265:): "To all patriotic Latvians, Pērkonkrusts members, Students, Officers, Militiamen, and Citizens, who are ready to actively take part in the cleansing of our country of undesirable elements" should enroll themselves at the office of the Security Group at 19 Valdemāra Street. On 4 July Arājs and his henchmen trapped about 20 Jews, who had not been able to take flight before the advancing Germans, in the Riga Synagogue on Gogoļa Street. There they were burnt alive while hand grenades were thrown through the windows. The Arājs commando consisted of 500–1500 volunteers. The unit murdered approximately 26,000 people, first in Latvia and then in Belarus. Arājs was promoted to police major in 1942, and in 1943 to
308:, but Richards Plavnieks, who extensively researched Arājs' life, believes this to be false. To the contrary, Arājs was due to be a major defendant in what British officials called the "Riga Ghetto Case", a mass trial of 16 war criminals to be conducted by a British military tribunal. Survivors spent years collecting testimonies for the trial, but British authorities dropped the case.
237:, whom Arājs had known in high school and in the Latvian army. Because of this friendship, Arājs was introduced to Stahlecker, got on their best side, and gained their trust. Arājs recruited the core of his troops from his student fraternity and Pērkonkrusts.
273:, the former Latvian pilot, was the adjutant to Arājs. Arajs Kommando were notorious for their ill treatment of women. Viktors Arājs raped a Jewish woman, Zelma Shepshelovitz, during the war. Her testimony served a crucial part in the trials of
240:
On 2 July Arājs learned from
Stahlecker during a conference that his unit had to unleash a pogrom that was supposed to appear spontaneous. On 4 July 1941, the German leadership turned loose "Security Group Arājs", generally referred to as the
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179:, which may have helped him get a job with the Latvian police after he left the university. Arājs remained with the Latvian police until he left the service in 1938. During the
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331:. For participation in the murder of 13,000 people, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1988, Arājs died in solitary confinement in a prison in
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183:, Arājs was a "low ranking provincial police officer" who, as a loyal administrator, dutifully "distanced himself officially from the
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251:) Arājs. On the same day, the Germans ran a recruiting advertisement in the occupation-controlled Latvian language newspaper
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640:, translation from German by Laimdota Mazzarins. Northwestern University Press, Evanston (IL) 2000, p. 70.
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as an assistant at a printing company. On 21 December 1979, he was found guilty in the State Court of
Hamburg (
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229:. Arājs then took over an abandoned police precinct house at 19 Valdemāra Street. Arājs' future commanders,
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With assistance from the
Latvian government-in-exile in London, Arājs took on the cover name of
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296:. After that he is rumored in some sources to have worked as a driver for the British in the
505:"'Appeasement Gone Mad': The Riga Ghetto Case and the Politics of British War Crimes Trials"
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List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
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1980:
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1181:
931:
274:
143:
681:
Vestermanis, Margers (Leiter des Museum "Juden in
Lettland" in Riga):
419:
The "Final
Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944
1607:
1251:
387:
Marģers
Vestermanis (Leiter des Museum "Juden in Lettland" in Riga):
226:
2091:
478:
222:
134:
Viktors
Bernhard Arājs was born on 13 January 1910 in the town of
323:) of having on 8 December 1941 conducted the Jews of the greater
135:
42:
2719:
332:
64:
421:. Volume 14 of Studies on War and Genocide. pp. 65–70.
163:
233:
and Robert
Stieglitz, had with them a Latvian translator,
1297:
158:
in the
Latvian Army. In 1932, Arājs studied law at the
2217:
2827:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by
Germany
166:, but completed his degree only in 1941 after the
190:
2812:Latvian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
2753:
595:. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 18.
221:began on 22 June 1941. Shortly afterwards, the
479:"The Riga Ghetto and Latvian Holocaust Museum"
2203:
1283:
732:
146:and his mother came from a wealthy family of
416:
122:. The Arajs Kommando murdered about half of
16:Latvian SS officer and Holocaust perpetrator
746:
684:Rezension zu "Der Tod des Henkers von Riga"
648:. (originally published under the title of
638:The murder of the Jews in Latvia: 1941–1945
565:The Murder of the Jews in Latvia: 1941–1945
390:Rezension zu "Der Tod des Henkers von Riga"
2782:Latvian military personnel of World War II
2210:
2196:
1290:
1276:
739:
725:
626:, Fordham University Press, New York 2006
187:", the ultra-nationalist party in Latvia.
91:(13 January 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a
2807:Latvian people who died in prison custody
412:
410:
351:
349:
347:
219:war between Germany and the Soviet Union
2792:Latvian people of Baltic German descent
1187:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
712:Bibliographie zum Holocaust in Lettland
554:, Verfahren Nr. 856, LG Hamburg 791221.
