national" status.

3748:

in 2009. In July 2009, a Swiss court determined that the

3526:

Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3059: 2972: 2675: 2601:

which was repelled by security forces loyal to President

2324:, defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the 2211:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

2156: 2094:

as Mobutu and his associates embezzled government funds.

2029: 1075:

since independence, Kabila was succeeded as president by

857: 14475: 13740:"Spreading Ndombolo Dance Across Africa with Bush Sebar" 11910:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

11881:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

10811: 10246:

King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership

9264:"Kenya, DRC sign deals on security, trade and transport" 8048:. International Justice Resource Center. 29 March 2016. 6940:

Starbird, Caroline; Deboer, Dale; Pettit, Jenny (2004).

4256:

Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3570:

parts for high speed war planes. Cobalt is also used in

2733:(across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by 2336:(M23), claiming the government had violated the treaty. 1303:

gradually in English usage during the 18th century, and

1169:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the

126:("Justice – Peace – Work") 122:"Justice – Paix – Travail" 15191: 14560:

Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources

13531:"Papa Wemba: the King of Rumba, 'le Prince de la Sape'" 12363:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" 12275:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" 11577:"Watchdog says $ 88m missing in Congolese mining taxes" 11291: 11023: 10918:"DRC: 'Civilians bearing brunt of South Kivu violence'" 9014:"DR Congo measles: Nearly 5,000 dead in major outbreak" 8989:"DR Congo names new cabinet, cements president's power" 8064: 3980:

Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3806:

Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3602:

and other Muslim ethnic minorities. In 2021, President

3055:, making the park a critical habitat for these animals. 2773:, the second-largest rainforest in the world after the 1108: 897:

in the world. The national capital and largest city is

14241:

Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008.

13436:"Papa Wemba: Congolese music's dandy with a dark side" 12959:"The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak" 8644:"No elections in DR Congo before April 2018: minister" 4132:

Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3810:

Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2886:, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the 2741:, and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the 2575:. On 22 April 2021, meetings between Kenyan President 2289:

People fleeing their villages due to fighting between

1596:, actually played one European rival against another. 15923:

Southern African Development Coordination Conference

14156:

The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.

13566:. London, United Kingdom: Rough Guides. p. 723. 13304:"Voyage Musical : l'aller et retour de la rumba" 11847:"Democratic Republic of the Congo Demographic Trends" 10584:"Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo" 10406:"New Study Shows Congo is Run as Violent Kleptocracy" 9835:"Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 2005 (rev. 2011)" 8351:"Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede" 8124:. Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2012. Archived from 7515:

The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

5907:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition" 5292:(now Kinshasa), incorporating unique elements like a 3845:

List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

3199:

deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3115:. Five of the country's national parks are listed as 2928:, four of which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: 1987:). Katangan secession ended in January 1963 with the 1922:

also gained independence and adopted the same name, '

14324:

The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

12216:"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers" 8788:"Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors" 8465:"A New Study Finds Death Toll in Congo War too High" 8122:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'" 7925:"Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997" 7162:

The Congo Free State – a colony of gross excess

6939: 5690: 5673:

2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship

5024:

A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

4285:

Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3851:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has prohibited

3800:

Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3628:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3606:

called for a review of mining contracts signed with

3139:. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of 17 3029:

Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature

2467:

A tribal conflict erupted on 16–17 December 2018 at

2153:

In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in Morocco.

1659:

News of the abuses began to circulate. In 1904, the

1291:("river swallowing rivers"). The river was known as 1116: 14549:

The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues

14529:

Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo

12494:De Boeck, Filip; Plissart, Marie-Frangoise (1899). 10748: 10209:. International Monetary Fund. 2010. pp. 56–. 9042:"Congo's Deadliest Ebola Outbreak Is Declared Over" 8901:

DR Congo election board delays vote in three cities

8724:"DR Congo: Rebels Were Recruited to Crush Protests" 8074:Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (3 May 2021). 7348: 6177:Mwanamilongo, Saleh; Anna, Cara (24 January 2019). 5719:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border

5605:

Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5128:are problems. In May 2019, the death toll from the 3299:

Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2850:

