882:
924:
900:
466:
478:
1308:
1149:) were targeted, as opposed to the non-wandering, or "sedentary" population. Thus, on May 21, 1942, the SS commander in Liepāja police and SS commander recorded the execution of 16 itinerant Gypsies from the Hasenputh district. The documentation, however, does not always distinguish between different Gypsy groups, thus on April 24, 1942, EK A reported having killed 1,272 people, including 71 Gypsies, with no further description. In addition, the Nazi policy shifted back and forth as to how the Gypsies were to be treated, and the treatment of any particular group of Gypsies did not necessarily reflect what might appear to have been the official policy of the moment.
916:
1184:
1424:
mourning, all the more so since here lie their loved ones, relatives, and members of their faith. * * * This is an atrocious act of violence, an atrocious massacre. And it is our duty, the duty of those of us who have survived, to pass on the commemoration of these innocent victims to future generations, to remember with compassion, sorrow and reverence. Our duty is to teach our children and children's children about it, our duty is to seek out the survivors and record their recollections, but, above all, our duty is to see that this will never happen again.
1374:
231:
1363:
1332:(another murder site) which made no mention of the Jews but spoke only of "Nazi victims". In 1963, groups of young Jews from Riga came out to Rumbula weekly and cleaned up and restored the site using shovels, wheelbarrows and other hand tools. The site has been marked by a series of makeshift memorials over the years. Throughout the Soviet occupation of Latvia the Soviets refused to allow any memorial which would specifically identify the victims as Jews.
373:
3481:
3469:
24:
75:
1010:. The ghetto was enclosed by a barbed-wire fence. Wooden barriers (logs) were placed on the main streets at the entrance, and the Latvian police were stationed as guards there. Jews were allowed to leave the ghetto only in work columns and in the accompaniment of guards. Individual Jewish specialists could come and go by displaying a special yellow ID. Leaving independently was severely punished.
2169:, at 93n: "After 199 days of court proceedings, on 21 December 1979, the Hamburg assize court condemned the former SS-Sturmbahnführer of the Latvian Legion and former Police Major Viktors Arājs to a life term in prison. Arājs had been living in an underground existence in Frankfurt for twenty-five years after the war under a false name and was arrested in 1975."
1340:
often referred to the
Holocaust in his work, including in particular his well-regarded poem "Rumbula", written in the early 1960s. One notable survivor of the Latvian Holocaust was Michael Genchik, who escaped from Latvia and joined the Red Army, where he served for 30 years. His family was murdered
1423:
The
Holocaust, in its many forms, has painfully struck Latvia. Here in Rumbula where the earthly remains of Latvia's Jews rest, we have come to honour and remember them. I wish therefore to extend a special greeting to the representatives of Latvia's Jewish community for whom this is special day of
1091:
in German) than for other groups. Most of the available information about the persecution of the
Gypsies in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe comes from Latvia. According to Latvia's 1935 census, 3,839 Gypsies lived in the country, the largest population of any of the Baltic States. Many of them did not
753:
and the men of the local
Selbstschutz. On July 16-July 18, 300 people were shot dead in the Kaziņu Forest. In July–August, the remaining 700 Jews from town were shot dead, while the Jews of the region were killed in the autumn. The shooting was carried out by German, Latvian and Estonian SD men who
503:
started to form his armed unit of men who were responding to the appeal of Pērkonkrusts to take arms and to clear Latvia of Jews and communists. In the beginning, the unit mainly included members of different student fraternities. In 1941 altogether about 300 men had applied. The closest assistants
1144:
On
January 12, 1942, Jedicke distributed Lohse's order of December 4, 1941, ordering his subordinates that in all cases, they were to make sure to implement the necessary "follow up." By May 18, 1942, the German police and SS commander in Liepāja indicated in a log that over a previous unspecified
456:
of the action. He was an idle eternal student who was supported by his wife, a rich shop owner, who was ten years older than he was. Arājs had worked in the
Latvian Police for a certain period of time. He stood out with his power-hungry and extreme thinking. The man was well fed, well dressed, and
2343:
According to the Latvia
Institute (an agency of the Republic of Latvia): "There was no Holocaust research during Soviet rule in Latvia (1944–91). The victims of the Holocaust were subsumed under the rubric 'Nazi murder of peaceful Soviet citizens,' usually with unsubstantiated and highly inflated
1132:
Gypsies were also forbidden to live along the coast. Historian Lewy believes this restriction may have occasioned the first large killing of
Gypsies in Latvia. On December 5, 1941, the Latvian police in Liepāja arrested 103 Gypsies (24 men, 31 women, and 48 children). Of these people, the Latvian
1215:
was charged in a
British court with war crimes, but was released in 1948, and afterwards hid out in West Germany for many years; although he was still a wanted war criminal, he found work as a driver for a British military unit in the western occupation zone. Eventually Arājs was caught, and, in
1335:
The Soviet Union suppressed research into and memorials of the
Holocaust in Latvia until 1991, when Soviet rule over Latvia ended. In one case a memorial at Rumbula of which the authorities did not approve was simply hauled away in the middle of the night, with no explanation given. Occasional
1045:
writes: "The members of the Jewish Council, including the lawyers D. Elyashev, M. Mintz and Iliya Yevelson, and their volunteer assistants did all they could to somehow relieve general suffering." Jewish policemen, too, tried to somehow protect their fellowmen. The inmates strived to preserve
1327:
site or to acknowledge that the victims were Jewish. Until 1960 nothing was done to preserve or memorialize the killing grounds. In 1961, a group of young Jews from Riga searched for the site and found charred bones and other evidence of the murders. In 1962, the Soviets staged an officially
998:
and Lāčplēša Streets. About 7,000 non-Jews were moved from there to other flats in Riga. More than 23,000 Riga Jews were ordered to move to the territory of the ghetto. There now were more than 29,000 inmates in the ghetto, including those who had already previously resided there. The
831:
Ulita Varushkyna who at the plea of his parents took in their two-year-old son, Mordechai Tager, who she later adopted, and the Polish Matusevich family that hid Haim Israelit and his nephew Yakov for three years. Both Varushkyna and the Matusevich family have been awarded the title
696:
thus became the source of enrichment of Nazi officials and their local collaborators who confiscated Jewish property. The extermination of Jews suited them since nobody would remain alive to demand the return of stolen items. By October 1941, altogether about 35,000
2344:
numbers. Research in the West was mainly based on accounts of survivors and court cases against Nazi criminals. Only after regaining independence in 1991, could Latvian historians begin to assess the situation and make use of documentation available locally."
728:
rolls were spread on the Ugunsdzēsēju Square, and the Jews were forced to march across their sacred things, with watchers merrily laughing at the amusing scene. The above operations took place under the direct leadership of Erhard Grauel, commander of the
1278:
came into Soviet custody after the war. He was interrogated, tried, convicted and hanged in Riga on February 3, 1946. Against popular misconception, the execution did not happen in the territory of the former Riga ghetto, but in Victory Square
290:, the mentally ill, homosexuals and, especially Jews. The Einsatzgruppen followed closely behind the German invasion forces and established a presence in Latvia within days and sometimes hours of the occupation of a given area by the German
1406:
On November 29, 2002, sixty-one years after the murders, the highest officials of the Republic of Latvia, together with representatives of the Latvian Jewish community, foreign ambassadors, and others attended a memorial dedication at the
1068:
were also brought there. Altogether the ghetto had about 15,000 prisoners. The engineer Misha Movshenson ran the Council of the ghetto. His father had headed the city of Daugavpils in 1918 during the previous period of German occupation.
