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Architect produced a standard Design for Tread Mill
Adapted for Country Districts Average Estimate £120. Between 25 and 30 men worked at the mill at any one time. Sixteen operated the treadmill, although as there are no plans, it is uncertain whether it comprised a standard 16-place treadmill, or two 8-place sections connected to a common shaft. Each man would climb five steps to get onto the wheel, standing on the 9-inch-wide (23 cm) treads and holding on to the rail. The men would then work as though ascending steps to operate the treadmill. Some undertook this task while in leg irons, while the more able used one hand to hold on and the other to draw sketches of people, animals and scenes on the boards of the mill. The men would work from sunrise to sunset with three hours rest in the middle of the day in summer, and two hours in winter. The first casualty of the treadmill, which produced the first official record of its existence, occurred in September 1829 when prisoner Michael Collins lost his life after being entangled in the operating mechanism. Maps of 1840s Brisbane feature a rectangular structure attached to the outside of the tower,
512:, causing severe damage throughout, including to the treadmill. A convict millwright was brought from Sydney in June for the repairs, which amounted to a major rebuild of the structure that was not completed until May 1837. In April 1839, with the closure of the Moreton Bay penal settlement being planned, the windmill tower was one of the buildings recommended for transfer to the colony. This was approved in 1840-41 but it continued to sporadically process grain until 1845, when due to crop failure, a stagnant population and the availability of imported flour, it finally ceased being used. The penal settlement had officially closed in February 1842. The treadmill operated until 1845 and had been removed by October 1849.
28:
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order to reduce the risk of vandalism to the tower, but fell vacant. In 1926 the City
Architect, AH Foster, proposed a plan for beautifying the observatory, which included removal of the cottage and adjacent sheds. The tender of Messrs Guyomar and Wright to remove the cottage, shed and outhouse for £60 was accepted. At this time the stone and wrought iron wall along Wickham Terrace was erected. It was intended to add "dignity to the historical reserve, and harmonise with the massive character of the Tower".
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971:: two opposite the door, one above the other, another above the door and two more higher up facing north and south. The tiny windows that currently provide illumination for the top floor under the observation cabin are a unique aspect. The sliding windows in the lookout or observation house were installed in 1988 to resemble the originals. The timber double entrance door at the base of the tower has a stone drip mould over it, as do the casements.
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at
Brisbane, those by Bowerman from the 1850s appear to show some kind of encircling platform at this reefing stage level. A photograph taken during restoration work undertaken in 1988 while the render was being replaced seems to show a series of slots that may have held supports for a reefing stage. Behind these were middle and inner hardwood lintels, the former having been replaced with steel hollow sections in 1996.
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834:, hexagonal timber cabin or observation house, and time ball and timber mast. At its base the tower is approximately 8.4 metres (27 ft 7 in) in diameter, reducing to about 4.5 metres (14 ft 9 in) at the top. Excluding the time ball and its mast, it stands at about 16 metres (52 ft) in height on Wickham Terrace in Spring Hill, overlooking the modern office towers of
964:. A round hardwood mast projects out of the roof of the cabin. It has a 160 square base, is lap-spliced inside the cabin to a 160 square post that carries down to the third floor. A riveted copper time-ball with central hole sits atop the cabin, with its hoisting rope running through top of the mast. As part of its function the time ball was raised to the top of the mast.
469:. The growing settlement was to be self-sufficient in feeding its residents by cultivating corn (also known as maize) and wheat crops at the government farm, which were then processed into meal and flour by hand mills. By 1827, with a substantial crop to process, the settlement storekeeper recommended a treadmill be erected to grind the crop into flour. Commandant
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timekeeping in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through the use of time balls and a time gun at the site from 1861 until 1930. The earliest research in
Queensland into wireless radio and telephony was undertaken at the tower from 1922. Cutting edge television technology was also researched and demonstrated at the tower from 1924 until at least 1949.