Satellite image of Democratic Republic of the Congo

1063:remained poor and included frequent abuses such as 12933:"Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 12333:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 10275:Nafziger, E. Wayne; Raimo Frances Stewart (2000). 10243: 9998:"GIs retrain Congo troops known for being violent" 9081: 9040: 7512: 7317: 6668:"DR Congo: Rampant Intercommunal Violence in West" 6558:From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 6282:"DR Congo crisis stirs concerns in central Africa" 5850:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 5512:Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4295:Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo 3938:is responsible for developing and maintaining the 3731:Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2266: 16380:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 14056:Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (2013). 13941:Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News 13246:"L'état de la musique traditionnelle en RD.Congo" 11962:"Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism" 11706:(in French). suedwind-institut.de. Archived from 11222:"Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo" 10181:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 7878:"Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997" 7519:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 108. 6635:"A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo" 6445:Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). 6016: 6010: 5104:. The DRC has the world's second-highest rate of 5098:hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5016:Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4753:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4126:Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3988:Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo 3670:provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3636:Congolese soldiers being trained by UN personnel. 3295:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3146:Conservationists have particularly worried about 2693:Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1902:) party. Other parties that emerged included the 1874:In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the 569:2,345,409 km (905,567 sq mi) ( 17295: 13800:George, Nelson; Carr, Daphne (20 October 2008). 12721:. Fr.wikisource.org. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 11908:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 8812: 8620:. PGW Global Risk Management LLP. Archived from 8265:"Rwanda military aiding DRC mutiny, report says" 8073: 7831:, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #239. 7507: 6981:Office of the United States Trade Representative 6440: 6438: 6436: 6176: 5601:Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5084:HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4835:Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3215:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3025:Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3018: 2439:Protests broke out in the country on 20 December 16421:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 14338:No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo 11644:. London, UK: Aspermont Ltd. 22 February 2018. 10339: 9682: 7722: 6946:. Center for Teaching International Relations, 5709:Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5681:2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup 5195:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4291:Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4100:In February 2018, global asset management firm 3922:Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3916:Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3699:The Democratic Republic of Congo signed the UN 2866:Mountains that flank the western branch of the 2697:Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2679:The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2391:ethnic groups, respectively. In the northeast, 2326:National Congress for the Defence of the People 1763:in September 1916 under the command of General 1524: 1361:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1239:, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the 16643:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 15947:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 12233:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12173:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12135:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12057: 12055: 12053: 11734:"DR Congo economic and strategic significance" 11143:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 11083:"Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?" 8486:"Congo's Death Rate Unchanged Since War Ended" 7983: 7266: 6083:"Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month" 5227:use literature as a way to develop a sense of 5108:(after Chad). In April 2011, through aid from 5078:Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4958:Traditional religions embody such concepts as 4250:Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3859:are generally negative throughout the nation. 2484:2018 election and new president (2018–present) 1759:gained a notable victory when it marched into 1743:(1914–1918), an initial stand-off between the 1609:railway that ran from the coast to the capital 1143:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 17150:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 16627: 15976: 15748: 15177: 15153: 14582: 14107:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, 13976:. World Stadiums. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 13500:"Why Papa Wemba's Legacy Will Outlive Us All" 13277:"La "Rumba", un humanisme musical en partage" 13115: 13113: 12227: 12225: 11298:Exenberger, Andreas; Hartmann, Simon (2007). 9734:"World 'losing battle against deforestation'" 6433: 5991: 5609:Many sports are played in the DRC, including 5250:Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4351:Breakdown of the largest ethnic groups in DRC 4166:Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo 4094:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 3713:Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3321:. Before 2015, the country had 11 provinces. 2882:, then gradually bends southwest, passing by 2537:was formed without the supporters of Kabila. 2059:was established, and Mobutu declared himself 1814:Independence and political crisis (1960–1965) 1778:mandate over the previously German colony of 16416:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 15563:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 14131:Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67 12267: 11895: 11409:(in French). 23 October 2009. Archived from 9676: 7628:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 7485:. Historylearningsite.co.uk. 30 March 2007. 7181: 7179: 6786:Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002 6626: 6337: 6279: 6105: 5517: 3706: 3701:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3143:and is the most biodiverse African country. 2047:and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973. 1674: 1331:. Its name is sometimes also abbreviated as 1224:, was introduced in the early 20th century. 1149:Economic Community of Central African States 1140: 135: 120: 61: 17191:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 14354:Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. 14055: 13279:(in French). Lyon, France: HAL. p. 3. 13149: 12050: 11503:"Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops" 11377:"Cobalt: World Mine Production, By Country" 10948:"DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus" 8965:(in French). 26 August 2019. Archived from 8752: 7815: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7241: 7155: 7153: 6597:African Yearbook of International Law, 1997 6593: 6306: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5683:in both the women's and the men's section. 3614:, in particular the Sicomines multibillion 3288: 3231:of the Congo finally settled into a stable 3051:; half of its population live in the DRC's 2367:briefly invading the provincial capital of 1494:was a confederation of three small states; 17344:States and territories established in 1960 17145:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 16634: 16620: 16224:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 15983: 15969: 15755: 15741: 15184: 15170: 14589: 14575: 14416:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality 14229:Borders, nationalism and the African state 13799: 13200: 13110: 12480:(1998), 'official government web site' of 12467: 12222: 11731: 11614:. Sanford C. Bernstein Ltd. Archived from 11307:Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 11135: 10026: 9393:. Agence France-Presse. 31 December 2023. 9292: 9221: 8016:"Kabila's son to be sworn in as president" 7685: 6943:Teaching International Economics and Trade 5874:"DR Congo Population (2024) – Worldometer" 5675:. The country featured a national team in 3840:Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor 3672:. Congolese troops have been fighting the 3208: 3189:Major environmental issues in DRC include 2222:Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie 2122:. In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the 176: 166: 43:"DRC" redirects here. For other uses, see 17309:French-speaking countries and territories 14289:, First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, 14189:Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, 14059:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State 13967:Stadiums in the Democratic Republic Congo 13908: 13737: 13375:"A brief history of popular music in DRC" 13301: 13182:"Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie Interview" 12641:"Children in Congo forced into exorcisms" 12299: 10755:McCrummen, Stephanie (9 September 2007). 10754: 9957: 9708: 9646: 9622:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 7387: 7176: 6751: 6749: 6498:Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis 6371:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. 6364: 5994:Congo : the epic history of a people 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5372:The 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of 5325:In the 1940s and 1950s, the influence of 2797:are found in the extreme eastern region. 2663:Learn how and when to remove this message 2605:. Three belligerents reportedly carrying 2349:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 2235:Kabila was assassinated in 2001. His son 726: 14021:"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" 13877: 13838: 13433: 12983:"Yellow Fever – West and Central Africa" 12139: 11500: 11275:"A bid for front-line command in Africa" 10868:RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) 10250:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 9928: 8483: 8205:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city" 7694:"Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)" 7315: 7150: 7109:A History of West Central Africa to 1850 7102: 6659: 6561:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 5–. 6391: 6338:Bobineau, Julien; Gieg, Philipp (2016). 6049: 5892: 5419: 5306: 5198: 5087: 5019: 4934: 4852: 4838: 4756: 4714:International Organization for Migration 4695: 4346: 4303: 4155: 4135: 4043: 4031: 3983: 3925: 3785: 3631: 3529: 3327: 3313:. The provinces are subdivided into 145 3277:Although located in the Central African 3218: 3058: 3042: 3001:, with three streams of extremely fluid 2904: 2858:of any river in the world (trailing the 2845: 2799: 2682: 2674: 2573:killed in North Kivu on 22 February 2021 2487: 2300: 2284: 2257: 2226:Movement for the Liberation of the Congo 2170: 2096: 2039: 1850: 1827: 1707: 1684: 1613: 1548: 1394: 960:about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the 601: 171: 17155:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 13698: 13632: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13358: 12817:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (11 April 2011). 12241:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. 11869: 11219: 10972: 10634:. UNOG.ch. 30 July 2007. Archived from 10532:. Oxford University Press. p. 32. 10371:"Court agrees to release Mobutu assets" 9079: 8606: 8440:Kristof, Nicholas D. (31 January 2010) 8175:"Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma" 8080:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 6782: 6632: 6017:Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2007). 5701:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal 4994:. The usual term for these children is 4942:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4215:The DRC has thousands of kilometres of 3834:have been observed and reported in the 3794:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3201:doubled. In 2021, deforestation of the 3111:and, further south in the country, the 2546:Ebola outbreak in the Équateur Province 1981:Secretary-General of the United Nations 1482:. It included various kingdoms such as 1111:. As of 2018, following two decades of 996:forced the local population to produce 36:. For entities with similar names, see 14: 17296: 15764:Southern African Development Community 14236:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. 13559: 13497: 13372: 13274: 12816: 12638: 12238:La langue française dans le monde 2014 12181:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30. 12178:La langue française dans le monde 2014 11589:from the original on 21 September 2013 11469: 11339:"Why Congo's chaotic election matters" 11333: 11331: 11123:from the original on 22 September 2013 10973:Bennett, Christian (5 December 2008). 10892:"Les lois sur les violences sexuelles" 10524: 10321:"Mobutu's village basks in his glory". 10301:"Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing". 10241: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9731: 8837: 8785: 8564:from the original on 26 September 2020 8422:from the original on 30 September 2009 8361:from the original on 10 September 2013 8321:"DR Congo M23 rebels 'end insurgency'" 8301:from the original on 28 September 2013 8275:from the original on 26 September 2012 8155:from the original on 21 September 2013 8052:from the original on 11 September 2016 7624: 7418:Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium 7388:McCrummen, Stephanie (4 August 2009). 7059: 6985:United States House of Representatives 6746: 6513:, KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p. 171 6080: 6062:from the original on 11 September 2013 5822: 3855:since 2006, and attitudes towards the 3283:Southern African Development Community 2157:Continental and civil wars (1996–2007) 2086:Corruption became so common the term " 2030:Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997) 1187:International Association of the Congo 1137:Southern African Development Community 1027:, the assassination of Prime Minister 38:Republic of the Congo (disambiguation) 16615: 16373:Specialised agencies and institutions 15964: 15736: 15165: 15152: 14570: 14177:Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. 14161:Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. 13921:from the original on 26 November 2015 13890:from the original on 12 November 2023 13839:Buettner, Elizabeth (24 March 2016). 13768: 13659: 13653: 13633:Tchakam, Stéphane (2 December 2003). 13614:from the original on 12 November 2023 13541:from the original on 15 December 2023 13528: 13510:from the original on 15 December 2023 13373:Mukuna, Kazadi wa (7 December 2014). 13332: 13283:from the original on 15 December 2023 13256:from the original on 15 December 2023 13233:from the original on 5 December 2018. 13150:Environment, U. N. (31 August 2021). 12881:from the original on 12 November 2014 12798:from the original on 26 December 2016 12730:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the." 12724: 12690:from the original on 26 December 2016 12343:from the original on 22 February 2021 11827:from the original on 22 February 2021 11771:from the original on 4 September 2017 11687:List of airlines banned within the EU 11648:from the original on 22 November 2018 11175:from the original on 21 February 2014 10985:from the original on 5 September 2013 10793:from the original on 22 November 2012 10476:from the original on 11 November 2022 10389: 9845:from the original on 5 September 2015 9793:Full text of constitution (in French) 9576:from the original on 14 November 2017 9367:from the original on 30 December 2023 9305:from the original on 10 February 2022 9222:Pianigiani, Gaia (23 February 2021). 