719:
the first mass killing of Jews took place on July 3 and 4, when about 400 people were shot dead, and on July 8 when 300 Jews were killed. The German group of SD and policemen did the shooting, while the members of Latvian Selbstschutz
847:, a relatively small town, had about 540 remaining Jews when the Germans gained control. They were shot into graves they were forced to dig on August 4, 1941. The fate of this small town is similar to many other towns, documented by
562:
death unit of commander Oskars Baltmanis. All murders were supervised by the officers of the German SS and SD. In July 1941, approximately 4,000 Riga Jews were murdered in the Biķernieku Forest. The killings were headed by
2830:, "Comprehensive Report of Einsatzgruppe A Operations up to 15 October 1941", Exhibit L-180, translated in part and reprinted in Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, OCCPAC:
1259:
pronounced the tribunal's sentence on Strauch: "Defendant EDUARD STRAUCH, on the counts of the indictment on which you have been convicted, the Tribunal sentences you to death by hanging." Unlike his codefendants
524:
the Riga Jews. On 4 July, the choral synagogue at Gogoļa Street was burnt, and thereafter, the synagogues at Maskavas and Stabu Streets. Many Jews were murdered during those days, including the refugees from
313:) symbol on their caps. The SD ranks were the same as in the SS. The SD did not wear the SS lightning rune symbol on their right collar tabs and replaced it with either the Totenkopf or the letters "SD".
2799:, Memorandum dated 18 Dec. 1941, "Jewish Question re correspondence of 15 Nov. 1941" translated and reprinted in Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, OCCPAC:
320:
As the front line moved east, Einsatzgruppe A moved out of Latvia, remaining in the country only a few weeks, after which its functions were taken over by the "resident" SD under the authority of the
5436:
5366:
1003:
was formed within the ghetto, which was assigned the task of regulating social life. The Jewish police force for the maintenance of order formed there. It consisted of 80 men armed with sticks and
1175:
were killed by the Nazis and their Latvian collaborators. Professor Ezergailis estimated that one-half of the Gypsy population was killed, but there will probably never be a more definite number.
5573:
3850:
218:. From 1941 to 1944, around 70,000 Jews were murdered, approximately three-quarters of the pre-war total of 93,000. In addition, thousands of German and Austrian Jews were deported to the
5634:
5411:
2809:, excerpts from minutes of interrogation, 14 December 1945 (Maj. Zwetajew, interrogator, Sgt. Suur, interpreter), pages 8–13, from the Historical State Archives, as reprinted in Fleming,
5118:
1395:. Much of the post-1991 work was devoted to identification of the victims. This was complicated by the passage of time and the loss of some records and the concealment of others by the
601:
of the rights that were enjoyed by the other citizens of Latvia. Jews were strictly forbidden to leave their homes in the evening, at night and in the morning. They were allotted lower
1106:
1. As carriers of contagious diseases, especially typhus; 2. As unreliable elements who neither obey the regulations issued by German authorities, nor are willing to do useful work.
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5601:
3534:
5606:
5458:
5145:
5558:
3610:
5528:
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5448:
5351:
2286:, at page 340: Jeckeln was " ... responsible for the murder of Jews and Communist Party officials ... convicted and hanged in the former ghetto of Riga on February 3, 1946.
1336:
references were made to the Holocaust in literature during the Soviet era. A folkloric figure called "žīdu šāvējs" (Jew shooter) turned up in stories on occasion. The poet
5639:
2214:
5659:
5644:
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There exists well-founded suspicion that they provide intelligence to the enemy and thus damage the German cause. I therefore order that they are to be treated as Jews.
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5431:
5401:
5391:
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986:, however, passed the power to the civil administration of occupation force and it did things its own way. The area of the Latgale suburbs in Riga was chosen for the
5654:
5596:
5483:
5381:
1156:
was reported to have killed many Gypsies between July and September 1941. In April 1942, 50 Gypsies, mostly women and small children, were assembled at the jail in
5473:
1247:, SS Lieutenant Colonel, commanded a subunit of the Rumbula killers called "Einsatzkommando 2.". Despite an effort to sham mental illness, he was convicted by the
2440:
Dribins, Leo, Gūtmanis, Armands, and Vestermanis, Marģers, "Latvia's Jewish Community: History, Trajedy, Revival", Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Latvia
1920:
1201:. In Lohse's case, apparently because the British authorities believed him to have been innocent of the Nazi crimes in the Baltic states, he was handed over to a
5695:
1345:
In later years the officials held memorial services every year in November or December. There were speeches reminding of the atrocities of the Nazis. But saying
2383:
Anders, Edward, and Dubrovskis, Juris, "Who Died in the Holocaust? Recovering Names from Official Records", Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17.1 (2003) 114-138
45:
5170:
4815:
1241:
under a fake intention of starting an aviation business, after it was found out that he would not stand trial for his alleged participation in the Holocaust.
974:
population. In order to govern the Jews they had to be moved to special areas where ghettos would be arranged and they would be forbidden to leave the area.
3211:
3458:
2100:
1599:
1064:
was set up in Grīva at the end of July, 1941, when all surviving Jews in the city were moved there. Jews from other towns and villages of Latgale and even
2748:
Scheffler, Wolfgang, "Zur Geschichte der Deportation jüdischer Bürger nach Riga 1941/1942", Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V. – 23.05.2000
1353:
and tell a little about the ghetto, but the police didn't permit to do so. Until 1972, when I retired from the army, I did my best to keep the place neat.
412:
organisation, was chosen to head it. In the summer of 1941, 300 men in the unit took part in the murder of about 2000 Jews in Jelgava and other places in
881:
1871:
1377:
185:
About 66,000 Latvian Jews; 19,000 German, Austrian and Czech Jews; unknown numbers of Lithuanian and Hungarian Jews; unknown but substantial number of
4946:
3822:
1272:, where he had committed other crimes, for trial. Strauch was sentenced to death, but not executed. He died in Belgian custody on September 11, 1955.
207:
2817:
3928:
1145:
period, 174 Gypsies had been killed by shooting. The German policy on Gypsies varied. In general, it seemed that wandering or "itinerant" Gypsies (
970:
by paying them minimum wages or by providing them with a minimum food ration – with whatever may be left over after supplying the indigenous
5700:
4531:
3425:
286:("special assignment units") was a euphemism; their real purpose was to murder people the Nazis saw as "undesirable". These included Communists,
923:
5690:
5150:
3933:
3845:
4849:
4673:
2875:
1209:" court. Sentenced to the maximum of 10 years, Lohse was released early in 1951 "on the familiar grounds of ill health." He died in 1964.
324:, generally referred to by the German initials of KdS. The KdS took orders both from RSHA in Berlin and from another official called the
304:
4810:
3737:
2907:
2839:
Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 - April 1949
83:
on January 20, 1942, showing only 3,500 Jews left alive in Latvia out of about 60,000 in the country at the time of the Nazi invasion.
32:
3549:
2612:
4033:
4884:
4333:
3451:
2439:
2267:
1255:
trial for having a key role in the Rumbula and a number of other mass murders in Eastern Europe. On April 9, 1948, Presiding judge
899:
392:
cemetery an SD detachment killed six local Jews, including the town pharmacist. In the following days 35 Jews were exterminated in
1017:, as food rations were given only to those who worked, i.e. to about half of the ghetto inmates. They had to maintain their 5,652
5232:
4753:
4481:
3876:
3827:
3645:
5310:
4057:
2222:
1320:
1613:
593:, this was the beginning of "the greatest criminal act in the history of Latvia". From July 1941 the Jews of Latvia were also
5705:
2761:
2534:
2434:
2663:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Remembrance - Rumbula Memorial Site Unveiled, December 2002
4437:
3855:
3695:
2562:
1844:
1018:
215:
1578:
254:
and other strategic points in Latvia. The Nazi police state included an organisation called the Security Service (German:
5386:
5242:
5075:
4720:
4183:
3923:
3444:
2690:
1978:
465:
4271:
2593:
2547:
2079:
1924:
338:
2496:, Wyman, David S., and Rosenzveig, Charles H., Eds., at pages 354-388, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1996
1152:
Like the Jews, the killing of the Gypsies proceeded through Latvia's smaller towns, and with the aid of Latvians. The
5685:
4052:
3797:
3383:
2775:
2739:
2725:
2711:
2657:
2643:
2629:
2607:
2571:
2515:
2501:
2484:
2467:
2453:
2417:
2403:
2202:
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4003:
1685:
1041:. The Council of the ghetto was situated in the former Jewish school building at 141 Lāčplēša Street. The historian
5680:
5498:
5493:
4838:
4295:
4072:
4013:
3988:
3777:
3705:
2382:
2301:
1488:
1307:
5710:
3916:
3911:
2321:, at 354-88, provides a comprehensive guide to the Soviet historiographical treatment of the Holocaust in Latvia.