838:. The tower occupies the western end of the reserve, with the reconstructed flagstaff in its eastern half. Surrounding these is lawn. The boundary on Wickham Terrace is formed by a low stone wall with regular stone piers, between which are strung single chain guards, and a garden bed behind. About halfway along its length is a decorative iron archway and stone
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the tower shows a "closed-up opening" which may be the only surviving evidence of the location of the treadmill as the location where the shaft joining the two. The report does not give a location for this. Expert speculation about the format of the treadmill would suggest that the drive shaft connected to a short end of the treadmill.
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distinctive even in the earliest pictorial representations of the
Brisbane landscape. Despite subsequent city development obscuring or entirely obliterating the views to it from other parts of the area, the windmill tower is still strongly evocative and symbolic of Queensland's convict past, one of its key periods of significance.
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was discontinued in 1921 by the state government, which then sought a new use for the structure and land. Despite this the flagstaff remained in place until 1949. From
January 1893 the Fire Brigade implemented a nightly observation post from a specially constructed platform on top of the tower. This was used until around 1922.
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landscape of
Brisbane and its environs. Despite earlier calls to erase evidence of Brisbane's convict past, "sentiment and pragmatism combined to override the detrimental taint of convictism" saving the tower from destruction. The sails were still in place in 1854 and appear in a painting of the windmill completed in 1855.
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included removal of old render and re-rendering the entire structure. It was at this time that the flagstaff was removed in preparation for making the open ground of the reserve "a real park". Certainly these conservation efforts considered the heritage value of the place as well as the public's use of it.
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Petrie also installed a time ball on the tower to provide a reliable authority for regulating clocks and watches. It was dropped at one o'clock each day based on observations relayed by telegraph from Sydney. The time ball was replaced by a time gun in 1866, with an embankment and shed constructed to
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By 1855 Brisbane was the leading
Queensland port and it became important to establish signal stations to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town, one of which was set up on Windmill Hill. This required modifications to the tower to include a semaphore station
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After the cessation of milling operations there were discussions about possible future use of
Brisbane's windmill tower. In December 1849 the tower was put up for auction and bought by a government official who promptly sought tenders for removal of it and its machinery (the auction terms required it
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Being the oldest extant windmill tower in
Australia, and Queensland's oldest stone building, the Windmill Tower in Brisbane is an exemplar of this class of cultural place. Its height and location on a central Brisbane hilltop are also important in demonstrating the characteristics of an early signal
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The Windmill Tower has potential to contribute new knowledge and a greater understanding of Queensland's early settlement and development. Potential exists for archaeological evidence relating to all phases of occupation and use, particularly the convict period and evidence of the external treadmill
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There is no clear sign of where the drive shaft from the external treadmill entered the tower, although the 1861 renovations may have disguised the entry point. The internal wall of the tower shows many signs of repair, any of which may be related to the treadmill operation. The ground floor wall of
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above the door and window. This has been referred to as the reefing stage at about 3,190mm above ground. The reefing stage for a windmill is an exterior platform from where the miller can turn the cap via an endless chain hanging from the cap and access the sails. The earliest images of the windmill
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Connecting Brisbane project. It was intended that the structure be publicly accessible to allow visitors to experience the view from its observation platform, a practice that has been commented on since the 1860s. In 2008–2009 the Brisbane CBD Archaeological Plan assessed the area of the observatory
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In 1982 City Council undertook some external maintenance work on the observation house or cabin, including replacement of deteriorated timber to the balcony and sills, and corrugated iron on the roof, and repair of the time ball and its mast (which was shortened by about 300 millimetres (12 in)
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From 1922 to 1926 the tower served the Institute of Radio Engineers for meetings and experiments, Gympie Radio Pioneer A. E. Dillon 4CH, was the first experimenter to conduct Medium Wave tests and transmissions from this tower in late 1921 or early 1922. The Tower was ideally suited for this purpose
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noted soon after that construction was in progress. The mill was constructed on the highest point overlooking the settlement on what is now Wickham Terrace. By 31 October 1828 the first grain was being ground at the site by a mill gang; however it is supposed that this was done by a treadmill as the
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The Windmill Tower has a special association with the Brisbane and Queensland communities, serving as an important landmark and being a tangible and symbolic representation of European settlement of the state. The tower was recognised as early as 1850 for its landmark and picturesque qualities in a
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The Windmill Tower in Spring Hill is tangible evidence of the initial European occupation of the Moreton Bay area and important physical evidence of the development of it as a penal settlement, free settlement and separate colony. It is the oldest convict-built structure surviving in Queensland and
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The entire exterior surface is rendered in a mock ashlar finish (substantially renewed in 1988). However the brick section was not first rendered until the 1880s and the stone plinth not until circa 1900. A lip is created in the render surface at the first floor or reefing stage level. Above, below