9180: 9038: 8881:from the original on 11 February 2019 8654:from the original on 28 November 2016 8379: 8215:from the original on 20 November 2012 8146: 7663: 7463:from the original on 16 November 2018 7254:from the original on 21 November 2016 6208: 6206: 6146: 6144: 6031:from the original on 8 September 2013 5854:from the original on 22 February 2021 5621:. As Zaire, they participated in the 5574:Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise 5046:Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS) 2745:. The country lies between latitudes 2448:, presently Secretary-General of the 1991:. Several short-lived governments of 1438:and southeast. The final wave of the 16122:Permanent Representatives' Committee 14234:Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; 14001:from the original on 18 October 2021 13859:from the original on 13 January 2024 13820:from the original on 13 January 2024 13793: 13781:from the original on 9 November 2023 13750:from the original on 8 November 2023 13719:from the original on 13 January 2024 13680:from the original on 13 January 2024 13635:"Cameroun: L'autre danse congolaise" 13626: 13596: 13355: 13343:from the original on 6 November 2023 13243: 13098:from the original on 1 December 2020 12496:Kinshasa tales of the invisible City 12379:from the original on 10 October 2017 12287:from the original on 10 October 2017 11972:from the original on 21 January 2010 11501:Polgreen, Lydia (16 November 2008). 11431:from the original on 3 December 2021 11011:from the original on 11 October 2012 10830:from the original on 31 October 2014 10506:from the original on 7 December 2021 10446:from the original on 7 December 2021 10159:from the original on 7 December 2021 10129:from the original on 7 December 2021 10099:from the original on 7 December 2021 10008:from the original on 10 October 2017 9995: 9938:Energy Research & Social Science 9905:from the original on 27 January 2015 9815:from the original on 2 February 2019 9658:United Nations Environment Programme 9634:from the original on 23 October 2018 9546:from the original on 29 October 2017 9469: 9417: 8825:from the original on 10 January 2019 8779: 8534:"400,000 rapes in Congo in one year" 8382:"Congo terror after LRA rebel raids" 8331:from the original on 6 November 2013 8245:from the original on 3 November 2012 8185:from the original on 6 December 2012 8102:from the original on 4 November 2021 8026:from the original on 25 January 2022 7996:from the original on 9 December 2012 7965:from the original on 25 January 2022 7645:from the original on 11 January 2023 7400:from the original on 14 October 2017 7324:. New York: Public Affairs. p. 7284:from the original on 18 October 2014 7037:. Humanorigins.si.ed. Archived from 6872:from the original on 26 January 2021 6855: 6775: 6706:from the original on 10 October 2018 6412:from the original on 1 December 2019 5967:United Nations Development Programme 5963:"Human Development Report 2023/2024" 5842:Central Intelligence Agency (2014). 5810:from the original on 29 January 2023 4907:one of the largest Protestant bodies 4170:Office National des Transports Congo 4112:. Open-pit cobalt mining has led to 3519: 3170:), and possibly a population of the 3150:. The Congo is inhabited by several 2645:adding citations to reliable sources 2616: 2377:Nationalist and Integrationist Front 1866:, was murdered by Belgian-supported 1824:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1774:in the East African campaign with a 1736:put down any attempts at rebellion. 1703:Belgian minister of colonial affairs 1593:Association Internationale Africaine 1377:culture remain in the present time. 1295:during the 16th and 17th centuries; 18:The Democratic Republic of the Congo 17334:Member states of the United Nations 16531:Single African Air Transport Market 16526:African Continental Free Trade Area 14426:Congo: The Epic History of a People 14098:The African Stakes of the Congo War 13385:from the original on 25 August 2023 13326: 13302:Ossinondé, Clément (3 March 2020). 13295: 13162:from the original on 24 August 2022 13131:from the original on 20 August 2020 13121:"The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)" 12875:"DRC: Malaria still biggest killer" 12110:, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012. 11936:Library of Congress Country Studies 11821:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 11758: 11740:from the original on 10 August 2010 11427:. 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LIT Verlag Münster. p. 32. 6238:Arab Human Development Report 2022 6203: 6141: 6093:from the original on 14 April 2011 5973:from the original on 19 March 2024 5955: 5844:"Democratic Republic of the Congo" 5800:"Democratic Republic of the Congo" 5769:In terms of annual carats produced 5466:, with musicians like Papa Wemba, 5280:dance practised within the former 4083:, a Swiss-owned company, owns the 3616:'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal 2743:Cabinda Province exclave of Angola 2322:Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma 1541:Atrocities in the Congo Free State 1237:Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville 245:Recognised national languages 25: 17365: 15990: 14689:Transitional Government (2003–06) 14440: 14387:, Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) 14356:The Congo: Plunder and Resistance 14275:Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era 13699:Sobania, Neal W. (30 June 2003). 13498:Ukabam, Chinedu (29 April 2016). 13434:Denselow, Robin (24 April 2016). 12829:from the original on 22 July 2016 12759:from the original on 10 June 2017 12751:UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 12120:La langue française dans le monde 12038:from the original on 19 July 2022 11942:from the original on 28 June 2017 11877:"World Population Prospects 2022" 11857:from the original on 30 July 2023 11801:from the original on 25 July 2017 11557:from the original on 22 June 2013 11255:DR Congo poll crucial for Africa" 11228:from the original on 17 July 2011 11042:. Freedom From Torture. June 2014 10954:from the original on 2 April 2015 10924:from the original on 2 April 2015 10682:from the original on 4 March 2016 10564:from the original on 3 March 2015 10558:United States Department of Labor 10416:from the original on 3 March 2021 10352:from the original on 1 March 2018 10067:from the original on 16 July 2019 9744:from the original on 18 June 2021 9660:. 15 January 2009. 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Peter and Paul Cathedral 4420: 4119: 3071:was unknown to science until 1901 1985:Collège des commissaires généraux 1954:engaged in secessionist struggles 1584:, who was well known to Stanley. 1448:Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza 17304:Democratic Republic of the Congo 17240: 17239: 16741:Democratic Republic of the Congo 16596: 16595: 16446:African Union–Ethiopia relations 16127:Specialized Technical Committees 15789:Democratic Republic of the Congo 15714: 15703: 15702: 15510:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15487: 15268:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14598:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14540:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14533: 14523: 14515:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14506:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14490:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14465:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14447: 14013: 13979: 13960: 13933: 13902: 13871: 13832: 13762: 13731: 13692: 13580: 13553: 13522: 13491: 13479:from the original on 13 May 2023 13461: 13427: 13397: 13268: 13244:Yoka, Lye M. (2 December 2014). 13237: 13219: 13194: 13174: 13143: 13080: 13061: 13035: 13005: 12975: 12951: 12925: 12893: 12867: 12841: 12810: 12771: 12744: 12702: 12663: 12632: 12602: 12572: 12542: 12512: 12487: 12451: 12423: 12391: 12355: 12325: 12313:from the original on 18 May 2014 12207: 12165: 12113: 12093: 12081:from the original on 11 May 2011 12020: 12008:from the original on 11 May 2020 11984: 11954: 11924: 11839: 11813: 11791:"Energy Profile Congo, Dem. Rep" 11783: 11752: 11725: 11692: 11680: 11660: 11630: 11600: 11569: 11543: 11533:"What is happening in the Congo" 11525: 11494: 11457:from the original on 3 July 2010 11443: 11417: 11395: 11369: 11267: 11240: 11213: 11201:from the original on 14 May 2013 11187: 11161: 11105: 11075: 11045: 10997: 10966: 10940: 10910: 10880: 10861: 10842: 10805: 10779: 10767:from the original on 16 May 2011 10736:from the original on 17 May 2017 10718: 10707:. peacewomen.org. 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According to 4514: 4504: 4477: 4467: 4319: 4238:Lubumbashi International Airport 4231:Kinshasa's international airport 3154:species: the common chimpanzee ( 2621: 1747:and the German colonial army in 1474:which stretched from modern-day 1380: 1373:. Most of the remnants of their 887:second-largest country in Africa 885:. By land area the Congo is the 867:Democratic Republic of the Congo 751: 750: 725: 707: 706: 692: 691: 663: 662: 648: 647: 600: 147: 100: 86: 15931:Southern African Customs Union 13878:Makumeno, Emery (1 July 2022). 13663:Culture and Customs of Tanzania 13529:Bauer, George (24 April 2016). 13156:UNEP – UN Environment Programme 13045:. Cia.gov. 2010. Archived from 12851:. Cia.gov. 2012. Archived from 12620:from the original on 9 May 2019 12590:from the original on 9 May 2019 12530:from the original on 9 May 2019 12309:. Pew Forum. 18 December 2012. 10223:from the original on 9 May 2016 8746: 8716: 8696: 8666: 8636: 8576: 8560:. Africa News. 15 August 2019. 8550: 8527: 8508: 8477: 8463:Butty, James (21 January 2010) 8457: 8434: 8404: 8373: 8343: 8313: 8297:. United Nations. 10 May 2013. 8257: 8227: 8197: 8167: 8147:Gouby, Melanie (4 April 2012). 8140: 8114: 8038: 8008: 7977: 7947: 7917: 7900: 7870: 7834: 7829:"Zaire's Mobutu Visits America" 7821: 7783: 7716: 7657: 7618: 7588: 7558: 7533: 7501: 7475: 7445: 7421: 7412: 7342: 7309: 7296: 7235: 7131: 7103:Thornton, John K., ed. (2020), 7096: 7053: 7027: 6763:from the original on 8 May 2023 6600:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 6587: 6575:from the original on 5 May 2016 6545: 6526:(1746). James Hingston Tuckey, 6516: 6509:Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, 6503: 6490: 6477: 6424: 6385: 6358: 6331: 6300: 6273: 6226: 6170: 6081:Bavier, Joe (22 January 2008). 6074: 6050:Robinson, Simon (28 May 2006). 5231:amongst the people of the DRC. 4278: 4266:Société nationale d'électricité 4004:production. Diamonds come from 3781: 3666:Conseil Supérieur de la Défense 2632:needs additional citations for 2345:United Nations Security Council 2267:Continued conflicts (2008–2018) 2143:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2003:took over in quick succession. 1937:Shortly after independence the 1898:, of the Alliance des Bakongo ( 1858:, first democratically elected 1840:, first democratically elected 1254:. With the promulgation of the 17181:International Francophonie Day 14625:Colonial governors (1885–1960) 13769:Kabwe, Jason (15 March 2013). 13608:Site de miziki-ya-congo ! 13201:Yamusangie, Frederick (2003). 13068:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 13013:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 12520:"Street Children in D.R.Congo" 12149:. 10 July 2021. Archived from 9293:AfricaNews (9 February 2022). 7827:Johns, Michael (29 June 1989) 7541:"The Assassination of Lumumba" 6913:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844 6856:Thom, William G. (Fall 1999). 6633:Gjelten, Tom (28 April 2007). 6451:. Scarecrow Press. p. i. 6120:International Rescue Committee 5985: 5866: 5748: 5731: 5516:Newspapers of the DRC include 4869:Demographic and Health Surveys 2701:The DRC is located in central 2588:the 2023 presidential election 1031:, and the seizure of power by 964:ruled around the mouth of the 494:Admitted to the United Nations 13: 1: 16578:United States of Latin Africa 16272:Rural Economy and Agriculture 16049:Organisation of African Unity 12906:. World Health Organization. 12431:"Structured View of Dioceses" 12214:Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). 11264:, BBC News. 16 November 2006. 11007:. Al Jazeera. 15 April 2010. 10877:. justice.gov. 17 April 2012. 10392:The Corruption Notebooks 2006 9080:Maclean, Ruth (1 June 2020). 9029:. Retrieved 20 November 2020. 8442:"Orphaned, Raped and Ignored" 7250:. Vol. 62, no. 10. 7244:"Belgium's Heart of Darkness" 7062:African Archaeological Review 6530:(1818). "Congo River, called 6307:Robyn Dixon (12 April 2018). 5992:Van Reybrouck, David (2015). 5785: 5619:Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba 5318:orchestra performing live at 5233:Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie 5219: 4901:. It is often referred to as 4899:Church of Christ in the Congo 4299: 4178:Trans-African Highway network 3724: 3242:legislature, consisting of a 3019:Biodiversity and conservation 2959:, industrial and gem-quality 2890:(Stanley Pool). Kinshasa and 2383:who claimed to represent the 1941:mutinied, and on 11 July the 1689:1908 photograph of a married 1283:adaptation of a Kikongo word 1179:Comité d'études du haut Congo 1039:. Mobutu renamed the country 16435:United States military bases 16431:United States Africa Command 14706:M23 offensive (2022–present) 14679:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 14654:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 14630:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 13702:Culture and Customs of Kenya 12482:Democratic Republic of Congo 12307:"Global Religious Landscape" 8753:Jason Burke (3 April 2018). 8685:BBC DR Congo country profile 8584:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2018" 8474:, VOA News, 21 January 2010. 7914:, Vol. XIX No. 2, Fall 1999. 7349:Philippe Brousmiche (2010). 7306:, Brussels: Editions Racine. 7242:Tim Stanley (October 2012). 7138:The East African slave trade 6783:Weigert, Stephen L. (2011). 6538:by the natives" John Purdy, 6280:Samir Tounsi (6 June 2018). 5613:, basketball, baseball, and 5480:Quartier Latin International 5110:Global Alliance for Vaccines 5102:General Hospital of Kinshasa 5009: 4746: 4691: 4148:on a newly refurbished line. 3968:Corruption Perceptions Index 3754:international asset recovery 3083:species, such as the common 2612: 2581:allegations of a coup d'état 2560:beginning on 19 April 2021. 2456:, violence increased in the 2118:, and Coquilhatville became 1876:Mouvement National Congolais 1525:Congo Free State (1877–1908) 1154: 1117:continued internal conflicts 1073:peaceful transition of power 1043:in 1971 and imposed a harsh 7: 16937:French Community of Belgium 16262:HR, Sciences and Technology 14821:Foreign policy under Mobutu 14538:Geographic data related to 14500:Central Intelligence Agency 14322:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, 14133:. New York: PublicAffairs. 13409:www.redbullmusicacademy.com 13310:(in French). Archived from 13227:"Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza" 12647:. USA today. Archived from 12639:Harris, Dan (21 May 2009). 11759:Yee, Amy (30 August 2017). 11309:. University of Innsbruck. 11005:"Rapes 'surge' in DR Congo" 8674:BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018 7700:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6988:Committee on Ways and Means 6862:Journal of Conflict Studies 6398:. James Currey Publishers. 5915:International Monetary Fund 5686: 5112:, a new vaccine to prevent 4858:Our Lady of Peace Cathedral 4828: 4022:International Monetary Fund 3621: 3091:(or pygmy chimpanzee), the 2381:Union of Congolese Patriots 2253:first multi-party elections 2228:, led by Congolese warlord 1886:. Lumumba became the first 1788:Belgian government in exile 1626:chief Mata-Buiké in c. 1888 1576:, mainly from Arab–Swahili 1287:("river"), a truncation of 1061:human rights in the country 505:• Democratic Republic 10: 17370: 16516:African Economic Community 16321:Peace and Security Council 16028:African and Malagasy Union 14664:State of Katanga (1960–63) 14347:, 2011 (also published as 14310:Africa: Dawn of a New Era, 13917:. Courrier International. 13915:Courrierinternational.com/ 13738:AfroConex (9 March 2023). 13469:"The Legendary Papa Wemba" 13017:www.roadsafetyfacility.org 12028:"Africa Population (2022)" 11451:"Economic activity in DRC" 11033:Rape As torture in the DRC 10242:Ludwig, Arnold M. (2002). 9959:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018 9630:. April 2016. April 2016. 8618:PGW Global Risk Management 7198:Cambridge University Press 6829:. 