1392:
2780:
477:
4733:
4546:
4008:
3520:
3505:
3355:
3277:
2988:
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for ordering the murders of 7 American POWs. Dietrich was found guilty, sentenced to death, and hanged in 1948.
1134:
860:
724:
victims to the killing site. On July 13, the destroying of the sizeable choral synagogue of Liepāja began. The
425:
367:
299:
The SD in Latvia can be distinguished in photographs and descriptions by their uniforms. The full black of the
4708:
605:, they could only shop in some special stores, and they had to wear the mark of recognition – the yellow
5611:
5205:
5045:
4208:
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4043:
4023:
3993:
3886:
3587:
3564:
3510:
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3473:
3282:
3029:
2879:
2682:
2479:, Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996
1875:
1464:
698:
316:
The SD first established its power in Latvia through Einsatzgruppe A, which was subdivided into units called
211:
4115:
2191:
5070:
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4261:
4130:
4105:
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themselves, and there was even an illusion of survival. A resistance group was formed that bought weapons.
1013:
In the ghetto, the Jews were very crowded: 3-4 square metres were allotted per person. There was also high
990:. It was mainly inhabited by poor people: Jews, Russians and Belarusians. The ghetto bordered on Maskavas,
928:
4703:
1223:
and organizing the march out to the pits, was likewise apprehended and tried in West Germany in the 1970s.
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5252:
5237:
5138:
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4908:
4120:
4077:
4038:
3938:
3772:
3638:
3554:
3365:
2814:
1248:
833:
243:
4230:
2427:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
820:. Beginning in July 1941 and into the fall, about 2,500 Jewish men, women and children were murdered in
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on their clothes. It was forbidden for them to attend places where public events took place, including
332:, or BdS. Both the KdS and the BdS were subordinate to another official called the Ranking (or Higher)
265:
235:
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with black accents. They wore a SD patch on the left sleeve, a yellowish shirt, and the Death's Head (
5543:
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Members of Latvian self-defence unit assemble a group of Jewish women for execution on a beach near
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Although Lohse's name was on the order, it was actually issued at the behest of Bruno Jedicke, the
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797:
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401:
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crossed the Soviet frontier in the early morning of Sunday 22 June 1941, on a broad front from the
171:
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1007:
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37:
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site. The President and the Prime Minister of the Republic walked to the forest from where the
4442:
1664:
1141:), a Nazi euphemism for murder. On December 5, 1941, all 100 were all killed near Frauenburg.
1042:
5296:
5165:
4790:
4743:
4407:
4158:
3544:
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2460:
Walking Since Daybreak: A story of Eastern Europe, World War II, and the Heart of our Century
2194:
The Execution of the Hangman of Riga: The Only Execution of a Nazi War Criminal by the Mossad
1736:
1286:
584:
342:), or HPSSF. The lines of authority overlapped and were ambiguous. Eastern Latvia, including
125:
through imprisonment, mass shootings, concentration camps, ghettos, forced labor, starvation
5128:
5065:
4648:
4432:
4323:
4301:
4196:
4191:
4172:
3603:
3345:
2422:
1400:
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800:
Roberts Blūzmanis had rendered active assistance by ensuring the moving of the Jews to the
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3013:
710:
8:
5215:
5123:
4969:
4556:
3399:
3201:
3165:
3130:
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2365:
Republic of Latvia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rumbula memorial unveiled, December 2002
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1366:
1337:
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816:
killings were carried out by a German SD group, which was helped by Selbstschutz men and
590:
4351:
4341:
3160:
2520:
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1762:
4595:
4590:
4097:
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2865:, a site by Professor Dovid Katz of the Vilnius Yiddish Institute at Vilnius University
1197:
was a member of a Nazi class that "was to receive surprisingly light treatment" at the
947:
80:
3115:
2803:, Exhibit 3666-PS, Volume VII, pages 978-995, USGPO, Washington DC 1946 ("Red Series")
2410:
Genocide on Trial; war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust History and Memory
1946:
1216:
1979, tried and convicted of murder in a West German court. He died in prison in 1988.
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1b. By July 11 they had killed about 1,150 people. Ehrlinger's work was continued by
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256:
137:
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1711:
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230:
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2813:, at pages 95–100 (Portions of the Jeckeln interrogation are also available online
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1408:
1324:
1312:
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1198:
580:
437:
397:
4346:
4308:
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1212:
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145:
5247:
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4800:
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3308:
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3034:
2821:
2676:
2551:
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2271:
1982:
1896:
1640:"Latvia & Lithuania: Viktors Arajs and the guy Klimatis • Axis History Forum"
1434:
1362:
1226:
1114:
963:
935:
785:
781:
750:
529:. In carts and blue buses, the men of Arajs Kommando went to different places in
517:
505:
504:
of Viktors Arājs included Konstantīns Kaķis, Alfrēds Dikmanis, Boris Kinsler and
355:
351:
317:
3313:
2584:), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as
669:
were also soon introduced for Jews. All articles above the norm were subject to
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409:
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4954:
4925:
4617:
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4536:
4246:
4153:
3515:
3378:
3246:
3191:
3175:
1813:
1469:
1261:
1244:
1219:
Friedrich Jahnke, a Nazi policeman who had been instrumental in setting up the
1206:
1153:
844:
817:
789:
734:
626:
509:
494:
278:
167:
155:
4541:
4361:
3373:
3234:
2868:
2542:, "Genocide of the Roma in the Holocaust", Excerpted from Charny, Israel, W.,
1975:
1966:
Vestermanis M. Juden in Riga. Ein historischer Wegweiser. Bremen, 1996, S. 29.
1349:
was forbidden. Once after the official part of the meeting, Jews tried to say
1323:, which lasted until 1991. It did not suit Soviet purposes to memorialize the
5674:
5050:
4979:
4870:
4738:
4568:
4525:
4371:
4356:
3654:
3415:
3125:
3065:
2932:
1290:
1194:
1172:
1126:
1118:
1096:
1084:
979:
951:
939:
885:
828:
730:
693:
658:
610:
606:
421:
385:
333:
300:
287:
186:
3090:
2588:(all references in this article are to page numbers in the on-line edition)
5262:
4412:
4397:
4392:
4366:
4319:
4251:
4213:
3963:
3155:
3120:
3044:
2617:
2600:
The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders
2557:
1202:
1021:
and 8,300 elderly and disabled people. The ghetto only had 16 groceries, a
967:
904:
670:
653:
were only allowed to advise and treat Jews, and they were forbidden to run
630:
568:
558:
549:
545:
203:
175:
133:
5288:
2885:
995:
962:
as the territory was called by the invaders – made his guidelines on
792:, who was liable for the killing of 9012 Jews in the city and in southern
598:
5268:
4785:
4402:
4256:
3287:
3070:
3049:
2539:
1689:
1412:
1265:
1220:
1103:
Gypsies who wander about in the countryside represent a two-fold danger.