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undertook detailed investigations regarding restoration and transfer of trusteeship from the council to the trust (the latter were abandoned in 1976). None of the original plans or any of the original windmill machinery parts could be located at that time. Based on these findings the National Trust
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The Windmill Tower is important in illustrating various key phases of the history of Brisbane. It has been used for a variety of purposes, including the grinding of grain and as a form of punishment for convicts, as a trigonometrical survey station, as a signal station for shipping, the Queensland
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clay brick except for a segment on part of the third floor (at about 10,500 to 13,000 millimetres (410 to 510 in) above ground) where the outer half of the wall is stone with brick inside. Some random stones run the full width of the wall here. Six narrow, regularly spaced windows open out of
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the tower as "ghost raconteurs" have suggested. An often reported "light in the window" story was found to be typical of ghostlore and according to Nickell, "a simple illusion". In all, the investigation resulted in Nickell stating that the stories of the Tower Mill hauntings are the work "of some
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A cottage for the signalman was constructed in 1883 to the immediate west of the tower to plans prepared by Government Architect FDG Stanley and on part of the Waterworks reserve. Two years later a detached kitchen was also constructed behind it to the south of the tower. Use of the signal station
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from May 1839 in preparation for the area being opened to free settlement. Land leases in the wider Brisbane area were issued under s.28 of the Regulations of 29 March 1848 and were nominally one mile square sections within a grid defined by (magnetic) north/south/east–west section lines. The grid
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inside. Two sketches from the early 1830s show the windmill tower and its sail stocks in place, while an 1839 description depicts a tower built from stone and brick, comprising four floors, a treadmill and windmill. From 1829 the windmill tower was said to be continually requiring repair, possibly
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Archaeological investigations at the Windmill Tower have the potential to contribute important new information about actual treadmill design and construction techniques, early punishment practices employed in Moreton Bay, the domestic conditions of mid to late nineteenth century Brisbane through
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In 1987 a consortium of companies involved in the construction of the Central Plaza office building offered to assist the Brisbane City Council with the conservation of the Windmill Tower. To inform this work a conservation study was undertaken by Allom Lovell Marquis-Kyle Architects, which also
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At this time the Queensland Institute of Radio Engineers began wireless radio and telephony research at the tower, and used the signalman's cottage to meet two nights a month. Apparatus to operate a wireless radio station was installed in 1926. The cottage was occupied on a more regular basis in
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in Western Australia. None of the nineteen windmill towers that characterised the early settlement at Sydney have survived. Technological developments, most particularly steam power which was more dependable than wind power or that generated by convict labour at a treadmill, rendered wind-driven
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continued its appeal for the windmill not to be pulled down and secured by the town, arguing that aside from its landmark and picturesque qualities it was the "best fixed point for land measurement in the district". In this vein the site was the most accessible viewing point for the picturesque
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The Windmill Tower has great aesthetic significance for its landmark quality, being situated on a prominent hilltop overlooking central Brisbane; a quality widely acknowledged from the beginnings of free settlement until the present day. The unusual and characteristic shape of the structure is
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The Windmill Tower is one of only two buildings to survive from the Moreton Bay penal settlement. It is distinctive amongst other early windmill towers around Australia in being the only surviving one built by convict labour. Other surviving towers, including the mill at South Perth in Western
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From 1945 the Brisbane City Council was considering suitable action to preserve the tower, which had become a popular visitor attraction. Some restoration work was carried out in 1950 on the advice of Frank Costello (then Officer in Charge of Planning and Building with the City Council), which
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The treadmill was an important component of the mill, for use as punishment without trial, and for times when there was no wind but the amounts of grain sufficient to sustain the settlement still required processing. No plans exist of the Brisbane treadmill; however, the Office of the Colonial
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visited the windmill October 2015 after learning that local paranormal groups considered the site haunted. The stories relate to the deaths of two Aboriginal men who were hanged from the upper window. In his investigation Nickell confirmed these deaths happened, but it was impossible for the
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From 1924 Thomas Elliott installed equipment in the tower to undertake cutting-edge television research; he and Allen Campbell giving a demonstration from the site in 1934 which constituted Queensland's first television broadcast. It was considered by many at the time as the most outstanding
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The use of the Windmill Tower as a signal station from 1855 demonstrates an aspect of innovative technology to develop a system of communication linking semaphore and electric telegraph to relay shipping news to the settlement. The tower is also an important reflection of the management of
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layers datable to each of the key phases of use of the site. In August 1993 further investigations of the fabric of the tower were undertaken to explore the extent of the footings and the nature of construction of the curb and cap frame. More conservation work was carried out in May 1996.