2000. pp. 79, 645. 6694:"DR Congo country profile" 6246:10.18356/9789210019293c001 6223:Retrieved 9 December 2017. 5741:by its speakers – not the 5598: 5587: 5583: 5526:Radion Télévision Mwangaza 5509: 5253: 5247: 5192: 5188: 5081: 5075: 5013: 4832: 4750: 4503: 4466: 4428: 4288: 4282: 4253: 4247: 4129: 4123: 3977: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3803: 3797: 3728: 3710: 3625: 3523: 3326: 3302: 3292: 3212: 3079:, including many rare and 3036: 3022: 2690: 2270: 2160: 2033: 2019:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1817: 1796:Allied campaigns in Africa 1678: 1618:Congo Free State official 1538: 1528: 1384: 1358: 1354: 1158: 339:semi-presidential republic 42: 31: 17339:Central African countries 17324:Least developed countries 17235: 17214: 17163: 17137: 17117: 16991: 16955: 16930:National/regional members 16929: 16658: 16649: 16591: 16560: 16539: 16491: 16454: 16441:United States ambassadors 16401: 16392: 16372: 16319: 16293: 16257:Social Affairs and Health 16252:Infrastructure and Energy 16232: 16214: 16186: 16153: 16135: 16112: 16103: 16070: 15998: 15915: 15885: 15864: 15857: 15771: 15698: 15678: 15647: 15626: 15605: 15584: 15573: 15557: 15541: 15528: 15496: 15485: 15203: 15193:Countries and territories 15159: 15154:Links to related articles 15110: 15058: 14990: 14981: 14924: 14915: 14791: 14782: 14725: 14716: 14674:First Congo War (1996–98) 14605: 14158:St. Martin's Press, 2002. 13909:International, Courrier. 13077:. scalingupnutrition.org. 11966:The Sydney Morning Herald 11481:21 September 2013 at the 10376:23 September 2015 at the 10306:25 September 2022 at the 9710:10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.006 8515:"IHL and Sexual Violence" 7509:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 7377:– via Google Books. 7316:Meredith, Martin (2005). 7304:Congo: Mythes et réalités 6793:. pp. PT122, PT157. 6553:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 5594: 5399:dance movements from the 5179:World Health Organization 5071: 4946:The first members of the 4243: 4185:Tripoli–Cape Town Highway 4116:and habitat destruction. 3973: 3936:Central Bank of the Congo 3876:Female genital mutilation 3738:economic collapse in 1996 3719:Congolese National Police 3707:Law enforcement and crime 3113:southern white rhinoceros 2571:, and his bodyguard were 2450:Norwegian Refugee Council 2023:constitutional referendum 1975:resulted in the death of 1964:On 14 September, Colonel 1675:Belgian Congo (1908–1960) 1531:Colonisation of the Congo 1490:. To its west across the 1081:ongoing military conflict 1071:, in the country's first 992:. From 1885 to 1908, his 943:Cabinda exclave of Angola 891:11th-largest in the world 851: 839: 827: 817: 809: 785: 770: 740: 715: 700: 685: 671: 656: 641: 623: 613: 594: 587: 577: 563: 556: 552: 539: 526: 513: 503: 490: 473: 460: 447: 434: 430: 423: 408: 393: 383: 379: 363: 348: 344: 333: 318: 276: 243: 233: 189: 163: 136: 130: 121: 116: 82: 52: 27:Country in Central Africa 16726:Central African Republic 16216:African Court of Justice 16013:Decolonisation of Africa 15253:Central African Republic 14796:Administrative divisions 14285:; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 13560:Trillo, Richard (2002). 12484:. Retrieved 25 May 2007. 12125:16 December 2021 at the 11453:. Research and Markets. 10975:"Rape in a lawless land" 10854:29 November 2014 at the 10655:26 December 2016 at the 10390:Werve, Jonathan (2006). 10346:New York Review of Books 9683:Vigilant, Linda (2004). 9509:. Reuters. 19 May 2024. 9457:(in French). 19 May 2024 9019:11 February 2020 at the 8906:10 February 2019 at the 8877:. BBC. 10 January 2019. 8539:22 December 2015 at the 7729:New York Review of Books 7434:16 December 2014 at the 7355:(in French). Harmattan. 6392:Anderson, David (2000). 5937:"GINI index coefficient" 5724: 5505: 5496:Wenge Musica Maison Mére 5391:rhythmic influence, and 5243: 5132:in DRC surpassed 1,000. 3836:U.S. Department of Labor 3289:Administrative divisions 3184:World Conservation Union 2711:Central African Republic 2114:, Elisabethville became 1904:Parti Solidaire Africain 1808:Auguste-Eduard Gilliaert 1557:Station and Port in 1884 1045:personalist dictatorship 907:Central African Republic 619:48/km (124.3/sq mi) 63:République démocratique 17186:Jeux de la Francophonie 16583:East African Federation 16573:United States of Africa 16311:African Investment Bank 14701:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 14642:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 14404:, Public Affairs, 2011. 13972:6 February 2013 at the 13803:Best Music Writing 2008 13411:. Paris, France. 2015. 12877:. IRIN. 28 April 2008. 12717:25 October 2011 at the 11260:2 December 2010 at the 10950:. IRIN. 1 August 2007. 10858:. brighamandwomens.org. 10726:"OHCHR | Africa Region" 8944:22 January 2019 at the 8713:Retrieved 9 March 2018. 8704:Al Jazeera News website 7816:Young & Turner 2013 7778:Young & Turner 2013 7766:Young & Turner 2013 7754:Young & Turner 2013 7302:Stengers, Jean (2005), 7143:6 December 2013 at the 7074:10.1023/A:1021659928822 6822:Worldmark Yearbook 2000 6789:(electronic ed.). 4953:Baháʼí House of Worship 4180:pass through DR Congo: 4048:Collecting firewood in 4038:Human Development Index 3790:A group of demobilized 3209:Government and politics 3093:African forest elephant 2410:400,000 women are raped 2305:Government troops near 2249:transitional government 2190:and the ascension of a 2182:By 1996, following the 2053:opposition to communism 1989:assistance of UN forces 1884:parliamentary elections 1387:Early Congolese history 1299:seems to have replaced 1256:Luluabourg Constitution 1105:least developed country 1101:Human Development Index 234:Official languages 17176:UN French Language Day 17009:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16294:Financial institutions 16285:Cross-Cutting Programs 16188:Pan-African Parliament 14659:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 14620:Colonization (1867–85) 14562:. Stanford University. 14273:Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 14170:15 August 2011 at the 12436:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 11585:, South Africa, 2013, 11224:. Theotcinvestor.com. 11171:. Thefreelibrary.com. 10789:. BBC. 28 April 2010. 9654:"Gorillas on Thin Ice" 7625:Abbott, Peter (2014). 7185:Fage, John D. (1982). 6024:(Report). p. 26. 5758: 5666:African Cup of Nations 5632:and football players. 5518: 5428: 5322: 5229:national consciousness 5208: 5093: 5025: 4943: 4864: 4850: 4762: 4701: 4352: 4309: 4161: 4149: 4081:Katanga Mining Limited 4053: 4041: 3989: 3964:nominal GDP per capita 3931: 3861:Violence against women 3795: 3750:statute of limitations 3637: 3543: 3332: 3227: 3137:Okapi Wildlife Reserve 3133:Virunga National Parks 3072: 3056: 2917: 2851: 2807: 2737:, to the southwest by 2713:, to the northeast by 2709:, to the north by the 2688: 2680: 2556:in March 2020, with a 2542:major measles outbreak 2526:Ebola outbreak in Kivu 2515:On 30 December 2018 a 2512: 2421:for his effort to end 2397:Lord's Resistance Army 2314: 2298: 2263: 2179: 2106: 2101:Mobutu with the Dutch 2048: 2012:Operation Dragon Rouge 1973:plane crash near Ndola 1871: 1848: 1794:again participated in 1767:after heavy fighting. 1718: 1694: 1663:at Boma in the Congo, 1627: 1558: 1404: 1141: 1025:secessionist movements 62: 16886:São Tomé and Príncipe 16746:Republic of the Congo 16334:African Standby Force 16306:African Monetary Fund 15939:Common Monetary Area 15414:São Tomé and Príncipe 15273:Republic of the Congo 14510:UCB Libraries GovPubs 14299:Congo in The Sixties, 13997:. 12 September 2021. 11912:, Population Division 11883:, Population Division 11539:on 30 September 2011. 11280:17 March 2008 at the 11249:is a major source of 10873:14 April 2014 at the 10714:on 25 September 2007. 10470:The Africa Report.com 10326:27 March 2024 at the 10125:. 28 September 2021. 8790:. AFP. Archived from 8418:. 25 September 2008. 7192:18 March 2015 at the 7169:19 March 2012 at the 6728:. 15 September 2017. 5679:that competed at the 5668:football tournament. 5599:Further information: 5572:, a web-based daily. 5423: 5343:Antoine Wendo Kolosoy 5310: 5254:Further information: 5202: 5091: 5023: 5000:enfants dits sorciers 4940:Roman Catholic Church 4938: 4903:the Protestant Church 4856: 4842: 4760: 4699: 4350: 4307: 4289:Further information: 4254:Further information: 4195:Lagos–Mombasa Highway 4159: 4139: 4130:Further information: 4106:lithium-ion batteries 4047: 4035: 3987: 3929: 3884:UN Special Rapporteur 3804:Further information: 3789: 3635: 3594:In the 21st century, 3533: 3512:Haut-Katanga Province 3331: 3303:Further information: 3222: 3203:Congolian rainforests 3141:Megadiverse countries 3065:Congolian rainforests 3062: 3053:Virunga National Park 3046: 3037:Further information: 2908: 2849: 2803: 2707:Republic of the Congo 2686: 2678: 2498:Republic of the Congo 2491: 2401:Garamba National Park 2375:occurred between the 2361:Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga 2304: 2288: 2262:Refugees in the Congo 2261: 2207:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 2174: 2100: 2043: 2001:Moise Kapenda Tshombe 1854: 1831: 1753:East African campaign 1711: 1688: 1617: 1580:such as the infamous 1570:Leopold II of Belgium 1552: 1470:. South of these was 1398: 1317:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1252:Republic of the Congo 1183:Leopold II of Belgium 1159:Further information: 1069:2018 general election 1065:forced disappearances 1002:widespread atrocities 986:Leopold II of Belgium 903:Republic of the Congo 579:• Water (%) 34:Republic of the Congo 16983:United Arab Emirates 16301:African Central Bank 14224:HarperCollins, 1998. 14221:The Poisonwood Bible 14204:, 2008. (In German) 13333:Ossinondé, Clément. 13073:2 April 2015 at the 12584:Congo Children Trust 12524:Congo Children Trust 12411:on 24 September 2015 11932:"Zaire – Population" 11851:Open Data for Africa 11713:on 21 September 2013 11413:on 25 November 2009. 11345:. 18 December 2023. 11038:22 July 2014 at the 10638:on 17 February 2008. 10502:. 24 November 2021. 10319:The New York Times, 10155:. 28 November 2021. 9770:. 11 November 2022. 9363:. 25 December 2023. 9331:. 13 February 2022. 9023:(21 November 2019). 8925:5 March 2019 at the 8709:9 March 2018 at the 8690:29 July 2018 at the 8679:5 March 2018 at the 8650:. 27 November 2016. 8470:2 April 2015 at the 8447:25 June 2017 at the 8211:. 20 November 2012. 7222:King Leopold's Ghost 6948:University of Denver 6594:Yusuf, A.A. (1998). 6496:Ghislain C. Kabwit, 5169:World Food Programme 5114:pneumococcal disease 4988:Congo Children Trust 4984:Congo Children Trust 4879:estimate, while the 4201:Beira–Lobito Highway 3960:food-price inflation 3903:Freedom from Torture 3600:treatment of Uyghurs 3548:developing countries 3538:with U.S. President 3272:Constitutional Court 3117:World Heritage Sites 2994:On 17 January 2002, 2641:improve this article 2558:vaccination campaign 2501:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2477:Makotimpoko District 2365:Mai Mai Kata Katanga 2175:Belligerents of the 2069:political repression 1868:Katangan separatists 1806:under Major-General 1601:Conference of Berlin 1566:Henry Morton Stanley 1125:Non-Aligned Movement 1103:and is classed as a 947:South Atlantic Ocean 869:, also known as the 596:• 2024 estimate 543:Current constitution 145:("Arise, Congolese") 54:Democratic Republic 45:DRC (disambiguation) 17354:Countries in Africa 17276: / 17222:Francophone economy 15886:Secretaries-General 15670:Plazas de soberanía 15574:African territories 15514:unclear sovereignty 15499:States with limited 14336:O'Hanlon, Redmond, 14329:O'Hanlon, Redmond, 14216:Kingsolver, Barbara 13955:Stanford University 13610:(in French). 2018. 13229:. 17 October 2018. 12964:The Washington Post 12855:on 16 February 2015 12476:Sources quoted are 12106:25 May 2013 at the 11938:. 8 November 2004. 11618:on 22 November 2018 10761:The Washington Post 10472:. 7 December 2021. 10342:"Rape of the Congo" 10095:. 27 October 2021. 9950:2019ERSS...49...36O 9901:. 10 January 2015. 9701:2004CBio...14.R369V 9540:pamojasolutions.org 9244:on 28 December 2021 9203:on 28 December 2021 8963:Journal du Cameroun 8855:on 14 February 2019 8794:on 14 February 2019 8730:. 4 December 2017. 8327:. 5 November 2013. 8241:. 17 October 2012. 8181:. 1 December 2012. 8128:on 30 November 2012 8022:. 19 January 2001. 7725:"Rape of the Congo" 7572:. 21 January 2011. 7394:The Washington Post 6905:2019ApEn..25513844B 6395:Africa's Urban Past 6219:31 May 2018 at the 5623:1974 FIFA World Cup 5458:In the late 1980s, 5272:music in Congo was 5051:As a result of the 4998:(child witches) or 4928:. The majority are 4926:Pew Research Center 4877:Pew Research Center 4160:Map of rail network 4092:Later in 2013, the 4069:such as coltan and 3610:by his predecessor 3552:developed countries 3470:Tanganyika Province 3394:Mai-Ndombe Province 3236:democratic republic 2926:African Great Lakes 2761:. It straddles the 2507:due to the ongoing 2503:in 2020; both wear 2473:Mai-Ndombe Province 2281:2018 Yumbi violence 2105:in Kinshasa in 1973 2073:cult of personality 2057:single-party system 1959:invaded South Kasai 1943:province of Katanga 1790:in London, and the 1730:tribunaux indigènes 1562:Belgian exploration 1417:giant river catfish 1399:Arab slave raid on 1004:. In 1908, Leopold 895:Francophone country 214: / 17227:Senghor University 17024:Dominican Republic 16552:African Border Day 16267:Trade and Industry 16242:Peace and Security 16234:ECOSOCC Committees 16168:Deputy Chairperson 15578:non-African states 14959:Telecommunications 14806:Court of Cassation 14770:Former place names 14554:Karen Fung (ed.). 14495:The World Factbook 14369:Reyntjens, Filip, 14154:Edgerton, Robert, 14122:, Zed Books, 2013. 14118:Deibert, Michael: 13314:on 28 October 2023 13094:. 12 August 2020. 12823:The New York Times 12651:on 4 November 2012 12478:The World Factbook 12153:on 23 October 2022 12131:Éditions Gallimard 12032:populationstat.com 11997:The World Factbook 11765:The New York Times 11676:. 1 February 2023. 11612:Bernstein Research 11507:The New York Times 10675:. United Nations. 10590:on 12 August 2006. 10330:29 September 1988. 9481:The Indian Express 9228:The New York Times 9187:The New York Times 9088:The New York Times 9047:The New York Times 8520:4 May 2011 at the 8490:The New York Times 8453:The New York Times 8357:. 11 August 2013. 7457:www.heinonline.org 7453:"- HeinOnline.org" 7320:The Fate of Africa 6791:Palgrave Macmillan 6673:Human Rights Watch 5848:The World Factbook 5429: 5363:Tabu Ley Rochereau 5329:bands transformed 5323: 5209: 5150:maternal mortality 5100:(DRC) include the 5094: 5026: 4944: 4881:CIA World Factbook 4865: 4851: 4763: 4707:Great Lakes Region 4702: 4353: 4314:CIA World Factbook 4310: 4162: 4150: 4054: 4042: 4040:scores, 1970–2010. 3990: 3946:(OHADA), in 2009. 3932: 3796: 3752:had run out on an 3644:, consists of the 3638: 3596:Chinese investment 3544: 3333: 3228: 3073: 3057: 2918: 2852: 2808: 2795:Rwenzori Mountains 2703:sub-Saharan Africa 2689: 2681: 2565:Italian ambassador 2513: 2405:The New York Times 2315: 2299: 2293:and rebel groups, 2264: 2245:Ange-Félix Patassé 2180: 2107: 2049: 1872: 1864:Congo-Léopoldville 1849: 1846:Congo-Léopoldville 1749:German East Africa 1719: 1695: 1628: 1589:front organization 1559: 1405: 1113:various civil wars 881:, is a country in 681:2024 estimate 637:2024 estimate 294:traditional faiths 182:Show map of Africa 17259: 17258: 17253: 17252: 17133: 17132: 17118:Suspended members 16956:Associate members 16766:Equatorial Guinea 16609: 16608: 16487: 16486: 16411:Foreign relations 16388: 16387: 16339:Panel of the Wise 16247:Political Affairs 16117:Executive Council 16060:Secretary General 16038:Sirte Declaration 15958: 15957: 15911: 15910: 15877:Kgalema Motlanthe 15730: 15729: 15694: 15693: 15569: 15568: 15289:Equatorial Guinea 15146: 15145: 15106: 15105: 15025:Human trafficking 14977: 14976: 14911: 14910: 14879:Political parties 14872:National Assembly 14816:Foreign relations 14778: 14777: 14476:Official website. 14407:Tayler, Jeffrey, 14393:978-3-8258-0425-1 14383:Schulz, Manfred. 14364:978-1-84277-485-4 14343:Prunier, Gérard, 14295:978-0-9802534-2-9 14283:978-0-9802534-1-2 14268:978-3-8383-4027-2 14210:978-3-17-020781-3 14202:Kohlhammer Verlag 14193:, Atlantic, 2008. 14140:978-1-58648-405-7 14069:978-0-299-10113-8 13991:Damas Sikubwabo ( 13852:978-1-316-59470-4 13813:978-0-7867-2612-7 13712:978-0-313-03936-2 13673:979-8-216-06991-1 13573:978-1-85828-859-8 13190:. 15 August 2014. 12780:ICF International 12683:. pp. 41–3. 12672:ICF International 12580:"About the trust" 12505:978-90-5544-554-7 12439:. David M. Cheney 12248:978-2-09-882654-0 12188:978-2-09-882654-0 12074:978-92-9068-567-8 11823:. 