987:
876:
602:
567:(majors) H. Barth, R. Batz, and the newly appointed chief of the Riga SD
417:
219:
1289:
was never tried for what he did in Latvia. However, he was tried in the
552:
units were also involved in the mass-murder of Jews. In the district of
5257:
5092:
4865:
4643:
3350:
3100:
2862:
2298:
654:
343:
251:
247:
2734:, page 179, Louisville, Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
2526:
The years of extermination : Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945
1268:, Strauch did not hang. Instead, he was handed over to authorities in
821:
813:
755:
716:
553:
486:
389:
377:
5097:
4903:
3420:
2834:, Volume VII, pages 978–995, USGPO, Washington DC 1946 ("Red Series")
1034:
943:
848:
763:
759:
746:
725:
662:
650:
594:
526:
354:
1b (EK 1b) and 3 (EK 3). EK 1b had 50 to 60 men and was commanded by
309:
292:
163:
4758:
2844:
1311:
A memorial stone to unspecified "victims of Fascism" at the site of
469:"Two Worlds": An anti-communist and anti-semitic propaganda poster,
372:
4623:
4423:
2706:, at 186, 282, Viking Press, New York, 1957 (Da Capo reprint 1989)
1872:"Between fear and compassion. Saving Jews in Nazi-occupied Rēzekne"
1157:
1092:
travel about the country, but lived settled, or "sedentary" lives.
1078:
1030:
1022:
1000:
994:, Ebreju (Jewish), Līksnas, Lauvas, Lazdonas, Lielā Kalnu, Katoļu,
827:
There are two known instances of people rescuing Jews in Rēzekne –
530:
453:
122:
801:
521:
3480:
1391:
In Latvia, Holocaust scholarship could only be resumed after the
1350:
1346:
1269:
1238:
1133:
police turned over 100 to the custody of the German police chief
1065:
1038:
1026:
1014:
991:
959:
955:
793:
678:
642:
538:
534:
413:
405:
347:
3623:
3468:
2510:, Berkeley : University of California Press, Berkeley,1994
1737:"History of Jews in Bukowina [Volume II, pages 167-178]"
23:
5133:
2585:
1234:
1230:
1165:
1161:
1004:
983:
721:
686:
638:
634:
513:
470:
441:
261:
104:
982:
and demanded that the extermination of the Jews be continued.
74:
4498:
971:
674:
666:
646:
618:
544:
These killings were supposed to serve as an example to other
393:
2718:
The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution—A Reassessment
1160:, then taken out and shot. Other massacres were reported at
780:
In Daugavpils the murder of Jews was initially commanded by
260:), generally referred to as the SD, and its headquarters in
2781:
Winter, Alfred, "Rumbula Viewed From The Riga Ghetto" from
1396:
908:
889:
689:
682:
622:
614:
452:
and a member of a student fraternity, was appointed direct
429:
250:
to Hungary. The Germans advanced through Lithuania towards
1229:
escaped to South America. In 1965, he was assassinated by
436:, assisted by the members of Pērkonkrusts and other local
400:
and Asīte. On June 29 the Nazis started forming the first
2754:
The Unfinished Road: Jewish Survivors of Latvia Look Back
2613:
Latvia Institute, The Holocaust in German-Occupied Latvia
2446:
History of the Holocaust : A Handbook and Dictionary
3466:
2841:, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")
2783:
The Ghetto of Riga and Continuance - A Survivor's Memoir
2586:
Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia
966:
public. Jews, in his opinion, had to be used as a cheap
388:
started on the night of 23 to 24 June 1941, when in the
2246:
2237:
1357:
1302:
5016:
2602:, (English translation) MacMillan Free Press, NY 1991
2598:
Klee, Ernst, Dressen, Willi, and Riess, Volker, eds.,
303:
was seldom worn; instead, the usual attire was a grey
2265:
Eduard Strauch, biography and photo at Olokaustos.org
2876:
The Jews of Valdemārpils – killed and then forgotten
2566:(3d Ed.) Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 2003.
2477:
The Holocaust in Latvia 1941-1944—The Missing Center
1976:
Latvia's Jewish Community: History, Tragedy, Revival
804:
ghetto and transporting them to the killing places.
548:
supporters of the Nazi invaders. Individual Latvian
457:"with his student's hat proudly cocked on one ear".
2337:
754:had arrived by ship. Soon a poster appeared on the
448:, aged 31 at the time, a possible former member of
416:. The killing was supervised by German SD officers
2255:
1782:
1780:
749:. The killings were jointly carried out by German
556:, for instance, Jews were killed by the 20-person
428:through their joint effort. After the invasion of
2790:
2671:, New York : Columbia University Press, 2003
2638:, New York : Fordham University Press, 2006
2429:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE 2004
854:
276:Ahead of the invasion, the SD had organised four
5672:
2099:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2082:. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009
1598:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1581:. Archived from the original on January 31, 2004
361:
4791:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
1777:
1760:
1297:
5696:Military history of Latvia during World War II
2871:showing the entrance of the Wehrmacht in Riga.
1579:"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its Consequences"
5304:
5151:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
3639:
3452:
2901:
2858:The Death of the Jewish Community of Kraslava
2324:
2311:
2136:
2134:
2132:
1315:erected in 1964 by Jewish activists from Riga
1072:
2667:Niewyk, Donald L., and Nicosia, Francis R.,
2444:Edelheit, Abraham J. and Edelheit, Hershel,
2412:, Oxford University Press, New York NY 2001
2352:
2350:
2147:
322:Kommandant der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD
5318:
4850:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2915:
2730:Rubenstein, Richard L., and Roth, John K.,
2678:The Murder of the Jews in Latvia: 1941-1945
2548:available on-line at the Patrin Web Journal
2276:
2072:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
189:, communists, and mentally disabled persons
5311:
5297:
3646:
3632:
3459:
3445:
2908:
2894:
2294:
2292:
2207:
2129:
2120:
2107:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1341:at Rumbula. Many years later he recalled:
73:
2347:
2308:Rumbula.org: Statement of Michael Genchik
2030:Some sources give the name Georg Jedicke.
1820:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
1083:Less is known about the Holocaust of the
2359:
2059:
2033:
2000:
1489:"The Names of Shoah Victims from Latvia"
1372:
1361:
1306:
1182:
922:
914:
898:
880:
476:
464:
460:
371:
229:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
3356:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2652:, Holocaust Library, New York, NY 1979
2289:
2185:
2126:Bloxham, Genocide on Trial, at page 198
1921:"Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jews in Latvia"
1545:
1517:
1415:had been. Once they arrived, President
762:highway, which said that Ventspils was
5701:World War II prisoner of war massacres
5673:
1987:
1869:
1321:Soviet Union reoccupied Latvia in 1944
1129:man in the Baltic States and Belarus.
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
5292:
5015:
4836:
4467:
3958:
3957:
3627:
3440:
2889:
2674:
2582:The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia
1171:It is not known how many of Latvia's
1121:. Jedicke in turn was subordinate to
541:, murdering thousands of Jews there.
5691:Local participation in the Holocaust
4438:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
3426:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
3339:War crimes investigations and trials
2770:, Carroll & Graf, New York 2005
2768:Remembering: Voices of the Holocaust
2578:Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands
2563:The Destruction of the European Jews
2376:
2299:http://www.rumbula.org/quesans.shtml
1786:
1358:In independent Latvia (1991–present)
1303:During Soviet occupation (1944–1991)
1049:
225:
17:
5243:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2669:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
2622:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
2448:, Westview Press, Boulder, CO 1994
2390:Angrick, Andrej, and Klein, Peter,
2243:Einsatzgruppen judgment, at 563-567
2067:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
2054:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
2019:The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
1995:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
934:On July 27, 1941, State Commissar (
589:As stated by the Latvian historian
271:
13:
4837:
1870:Strods, Kaspars (March 18, 2020).
1399:and its successor agencies of the
1033:was arranged, which was headed by
444:of Jews in the capital of Latvia.
424:in the action. The most important
420:and Alfred Becu, who involved the
408:. Mārtiņš Vagulāns, member of the
282:, mobile killing squads. The name
14:
5722:
3653:
3384:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule
3185:Nazi occupation and organizations
2851:
2494:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
2196:, Valentine Mitchell, London 2004
2192:Kuenzle, Anton and Shimron, Gad,
2080:"Hancock, "Genocide of the Roma""
1761:ALEXANDER DONAT (18 March 1963).
1319:During the Second World War, the
692:had to be surrendered on demand.
426:Jelgava synagogue was burned down
330:der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD
318:Einsatzkommandos 1a, 1b, 2 and 3.
