38:
2307:
352:
Fourteen of the death sentences were never carried out since the
Soviets temporarily abolished capital punishment between 1947 and 1949, thus saving the lives of those tried and condemned during that time period. The most frequently imposed sentence was 25 years in prison with hard labor, and
381:. Kalējs died in 2001 in Australia before the extradition could proceed, maintaining his innocence to the end, stating that he was fighting Russia on the Eastern Front or studying at university when the slaughter of Jews took place in 1941. Historian of the Latvian Holocaust
214:. The unit was composed of students and former officers. All Arajs Kommando members were volunteers, and free to leave at any time. The following day, on 2 July, Stahlecker told Arājs that his commando group was to unleash against the Jews a pogrom that looked spontaneous.
385:
claimed that about a third of the Arājs
Kommando, 500 out of a maximum of around 1,500 total members, actively participated in the killings of Jews, and pointed out that one cannot be convicted of crimes against humanity based solely on membership in an organization.
353:
forfeiture of civil rights for five years, plus forfeiture of all property. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Latvian courts rehabilitated more than 40 of those convicted despite overwhelming evidence in virtually all of the cases.
259:
As can be seen in contemporary Nazi newsreels, part of a campaign to create the perception that the
Holocaust in the Baltics was local, and not Nazi-directed, the Arajs Kommando figured prominently in the
162:
360:
for several decades after the war under an assumed name, Viktors Arājs was eventually identified by a former colleague, arrested, tried, and imprisoned for his crimes. Arājs died in prison in 1988.
271:
The unit numbered about 300–500 men during the period that it participated in the killings of
Latvian Jews, and up to 1,500 members at its peak at the height of its involvement in
370:
in 1965. While living in Brazil, Cukurs was befriended by a German-speaking Mossad agent, who lured him to
Uruguay, where Cukurs was ambushed, restrained, and summarily executed.
2434:
287:
A total of 356 Arajs
Kommando members have been identified. Between 1944 and 1966, 352 of them were prosecuted by the Soviets, albeit one case was later suspended.
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761:
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More recently, the governments of Canada, the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Australia were involved in attempts to extradite
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234:. The Kommando is estimated to have killed around 26,000 Latvian Jews. Most notably, the unit took part in the
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and mental patients, as well as punitive actions and massacres of civilians along Latvia's border with the
554:
Strods, Heinrihs (2000). "Salaspils koncentrācijas nometne (1944. gada oktobris – 1944. gada septembris".
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The Arajs
Kommando unit actively participated in a variety of Nazi atrocities, including the killing of
2601:
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1892:
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1077:
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535:. Historical Institute of Latvia, Riga ; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Washington, DC.
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in 1942. In the final phases of the war, the unit was disbanded, and its personnel transferred to the
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460:, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 195-215. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Stable URL:
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712:. World War II—The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension 11. New York: Fordham University Press.
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of
November 30 and December 8, 1941, although the actual killing was carried out by 12 German
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personnel assigned to the operation. Some of the commando's men also served as guards at the
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The Hidden and
Forbidden History of Lativa Under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940-1991
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406:(September 1991). "Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners".
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377:, a former officer of the Arajs Kommando, to Latvia for trial on charges of
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366:, a deputy commander of the Arajs Kommado, was assassinated by the Israeli
357:
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590:. Vol. 14. Institute of the History of Latvia, University of Latvia.
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on 1 July 1941. Stahlecker instructed Arājs to set up a group later named
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on 4 July 1941. Commemoration of this event has been chosen for marking
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The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944
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2467:
2296:
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1301:
583:
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762:
Foreign Ministry of Latvia: The Holocaust in German-Occupied Latvia
378:
2435:
Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)
242:
and several thousand Jews deported from Germany, as guards at the
2812:
2515:
238:. They also participated in the mass slaughter of Jews from the
648:"Nazi or KGB agent? My search for my grandfather's hidden past"
367:
16:
Latvian Nazi collaborating unit that perpetrated the Holocaust
737:
Die "Endlösung" in Riga: Ausbeutung und Vernichtung 1941–1944
739:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
477:. Volume 14 of Studies on War and Genocide. pp. 65–70.
223:
197:
into the Latvian capital Viktors Arājs made contact with
692:, Reuters News Service, filed January 13, 2000, Canberra
1347:
146:
584:
Nollendorfs, Valters; Oberländer, Erwin, eds. (2005).