18 April 2022. 11491:, 20 August 2013. 11093:on 26 August 2016 10898:on 19 August 2014 10299:Washington Post, 10286:978-0-19-829739-0 10261:978-0-8131-2233-5 10216:978-1-4552-2241-4 10002:Stars and Stripes 9695:(10): R369–R371. 9270:. 22 April 2021. 9128:. 10 April 2021. 8624:on 3 October 2017 8151:. allafrica.com. 8095:978-0-19-753035-1 7959:www.spokesman.com 7906:Thom, William G. 7768:, pp. 61–62. 7692:Payanzo, Ntsomo. 7678:978-0-87073-901-9 7638:978-1-78200-076-1 7526:978-1-84277-053-5 7362:978-2-296-13069-2 7118:978-1-107-56593-7 7003:978-1-4289-5014-6 6957:978-0-943804-92-7 6702:. 14 April 2023. 6607:978-90-411-1055-8 6568:978-91-7106-538-4 6511:Le Congo Kinshasa 6458:978-0-8108-6325-5 6405:978-0-85255-761-7 6378:978-1-4422-7316-0 6351:978-3-643-13473-8 6313:Los Angeles Times 6255:978-92-1-001929-3 5969:. 19 March 2024. 5662:Dieumerci Mbokani 5590:Congolese cuisine 5387:, reflecting the 5282:Kingdom of Loango 5225:Congolese authors 5138:According to the 5057:Second Congo Wars 4770:official language 4688: 4687: 4417:live in the DRC. 4110:electric vehicles 4102:AllianceBernstein 4067:conflict minerals 3887:GuardianFilms of 3853:same-sex marriage 3580:chemical industry 3520:Foreign relations 3517: 3516: 3248:National Assembly 3205:increased by 5%. 3013:Mount Nyamuragira 2896:Livingstone Falls 2868:East African Rift 2775:Amazon rainforest 2753:, and longitudes 2717:, to the east by 2673: 2672: 2665: 2595:Christian Malanga 2550:COVID-19 pandemic 2509:COVID-19 pandemic 2435:Raymond Tshibanda 2419:Nobel Peace Prize 2339:In the resulting 2334:March 23 Movement 2230:Jean-Pierre Bemba 2184:Rwandan Civil War 2139:George H. W. Bush 2124:Republic of Zaire 1924:Republic of Congo 1776:League of Nations 1650:sleeping sickness 1620:Camille Coquilhat 1250:, officially the 1241:Republic of Zaire 1200:inhabitants, the 1185:in 1876, and the 1088:natural resources 994:colonial military 863: 862: 734:medium inequality 702:• Per capita 658:• Per capita 652:$ 160.197 billion 605:109,717,326 ( 517:Republic of Zaire 499:20 September 1960 418:National Assembly 156: 16:(Redirected from 17361: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17281: 17277: 17274: 17273: 17272: 17269: 17243: 17242: 16656: 16655: 16636: 16629: 16622: 16613: 16612: 16599: 16598: 16511:Development Bank 16399: 16398: 16281:Women and Gender 16277:Economic Affairs 16206:Gallagher Estate 16110: 16109: 16018:Casablanca Group 15985: 15978: 15971: 15962: 15961: 15950: 15942: 15934: 15926: 15862: 15861: 15757: 15750: 15743: 15734: 15733: 15718: 15706: 15705: 15582: 15581: 15539: 15538: 15491: 15285:(partly in Asia) 15205:Sovereign states 15186: 15179: 15172: 15163: 15162: 15150: 15149: 15126: 15119: 14988: 14987: 14949:Franc (currency) 14922: 14921: 14789: 14788: 14723: 14722: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14568: 14567: 14563: 14537: 14536: 14527: 14526: 14451: 14450: 14431:Wrong, Michela, 14414:Turner, Thomas, 14409:Facing the Congo 14398:Stearns, Jason: 14191:The Rebels' Hour 14149:The Wild Highway 14144: 14096:Clark, John F., 14085: 14083: 14081: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14029:. 22 June 2021. 14017: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13983: 13977: 13964: 13958: 13937: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13906: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13895: 13884:BBC News Afrique 13875: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13771:"Ndombolo Craze" 13766: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13735: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13639:Cameroon Tribune 13630: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13600: 13594: 13593: 13584: 13578: 13577: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13546: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13495: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13473:Guyana Chronicle 13465: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13431: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13370: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13348: 13330: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13299: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13223: 13217: 13216: 13198: 13192: 13191: 13178: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13167: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13117: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13084: 13078: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13054: 13049:on 18 April 2015 13039: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13009: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12967:. Archived from 12955: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12912: 12905: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12797: 12790: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12748: 12742: 12728: 12722: 12710: 12706: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12689: 12682: 12667: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12576: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12491: 12485: 12471: 12465: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12410: 12404:. Archived from 12403: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12378: 12367: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12329: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12286: 12279: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12251:. Archived from 12229: 12220: 12219: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12191:. Archived from 12169: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12143: 12137: 12117: 12111: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12059: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12013: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11907: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11873: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11732:Vandiver, John. 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11712: 11705: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11664: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11535:. Archived from 11529: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11498: 11492: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11407:societecivile.cd 11399: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11335: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11304: 11295: 11289: 11271: 11265: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11191: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11109: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11089:. Archived from 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11059:. 15 June 2015. 11049: 11043: 11030: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10884: 10878: 10865: 10859: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10829: 10818: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10706: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10660: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10586:. Archived from 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10442:. 20 June 2020. 10432: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10387: 10381: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10337: 10331: 10317: 10311: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10249: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10092:The Conversation 10083: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10063:. 15 July 2019. 10051: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10027:Vandiver, John. 10024: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 9996:Vandiver, John. 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9976: 9961: 9935: 9926: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9801: 9795: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9712: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9268:The East African 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9243: 9238:. Archived from 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9202: 9197:. Archived from 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9085: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9044: 9036: 9030: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8969:on 17 April 2020 8955: 8949: 8936: 8930: 8917: 8911: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8720: 8714: 8700: 8694: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8548: 8531: 8525: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8481: 8475: 8461: 8455: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7921: 7915: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7857: 7846: 7838: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7665:Kanza, Thomas R. 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7602:. 23 June 2010. 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7518: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7449: 7443: 7429:Jungle Shipwreck 7425: 7419: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7323: 7313: 7307: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7239: 7233: 7217:Hochschild, Adam 7214: 7208: 7183: 7174: 7159:Keyes, Michael. 7157: 7148: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7015: 6976: 6971: 6969: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6753: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6549: 6543: 6520: 6514: 6507: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6483:Forbath, Peter. 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6442: 6431: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6230: 6224: 6214:BBC News website 6210: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6184:Associated Press 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6128: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5939:. CIA Factbook. 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5903: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5839: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5796: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5735: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5677:beach volleyball 5646:Jonathan Kuminga 5642:Christian Eyenga 5552: 5539: 5523: 5367:Papa Noel Nedule 5296:, a bottle as a 5238:Rais Neza Boneza 5140:World Bank Group 5106:infant mortality 4996:enfants sorciers 4976:ancestor worship 4955:in the country. 4718:informal economy 4518: 4508: 4481: 4471: 4438: 4426: 4425: 4108:that power many 4058:artisanal mining 4010:Katanga Province 3643: 3604:Félix Tshisekedi 3498:Lualaba Province 3324: 3323: 3168:Gorilla beringei 3097:mountain gorilla 3049:mountain gorilla 2996:Mount Nyiragongo 2963:, gold, silver, 2898:, and runs past 2812:tropical climate 2805:Ituri Rainforest 2771:Congo rainforest 2668: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2625: 2617: 2603:Félix Tshisekedi 2521:Félix Tshisekedi 2517:general election 2494:Félix Tshisekedi 2417:was awarded the 2198:militia forces ( 2177:Second Congo War 2167:Second Congo War 2141:. Following the 2045:Mobutu Sese Seko 1977:Dag Hammarskjöld 1892:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1838:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1605:Congo Free State 1535:Congo Free State 1511:Kingdom of Kongo 1391:Kingdom of Kongo 1321:Congo (Kinshasa) 1264:Mobutu Sese Seko 1229:Congo Free State 1194:Kingdom of Kongo 1146: 1077:Félix Tshisekedi 1053:Second Congo War 1037:1965 coup d'état 1033:Mobutu Sese Seko 990:Congo Free State 976:and kingdoms of 962:Kingdom of Kongo 952:Centered on the 796: 795: 761: 760: 754: 753: 747: 736: 735: 729: 728: 722: 710: 709: 696:$ 73.761 billion 695: 694: 678: 666: 665: 651: 650: 634: 604: 603: 548:18 February 2006 469:15 November 1908 451:Congo Free State 443:17 November 1879 328: 246: 229: 228: 226: 225: 224: 219: 218:4.317°S 15.317°E 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 192:and largest city 183: 180: 173: 170: 158: 157: 143: 142: 139:Debout Congolais 124: 123: 104: 90: 77: 76: 68: 66: 57: 50: 49: 21: 17369: 17368: 17364: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17358: 17294: 17293: 17284: 17282: 17278: 17275: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17255: 17254: 17249: 17231: 17210: 17171:French language 17159: 17129: 17113: 16987: 16951: 16925: 16821:North Macedonia 16645: 16640: 16610: 16605: 16587: 16556: 16535: 16483: 16450: 16384: 16368: 16315: 16289: 16228: 16210: 16182: 16149: 16131: 16099: 16066: 15994: 15989: 15959: 15954: 15948: 15940: 15932: 15924: 15907: 15881: 15853: 15767: 15761: 15731: 15726: 15690: 15674: 15643: 15622: 15618:Pelagie Islands 15601: 15577: 15575: 15565: 15553: 15535: 15532: 15524: 15503: 15500: 15492: 15483: 15199: 15190: 15155: 15147: 15142: 15129: 15122: 15115: 15102: 15098:Public holidays 15054: 14973: 14907: 14845:Law enforcement 14774: 14712: 14669:Zaire (1965–97) 14601: 14595: 14553: 14534: 14524: 14481:Country Profile 14472: 14471: 14470: 14452: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14376:Rorison, Sean, 14172:Wayback Machine 14141: 14125: 14092: 14090:Further reading 14079: 14077: 14070: 14047: 14046: 14036: 14034: 14019: 14018: 14014: 14004: 14002: 13985: 13984: 13980: 13974:Wayback Machine 13965: 13961: 13938: 13934: 13924: 13922: 13907: 13903: 13893: 13891: 13876: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13853: 13837: 13833: 13823: 13821: 13814: 13798: 13794: 13784: 13782: 13767: 13763: 13753: 13751: 13736: 13732: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13697: 13693: 13683: 13681: 13674: 13658: 13654: 13644: 13642: 13631: 13627: 13617: 13615: 13602: 13601: 13597: 13589:Ethnomusicology 13586: 13585: 13581: 13574: 13558: 13554: 13544: 13542: 13527: 13523: 13513: 13511: 13496: 13492: 13482: 13480: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13452: 13450: 13432: 13428: 13418: 13416: 13403: 13402: 13398: 13388: 13386: 13379:Music in Africa 13371: 13356: 13346: 13344: 13331: 13327: 13317: 13315: 13300: 13296: 13286: 13284: 13273: 13269: 13259: 13257: 13250:Music In Africa 13242: 13238: 13225: 13224: 13220: 13213: 13199: 13195: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13165: 13163: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13119: 13118: 13111: 13101: 13099: 13086: 13085: 13081: 13075:Wayback Machine 13066: 13062: 13052: 13050: 13041: 13040: 13036: 13026: 13024: 13011: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12942: 12940: 12931: 12930: 12926: 12916: 12914: 12910: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12856: 12847: 12846: 12842: 12832: 12830: 12815: 12811: 12801: 12799: 12795: 12791:. p. XXV. 12788: 12776: 12772: 12762: 12760: 12749: 12745: 12729: 12725: 12719:Wayback Machine 12708: 12707: 12703: 12693: 12691: 12687: 12680: 12668: 12664: 12654: 12652: 12637: 12633: 12623: 12621: 12608: 12607: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12561: 12548: 12547: 12543: 12533: 12531: 12518: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12492: 12488: 12472: 12468: 12456: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12429: 12428: 12424: 12414: 12412: 12408: 12401: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12356: 12346: 12344: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12316: 12314: 12305: 12304: 12300: 12290: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12258: 12256: 12249: 12230: 12223: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12196: 12189: 12170: 12166: 12156: 12154: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12127:Wayback Machine 12118: 12114: 12108:Wayback Machine 12098: 12094: 12084: 12082: 12075: 12061: 12060: 12051: 12041: 12039: 12026: 12025: 12021: 12011: 12009: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11975: 11973: 11968:. 23 May 2003. 11960: 11959: 11955: 11945: 11943: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11913: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11884: 11875: 11874: 11870: 11860: 11858: 11845: 11844: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11789: 11788: 11784: 11774: 11772: 11757: 11753: 11743: 11741: 11736:. Stripes.com. 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11703: 11698: 11697: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11666: 11665: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11606: 11605: 11601: 11592: 11590: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11560: 11558: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11531: 11530: 11526: 11516: 11514: 11499: 11495: 11483:Wayback Machine 11474: 11470: 11460: 11458: 11449: 11448: 11444: 11434: 11432: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11401: 11400: 11396: 11386: 11384: 11375: 11374: 11370: 11360: 11358: 11337: 11336: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11302: 11296: 11292: 11286:Financial Times 11282:Wayback Machine 11272: 11268: 11262:Wayback Machine 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11218: 11214: 11204: 11202: 11193: 11192: 11188: 11178: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11126: 11124: 11111: 11110: 11106: 11096: 11094: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11051: 11050: 11046: 11040:Wayback Machine 11031: 11024: 11014: 11012: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10971: 10967: 10957: 10955: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10927: 10925: 10920:. 