2832:Prisoners who died in German detention
2754:
619:, Verfahren Nr. 856, LG Hamburg 791221
417:Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2009).
407:
344:
2822:People convicted of murder by Germany
2191:
1777:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
1271:
720:
593:Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich
557:
502:
365:
360:Das Personenlexicon zum Dritten Reich
1257:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
1170:War crimes investigations and trials
329:mass shootings in the Rumbula forest
285:Until 1949, Arājs was interned in a
696:Newsletter des Fritz Bauer Institut
13:
2802:Latvian people convicted of murder
476:
156:mandatory national defense service
14:
2863:
2218:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
1215:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule
1016:Nazi occupation and organizations
702:
2842:Nazis who died in prison custody
2777:People from Courland Governorate
2772:People from Baldone Municipality
225:abandoned Riga to the advancing
2172:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
650:Judenmord in Lettland 1941–1945
509:Journal of Contemporary History
170:. He was a member of the elite
1938:Burning of the Riga synagogues
1109:Jungfernhof concentration camp
820:Burning of the Riga synagogues
535:
496:
470:
449:
435:
378:
197:Burning of the Riga synagogues
191:Activities during World War II
1:
2837:Nazis convicted of war crimes
1114:Kaiserwald concentration camp
667:Zeitung "Tēvija" vom 4.7.1941
573:
459:Zeitung "Tēvija" vom 4.7.1941
2847:Latvian emigrants to Germany
2602:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
1124:Salaspils concentration camp
154:, which he left in 1930 for
7:
2787:University of Latvia alumni
1783:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1448:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
1197:Righteous Among the Nations
769:Related articles by country
698:, Nr. 18 vom Frühjahr 2000.
503:Miner, Samuel (July 2022).
404:, Nr. 18 vom Frühjahr 2000.
298:British military government
280:
142:. His father was a Latvian
112:German occupation of Latvia
10:
2868:
1843:Lithuanian Security Police
1028:Reichskommissariat Ostland
603:(Aktualisierte 2. Auflage)
194:
2733:
2707:
2672:
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2590:Operation Paperclip (USA)
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2134:
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2041:
2009:
1971:
1928:
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1882:
1875:
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1746:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
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1132:
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1041:
1015:
889:
853:
812:
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652:, Metropol, Berlin 1992.
521:10.1177/00220094221087856
181:Ulmanis' régime in Latvia
106:officer who took part in
75:
53:
28:
21:
2852:Arajs Kommando personnel
2614:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
2565:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
1996:Ninth Fort November 1941
1598:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1353:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
1083:Latvian Auxiliary Police
610:Justiz und NS-Verbrechen
545:Justiz und NS-Verbrechen
338:
313:Victor (Viktors) Zeibots
1418:Franz Walter Stahlecker
1002:Franz Walter Stahlecker
912:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
861:Jewish people of Latvia
748:The Holocaust in Latvia
327:to their deaths by the
306:British occupation zone
129:
2243:Ludolf von Alvensleben
2177:Einsatzgruppen reports
2142:List of Einsatzgruppen
1991:Kaunas 29 October 1941
1488:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
624:Latvia in World War II
373:Latvia in World War II
2624:Stroessner (Paraguay)
2074:Kremnička and Nemecká
1543:Waldemar Klingelhöfer
477:Museum, Riga Ghetto.