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and included the removal of the windmill stocks or arms and wheels; the laying of floors on each storey; new doors and windows; a weatherproof floor on the top of the tower with an iron railing; a new winding staircase from bottom to top; repair of stone, brickwork and plastering; and the
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to assist in regulating clocks and watches. Twenty years later a cottage for the signalman was constructed to the immediate west of the tower, with a detached kitchen erected to the south two years after that. Both were later demolished. The windmill tower was used as a facility for early
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attached for times when there was no wind but also as a tool for punishing convicts. The mill ceased grinding grain in 1845 and the treadmill was removed sometime before 1849. From 1855 the tower was reused as a signal station to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the
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The sections of Wickham Terrace and Bartley Street included within the heritage boundary have exceptional potential to contain remains of the convict-era treadmill. The road infrastructure, including the road surface, lighting and signage, is not of cultural heritage significance.
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On the windmill tower's interior the single volume spaces of each floor are punctuated by the hexagonal stair which connects the ground with the observatory house. The ground floor is a concrete slab while the upper floors are timber-framed with timber floor boards of hoop pine
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this wall segment. There are low rise brick arches above them and timber middle and inner lintels. In the brick above this segment, on the inside, there are curved hardwood plates (these appear to be the remains of the windmill's curb support, curb and cap frame cut down by
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The windmill tower in Brisbane is the oldest of its type left standing in Australia and further distinguished by having been built by convict labour. The earliest standing stone windmill towers extant around the country date from the 1830s and include: one built in 1837 in
594:, converted the disused structure into a gallows by running a beam out of the upper window to which was attached the nooses. The condemned were two Aboriginal men named Mullan (also known as Merridio) and Nungavil (also known as Neugavil), who had been convicted in
675:. The old gun was replaced in 1888 with another before a new electrically controlled time ball was installed in 1894. This was associated with the legislated implementation of a single time throughout the colony, being designated as ten hours earlier than the
480:, the Superintendent of Convicts at the time, recorded in his diary that convicts were "clearing ground for foundations for the Mill" and proceeded to dig a circular trench that reached bedrock and had a circumference of approximately 9 metres (30 ft).
690:, the Australian Government assumed responsibility for the site in 1901 but control reverted to the Queensland Government in 1908 when it was designated as an Observatory Reserve. In 1902 it had been connected to the Railway Telegraph Office at
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JG Steele, Brisbane Town in Convict Days, 1824–1842, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1975, p. 219. T Petrie, M Cryle & CC Petrie, Tom Petrie's reminiscences of early Queensland, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1992, p.
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so that the railways had the correct time for their operations. The evidence of historical photographs suggests that sometime between 1902 and 1912 the cabin at the top was increased in size. The time ball remained in operation until 1930.
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and around the upper ring of windows the render finish follows the simple stone frame. A single-level observation house and platform surmount the tower with a riveted copper time ball and painted hardwood mast projecting above it.