2 July 2007. 10916: 10915: 10911: 10901: 10899: 10890: 10885: 10881: 10875:Wayback Machine 10866: 10862: 10856:Wayback Machine 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10816: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10785: 10784: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10753: 10749: 10739: 10737: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10711: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10657:Wayback Machine 10647: 10643: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10582: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10526:Drumbl, Mark A. 10523: 10519: 10509: 10507: 10494: 10493: 10489: 10479: 10477: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10404: 10403: 10399: 10388: 10384: 10378:Wayback Machine 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10338: 10334: 10328:Wayback Machine 10318: 10314: 10310:2 October 1991. 10308:Wayback Machine 10298: 10294: 10287: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10217: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10188: 10186: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10162: 10160: 10147: 10146: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10102: 10100: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10070: 10068: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10038: 10036: 10031:. Stripes.com. 10025: 10021: 10011: 10009: 9994: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9933: 9927: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9878: 9876: 9865:"Member States" 9863: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9809:ConstitutionNet 9803: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9787: 9777: 9775: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9747: 9745: 9730: 9726: 9689:Current Biology 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9605: 9603: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9579: 9577: 9570:Volcanolive.com 9564: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9460: 9458: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9338: 9336: 9323: 9322: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9158:. 10 May 2021. 9150: 9149: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9078: 9074: 9064: 9062: 9037: 9033: 9021:Wayback Machine 9012: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8946:Wayback Machine 8937: 8933: 8927:Wayback Machine 8918: 8914: 8908:Wayback Machine 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8760:TheGuardian.com 8751: 8747: 8737: 8735: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8711:Wayback Machine 8701: 8697: 8692:Wayback Machine 8681:Wayback Machine 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8648:modernghana.com 8642: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8595: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8545:The Independent 8541:Wayback Machine 8532: 8528: 8522:Wayback Machine 8513: 8509: 8499: 8497: 8482: 8478: 8472:Wayback Machine 8462: 8458: 8449:Wayback Machine 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8334: 8332: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8271:. 4 June 2012. 8263: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8096: 8072: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8014: 8013: 8009: 7999: 7997: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7929:edition.cnn.com 7923: 7922: 7918: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7882:edition.cnn.com 7876: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7639: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7600:The Independent 7594: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7442:, 25 July 1960. 7436:Wayback Machine 7426: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7314: 7310: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7240: 7236: 7215: 7211: 7194:Wayback Machine 7184: 7177: 7173:September 2004. 7171:Wayback Machine 7158: 7151: 7145:Wayback Machine 7136: 7132: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7101: 7097: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7041:on 2 March 2015 7033: 7032: 7028: 7013: 7011: 7004: 6967: 6965: 6958: 6930: 6928: 6875: 6873: 6846: 6844: 6837: 6825:. Vol. 1. 6819: 6810: 6808: 6801: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6747: 6735: 6733: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6569: 6550: 6546: 6542:, 1822, p. 112. 6521: 6517: 6508: 6504: 6495: 6491: 6485:The River Congo 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6278: 6274: 6265: 6263: 6256: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6221:Wayback Machine 6211: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5917:. 10 April 2024 5905: 5904: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5840: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5806:. 2 June 2022. 5798: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5753: 5749: 5739:Kikongo ya leta 5736: 5732: 5727: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5658:Yannick Bolasie 5650:Emmanuel Mudiay 5638:Bismack Biyombo 5634:Dikembe Mutombo 5607: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5546: 5533: 5514: 5508: 5490:, Exra Musica, 5335:Congolese rumba 5270:partnered dance 5266: 5256:Congolese rumba 5252: 5246: 5222: 5197: 5191: 5183:life expectancy 5146:Maternal health 5086: 5080: 5074: 5018: 5012: 4837: 4831: 4755: 4749: 4694: 4689: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4423: 4322: 4302: 4297: 4287: 4281: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4062:informal sector 3982: 3976: 3940:Congolese franc 3924: 3918: 3912: 3820: 3802: 3784: 3746:Adam Hochschild 3733: 3727: 3715: 3709: 3676:in the eastern 3630: 3624: 3572:magnetic alloys 3566:, used to make 3528: 3522: 3450:Lomami Province 3307: 3301: 3293:Main articles: 3291: 3217: 3211: 3176:Gorilla gorilla 3172:western gorilla 3164:eastern gorilla 3158:), the bonobo ( 3156:Pan troglodytes 3047:The endangered 3041: 3035: 3023:Main articles: 3021: 2942:Lake Tanganyika 2872:Lake Tanganyika 2699: 2691:Main articles: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2638: 2626: 2615: 2554:reached the DRC 2486: 2347:authorized the 2283: 2271:Main articles: 2269: 2209:, becoming the 2169: 2163:First Congo War 2161:Main articles: 2159: 2103:Prince Bernhard 2038: 2032: 1912:Laurent Mbariko 1908:Antoine Gizenga 1880:Patrice Lumumba 1856:Patrice Lumumba 1826: 1818:Main articles: 1816: 1765:Charles Tombeur 1723:Théophile Wahis 1683: 1677: 1669:Casement Report 1547: 1537: 1529:Main articles: 1527: 1462:, and possibly 1440:Bantu expansion 1409:Semliki harpoon 1393: 1385:Main articles: 1383: 1375:hunter-gatherer 1367:Bantu expansion 1363: 1357: 1266:as part of his 1208:comes from the 1167: 1157: 1049:First Congo War 1029:Patrice Lumumba 1015:Congo achieved 958:Bantu expansion 931:Lake Tanganyika 793: 789: 775:Congolese franc 758: 757: 756: 745: 733: 732: 731: 720: 703: 688: 676: 659: 644: 628: 616: 597: 580: 566: 545: 532: 530:First Congo War 522:27 October 1971 519: 506: 496: 483: 466: 453: 440: 414: 399: 373:Fabrice bakongo 369: 358:Fabrice bakongo 354: 329: 324: 314: 280: 272: 253:Kikongo ya leta 244: 222: 220: 216: 213: 208: 205: 203: 201: 200: 199: 193: 185: 184: 181: 174: 159: 148: 144: 125: 112: 111: 110: 105: 97: 96: 91: 78: 70: 64: 60: 58: 55: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17367: 17357: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17257: 17256: 17251: 17250: 17248: 17247: 17236: 17233: 17232: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17218: 17216: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17167: 17165: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17127: 17121: 17119: 17115: 17114: 17112: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17019:Czech Republic 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16995: 16993: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16959: 16957: 16953: 16952: 16950: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16933: 16931: 16927: 16926: 16924: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16662: 16660: 16653: 16647: 16646: 16639: 16638: 16631: 16624: 16616: 16607: 16606: 16604: 16603: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16564: 16562: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16554: 16549: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16497: 16495: 16489: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16460: 16458: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16402: 16396: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16383: 16382: 16376: 16374: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16325: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16314: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16297: 16295: 16291: 16290: 16288: 16287: 16282: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16238: 16236: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16220: 16218: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16192: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16159: 16157: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16147: 16141: 16139: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16113: 16107: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16085:Extreme points 16082: 16076: 16074: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16057: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16023:Monrovia Group 16020: 16015: 16010: 16008:Pan-Africanism 16004: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15988: 15987: 15980: 15973: 15965: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15944: 15936: 15928: 15919: 15917: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15874: 15872:Levy Mwanawasa 15868: 15866: 15859: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15775: 15773: 15769: 15768: 15760: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15737: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15724: 15712: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15688: 15682: 15680: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15655:Canary Islands 15651: 15649: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15641: 15639:Savage Islands 15636: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15609: 15607: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15599: 15594: 15588: 15586: 15579: 15571: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15561: 15559: 15558:United Kingdom 15555: 15554: 15552: 15551: 15545: 15543: 15536: 15529: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15506: 15504: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15486: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15209: 15207: 15201: 15200: 15189: 15188: 15181: 15174: 15166: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15135: 15128: 15127: 15120: 15112: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15064: 15062: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14995:Child marriage 14991: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14919: 14913: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14896:Prime Minister 14893: 14892: 14891: 14881: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14869: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14855:Chief of Staff 14847: 14842: 14841: 14840: 14830: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14792: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14726: 14720: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14639: 14638: 14637: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14611: 14609: 14603: 14602: 14600: articles 14594: 14593: 14586: 14579: 14571: 14565: 14564: 14551: 14546: 14531: 14521: 14512: 14503: 14487: 14478: 14453: 14446: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14441:External links 14439: 14437: 14436: 14429: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14396: 14381: 14374: 14367: 14352: 14341: 14334: 14327: 14320: 14317:978-9987160488 14306:978-1448665709 14271: 14260: 14259:. Verso, 2004. 14253:Melvern, Linda 14250: 14239: 14232: 14225: 14213: 14194: 14187: 14184: 14175: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14139: 14123: 14116: 14103:Callaghy, T., 14101: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14068: 14045: 14044: 14012: 13978: 13959: 13932: 13911:"Le Congolais" 13901: 13870: 13851: 13831: 13812: 13792: 13761: 13730: 13711: 13691: 13672: 13652: 13625: 13595: 13579: 13572: 13552: 13521: 13490: 13460: 13426: 13396: 13354: 13325: 13308:Dac-presse.com 13294: 13267: 13236: 13218: 13212:978-0595282944 13211: 13193: 13173: 13142: 13109: 13079: 13060: 13034: 13004: 12974: 12971:on 3 May 2019. 12950: 12939:on 5 June 2015 12924: 12892: 12866: 12840: 12809: 12770: 12743: 12723: 12701: 12662: 12631: 12601: 12571: 12541: 12511: 12504: 12486: 12466: 12450: 12422: 12390: 12370:Dhsprogram.com 12354: 12324: 12298: 12266: 12255:on 2 July 2015 12247: 12221: 12206: 12195:on 2 July 2015 12187: 12164: 12138: 12112: 12092: 12073: 12049: 12019: 11983: 11953: 11923: 11894: 11868: 11838: 11812: 11782: 11751: 11724: 11691: 11679: 11659: 11642:Mining Journal 11629: 11599: 11568: 11542: 11524: 11493: 11468: 11442: 11416: 11394: 11368: 11327: 11290: 11266: 11239: 11212: 11186: 11160: 11134: 11104: 11074: 11044: 11022: 10996: 10965: 10939: 10909: 10879: 10860: 10841: 10821:peacewomen.org 10804: 10778: 10747: 10717: 10693: 10661: 10641: 10623: 10593: 10575: 10545: 10539:978-0199592654 10538: 10517: 10487: 10457: 10427: 10397: 10382: 10363: 10332: 10312: 10292: 10285: 10267: 10260: 10234: 10215: 10196: 10170: 10140: 10110: 10078: 10046: 10019: 9988: 9916: 9886: 9856: 9826: 9796: 9785: 9755: 9724: 9675: 9664:on 18 May 2016 9645: 9613: 9587: 9557: 9527: 9494: 9468: 9442: 9416: 9378: 9346: 9316: 9285: 9255: 9214: 9173: 9143: 9113: 9072: 9031: 9006: 8980: 8950: 8931: 8912: 8892: 8866: 8836: 8805: 8778: 8745: 8715: 8695: 8665: 8635: 8605: 8588:NobelPrize.org 8575: 8549: 8547:, 12 May 2011. 8526: 8507: 8476: 8456: 8433: 8403: 8372: 8342: 8312: 8286: 8256: 8226: 8196: 8166: 8139: 8113: 8094: 8063: 8037: 8007: 7976: 7946: 7916: 7899: 7869: 7833: 7820: 7808: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7715: 7698:britannica.com 7684: 7677: 7656: 7637: 7617: 7587: 7570:Democracy Now! 7557: 7532: 7525: 7500: 7474: 7444: 7420: 7411: 7380: 7361: 7341: 7334: 7308: 7295: 7278:britannica.com 7265: 7234: 7209: 7175: 7149: 7130: 7117: 7095: 7052: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7002: 6977: 6956: 6950:. p. 78. 6937: 6892:Applied Energy 6882: 6853: 6835: 6799: 6774: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6716: 6658: 6625: 6606: 6586: 6567: 6544: 6522:James Barbot, 6515: 6502: 6489: 6487:(1977), p. 19. 6476: 6457: 6432: 6423: 6404: 6384: 6377: 6357: 6350: 6330: 6299: 6272: 6254: 6225: 6202: 6169: 6140: 6104: 6073: 6042: 6009: 6002: 5984: 5954: 5928: 5891: 5865: 5821: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5747: 5743:Kongo language 5729: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5688: 5685: 5596: 5593: 5588:Main article: 5585: 5582: 5570:LeCongolais.CD 5510:Main article: 5507: 5504: 5476:Awilo Longomba 5425:Abeti Masikini 5385:ekonda saccadé 5355:Vicky Longomba 5351:Le Grand Kallé 5248:Main article: 5245: 5242: 5221: 5218: 5193:Main article: 5190: 5187: 5130:Ebola outbreak 5076:Main article: 5073: 5070: 5014:Main article: 5011: 5008: 4917:and Kinshasa. 4909:in the world. 