4806:Polish leaders and intellectuals
4296:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
3550:Latvian people of Jewish descent
3479:
3467:
2874:Mārtiņš Ķibilds (27 July 2018).
2554: (archived October 26, 2009)
2462:, Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1999
2215:"Home - Simon Wiesenthal Center"
1947:"This Day ... In Jewish History"
22:
2624:, Oxford University Press 2000
2252:Einsatzgruppen judgment, at 589
2172:
2159:
2024:
1969:
1960:
1939:
1913:
1889:
1863:
1837:
1806:
1763:"THE HOLOCAUST KINGDOM AMEMOIR"
1754:
1729:
1712:"Lita (Lithuania) Pages 89-118"
1704:
1678:
1614:"Mark Aarons, Fingering the SS"
1393:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1233:agents, who attracted him from
1087:(called "Gypsy" in English and
617:. They were not allowed to use
36:may be too short to adequately
4734:Attack on the twentieth convoy
4547:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
3521:Burning of the Riga synagogues
3506:Jungfernhof concentration camp
3278:Jungfernhof concentration camp
2989:Burning of the Riga synagogues
2832:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
2801:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
2791:War crimes trials and evidence
1657:
1632:
1606:
1571:
1558:
1507:"The JUST Act Report - Latvia"
1499:
1481:
1460:Jungfernhof concentration camp
1330:memorial service at Bikernieki
1099:issued a decree which stated:
978:protested against the idea of
870:
865:
861:Jungfernhof concentration camp
855:Jungfernhof concentration camp
368:Burning of the Riga synagogues
238:(which included Latvia): a map
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
3588:Great Choral Synagogue (Riga)
3511:Kaiserwald concentration camp
3496:History of the Jews in Latvia
3283:Kaiserwald concentration camp
2880:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
2811:Hitler and the Final Solution
2683:Northwestern University Press
2508:Hitler and the Final Solution
2371:
2332:World Reacts to the Holocaust
2319:World Reacts to the Holocaust
2167:Hitler and the Final Solution
1876:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
1773:– via Internet Archive.
1465:Kaiserwald concentration camp
769:
362:Killings begin: Nazi invasion
339:Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer
5706:Eastern Front (World War II)
5071:Jewish war conspiracy theory
4262:Extermination through labour
3293:Salaspils concentration camp
2756:, Praeger Publishers (1991)
1765:. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
1298:Historiography and memorials
929:Salaspils concentration camp
839:
740:
641:, and they had to hand over
574:
7:
5253:Righteous Among the Nations
4468:
3939:Righteous Among the Nations
3366:Righteous Among the Nations
2938:Related articles by country
2869:Propagandistic German video
2847:(well indexed HTML version)
1845:"Rezekne and the Holocaust"
1789:"The Holocaust in Kraslava"
1428:
1249:Nuremberg Military Tribunal
834:Righteous Among the Nations
745:After that, Grauel went to
10:
5727:
4990:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4960:Lithuanian Security Police
4879:Reich Security Main Office
3846:Evidence and documentation
3475:Jews and Judaism in Latvia
3197:Reichskommissariat Ostland
2752:Schneider, Gertrude, ed.,
2396:The Final Solution in Riga
1450:The Holocaust in Lithuania
1178:
1076:
1073:Romani Holocaust in Latvia
1053:
874:
858:
807:
773:
708:
704:
578:
508:. On the night of July 3,
492:
485:assemble a group of Jews,
365:
266:Reich Security Main Office
236:Reichskommissariat Ostland
5620:
5582:
5324:
5206:Books and other resources
5193:
5109:
5038:
5034:
5011:
4945:
4917:
4858:
4845:
4832:
4771:
4719:
4672:
4609:
4579:
4517:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4463:
4421:
4380:
4332:
4318:
4280:
4239:
4139:
4096:
3974:
3970:
3953:
3869:
3838:
3738:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
3665:
3661:
3599:
3563:
3533:
3488:
3408:
3392:
3364:
3338:
3322:
3301:
3265:
3210:
3184:
3058:
3022:
2981:
2923:
2182:, at pages 16 and 245-248
1419:addressed the gathering:
796:. The chief of the local
181:
151:
129:
118:
114:22 June 1941 to late 1944
110:
100:
88:
79:Exhibit presented at the
72:
67:
5686:The Holocaust by country
4796:People with disabilities
4729:Aid and Rescue Committee
3252:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2863:Holocaust in the Baltics
2704:The SS—Alibi of a Nation
2675:Press, Bernhard (2000).
2544:Encyclopedia of Genocide
2425:, and Matthäus, Jürgen,
2392:Die "Endlösung" in Riga.
2284:History of the Holocaust
1897:"Latvia SIG - Varaklani"
1475:
1455:The Holocaust in Estonia
1147:vagabundierende Zigeuner
1139:zu weiteren Veranlassung
483:Latvian Auxiliary Police
402:Latvian Auxiliary Police
350:region, was assigned to
172:Latvian Auxiliary Police
5681:The Holocaust in Latvia
5319:The Holocaust in Europe
4937:Order Police battalions
3555:Latvia–Israel relations
3171:Franz Walter Stahlecker
3081:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
3030:Jewish people of Latvia
2917:The Holocaust in Latvia
2732:Approaches to Auschwitz
2720:, Holt, New York, 2002
2180:The Holocaust in Latvia
2115:The Holocaust in Latvia
1665:"What bloody Aizsargi?"
1566:The Holocaust in Latvia
1553:The Holocaust in Latvia
1540:The Holocaust in Latvia
893:Central Railway Station
633:, attend libraries and
200:crimes against humanity
196:The Holocaust in Latvia
160:Order Police battalions
142:Franz Walter Stahlecker
68:The Holocaust in Latvia
5711:Generalbezirk Lettland
5367:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4786:Soviet urban residents
3877:International response
3851:Contemporary knowledge
2636:Latvia in World War II
2069:, at pages 125 to 126.
1818:Jewish Virtual Library
1426:
1388:
1370:
1355:
1316:
1190:
1111:
931:
920:
912:
896:
613:, athletic fields and
597:in different ways and
490:
474:
381:
336:and Police Commander (
239:
5233:Memorials and museums
5171:Reparations Agreement
5166:Holocaust restitution
4744:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4267:Human experimentation
4106:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2815:at the Nizkor website
2423:Browning, Christopher
2356:Anders and Dubrovskis
1832:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1421:
1376:
1365:
1343:
1310:
1186:
1101:
1095:On December 4, 1941,
926:
918:
902:
884:
673:for the needs of the
480:
468:
461:Arajs Kommando formed
375:
233:
4433:Jewish Ghetto Police
4302:Politische Abteilung
4197:Risiera di San Sabba
4058:Natzweiler-Struthof
3605:List of Latvian Jews
3346:Einsatzgruppen trial
3136:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
2828:Stahlecker, Franz W.
2529:, New York, NY 2007
2225:on 29 September 2007
1620:on 14 September 2008
1417:Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
1401:Soviet secret police
1188:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
927:Jewish prisoners in
216:occupation of Latvia
5583:States with limited
5211:Days of remembrance
5124:Holocaust survivors
5119:Depopulated shtetls
4970:Rollkommando Hamann
4816:Jehovah's Witnesses
4634:Kamianets-Podilskyi
3696:Bohemia and Moravia
3400:Bikernieki Memorial
3202:Rollkommando Hamann
3166:Rudolf Joachim Seck
3131:Friedrich Panzinger
3111:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
2634:Lumans, Valdis O.,
2398:), Darmstadt 2006,
1793:www.seligman.org.il
1511:U.S. Dept. of State
1367:Bikernieki Memorial
1043:Marģers Vestermanis
836:for their actions.
591:Andrievs Ezergailis
380:, 15 December 1941.