734:
622:"BBC News | EUROPE | Latvia killers rehabilitated"
527:
2835:
2253:
1333:
782:
179:(SD). It was a notorious killing unit during
472:
456:and Volker Riess. "Revising the Holocaust".
247:
796:
556:Yearbook of the Occupation Museum of Latvia
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1340:
1326:
789:
775:
262:burning of Riga's Great (Choral) Synagogue
36:
595:
449:
447:
445:
327:15–18 years imprisonment with hard labor
673:"Konrad Kalejs: Target for Nazi hunters"
645:
402:
2854:Latvian collaborators with Nazi Germany
1237:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
396:
76:from >100 (July 1941) to 1200 (1943)
2836:
2267:
735:Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2006).
705:
553:
500:
473:Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2009).
466:
442:
343:10 years imprisonment with hard labor
335:15 years imprisonment with hard labor
319:20 years imprisonment with hard labor
311:25 years imprisonment with hard labor
2430:Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)
2425:Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)
2241:
1827:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
1321:
770:
547:
2864:Local participation in the Holocaust
1307:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
1220:War crimes investigations and trials
579:
577:
496:
494:
462:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020959
2420:Economics and Administration Office
13:
699:
533:The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944
14:
2885:
1265:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule
1066:Nazi occupation and organizations
690:Kalejs Not Necessarily Implicated
574:
491:
208:Latvian Auxiliary Security Police
2305:
2337:Allgemeine-SS regional commands
2222:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
683:
665:
646:Kinstler, Linda (24 May 2022).
408:Journal of Contemporary History
2547:SS-Begleitkommando des Führers
2389:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS
1988:Burning of the Riga synagogues
1159:Jungfernhof concentration camp
870:Burning of the Riga synagogues
639:
614:
521:
282:
1:
2516:Secret State Police (Gestapo)
2394:Command Staff Reichsführer-SS
1164:Kaiserwald concentration camp
389:
356:After successfully hiding in
217:
173:) subordinated to the German
2780:German Earth and Stone Works
2775:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
2728:Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen
2651:Security Battalions (Greece)
2521:State Security Police (SiPo)
2494:Police and security services
1174:Salaspils concentration camp
254:Salaspils concentration camp
186:
29:German: Sonderkommando Arajs
7:
2755:Finnish Volunteer Battalion
2723:Germaansche SS in Nederland
2531:Customs Border Guards (ZGS)
1833:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1498:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
1247:Righteous Among the Nations
819:Related articles by country
10:
2890:
2414:Reich Security Main Office
1893:Lithuanian Security Police
1078:Reichskommissariat Ostland
706:Lumans, Valdis O. (2006).
501:Lumans, Valdis O. (2006).
420:10.1177/002200949102600305
298:Number of those sentenced
2768:SS-controlled enterprises
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2844:Arajs Kommando personnel
2526:SS Security Service (SD)
2460:Ideological institutions
2046:Ninth Fort November 1941
1648:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1403:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
1133:Latvian Auxiliary Police
273:anti-partisan operations
158:Latvian Auxiliary Police
89:The Holocaust in Belarus
2859:The Holocaust in Latvia
2641:Order Police battalions
2552:Reichssicherheitsdienst
2511:Criminal police (Kripo)
2501:Uniformed police (Orpo)
2409:Head Operational Office
1468:Franz Walter Stahlecker
1052:Franz Walter Stahlecker
962:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
911:Jewish people of Latvia
798:The Holocaust in Latvia
268:in present-day Latvia.
191:After the entry of the
85:The Holocaust in Latvia
2874:Generalbezirk Lettland
2791:German Equipment Works
2506:Schutzpolizei (Schupo)
2227:Einsatzgruppen reports
2192:List of Einsatzgruppen
2041:Kaunas 29 October 1941
1538:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
709:Latvia in World War II
507:. Fordham Univ Press.