400:. In: Newsletter des
245:or Special Commando (
118:as the leader of the
2715:Krunoslav Draganović
2253:Hermine Braunsteiner
2157:Einsatzgruppen trial
2019:Operation Tannenberg
1700:Antanas Impulevičius
1573:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1177:Einsatzgruppen trial
967:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
402:Fritz Bauer Institut
290:prisoner-of-war camp
160:University of Latvia
2508:Other nationalities
2323:Josef Schwammberger
2107:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2051:Gully of Petrushino
1568:Gustav Adolf Nosske
1403:Friedrich Panzinger
1333:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1231:Bikernieki Memorial
1033:Rollkommando Hamann
997:Rudolf Joachim Seck
962:Friedrich Panzinger
942:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
622:Lumans, Valdis, O,
321:Landgericht Hamburg
138:, then part of the
2817:SS-Sturmbannführer
2708:Disputed / dubious
2607:list of scientists
2595:list of scientists
2585:Videla (Argentina)
2515:Tscherim Soobzokov
1754:Sicherheitspolizei
1710:Algirdas Klimaitis
1508:Friedrich Buchardt
1423:Bruno Streckenbach
689:2018-08-13 at the
672:2016-03-15 at the
615:2018-01-29 at the
550:2018-01-29 at the
464:2016-03-15 at the
395:2018-08-13 at the
267:SS-Sturmbannführer
172:student fraternity
2749:
2748:
2668:
2667:
2655:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
2580:Perón (Argentina)
2558:State involvement
2530:
2529:
2384:Vjekoslav Vrančić
2364:Vjekoslav Luburić
2354:Andrija Artuković
2278:Walter Kutschmann
2231:German / Austrian
2185:
2184:
2130:
2129:
2025:Intelligenzaktion
1871:
1870:
1862:Ypatingasis būrys
1762:Sicherheitsdienst
1718:
1717:
1583:Martin Sandberger
1553:Walter Kutschmann
1538:Friedrich Jeckeln
1328:Reinhard Heydrich
1265:
1264:
1161:Sonderaktion 1005
1104:Daugavpils Ghetto
1097:Ghettos and camps
982:Martin Sandberger
927:Friedrich Jeckeln
601:978-3-596-16048-8
317:Frankfurt am Main
259:
213:Daugavpils ghetto
209:Liepāja massacres
168:Soviet occupation
152:Jelgava Gymnasium
150:. Arājs attended
86:
85:
2859:
2694:Simon Wiesenthal
2619:Banzer (Bolivia)
2539:
2538:
2431:Feodor Fedorenko
2313:Walter Schreiber
2308:Eduard Roschmann
2283:Johann von Leers
2228:
2227:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2056:Zmievskaya Balka
1986:Kaunas June 1941
1943:Dünamünde Action
1880:
1879:
1808:Schutzmannschaft
1727:
1726:
1528:Erich Isselhorst
1468:Wolfgang Birkner
1463:Ernst Biberstein
1435:Einsatzkommandos
1413:Heinrich Seetzen
1358:Walther Bierkamp
1318:
1317:
1306:Einsatzkommandos
1292:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1240:Related articles
1088:Schutzmannschaft
1074:
1052:
992:Walther Schröder
977:Alfred Rosenberg
972:Eduard Roschmann
871:Joseph Carlebach
825:Dünamünde Action
770:
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636:Press, Bernard,
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231:Franz Stahlecker
205:Rumbula massacre
60:
38:
36:
19:
18:
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2857:
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2797:Latvian rapists
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2751:
2750:
2745:
2729:
2703:
2684:Beate Klarsfeld
2680:Serge Klarsfeld
2664:
2628:
2553:
2526:
2503:
2499:Herberts Cukurs
2482:
2473:Aleksander Laak
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2152:Commissar Order
2126:
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2005:
1967:
1963:Liepāja (Šķēde)
1924:
1906:
1867:
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1770:Ordnungspolizei
1714:
1695:Herberts Cukurs
1678:
1632:
1628:Udo von Woyrsch
1593:Hermann Schaper
1588:Emanuel Schäfer
1563:Josef Meisinger
1548:Wolfgang Kügler
1473:Helmut Bischoff
1440:Sonderkommandos
1438:
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1427:
1368:Erich Ehrlinger
1343:
1337:
1309:
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1266:
1261:
1235:
1219:
1191:
1165:
1149:
1140:Generalplan Ost
1128:
1092:
1072:
1061:Herberts Cukurs
1050:
1037:
1011:
947:Wolfgang Kügler
917:Erich Ehrlinger
885:
849:
845:Liepāja (Šķēde)
808:
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708:
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691:Wayback Machine
678:
674:Wayback Machine
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617:Wayback Machine
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552:Wayback Machine
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397:Wayback Machine
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315:. He worked in
283:
271:Herberts Cukurs
215:
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132:
71:
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58:
57:13 January 1988
49:
40:
39:13 January 1910
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2650:Charles Lescat
2647:
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2640:Rodolfo Freude
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2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2598:
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2582:
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2575:Nasser (Egypt)
2572:
2570:Franco (Spain)
2567:
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2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
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2521:Aarne Kauhanen
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2426:John Demjanjuk
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2318:Horst Schumann
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
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2293:Hermann Michel
2290:
2285:
2280:
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2265:
2263:Adolf Eichmann
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:Franz Abromeit
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2207:
2200:
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2183:
2182:
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2169:
2167:Korherr Report
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:The Black Book
2144:
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243:Arājs Kommando
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764:The Holocaust
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632:0-8232-2627-1
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583:Braune Helden
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235:Hans Dressler
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124:Latvia's Jews
121:
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109:
108:the Holocaust
105:
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98:
97:Baltic German
94:
90:
89:Viktors Arājs
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
52:
48:
44:
31:
27:
23:Viktors Arājs
20:
2725:Stille Hilfe
2517:(Circassian)
2493:
2436:Mykola Lebed
2369:Ante Pavelić
2359:Anton Geiser
2328:Franz Stangl
2303:Walter Rauff
2273:Aribert Heim
2248:Klaus Barbie
2162:Jäger Report
2112:Lviv pogroms
2031:
2023:
1920:Kalevi-Liiva
1897:Minsk Ghetto
1860:
1849:Rollkommando
1848:
1836:
1806:
1790:Sonderdienst
1788:
1781:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1749: (RSHA)
1744:
1736:
1689:
1664:Felix Landau
1623:Martin Weiss
1603:Erwin Schulz
1578:Walter Rauff
1558:Rudolf Lange
1513:Ernst Damzog
1503:Karl Brunner
1483:Walter Blume
1453:Gerhard Bast
1439:
1434:
1383:Bruno Müller
1344:
1304:
1298:
1145:Jäger Report
1055:
987:Albert Sauer
952:Rudolf Lange
890:Perpetrators
876:Simon Dubnow
759:Main article
695:
682:
664:(in Latvian)
649:
637:
623:
592:
580:(in Russian)
564:
559:
537:
512:
508:
498:
486:. Retrieved
482:
472:
456:(in Latvian)
451:
442:(in Russian)
437:
418:
388:
380:
372:
367:
362:, at page 18
359:
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216:
185:Pērkonkrusts
174:
133:
100:collaborator
88:
87:
79:Leading the
69:West Germany
59:(1988-01-13)
2767:1988 deaths
2762:1910 births
2645:Alois Hudal
2478:Karl Linnas
2457:Carl Værnet
2410:René Lagrou
2400:Pierre Daye
2379:Dinko Šakić
2374:Ivo Rojnica
2268:Hans Eisele
1953:Pogulianski
1523:Ludwig Hahn
1478:Paul Blobel
1458:Rudolf Batz
1393:Arthur Nebe
1363:Horst Böhme
1205:Jānis Lipke
1154:Concealment
1119:Riga Ghetto
1066:Kārlis Lobe
1051:Individuals
902:Rudolf Batz
881:Else Hirsch
835:Pogulianski
709:(in German)
679:(in German)
607:(in German)
589:(in German)
542:(in German)
385:(in German)
356:(in German)
325:Riga Ghetto
302:Delmenhorst
201:Riga ghetto
110:during the
2756:Categories
2535:Assistance
1981:Ninth Fort
1825:Lithuanian
1813:Belarusian
1800:Non-German
1533:Karl Jäger
1408:Otto Rasch
1378:Heinz Jost
1182:Riga Trial
932:Heinz Jost
922:Karl Jäger
574:References
567:, page 70.
263:Fatherland
195:See also:
144:blacksmith
104:Nazi SS SD
35:1910-01-13
2523:(Finnish)
2452:Søren Kam
2419:Ukrainian
2224:Fugitives
2102:Drohobycz
2032:AB-Aktion
1973:Lithuania
1829:Ukrainian
1608:Franz Six
1252:The Mover
1224:Memorials
784:Lithuania
529:0022-0094
227:Wehrmacht
2734:See also
2549:Ratlines
2466:Estonian
2342:Croatian
2092:Babi Yar
2066:Slovakia
1837:Kommando
1817:Estonian
1321:Director
687:Archived
670:Archived
613:Archived
548:Archived
488:22 April
462:Archived
393:Archived
371:Lumans,
281:Post-war
258:Latvian:
223:Red Army
176:Lettonia
2673:Hunters
2487:Latvian
2393:Belgian
2135:Records
2084:Ukraine
1958:Rumbula
1948:Jelgava
1912:Estonia
1884:Belarus
1821:Latvian
866:Gypsies
854:Victims
840:Rumbula
830:Jelgava
804:Ukraine
779:Estonia
774:Belarus
585:(russ.)
563:Press,
294:Germany
287:British
136:Baldone
116:Belarus
93:Latvian
43:Baldone
2720:ODESSA
2682:&
2445:Danish
2043:Russia
2011:Poland
2001:Ponary
1930:Latvia
1876:Crimes
1851:Hamann
1835:Arajs
1773:(Orpo)
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1723:Groups
1314:People
813:Crimes
799:Russia
794:Poland
789:Norway
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333:Kassel
253:Tēvija
211:, and
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2122:Odesa
339:Notes
1765:(SD)
1741:(SS)
1303:and
654:ISBN
642:ISBN
628:ISBN
597:ISBN
525:ISSN
490:2018
483:Riga
423:ISBN
217:The
164:Riga
130:Life
114:and
102:and
54:Died
29:Born
1856:TDA
517:doi
300:in
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