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vertical boards. The treads were strengthened and protected from further wear during the 1988 conservation work. The bottom of the stair posts are founded in the ground floor concrete slab. The stair timbers are largely red cedar
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The grounds surrounding the tower are grassed and sparsely landscaped and although there are no visible surface remnants, are likely to contain subsurface archaeological evidence of the use of the site over its entire history.
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In 2015 at the Urbne Festival in Brisbane, digital artist Alinta Krauth created the artwork, "Wind blisters those who try to run" exploring the history of the windmill, which was projected on the windmill during the festival.
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rotating cap and sails associated with the wind-powered operation of the mill were not brought to the site until November. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the wind-powered grinding of grain did not begin until December.
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to be cleared away by three months after the sale). Ownership of the place quickly reverted to the Crown because of a legal problem with the sale, but not before some dismantling had occurred. In a January 1850 article the
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oversaw conservation work. Preliminary archaeological investigations undertaken at this time identified the remains of the original flagstaff base which was reinstated. The conserved Windmill Tower was opened by the
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The oldest convict-built structure surviving in Queensland, the windmill tower has accommodated a range of uses. Constructed in 1828 to process the wheat and corn crops of the Moreton Bay penal settlement, it had a
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on the western horizon. Nearby he erected a 150-foot (46 m) mast and strung an 80-foot (24 m) antenna between it and the Tower - the most impressive configuration of its kind in Queensland at the time.
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Archaeological evidence of the treadmill would illustrate nineteenth century punishment practices and the necessity of technological solutions for the grinding of enough grain to feed the fledgling settlement.
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reserve and a length of Wickham Terrace associated with it as having exceptional archaeological research potential because of the combination of its association with the penal settlement and the low level of
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hold the gun in 1874. After 1882 the gun and shed were moved to the eastern section of the current reserve before the shed was demolished in 1908. The time gun proved useful to people as far away as Logan,
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connected to the electric telegraph. Information on ships entering the river was converted to semaphore signals using flags hoisted on a mast erected on top of the tower. The renovations were undertaken by
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Museum's first home, the official timekeeping device for the settlement, an observation tower, and as a site for wireless radio and telephony research and for early television research and broadcasting.
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P Mather, A Time for a Museum: A History of the Queensland Museum 1862–1986, special commemorative volume of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Vol. 24, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 1986, pp. 9, 14.
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The observation house is offset south of the tower's centreline and hexagonal in plan (the stairs are similarly offset). Its walls and five-faceted roof are timber-framed. Externally it is clad with
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Australia (1837), the Callington Mill at Oatlands in Tasmania (1837), and the Mount Barker mill in South Australia (1842), were constructed by non-convict labour for free enterprise concerns.
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on 31 May 1840. After their conviction, Mullan and Nungavil were returned to Moreton Bay and hanged with about 100 Aboriginal people present, most of whom attended the funeral afterwards.
1921:
For further detail regarding these timbers refer to the relevant sections of Appendices 5 & 7 of Heritage Unit, Department of Development and Planning, Brisbane City Council 1996.
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J Hogan, The Windmill of Brisbane Town: A study of the social and structural history of the windmill building, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, National Trust of Queensland, Brisbane, 1978.
876:, the walls at the base are about 1,000 millimetres (39 in) thick, reducing at the top to about 650 millimetres (26 in). To the ground and first floors the walls are stone (
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in 1922. The site of the cottage remained in the hands of the Waterworks Board and a boundary re-arrangement had to occur to allow its continued use in relation to the observatory.
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swell of public support against its proposed demolition. This public interest has been ongoing, demonstrated in concerns voiced to the present day over renovation and restoration.
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achievement thus far in the history of television in Australia. They gained a licence from the government and continued experimental broadcasting from the tower until about 1944.