5194:History and memory
5098:Forced euthanasia
5046:Nazi racial policy
4749:Danish underground
4596:Operation Reinhard
4591:Wannsee Conference
3612:List of synagogues
2843:also available at
2820:2011-07-18 at the
2807:Jeckeln, Friedrich
2700:Reitlinger, Gerald
2650:I Survived Rumbuli
2648:Michelson, Frida,
2490:Ezergailis, Andrew
2473:Ezergailis, Andrew
2458:Eksteins, Modris,
2304:2012-05-11 at the
2270:2002-02-11 at the
2219:www.wiesenthal.com
2144:, at pages 197-199
2117:, at page 100, n.5
1981:2009-05-11 at the
1644:Axis History Forum
1389:
1371:
1317:
1191:
1037:Vladimir Mintz, a
948:Schleswig-Holstein
932:
921:
913:
897:
491:
475:
382:
240:
81:Wannsee Conference
5668:
5667:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5129:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
5076:Jewish emigration
5066:Hitler's prophecy
5061:Haavara Agreement
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4995:Ypatingasis būrys
4892:Sicherheitsdienst
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4767:
4766:
4687:Bielski partisans
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4290:Totenkopfverbände
3949:
3948:
3621:
3620:
3434:
3433:
3330:Sonderaktion 1005
3273:Daugavpils Ghetto
3266:Ghettos and camps
3151:Martin Sandberger
3096:Friedrich Jeckeln
2762:978-0-275-94093-5
2535:978-0-06-019043-9
2521:Friedländer, Saul
2506:Fleming, Gerald,
2435:978-0-8032-5979-9
2408:Bloxham, Donald,
2377:Historiographical
2142:Genocide on Trial
1901:www.jewishgen.org
1741:www.jewishgen.org
1716:www.jewishgen.org
1692:on 6 October 2011
1440:Sonderaktion 1005
1276:Friedrich Jeckeln
1137:"for follow up" (
1123:Friedrich Jeckeln
1062:Daugavpils Ghetto
1056:Daugavpils Ghetto
1050:Daugavpils ghetto
976:Walter Stahlecker
919:Riga ghetto, 1942
776:Daugavpils ghetto
711:Liepāja massacres
438:collaborationists
434:Walter Stahlecker
305:Wehrmacht uniform
264:was known as the
257:Sicherheitsdienst
226:German occupation
193:
192:
138:Friedrich Jeckeln
95:Churbns Lettlands
63:
62:
5718:
5621:Dependencies and
5325:Sovereign states
5313:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5178:Holocaust denial
5156:Nuremberg trials
5146:Postwar violence
5101:
5036:
5035:
5013:
5012:
4975:Special Brigades
4965:Nederlandsche SS
4932:Police Regiments
4856:
4855:
4834:
4833:
4694:Ghetto uprisings
4682:Jewish partisans
4629:Harvest Festival
4601:Holocaust trains
4487:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4464:
4330:
4329:
4226:
4204:
4186:
4167:
4149:
3972:
3971:
3955:
3954:
3663:
3662:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3613:
3606:
3575:Peitav Synagogue
3567:
3537:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3409:Related articles
3257:Schutzmannschaft
3243:
3221:
3161:Walther Schröder
3146:Alfred Rosenberg
3141:Eduard Roschmann
3040:Joseph Carlebach
2994:Dünamünde Action
2939:
2929:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2746:
2696:
2389:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2015:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1409:Rumbula massacre
1387:unveiled in 2002
1386:
1378:Rumbula Memorial
1369:unveiled in 2001
1313:Rumbula massacre
1257:Michael Musmanno
1199:Nuremberg trials
950:), ruler of the
798:auxiliary police
766:(free of Jews).
585:Dünamünde Action
581:Rumbula massacre
565:Sturmbannführers
440:, organised the
352:Einsatzkommandos
272:The SD in Latvia
91:
77:
65:
64:
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5622:
5616:
5602:Northern Cyprus
5584:
5578:
5499:North Macedonia
5320:
5317:
5287:
5274:
5189:
5105:
5099:
5088:Madagascar Plan
5081:Kindertransport
5030:
5029:
4999:
4941:
4913:
4898:Ordnungspolizei
4854:
4841:
4820:
4763:
4715:
4668:
4639:Maly Trostenets
4610:Mass executions
4605:
4575:
4513:
4472:
4447:
4417:
4376:
4314:
4276:
4235:
4224:
4202:
4184:
4165:
4147:
4135:
4092:
3966:
3945:
3865:
3856:Hidden children
3834:
3692:Czechoslovakia
3657:
3652:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3565:
3559:
3535:
3529:
3484:
3474:
3465:
3435:
3430:
3404:
3388:
3360:
3334:
3318:
3309:Generalplan Ost
3297:
3261:
3241:
3230:Herberts Cukurs
3219:
3206:
3180:
3116:Wolfgang Kügler
3086:Erich Ehrlinger
3054:
3018:
3014:Liepāja (Šķēde)
2977:
2937:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2854:
2822:Wayback Machine
2797:Bräutigam, Otto
2793:
2744:
2716:Roseman, Mark,
2693:
2692:978-081011729-7
2576:Kaufmann, Max,
2552:Wayback Machine
2492:, "Latvia", in
2387:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2330:Ezergailis, in
2329:
2325:
2317:Ezergailis, in
2316:
2312:
2306:Wayback Machine
2297:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2272:Wayback Machine
2261:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2155:Unfinished Road
2152:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:Wayback Machine
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1851:. JewishGen.org
1843:
1842:
1838:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1787:Seligman, Jon.
1785:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1435:Segodnya (Riga)
1431:
1380:
1360:
1305:
1300:
1281:Uzvaras laukums
1227:Herberts Cukurs
1181:
1115:Ordnungspolizei
1081:
1075:
1058:
1052:
964:Jewish question
936:Reichskommissar
879:
873:
868:
863:
857:
842:
810:
786:Einsatzkommando
782:Erich Ehrlinger
778:
772:
751:Ordnungspolizei
743:
713:
707:
587:
577:
506:Herberts Cukurs
497:
473:, Summer, 1941.
463:
370:
364:
356:Erich Ehrlinger
274:
228:
89:
84:
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5623:other entities
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5574:United Kingdom
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Czech Republic
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5183:trivialization
5175:
5174:
5173:
5163:
5161:Eichmann trial
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:Nuremberg Laws
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5039:Early elements
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5020:Early elements
5017:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Arajs Kommando
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4926:Einsatzgruppen
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:Responsibility
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4618:Einsatzgruppen
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4582:Final Solution
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4443:Ústredňa Židov
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4408:Theresienstadt
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Einsatzgruppen
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Mittelbau-Dora
4050:
4041:
4036:
4034:Kraków-Płaszów
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3924:Rescue of Jews
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3516:Salaspils camp
3513:
3508:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3379:Paul Schiemann
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Arajs Kommando
3244:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:Einsatzgruppen
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3176:Eduard Strauch
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Konrāds Kalējs
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Fritz Dietrich
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2852:External links
2850:
2849:
2848:
2835:
2825:
2804:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2764:
2750:
2742:
2728:
2714:
2697:
2691:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2646:
2632:
2615:
2610:
2596:
2594:978-3866283152
2574:
2555:
2537:
2518:
2504:
2487:
2470:
2456:
2442:
2437:
2420:
2406:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2358:
2346:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2288:
2275:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2206:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2146:
2128:
2119:
2106:
2071:
2058:
2056:, at page 124.
2032:
2023:
2021:, at page 123.