4833:Main article: 4830: 4827: 4814:Force Publique 4751:Main article: 4748: 4745: 4730:asylum-seekers 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536:Kasai-Oriental 4533: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4421:Largest cities 4419: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4321: 4318: 4301: 4298: 4283:Main article: 4280: 4277: 4248:Main article: 4245: 4242: 4213: 4212: 4198: 4192: 4124:Main article: 4121: 4120:Transportation 4118: 4060:occurs in the 4006:Kasaï Province 3978:Main article: 3975: 3972: 3914:Main article: 3911: 3908: 3857:LGBT community 3828:Child soldiers 3798:Main article: 3792:child soldiers 3783: 3780: 3761:Enough Project 3729:Main article: 3726: 3723: 3711:Main article: 3708: 3705: 3690:United Nations 3682:Ituri conflict 3626:Main article: 3623: 3620: 3542:in August 2014 3524:Main article: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3436:Kasaï-Oriental 3431: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3408:Kasaï Province 3403: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3380:Kwilu Province 3375: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3344:Ituri Province 3340: 3334: 3290: 3287: 3213:Main article: 3210: 3207: 3105:forest buffalo 3020: 3017: 2864:Albertine Rift 2671: 2670: 2629: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2599:attempted coup 2577:Uhuru Kenyatta 2569:Luca Attanasio 2535:new government 2485: 2482: 2430:major protests 2373:Ituri conflict 2330:Bosco Ntaganda 2320:, a member of 2318:Laurent Nkunda 2277:Ituri conflict 2268: 2265: 2158: 2155: 2088:le mal Zairois 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 1997:Cyrille Adoula 1939:Force Publique 1888:Prime Minister 1860:Prime Minister 1832:The leader of 1815: 1812: 1792:Force Publique 1772:Force Publique 1757:Force Publique 1745:Force Publique 1734:Force Publique 1714:Force Publique 1699:United Kingdom 1679:Main article: 1676: 1673: 1665:Roger Casement 1661:British consul 1642:Force Publique 1545:Congo Arab war 1526: 1523: 1498:(its leader), 1427:Central Africa 1382: 1379: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1325:Congo-Kinshasa 1210:Kongo language 1156: 1153: 1121:United Nations 1010:Belgian colony 1000:and committed 883:Central Africa 879:Congo-Kinshasa 861: 860: 855: 849: 848: 843: 837: 836: 831: 825: 824: 821: 815: 814: 811: 807: 806: 787: 783: 782: 772: 768: 767: 748: 738: 737: 723: 713: 712: 704: 701: 698: 697: 689: 686: 683: 682: 679: 669: 668: 660: 657: 654: 653: 645: 642: 639: 638: 635: 621: 620: 617: 615:• Density 614: 611: 610: 598: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 581: 578: 575: 574: 567: 564: 561: 560: 554: 553: 550: 549: 546: 540: 537: 536: 533: 527: 524: 523: 520: 514: 511: 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 474: 471: 470: 467: 461: 458: 457: 454: 448: 445: 444: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 421: 420: 415: 409: 406: 405: 400: 394: 391: 390: 385: 381: 380: 377: 376: 370: 367:Prime Minister 364: 361: 360: 355: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 335: 331: 330: 322: 316: 315: 313: 312: 302: 296: 290: 283: 281: 278: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 247: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 223:-4.317; 15.317 194: 191: 187: 186: 175: 165: 164: 161: 160: 146: 128: 127: 114: 113: 106: 99: 98: 92: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 59: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17366: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17292: 17289: 17246: 17238: 17237: 17234: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17213: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17162: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17140: 17136: 17126: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17116: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16990: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16960: 16958: 16954: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16942:New Brunswick 16940: 16938: 16935: 16934: 16932: 16928: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16791:Guinea-Bissau 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16637: 16632: 16630: 16625: 16623: 16618: 16617: 16614: 16602: 16594: 16593: 16590: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16506: 16505:Gold standard 16502: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16494: 16490: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16457: 16453: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16436: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16381: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16371: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16326: 16324: 16322: 16318: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16292: 16286: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16239: 16237: 16235: 16231: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16213: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16179: 16178:2025 election 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16138: 16134: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16102: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16090:Member states 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15992:African Union 15986: 15981: 15979: 15974: 15972: 15967: 15966: 15963: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15937: 15935: 15929: 15927: 15921: 15920: 15918: 15914: 15904: 15903:Tomaz Salomão 15901: 15899: 15898:Prega Ramsamy 15896: 15894: 15893:Kaire Mbuende 15891: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15863: 15860: 15856: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15776: 15774: 15772:Member states 15770: 15765: 15758: 15753: 15751: 15746: 15744: 15739: 15738: 15735: 15723: 15722: 15721:Africa portal 15717: 15713: 15711: 15710: 15701: 15700: 15697: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15677: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15646: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15625: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15604: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15583: 15580: 15576:fully part of 15572: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15550: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15540: 15537: 15534: 15527: 15521: 15518: 15515: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15495: 15490: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15329:Guinea-Bissau 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15187: 15182: 15180: 15175: 15173: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15158: 15151: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15121: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15109: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15057: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15045:Social issues 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14992: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14980: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14914: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14894: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14863: 14860: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14740:Deforestation 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14715: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14696:Kivu conflict 14694: 14690: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14640: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14615:Early history 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14599: 14592: 14587: 14585: 14580: 14578: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14561: 14557: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14544:OpenStreetMap 14541: 14532: 14530: 14522: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14504: 14501: 14497: 14496: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14460: 14456: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14422:Van Reybrouck 14420: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14379: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14335: 14332: 14331:Congo Journey 14328: 14325: 14321: 14318: 14314: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14258: 14254: 14251: 14248: 14247:1-59691-345-2 14244: 14240: 14237: 14233: 14230: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14214: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14173: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14127:Devlin, Larry 14124: 14121: 14117: 14114: 14113:0-231-05720-2 14110: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14094: 14075: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14051: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14016: 14000: 13996: 13994: 13988: 13982: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13963: 13956: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13942: 13936: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13905: 13889: 13886:(in French). 13885: 13881: 13874: 13858: 13854: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13835: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13805: 13804: 13796: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13765: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13734: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13703: 13695: 13679: 13675: 13669: 13665: 13664: 13656: 13640: 13636: 13629: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13604:"Le Ndombolo" 13599: 13591: 13590: 13583: 13575: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13556: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13525: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13494: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13430: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13400: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13342: 13339:(in French). 13338: 13337: 13329: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13298: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13240: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13214: 13208: 13205:. iUniverse. 13204: 13197: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13177: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13116: 13114: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13083: 13076: 13072: 13069: 13064: 13048: 13044: 13038: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13008: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12978: 12970: 12966: 12965: 12960: 12954: 12938: 12934: 12928: 12909: 12902: 12896: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12854: 12850: 12844: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12794: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12774: 12758: 12754: 12747: 12741: 12739: 12738:public domain 12733: 12727: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12705: 12686: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12666: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12635: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12575: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12515: 12507: 12501: 12497: 12490: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12470: 12464: 12463:0-8419-0438-3 12460: 12454: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12407: 12400: 12394: 12375: 12371: 12364: 12358: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12328: 12312: 12308: 12302: 12283: 12276: 12270: 12254: 12250: 12244: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12228: 12226: 12217: 12210: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12168: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12116: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12023: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11987: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11957: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11911: 11904: 11898: 11882: 11878: 11872: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11786: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11755: 11739: 11735: 11728: 11709: 11701: 11695: 11688: 11683: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11663: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11603: 11588: 11584: 11583: 11582:Mining Weekly 11578: 11572: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11472: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11343:The Economist 11340: 11334: 11332: 11312: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11276: 11270: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11216: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11148: 11144: 11138: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11108: 11092: 11088: 11087:Africa Agenda 11084: 11078: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11029: 11027: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10936: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10864: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10845: 10826: 10822: 10815: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10751: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10710: 10703: 10697: 10678: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10645: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10394:. p. 57. 10393: 10386: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10316: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10296: 10288: 10282: 10278: 10271: 10263: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10247: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10098: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10050: 10034: 10030: 10023: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9992: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9789: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9685:"Chimpanzees" 9679: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9617: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9483:. 19 May 2024 9482: 9478: 9472: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9431:. 19 May 2024 9430: 9426: 9420: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9242: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9218: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9076: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9043: 9035: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9010: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8916: 8910:. Al Jazeera. 8909: 8905: 8902: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8749: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8672:Interview on 8669: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8530: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8511: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8154: 8150: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8070: 8068: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8011: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7980: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7854: 7850: 7849:Icla.up.ac.za 7843: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7818:, p. 74. 7817: 7812: 7796: 7793:. cycad.com. 7792: 7786: 7780:, p. 64. 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7756:, p. 58. 7755: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7528: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7424: 7415: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7345: 7337: 7335:9781586482466 7331: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7312: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7248:History Today 7245: 7238: 7232: 7231:0-547-52573-7 7228: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7206:0-521-22803-4 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7134: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7068:(3): 173–98. 