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on the walls and metal sheeting on the roof. Internally it is lined with tongue-and-groove vertical boards. A door leads out to the circular balcony that surrounds it. The
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inside the tower, each driven independently by the treadmill and sail mechanisms. The former was located outside the tower, a shaft connecting the treadwheel and the mill
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Indicative of the prominence of its physical position, the tower served as one of the stations for the trigonometrical survey of the Moreton Bay district conducted by
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Circular in plan, the windmill tower is largely made of rendered stone and brick. It tapers towards the top where it is surmounted by an observation platform with an
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However, by 1962 the windmill tower was again in poor condition. Floodlighting to enhance its appearance for tourists was undertaken for the first time during the
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installation of a high flagstaff to fly signals. The tower's renovation at this time also fitted it out as a public observatory and it became known by that term.
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WS Kitson & J McKay, Surveying Queensland 1839–1945: a pictorial history, Department of Natural Resources and Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 2006, pp. 40-41.
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in 1861 to provide clearance for the stairway). These timbers appear to have been locally sourced and comprise grey ironbark and spotted gum and yellow wood (
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in particular showing a 6 by 5 metres (20 ft × 16 ft) structure, probably the treadmill, located on ground that was to become Wickham Terrace.
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465:, the contingent of convicts, soldiers, administrators and their families comprising the Moreton Bay penal settlement relocated to the site of present-day
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Henry Boucher Bowerman sketch dated circa 1831–1835 (John Oxley Library, image no. 3943) and 1835 sketch (featured in BCC Conservation Plan 1996, p. 24).
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In 2009 the Brisbane City Council received considerable funding to carry out restoration work of the windmill tower through the Queensland Government's
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G Alfredson, `Report on the archaeological investigation of the flagpole site, Wickham Terrace,' Prepared for the Central Plaza Project Team, 1989.
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1665:`Domestic Intelligence', The Sydney Herald, 26 July 1841, p. 2 and `News and Rumours of the Day', The Australasian Chronicle, 27 July 1841, p. 2.
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HT Murphy, `Callington Mill, Oatlands - Its History and Restoration,' Sixth National Conference on Engineering Heritage, Hobart, October 1992.
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indicated at this time that such a device at Brisbane town would be of service and also provide an avenue for the punishment of convicts.
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Shaw, Barry, 1947–; Brisbane History Group (2010), Brisbane : people and places of Ashgrove (1st ed.), Brisbane History Group, p29
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RL Whitmore, `The Industrial Archaeology of Brisbane's Windmill', Queensland Division Technical Papers, vol. 30, no. 5, 1989, pp. 23-32.
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683:. Adjustments were made to the tower at this time to accommodate the new time ball. The roof was lowered and the flagstaff pared down.
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V Parsons, 'Rose, Thomas (?-1837)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,
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The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
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and is the oldest surviving building in Queensland. It is also known as Brisbane Observatory and Windmill Tower. It was added to the
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Shaw, Barry, 1947–; Brisbane History Group (2010), Brisbane : people and places of Ashgrove (1st ed.), Brisbane History Group,
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leading up to a concrete path to the entrance door of the tower. The rear reserve boundary marked by a hedge adjoins that of the
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Author unknown, `Description of proposed restoration of the old windmill and reservoirs, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane,' circa 1981.
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from rainwater damage. The current render dates from a 1988 refurbishment, and is scored to imitate the stone blocks it covers.
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in 1836. Most were built to process grains into flour. Other surviving mill towers are the one built in 1842 by FR Nixon at
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formed the opinion that the building should be preserved in its present form and not reconstructed to its windmill form.
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On 3 July 1841 the windmill was the site of the first legal executions in Brisbane. The local Foreman of Public Works,
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The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.
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P Marquis-Kyle, `The Old Windmill: an account of the conservation process,' Brisbane History Group, no. 10, 1991.
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The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
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The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.
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There is little evidence confirming details of the windmill tower's planning and construction. In July 1828,
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communications research from the 1920s and underwent substantial conservation work in the 1980s and 2009.
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artefact analysis, as well other previously unknown or undocumented uses of the windmill tower site.
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The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
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and the town. Substantial renovations were made to it in 1861 including the installation of a
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2826:
2609:
2528:
1618:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 468046. New South Wales, Australia. 29 August 1840. p. 2.
1282:
WR Johnston, Brisbane: The first thirty years, Boolarong Publications, Brisbane, 1988, p. 28.