1999:
1986:
1968:
1959:
1938:
1927:on 10 May 2013
1912:
1888:
1862:
1836:
1805:
1776:
1753:
1728:
1703:
1677:
1656:
1631:
1605:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1516:
1498:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:Salaspils camp
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Konrāds Kalējs
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1359:
1356:
1338:Ojārs Vācietis
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1287:Fritz Dietrich
1284:
1273:
1262:Otto Ohlendorf
1253:Einsatzgruppen
1245:Eduard Strauch
1242:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1207:denazification
1180:
1177:
1154:Arajs Kommando
1135:Fritz Dietrich
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
1001:Jewish Council
903:The Jews with
875:Main article:
872:
869:
867:
864:
859:Main article:
856:
853:
841:
838:
818:Arajs Kommando
809:
806:
790:Joachim Hamann
774:Main article:
771:
768:
742:
739:
735:Sonderkommando
709:Main article:
706:
703:
681:, securities,
665:, clothes and
576:
573:
510:Arājs Kommando
495:Arajs Kommando
493:Main article:
462:
459:
363:
360:
284:Einsatzgruppen
279:Einsatzgruppen
273:
270:
227:
224:
198:refers to the
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
168:Arajs Kommando
156:Einsatzgruppen
153:
149:
148:
131:
127:
126:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
78:
70:
69:
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5723:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5661:
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5656:
5653:
5651:
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5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:Faroe Islands
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:South Ossetia
5605:
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5598:
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5487:
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5477:
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5467:
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5460:
5459:Liechtenstein
5457:
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5264:
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5209:
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5108:
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5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Nazi eugenics
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5010:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Topf and Sons
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4947:Collaborators
4944:
4938:
4935:
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4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
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4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4885:Referat IV B4
4883:
4882:
4881: (RSHA)
4880:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4872:Schutzstaffel
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:Organizations
4857:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Romani people
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Working Group
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Kastner train
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4526:Kristallnacht
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
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4466:
4462:
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4436:
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4430:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4309:Sanitätswesen
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4272:Death marches
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
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4232:
4229:
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4222:
4220:
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4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4098:Extermination
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Sachsenhausen
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Herzogenbusch
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Bergen-Belsen
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3976:Concentration
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:United States
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
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3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:and colonies
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
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3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
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3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:The Holocaust
3649:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3601:
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3532:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
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3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:The Holocaust
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
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3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:The Holocaust
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
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3391:
3385:
3382:
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3377:
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3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:Documentation
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
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3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:Organizations
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Viktors Arājs
3223:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3212:Collaborators
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Hinrich Lohse
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
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3089:
3087:
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3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Alois Brunner
3064:
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2936:
2934:
2933:The Holocaust
2931:
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2918:
2911:
2906:
2904:
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2845:Mazel library
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
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2816:
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2808:
2805:
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2776:0-7867-1640-1
2773:
2769:
2765:
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2759:
2755:
2751:
2749:
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2740:0-664-22353-2
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:0-8050-6810-4
2723:
2719:
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2713:
2712:0-306-80351-8
2709:
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2701:
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2694:
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2673:
2670:
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2658:0-89604-029-1
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2647:
2645:
2644:0-8232-2627-1
2641:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:0-19-512556-8
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:Lewy, Guenter
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:0-02-917425-2
2605:
2601:
2597:
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2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
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2572:0-300-09557-0
2569:
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2564:
2559:
2558:Hilberg, Raul
2556:
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2549:
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2528:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:0-520-06022-9
2513:
2509:
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2502:0-8018-4969-1
2499:
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2485:9984-9054-3-8
2482:
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2471:
2469:
2468:0-395-93747-7
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2454:0-8133-1411-9
2451:
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2418:0-19-820872-3
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2110:
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2039:
2037:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2010:
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2006:
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1996:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1926:
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1916:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1877:
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1555:, at page 253
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1291:Dachau Trials
1288:
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1228:
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1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Viktors Arājs
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Hinrich Lohse
1193:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1173:Romani people
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
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1128:
1125:, the senior
1124:
1120:
1119:Baltic States
1117:chief in the
1116:
1110:
1107:
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1098:
1097:Hinrich Lohse
1093:
1090:
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1085:Romani people
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980:Hinrich Lohse
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949:
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940:Hinrich Lohse
937:
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925:
917:
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906:
905:Yellow badges
901:
894:
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887:
886:Hinrich Lohse
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878:
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850:
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837:
835:
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752:
748:
738:
736:
732:
731:Einsatzgruppe
727:
723:
718:
712:
702:
701:were killed.
700:
695:
694:Anti-Semitism
691:
688:
684:
680:
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672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
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607:Star of David
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502:
501:Viktors Arājs
496:
489:, July, 1941.
488:
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467:
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455:
451:
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446:Viktors Arājs
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Einsatzgruppe
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:the Holocaust
379:
374:
369:
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297:
295:
294:
289:
288:Romani people
285:
281:
280:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
245:
237:
234:Holocaust in
232:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:collaborators
205:
202:committed by
201:
197:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
152:Organizations
150:
147:
146:Viktors Arājs
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:Incident type
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
90:Also known as
87:
82:
76:
71:
66:
57:
47:
41:
39:
34:
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
5612:Transnistria
5453:
5263:Yizkor books
4924:
4871:
4616:
4564:in Lithuania
4524:
4422:
4307:
4300:
4289:
4223:
4201:
4182:
4163:
4146:
3929:by Catholics
3798:Soviet Union
3762:
3666:By territory
3586:
3581:
3545:Latvian Jews
3500:
3478:
3472:
3314:Jäger Report
3156:Albert Sauer
3121:Rudolf Lange
3059:Perpetrators
3045:Simon Dubnow
2928:Main article
2916:
2838:
2831:
2810:
2800:
2782:
2767:
2766:Smith, Lyn,
2753:
2731:
2717:
2703:
2677:
2668:
2649:
2635:
2621:
2599:
2581:
2577:
2561:
2543:
2540:Hancock, Ian
2524:
2507:
2493:
2476:
2459:
2445:
2426:
2409:
2395:
2394:, (English:
2391:
2361:
2339:
2334:, at 373-374
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2283:
2278:
2262:(in Italian)
2257:
2248:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2218:
2209:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2178:Ezergailis,
2174:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2122:
2114:
2113:Ezergailis,
2109:
2084:. Retrieved
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2026:
2018:
1994:
1989:
1971:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1831:
1822:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1767:. Retrieved
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1608:
1583:. Retrieved
1573:
1565:
1564:Ezergailis,
1560:
1552:
1551:Ezergailis,
1547:
1539:
1538:Ezergailis,
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1422:
1405:
1390:
1344:
1334:
1318:
1280:
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1131:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1059:
1012:
968:labour force
933:
851:and others.