7067: 7063: 7056: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7021: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6938: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6842: 6838: 6836:9780787649333 6832: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6806: 6802: 6800:9780230337831 6796: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6334: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6003:9780062200129 5999: 5995: 5988: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5775: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5691: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5654:Romelu Lukaku 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5545: 5544:L'Observateur 5540: 5537: 5532: 5531:La Conscience 5527: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488:Aurlus Mabélé 5485: 5484:Général Defao 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5468:Koffi Olomide 5465: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5397:pelvic thrust 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5347:Franco Luambo 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5312:Franco Luambo 5309: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5276:, denoting a 5275: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5215: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175:Air pollution 5172: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028:In 2014, the 5022: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4915:Kongo Central 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4819:lingua franca 4815: 4811: 4810:Congo Swahili 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4775:lingua franca 4771: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4698: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4590:Kasaï-Central 4588: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320:Ethnic groups 4317: 4315: 4306: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4227:Congo Airways 4223: 4221: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4114:deforestation 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772:Vital Kamerhe 3768: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:Kivu conflict 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3634: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3612:Joseph Kabila 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3550:require that 3549: 3541: 3537: 3536:Joseph Kabila 3532: 3527: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3422:Kasaï-Central 3419: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3352:Kongo Central 3349: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3225: 3224:Joseph Kabila 3221: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191:deforestation 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3063:Found in the 3061: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870:, as well as 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785:merging into 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2677: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2630:This section 2628: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:According to 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Denis Mukwege 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:M23 rebellion 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2311:M23 rebellion 2308: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273:Kivu conflict 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237:Joseph Kabila 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:Ronald Reagan 2132: 2131:Richard Nixon 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:head of state 2058: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1966:Joseph Mobutu 1962: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1947:Moïse Tshombe 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1802:, Bortaï and 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Ruanda-Urundi 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1681:Belgian Congo 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1578:slave traders 1575: 1574:slave raiding 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Bantu peoples 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1381:Early history 1378: 1376: 1372: 1371:Mbuti peoples 1368: 1362: 1352: 1351:(in French). 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:nzadi o nzere 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:Belgian Congo 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212:(also called 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:African Union 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:Joseph Kabila 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 859: 856: 854: 850: 847: 844: 842: 841:ISO 3166 code 838: 835: 832: 830: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 749: 743: 739: 724: 718: 714: 705: 699: 690: 684: 680: 674: 670: 661: 655: 646: 640: 636: 632: 626: 622: 618: 612: 608: 599: 593: 590: 586: 582: 576: 572: 568: 562: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 538: 534: 531: 525: 521: 518: 512: 509:1 August 1964 508: 502: 498: 495: 489: 485: 482: 478: 472: 468: 465: 464:Belgian Congo 459: 455: 452: 446: 442: 439: 433: 429: 426: 422: 419: 416: 413: 407: 404: 401: 398: 392: 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 368: 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Retrieved 5803: 5794: 5774: 5765: 5750: 5738: 5733: 5670: 5627: 5608: 5580:and French. 5569: 5565: 5561:Le Potentiel 5559: 5555: 5542: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5492:Wenge Musica 5457: 5433:Sierra Leone 5430: 5415:Wenge Musica 5404: 5395:, emulating 5392: 5384: 5371: 5359:Nico Kasanda 5339:Henri Bowane 5330: 5324: 5290:Léopoldville 5273: 5267: 5223: 5216:influences. 5210: 5173: 5162: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5126:yellow fever 5095: 5066: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5027: 4999: 4995: 4957: 4948:Baháʼí Faith 4945: 4919: 4911: 4902: 4896: 4888:archdioceses 4885: 4866: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4773: 4764: 4738: 4722: 4711: 4703: 4554:Haut-Katanga 4411: 4323: 4311: 4279:Demographics 4270: 4259: 4235: 4224: 4214: 4174: 4163: 4151: 4144:arriving in 4099: 4090: 4079: 4055: 4019: 4015: 3991: 3956: 3948: 3933: 3890:The Guardian 3888: 3880: 3874: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3832:forced labor 3821: 3782:Human rights 3777: 3769: 3758: 3742: 3734: 3716: 3698: 3680:region, the 3665: 3658: 3639: 3593: 3589: 3557: 3545: 3540:Barack Obama 3308: 3279:UN subregion 3276: 3268: 3264: 3252: 3233:presidential 3229: 3188: 3175: 3167: 3160:Pan paniscus 3159: 3155: 3145: 3125:Kahuzi-Biega 3077:biodiversity 3074: 2993: 2946: 2919: 2880:Boyoma Falls 2853: 2809: 2767: 2700: 2659: 2650: 2639:Please help 2634:verification 2631: 2607:US passports 2592: 2585: 2567:to the DRC, 2562: 2539: 2531: 2514: 2466: 2462: 2458:Kasai region 2443: 2427: 2404: 2338: 2316: 2234: 2215: 2204: 2181: 2152: 2128: 2123: 2108: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2067:violations, 2065:human rights 2050: 2016: 2005: 1970: 1963: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1920:Middle Congo 1916: 1873: 1820:Congo Crisis 1791: 1784:World War II 1771: 1769: 1756: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1696: 1658: 1647: 1640: 1629: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1560: 1555:Leopoldville 1519:Lunda Empire 1508: 1445: 1421: 1406: 1403:, circa 1870 1364: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1274: 1272:initiative. 1269:Authenticité 1267: 1245: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1202:Kongo people 1191: 1178: 1175:by discharge 1168: 1165:Kongo people 1085: 1017:independence 1014: 951: 878: 874: 870: 866: 864: 853:Internet TLD 829:Calling code 687:• Total 643:• Total 565:• Total 486:30 June 1960 477:Independence 288:Christianity 131: 118:Motto: 117: 56:of the Congo 29: 17283: / 17206:LGBT rights 17099:South Korea 16901:Switzerland 16881:Saint Lucia 16801:Ivory Coast 16426:Enlargement 16201:Secretariat 16163:Chairperson 16145:Chairperson 16055:Chairperson 16043:Lome Summit 15613:Pantelleria 15533:territories 15501:recognition 15444:South Sudan 15334:Ivory Coast 14929:Agriculture 13925:26 November 13894:12 November 13775:Czech Radio 13641:(in French) 13618:12 November 13545:15 December 13535:TRUE Africa 13514:15 December 13483:15 December 13453:15 December 13419:15 December 13347:15 December 13287:15 December 13260:15 December 13203:Full Circle 13166:1 September 13135:1 September 12987:www.who.int 12833:21 February 12763:29 November 12732:www.dol.gov 12709:(in French) 12157:7 September 11976:27 February 11946:27 February 11795:Reegle.info 11775:4 September 11744:22 November 11717:27 February 11652:21 November 11622:21 November 11461:22 November 11127:25 December 11015:22 November 10902:12 November 10834:12 November 10797:23 November 10480:11 November 10039:22 November 9909:27 February 9580:29 November 9371:29 December 9309:13 February 8885:11 February 8859:11 February 8798:13 February 8683:. See also 8658:27 November 8305:8 September 8279:21 November 8249:21 November 8219:18 November 8189:10 December 8159:18 November 8132:18 November 7550:1 September 7467:16 November 7258:30 November 6133:2 September 5547: [ 5534: [ 5500:Fally Ipupa 5449:West Africa 5393:mokonyonyon 5381:dance music 5207:male statue 4922:East Africa 4873:Kimbanguism 4796:(Kikongo), 4501:15,628,000 4140:Train from 4071:cassiterite 4036:DR Congo's 3765:kleptocracy 3692:, known as 3646:Land Forces 3564:superalloys 3484:Haut-Lomami 3400:Nord-Ubangi 3315:territories 2949:rift valley 2938:Lake Edward 2930:Lake Albert 2892:Brazzaville 2888:Pool Malebo 2816:Congo Basin 2715:South Sudan 2446:Jan Egeland 2393:Joseph Kony 2313:in May 2013 2309:during the 2200:Interahamwe 2092:kleptocracy 1993:Joseph Ileo 1951:South Kasai 1741:World War I 1515:Luba Empire 1492:Congo River 1484:Mpemba Kasi 1480:Congo River 1431:pastoralism 1171:Congo River 1161:Congo River 966:Congo River 954:Congo Basin 911:South Sudan 810:Date format 755: 0.481 535:17 May 1997 456:1 July 1885 412:Lower house 397:Upper house 384:Legislature 221: / 17298:Categories 17074:Mozambique 17069:Montenegro 16896:Seychelles 16836:Mauritania 16826:Madagascar 16816:Luxembourg 16721:Cape Verde 16547:Africa Day 16501:Currencies 16155:Commission 15829:Seychelles 15819:Mozambique 15804:Madagascar 15520:Somaliland 15424:Seychelles 15389:Mozambique 15374:Mauritania 15359:Madagascar 15314:The Gambia 15248:Cape Verde 15000:Corruption 14862:Parliament 14828:Government 14745:Ecoregions 14635:Atrocities 14080:7 February 14005:18 October 13863:28 January 13824:28 January 13785:9 November 13754:8 November 13723:28 January 13684:28 January 13645:8 November 13318:28 October 12645:world news 12498:. Ludion. 12443:21 January 11831:25 January 11805:21 January 11435:3 December 10981:. London. 10510:7 December 10500:Africanews 10450:7 December 10420:6 November 10227:14 October 10163:7 December 10133:7 December 10103:7 December 9839:Constitute 9819:2 February 9638:23 October 9550:29 October 9360:Africanews 9329:Africanews 9299:Africanews 8829:11 January 8598:30 October 8335:5 November 8106:4 November 8030:25 January 8000:25 January 7969:25 January 7939:25 January 7892:25 January 7801:4 February 7200:. p. 748; 7014:14 October 6968:14 October 6899:: 113844. 6827:Gale Group 6618:14 October 6579:14 October 6266:16 January 5786:References 5411:Papa Wemba 5220:Literature 5082:See also: 4992:Lubumbashi 4980:witchcraft 4960:monotheism 4848:Lubumbashi 4680:North Kivu 4648:1,024,000 4630:1,190,000 4626:South Kivu 4612:1,188,000 4594:1,593,000 4576:1,640,000 4558:2,695,000 4549:Lubumbashi 4540:2,765,000 4531:Mbuji-Mayi 4511:Lubumbashi 4484:Mbuji-Mayi 4357:Luba-Kasaï 4300:Population 4209:Lubumbashi 4142:Lubumbashi 4073:, ores of 4026:World Bank 3920:See also: 3865:DHS survey 3725:Corruption 3678:North Kivu 3652:, and the 3568:jet engine 3534:President 3506:North Kivu 3492:South Kivu 3428:Sud-Ubangi 3180:endangered 3135:, and the 3085:chimpanzee 2955:, copper, 2914:North Kivu 2876:Lake Mweru 2791:grasslands 2505:face masks 2492:President 2454:North Kivu 2369:Lubumbashi 2295:North Kivu 2116:Lubumbashi 2077:corruption 1882:, won the 1539:See also: 1281:Portuguese 1279:is from a 1097:Mbuji-Mayi 1093:Lubumbashi 945:, and the 813:dd/mm/yyyy 730: 42.1 589:Population 388:Parliament 334:Government 320:Demonym(s) 172:Show globe 17329:Republics 17059:Louisiana 17054:Lithuania 16999:Argentina 16992:Observers 16841:Mauritius 16072:Geography 15814:Mauritius 15531:Dependent 15379:Mauritius 15030:Languages 15015:Education 14969:Transport 14939:Companies 14884:President 14811:Elections 14760:Volcanoes 14750:Mountains 14718:Geography 14483:from the 14424:, David, 14198:Stuttgart 13993:AllAfrica 13744:AfroConex 13504:The FADER 13448:0261-3077 13389:25 August 13102:14 August 12085:17 August 11361:3 January 11351:0013-0613 10730:Ohchr.org 10189:14 August 10153:Bloomberg 10123:Bloomberg 9968:2214-6296 9944:: 36–40. 9515:0261-3077 9409:2 January 9399:0261-3077 9236:0362-4331 9195:0362-4331 9126:ReliefWeb 9096:0362-4331 9055:0362-4331 8973:26 August 8568:15 August 7708:2 October 7404:26 August 7090:128432105 7082:0263-0338 6921:203130461 6416:26 August 5453:Caribbean 5406:le sapeur 5327:Cuban son 5302:accordion 5300:, and an 5294:bass drum 5278:Kongolese 5010:Education 5004:exorcisms 4932:Muslims. 4747:Languages 4692:Migration 4567:Kisangani 4521:Kisangani 4262:Inga dams 4220:waterways 4217:navigable 4050:Basankusu 3650:Air Force 3584:catalysts 3358:Haut-Uele 3311:provinces 3259:President 3240:bicameral 3152:great ape 3008:Lake Kivu 2977:germanium 2969:manganese 2934:Lake Kivu 2910:Lake Kivu 2856:watershed 2729:, and by 2653:June 2017 2613:Geography 2428:In 2015, 2112:Kisangani 1896:president 1842:President 1782:. During 1691:Christian 1622:with the 1582:Tippu Tip 1329:Big Congo 1275:The word 1155:Etymology 819:Drives on 786:Time zone 677:(nominal) 438:Colonised 425:Formation 352:President 326:Congolese 277:Religion 17280:3°S 24°E 17245:Category 17201:TV5Monde 17125:Thailand 17094:Slovenia 17089:Slovakia 16756:Dominica 16751:Djibouti 16711:Cameroon 16706:Cambodia 16691:Bulgaria 16601:Category 16479:Passport 16394:Politics 16137:Assembly 15949:(COMESA) 15916:See also 15849:Zimbabwe 15839:Tanzania 15794:Eswatini 15784:Botswana 15709:Category 15627:Portugal 15479:Zimbabwe 15454:Tanzania 15304:Ethiopia 15299:Eswatini 15278:Djibouti 15243:Cameroon 15228:Botswana 15133:Category 15083:Football 15040:Religion 14850:Military 14784:Politics 14765:Wildlife 14485:BBC News 14358:, 2007. 14308:, 2009; 14168:Archived 14129:(2007). 14074:Archived 14037:7 August 14031:Archived 13999:Archived 13970:Archived 13919:Archived 13888:Archived 13857:Archived 13818:Archived 13779:Archived 13748:Archived 13717:Archived 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7733:Archived 7702:Archived 7667:(1994). 7643:Archived 7604:Archived 7580:10 March 7574:Archived 7511:(2007). 7487:Archived 7461:Archived 7432:Archived 7398:Archived 7367:Archived 7288:22 April 7282:Archived 7252:Archived 7190:Archived 7167:Archived 7141:Archived 7045:10 March 7008:Archived 6983:(2003). 6962:Archived 6925:Archived 6870:Archived 6841:Archived 6805:Archived 6761:Archived 6736:28 April 6730:Archived 6710:28 April 6704:Archived 6699:BBC News 6684:28 April 6678:Archived 6676:. 2023. 6651:8 August 6645:Archived 6612:Archived 6573:Archived 6555:(2004). 6469:29 April 6463:Archived 6410:Archived 6317:Archived 6286:Archived 6260:archived 6217:Archived 6189:Archived 6156:Archived 6124:Archived 6122:. 2007. 6091:Archived 6060:Archived 6035:21 March 6026:Archived 5977:19 March 5971:Archived 5941:Archived 5884:30 April 5878:Archived 5858:29 April 5852:Archived 5814:23 March 5808:Archived 5687:See also 5611:football 5556:Le Phare 5520:L'Avenir 5472:Werrason 5464:Americas 5460:Ndombolo 5320:Zaire 74 5314:and his 5298:triangle 5264:Ndombolo 5165:COVID-19 5118:HIV/AIDS 5044:and the 5030:literacy 4968:vitalism 4892:dioceses 4829:Religion 4802:Tshiluba 4726:refugees 4684:707,000 4666:768,000 4639:Tshikapa 4608:Équateur 4603:Mbandaka 4497:Kinshasa 4492:Kinshasa 4474:Kinshasa 4456:Province 4338:Ubangian 4273:Équateur 4075:tantalum 3998:diamonds 3622:Military 3576:carbides 3442:Équateur 3386:Bas-Uele 3338:Kinshasa 3285:(SADC). 3195:poaching 3148:primates 3087:and the 2961:diamonds 2922:volcanic 2916:province 2884:Mbandaka 2787:savannas 2783:plateaus 2731:Tanzania 2379:and the 2188:genocide 2147:Cold War 2120:Mbandaka 1945:(led by 1928:DR Congo 1870:in 1961. 1654:smallpox 1633:Brussels 1553:View of 1435:Iron Age 1425:reached 1345:the DROC 1337:DR Congo 1333:Congo DR 1196:and its 929:(across 927:Tanzania 899:Kinshasa 889:and the 871:DR Congo 794:+1 to +2 771:Currency 337:Unitary 268:Tshiluba 197:Kinshasa 65:du Congo 17215:Related 17164:Culture 17109:Uruguay 17104:Ukraine 17079:Ontario 17039:Ireland 17034:Hungary 17029:Georgia 17014:Croatia 17004:Austria 16921:Vietnam 16916:Vanuatu 16911:Tunisia 16891:Senegal 16871:Romania 16856:Morocco 16846:Moldova 16811:Lebanon 16736:Comoros 16701:Burundi 16681:Belgium 16676:Armenia 16671:Andorra 16666:Albania 16659:Members 16651:Members 16540:Culture 16493:Economy 16456:Symbols 16095:Regions 16080:Borders 16000:History 15858:Leaders 15824:Namibia 15799:Lesotho 15686:Socotra 15665:Melilla 15634:Madeira 15597:Réunion 15592:Mayotte 15464:Tunisia 15434:Somalia 15419:Senegal 15404:Nigeria 15394:Namibia 15384:Morocco 15349:Liberia 15344:Lesotho 15294:Eritrea 15263:Comoros 15238:Burundi 15213:Algeria 15117:Outline 15073:Cuisine 15060:Culture 14983:Society 14964:Tourism 14917:Economy 14607:History 14455:Scholia 14418:, 2007. 14411:, 2001. 14380:, 2008. 14373:, 2009. 14340:, 1998. 14333:, 1996. 14326:, 2002. 14319:, 2015. 14151:, 2005. 14100:, 2004. 14050:Sources 13945:Archive 13187:YouTube 13092:UN News 12383:23 June 12347:23 June 12337:Cia.gov 12042:19 July 11916:17 July 11887:17 July 11861:30 July 11387:30 June 11232:22 July 11205:22 July 11179:22 July 10686:28 June 10356:1 March 10071:16 July 9946:Bibcode 9778:30 July 9768:Reuters 9748:30 July 9697:Bibcode 9606:30 June 9429:AP News 9339:4 April 8849:Reuters 8738:23 June 8728:Hrw.org 8056:30 July 7862:23 June 7739:1 March 7649:26 June 6990:(ed.). 6931:22 July 6901:Bibcode 6876:22 July 6847:22 July 6811:22 July 6284:. 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