1248:
913:
881:
714:
462:
1930:
T Moore, `Spring Hill relic to reveal convict secrets', The Brisbane Times, 20 October 2009.
1440:
3516:
2675:
2513:
2508:
2488:
2483:
2374:
2187:
8:
3551:
2843:
2440:
2389:
2296:
2157:
2139:
999:
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
909:
676:
672:
616:
858:
to the east. Opposite the windmill tower is the cylindrical Tower Mill Hotel, opened in
742:
During the 1930s and 1940s the tower was the venue for pioneer television broadcasting.
2604:
2445:
2306:
2238:
1939:
Heritage, Department of Environment and Resource Management, `Brisbane CBD', viewed at
1760:
The Courier, 17 July 1861, p. 3 and Ham's Map of the City of Brisbane, JW Buxton, 1863.
1680:
1043:
station, lookout and site for wireless radio, telephony and early television research.
872:
about 1,400 millimetres (55 in) thick, which is founded on bedrock. Standing on a
776:
525:
3481:
2742:
2589:
2581:
2551:
2465:
2455:
2419:
2331:
2112:
2102:
1875:"The Tower Mill: An Archaeological Excavation of Queensland's Oldest Extant Building"
1646:
1593:
1561:
1535:
1487:
1410:
1096:
933:
651:
521:
2541:
1897:
1889:
1708:
497:
because its equipment was all made from locally available timber rather than iron.
411:
395:
224:
2161:
2143:
3377:
2670:
2556:
2414:
1447:
968:
938:
545:
537:
387:
1823:`Brisbane's Old Windmill,' Australian Heritage Magazine, Summer 2009, pp. 12-14.
650:
On 20 January 1862, the Old Windmill became the first home of the newly founded
2594:
634:
433:
2177:
850:
roofs of which nestle below the park lawn. These are places flanked by parks,
552:
in Western Australia, and another built at a similar time on an island in the
3495:
3372:
2498:
1703:
1675:
1104:
901:
869:
731:
591:
470:
256:
243:
85:
72:
1893:
1739:
Heritage Unit, Department of Development and Planning, Brisbane City Council
1609:
1336:
J Hogan, Living History of Brisbane, Boolarong Publications, Brisbane, 1988.
2571:
953:
945:
896:
831:
784:
415:
1684:. Vol. I, no. 40. Victoria, Australia. 21 August 1841. p. 3
1382:
Western Australia Register of Heritage Places, Permanent Entry, viewed at
410:
on 21 October 1992. Today it is the centrepiece of Observatory Park and a
1968:
1109:
809:
630:
2561:
2404:
2073:
957:
949:
889:
698:
Towards the end of the 19th century, the tower was encased in a cement
493:
450:
399:
379:
228:
157:
128:
118:
2711:
2105:
The Windmill and Reservoirs Precinct: Conservation Plan, Parts 1 and 2
2644:
2619:
2394:
2192:
960:
over. It is supported on the outside by closely spaced carved timber
956:
while the balcony floor is lined with flat copper sheets with timber
880:
with lime mortar) with 200-millimetre (7.9 in) deep outer stone
680:
509:
489:
446:
437:
428:
2223:
2128:
819:
529:
730:
as it commanded a panoramic view from Moreton Bay in the east, to
532:
which operated until 1890; and another built at Mount Gilead near
1942:"Initiatives (Department of Environment and Resource Management)"
892:
707:
3476:
1971:(May 2016). "Gallows Ghosts? Mystery at Brisbane's Tower Mill".
402:, Australia. It was built in the 1820s by convict labour in the
2150:
on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were computed from the
877:
873:
839:
818:
percipient's faulty imagination or the creation of a writer of
699:
595:
2103:
Heritage Unit, Department of Development and Planning (1996).
1047:
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
929:
847:
703:
442:
995:
on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
792:
1459:
Western Australia Heritage Register assessment, viewed at
582:
had its origin at the convict-built windmill in Brisbane.