843:
829:Old Believer
826:
811:
779:
744:
714:
699:Latvian Jews
671:confiscation
637:or to go to
603:food rations
588:
569:Rudolf Lange
559:Selbstschutz
557:
550:Selbstschutz
546:anti-Semitic
543:
498:
450:Pērkonkrusts
410:Pērkonkrusts
383:
337:
329:
328:(commander)
326:Befehlshaber
325:
321:
315:
308:
298:
291:
283:
277:
275:
255:
241:
210:victimizing
204:Nazi Germany
195:
194:
176:Kriegsmarine
134:Rudolf Lange
130:Perpetrators
94:
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
5650:Isle of Man
5585:recognition
5559:Switzerland
5494:Netherlands
5269:Never again
5100:(Action T4)
5026:Remembrance
4811:Homosexuals
4781:Soviet POWs
4709:Częstochowa
4257:Gas chamber
4068:Ravensbrück
4009:Gross-Rosen
4004:Flossenbürg
3887:Philippines
3819:Yugoslavia
3778:Netherlands
3706:Sudetenland
3374:Jānis Lipke
3323:Concealment
3288:Riga Ghetto
3235:Kārlis Lobe
3220:Individuals
3071:Rudolf Batz
3050:Else Hirsch
3004:Pogulianski
2745:(in German)
2388:(in German)
2153:Schneider,
1849:kehilalinks
1413:Riga ghetto
1381: [
1328:sanctioned
1266:Paul Blobel
1221:Riga Ghetto
1203:West German
988:Riga Ghetto
877:Riga Ghetto
871:Riga Ghetto
866:Confinement
784:, chief of
627:bath-houses
625:, to go to
481:Members of
418:Rudolf Batz
384:In Latvia,
244:German army
220:Riga Ghetto
214:during the
5675:Categories
5529:San Marino
5489:Montenegro
5469:Luxembourg
5449:Kazakhstan
5352:Azerbaijan
5258:Yad Vashem
5238:Uniqueness
5093:Nisko Plan
4866:Nazi Party
4674:Resistance
4644:Ninth Fort
4509:Vel' d'Hiv
4281:Nazi units
4219:Westerbork
4209:Amersfoort
4063:Neuengamme
4044:Mauthausen
4024:Kaiserwald
3994:Buchenwald
3773:Luxembourg
3566:Synagogues
3351:Riga Trial
3101:Heinz Jost
3091:Karl Jäger
2372:References
2282:Edelheit,
2086:2010-12-08
1906:2017-01-11
1830:, quoting
1686:"Timeline"
1585:2013-08-17
1493:Yad Vashem
1008:truncheons
954:lands and
770:Daugavpils
657:. Maximum
655:pharmacies
595:humiliated
579:See also:
499:On 2 July
366:See also:
344:Daugavpils
252:Daugavpils
248:Baltic Sea
54:March 2021
5640:Gibraltar
5464:Lithuania
5216:Education
5111:Aftermath
5023:Aftermath
4985:Trawnikis
4909:Wehrmacht
4904:Waffen-SS
4704:Białystok
4532:Bucharest
4504:Marseille
4381:Elsewhere
4342:Białystok
4154:Breendonk
4131:Treblinka
3984:Auschwitz
3768:Lithuania
3421:The Mover
3393:Memorials
2953:Lithuania
2165:Fleming,
2140:Bloxham,
1881:March 18,
1855:4 October
1824:3 October
1814:"Rezekne"
1035:Professor
996:Jēkabpils
992:Vitebskas
944:Gauleiter
942:(earlier
849:JewishGen
845:Varakļāni
840:Varakļāni
764:Judenfrei
760:Ventspils
747:Ventspils
741:Ventspils
726:Scripture
663:furniture
649:. Jewish
631:pavements
575:Massacres
527:Lithuania
514:arresting
310:Totenkopf
293:Wehrmacht
164:Wehrmacht
38:summarize
5660:Svalbard
5645:Guernsey
5592:Abkhazia
5544:Slovenia
5539:Slovakia
5514:Portugal
5372:Bulgaria
5201:Academia
4654:Piaśnica
4624:Babi Yar
4552:Jedwabne
4491:Roundups
4424:Judenrat
4388:Budapest
4159:Mechelen
4121:Majdanek
4078:Stutthof
4039:Majdanek
3934:by Poles
3892:Portugal
3870:Response
3861:Timeline
3839:Overview
3701:Slovakia
3688:Bulgaria
2818:Archived
2302:Archived
2268:Archived
2229:18 March
2095:cite web
1997:, at 47.
1993:Niewyk,
1979:Archived
1952:18 March
1931:18 March
1798:18 March
1769:18 March
1746:18 March
1721:18 March
1696:18 March
1670:18 March
1649:18 March
1624:18 March
1594:cite web
1429:See also
1158:Valmiera
1089:Ziguener
1079:Porajmos
1031:hospital
1029:, and a
1023:pharmacy
1019:children
722:convoyed
643:bicycles
599:deprived
531:Courland
512:started
454:executor
398:Priekule
346:and the
268:(RSHA).
123:Genocide
101:Location
5569:Ukraine
5519:Romania
5479:Moldova
5437:Ireland
5432:Iceland
5427:Hungary
5417:Germany
5412:Georgia
5402:Finland
5397:Estonia
5392:Denmark
5377:Croatia
5362:Belgium
5357:Belarus
5347:Austria
5342:Armenia
5337:Andorra
5332:Albania
5228:Lessons
4664:Rumbula
4537:Dorohoi
4518:Pogroms
4470:Victims
4320:Ghettos
4252:Gas van
4240:Methods
4214:Schoorl
4192:Bolzano
4140:Transit
4126:Sobibor
4116:Chełmno
4083:Vaivara
4019:Hinzert
3964:ghettos
3917:Vatican
3823:Croatia
3813:Ukraine
3803:Belarus
3793:Romania
3745:Hungary
3728:Germany
3718:Estonia
3713:Denmark
3683:Belgium
3678:Austria
3673:Albania
3489:History
3035:Gypsies
3023:Victims
3009:Rumbula
2999:Jelgava
2973:Ukraine
2948:Estonia
2943:Belarus
2550:at the
2546:(1997)
1568:, p.211
1542:, p245.
1351:Kaddish
1347:kaddish
1325:Rumbula
1270:Belgium
1251:in the
1239:Uruguay
1179:Justice
1066:Vidzeme
1039:surgeon
1027:laundry
1015:poverty
960:Ostland
956:Belarus
911:, 1942.
888:in the
822:Rēzekne
814:Rēzekne
808:Rēzekne
794:Latgale
756:Kuldīga
717:Liepāja
705:Liepāja
679:jewelry
651:doctors
639:schools
635:museums
611:cinemas
554:Ilūkste
539:Vidzeme
535:Zemgale
522:robbing
518:beating
487:Liepāja
414:Zemgale
406:Jelgava
390:Grobiņa
378:Liepāja
348:Latgale
301:Nazi SS
182:Victims
5655:Jersey
5597:Kosovo
5564:Turkey
5554:Sweden
5534:Serbia
5524:Russia
5509:Poland
5504:Norway
5484:Monaco
5454:Latvia
5422:Greece
5407:France
5382:Cyprus
5134:Bricha
4900:(Orpo)
4773:Others
4759:Żegota
4721:Rescue
4699:Warsaw
4659:Ponary
4569:Kaunas
4372:Warsaw
4357:Lublin
4347:Kraków
4334:Poland
4178:Drancy
4111:Belzec
4088:Warsaw
3999:Dachau
3907:Turkey
3902:Sweden
3828:Serbia
3808:Russia
3788:Poland
3783:Norway
3763:Latvia
3733:Greece
3723:France
3582:Former
3536:Groups
2982:Crimes
2968:Russia
2963:Poland
2958:Norway
2774:
2760:
2738:
2724:
2710:
2689:
2656:
2642:
2628:
2606:
2592:
2570:
2533:
2514:
2500:
2483:
2466:
2452:
2433:
2416:
2402:
2201:
2065:Lewy,
2052:Lewy,
2017:Lewy,
1834:(2008)
1235:Brazil
1231:Mossad
1166:Tukums
1162:Bauska
1025:and a
1005:rubber
984:Berlin
952:Baltic
687:silver
677:. All
647:radios
629:, use
619:trains
471:Latvia
442:pogrom
262:Berlin
105:Latvia
5630:Åland
5549:Spain
5474:Malta
5444:Italy
5248:Humor
5221:Films
4918:Units
4649:Odesa
4499:Izieu
4413:Vilna
4398:Minsk
4393:Kovno
4367:Radom
4231:Sereď
4048:Gusen
4029:Kauen
3960:Camps
3897:Spain
3882:Japan
3756:Libya
3750:Italy
1476:Notes
1385:]
972:Aryan
802:Grīva
690:coins
675:Reich
667:linen
659:norms
623:trams
615:parks
394:Durbe
5139:List
4894:(SD)
4874:(SS)
4557:Lviv
4542:Iași
4482:Jews
4403:Riga
4362:Lwów
4352:Łódź
4324:list
4173:Gurs
4046:and
3962:and
2785:1998
2772:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2231:2018
2199:ISBN
2101:link
1954:2018
1933:2018
1883:2020
1857:2023
1826:2023
1800:2018
1771:2018
1748:2018
1723:2018
1698:2018
1672:2018
1651:2018
1626:2018
1600:link
1397:NKVD
1264:and
1164:and
1060:The
909:Riga
890:Riga
685:and
683:gold
661:for
645:and
621:and
583:and
537:and
520:and
430:Riga
242:The
212:Jews
206:and
187:Roma
111:Date
4288:SS-
1237:to
958:or
946:of
812:In
733:'s
715:In
404:in
5677::
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4203:nl
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