504:Latvia in World War II
458:The Historical Journal
266:Holocaust Memorial Day
248:
171:Lettische Hilfspolizei
170:
142:
31:Latvian: Arāja komanda
2685:SS Division Totenkopf
2680:SS Division Das Reich
2675:Leibstandarte (LSSAH)
2124:Kremnička and Nemecká
1593:Waldemar Klingelhöfer
2327:SS and police leader
2291:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2207:Einsatzgruppen trial
2069:Operation Tannenberg
1750:Antanas Impulevičius
1623:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1227:Einsatzgruppen trial
1017:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
135:Sonderkommando Arajs
2690:SS Polizei Division
2669:SS-Verfügungstruppe
2661:Waffen-SS divisions
2614:Rollkommando Hamann
2157:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2101:Gully of Petrushino
1618:Gustav Adolf Nosske
1453:Friedrich Panzinger
1383:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1281:Bikernieki Memorial
1083:Rollkommando Hamann
1047:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1012:Friedrich Panzinger
992:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
291:
2745:British Free Corps
2733:Germanske SS Norge
2695:SS Division Wiking
2474:Das Schwarze Korps
1804:Sicherheitspolizei
1760:Algirdas Klimaitis
1558:Friedrich Buchardt
1473:Bruno Streckenbach
290:
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2763:
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2540:Führer protection
2480:SS-Junker Schools
2235:
2234:
2180:
2179:
2075:Intelligenzaktion
1921:
1920:
1912:Ypatingasis būrys
1812:Sicherheitsdienst
1768:
1767:
1633:Martin Sandberger
1603:Walter Kutschmann
1588:Friedrich Jeckeln
1378:Reinhard Heydrich
1315:
1314:
1211:Sonderaktion 1005
1154:Daugavpils Ghetto
1147:Ghettos and camps
1032:Martin Sandberger
977:Friedrich Jeckeln
746:978-3-534-19149-9
719:978-0-8232-2627-6
679:. 3 January 2000.
529:Andrew Ezergailis
514:978-0-8232-2627-6
454:Ruth Bettina Birn
404:Breitman, Richard
383:Andrew Ezergailis
350:
349:
306:44 (30 executed)
236:Liepāja massacres
204:Walter Stahlecker
176:Sicherheitsdienst
151:Nazi collaborator
119:
118:
67:Sicherheitsdienst
2881:
2803:Allach porcelain
2750:Kaminski Brigade
2705:Foreign SS units
2582:Schutzmannschaft
2567:
2566:
2450:Education Office
2445:Personnel Office
2404:SS Medical Corps
2382:Main departments
2368:Heinrich Himmler
2358:Joseph Berchtold
2309:
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2255:
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2239:
2238:
2106:Zmievskaya Balka
2036:Kaunas June 1941
1993:Dünamünde Action
1930:
1929:
1858:Schutzmannschaft
1777:
1776:
1578:Erich Isselhorst
1518:Wolfgang Birkner
1513:Ernst Biberstein
1485:Einsatzkommandos
1463:Heinrich Seetzen
1408:Walther Bierkamp
1368:
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1356:Einsatzkommandos
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1335:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1290:Related articles
1138:Schutzmannschaft
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1042:Walther Schröder
1027:Alfred Rosenberg
1022:Eduard Roschmann
921:Joseph Carlebach
875:Dünamünde Action
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244:Rumbula massacre
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156:, was a unit of
110:Deputy commander
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2017:
2013:Liepāja (Šķēde)
1974:
1956:
1917:
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1820:Ordnungspolizei
1764:
1745:Herberts Cukurs
1728:
1682:
1678:Udo von Woyrsch
1643:Hermann Schaper
1638:Emanuel Schäfer
1613:Josef Meisinger
1598:Wolfgang Kügler
1523:Helmut Bischoff
1490:Sonderkommandos
1488:
1483:
1477:
1418:Erich Ehrlinger
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1190:Generalplan Ost
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1111:Herberts Cukurs
1100:
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997:Wolfgang Kügler
967:Erich Ehrlinger
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895:Liepāja (Šķēde)
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114:Herberts Cukurs
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2399:SS Main Office
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1128:Arajs Kommando
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2286:Allgemeine SS
2284:
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2270:Schutzstaffel
2263:
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2170:
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2167:Mizocz Ghetto
2165:
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2147:Drobytsky Yar
2145:
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1971:
1968:
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1952:Slutsk Affair
1950:
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1942:Łachwa Ghetto
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1785:
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1740:Viktors Arājs
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1733:Collaborators
1731:
1725:
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1700:
1697:
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1694:August Becker
1692:
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1689:
1687:Other members
1685:
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1663:Eugen Steimle
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1482:Commanders of
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1438:Erich Naumann
1436:
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1423:Wilhelm Fuchs
1421:
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1297:The Holocaust
1295:
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1183:Documentation
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1123:Organizations
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1106:Viktors Arājs
1104:
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1007:Hinrich Lohse
1005:
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948:
947:Alois Brunner
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815:
814:The Holocaust
812:
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484:9781845456085
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249:Schutzpolizei
245:
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209:
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201:
200:Brigadeführer
196:
195:
184:
182:
181:the Holocaust
178:
177:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
154:Viktors Arājs
152:
148:
144:
143:Arāja komanda
140:
136:
132:
131:
127:
121:Military unit
115:
112:
108:
105:
104:Viktors Arājs
102:
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93:
90:
86:
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79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
2818:Sudetenquell
2786:Ostindustrie
2624:Selbstschutz
2618:
2587:Byelorussian
2570:Paramilitary
2472:
2416: (RSHA)
2268:
2212:Jäger Report
2162:Lviv pogroms
2081:
2073:
1970:Kalevi-Liiva
1947:Minsk Ghetto
1910:
1899:Rollkommando
1898:
1886:
1884:
1856:
1840:Sonderdienst
1838:
1831:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1799: (RSHA)
1794:
1786:
1714:Felix Landau
1673:Martin Weiss
1653:Erwin Schulz
1628:Walter Rauff
1608:Rudolf Lange
1563:Ernst Damzog
1553:Karl Brunner
1533:Walter Blume
1503:Gerhard Bast
1489:
1484:
1433:Bruno Müller
1394:
1354:
1348:
1195:Jäger Report
1127:
1037:Albert Sauer
1002:Rudolf Lange
940:Perpetrators
926:Simon Dubnow
809:Main article
736:
708:
689:
685:
676:
667:
655:. Retrieved
652:The Guardian
651:
641:
629:. Retrieved
625:
616:
586:
559:
555:
549:
532:
523:
503:
474:
468:
457:
411:
407:
398:
372:
362:
358:West Germany
355:
351:
286:
270:
258:
232:Soviet Union
221:
211:
207:
198:
192:
190:
174:
134:
129:
128:
125:
123:
57:Nazi Germany
18:
2823:Anton Loibl
2808:Apollinaris
2718:Germanic-SS
2713:Austrian SS
2332:SS commands
2003:Pogulianski
1573:Ludwig Hahn
1528:Paul Blobel
1508:Rudolf Batz
1443:Arthur Nebe
1413:Horst Böhme
1255:Jānis Lipke
1204:Concealment
1169:Riga Ghetto
1116:Kārlis Lobe
1101:Individuals
952:Rudolf Batz
931:Else Hirsch
885:Pogulianski
631:1 September
283:Prosecution
240:Riga Ghetto
2838:Categories
2597:Lithuanian
2485:Lebensborn
2373:Karl Hanke
2315:Leadership
2031:Ninth Fort
1875:Lithuanian
1863:Belarusian
1850:Non-German
1583:Karl Jäger
1458:Otto Rasch
1428:Heinz Jost
1232:Riga Trial
982:Heinz Jost
972:Karl Jäger
607:9984601927
562:: 87–153.
390:References
218:Activities
145:), led by
95:Commanders
81:War crimes
53:Allegiance
2636:Trawnikis
2602:Ukrainian
2468:Ahnenerbe
2297:Waffen-SS
2152:Drohobycz
2082:AB-Aktion
2023:Lithuania
1879:Ukrainian
1658:Franz Six
1302:The Mover
1274:Memorials
834:Lithuania
592:CiteSeerX
568:1407-6330
436:159733077
295:Sentence
187:Formation
163:‹See Tfd›
100:Commander
48:1941—1944
2607:Estonian
2279:Branches
2142:Babi Yar
2116:Slovakia
1887:Kommando
1867:Estonian
1371:Director
755:69983159
728:64595899
677:BBC News
541:33403580
531:(1996).
379:genocide
130:Kommando
2849:Nazi SS
2813:Mattoni
2671:(SS-VT)
2592:Latvian
2346:Leaders
2293:(SS-TV)
2185:Records
2134:Ukraine
2008:Rumbula
1998:Jelgava
1962:Estonia
1934:Belarus
1871:Latvian
916:Gypsies
904:Victims
890:Rumbula
880:Jelgava
854:Ukraine
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