1441:
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rose-thomas-2605/text3585
758:
five years later. In the early 1970s the Council and the
598:
of being accessories to the murder of Assistant Surveyor
345:–1842, 1861–1890s, 1922–1926, 1930s, 1940s (historical)
2178:
Peter Marquis-Kyle's account of the 1988 refurbishment
1712:. Queensland, Australia. 27 February 1892. p. 402
1610:"Murder of Mr. Stapylton by the Blacks at Moreton Bay"
1026:
layout and design, and the later signalman's cottage.
1873:
Hall, Jay; Prangnell, Jonathan; David, Bruno (1996).
1645:. Archerfield, Queensland: Aussie Books. p. 63.
1086:
207:
Location of The Old Windmill, Brisbane in Queensland
1872:
508:In February 1836 the windmill tower was struck by
305:Windmill Tower, Brisbane Observatory, Old Windmill
199:
1615:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
713:The site was placed under the trusteeship of the
623:
461:In May 1825, after eight months of occupation at
3493:
1507:Western Australia Heritage Register assessment,
941:), expect for the boarding, which is hoop pine.
1730:The Moreton Bay Courier, 1 December 1849, p. 3.
1004:the oldest extant windmill tower in Australia.
720:
633:in October 1861 to plans by colonial architect
2132:This Knowledge article incorporates text from
888:From the second floor to the underside of the
2727:
2208:
1747:
1745:
2370:Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre
1826:
1769:The Brisbane Courier, 30 August 1921, p. 6.
2734:
2720:
2215:
2201:
2006:
2004:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1720:– via National Library of Australia.
1692:– via National Library of Australia.
1659:
1630:– via National Library of Australia.
1577:
1549:
1501:
1453:
1433:
1424:
1376:
1367:
1358:
767:to remove some part affected by dry rot).
2153:"Queensland heritage register boundaries"
2074:"Alintakrauth.com: Alinta Krauth Artwork"
1349:
1339:
1330:
1294:
868:The tower sits on a circular sub-wall of
1321:
1312:
1303:
1285:
1276:
1267:
2741:
2188:'The Gallows of the Old Windmill Tower'
2164:licence (accessed on 5 September 2014,
2048:"Urbne Festival: Alinta Krauth Artwork"
2022:
2001:
1992:
1967:
1640:
1634:
3494:
2874:
2222:
1540:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1492:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1415:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
548:; Chapman's mill built around 1850 at
313:state heritage (archaeological, built)
176:Historic site in Queensland, Australia
2715:
2625:Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre
2302:Great Court, University of Queensland
2196:
2040:
1255:from the original on 24 February 2018
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1073:
745:
3507:Buildings and structures in Brisbane
1215:
928:). The stair winds around a central
836:Brisbane's central business district
524:; another built in the same year at
467:Brisbane's central business district
1622:from the original on 24 August 2020
986:
865:deliberately referencing its form.
13:
3557:Industrial buildings in Queensland
2146:licence (accessed on 7 July 2014,
2135:"The Queensland heritage register"
2080:from the original on 27 April 2015
2066:
2054:from the original on 27 April 2015
1882:Queensland Archaeological Research
1327:Heritage Unit, p. 3 of Appendix 7.
1122:
32:The Old Windmill, Observatory Park
14:
3583:
2400:Queensland Performing Arts Centre
2337:Queensland Performing Arts Centre
2171:
991:Windmill Tower was listed on the
456:
3562:1824 establishments in Australia
3475:
2322:Queensland Gallery of Modern Art
2127:
1089:
382:in Observatory Park adjacent to
198:
191:
26:
3502:Tourist attractions in Brisbane
2924:Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
2635:Queensland State Netball Centre
2347:Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium
2183:History of Arthur Ernest Dillon
2096:
2031:
2013:
1983:
1961:
1696:
1668:
1602:
1586:
1217:"Windmill Tower (entry 600173)"
800:that has occurred there since.
661:
2630:Queensland State Hockey Centre
2615:Lakeside International Raceway
2494:Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens
2122:
1989:Heritage Unit, Part 1, page 38
1237:
825:
624:Signal station and observatory
276:1824–1841 (convict settlement)
164:
143:
1:
2380:Brisbane Entertainment Centre
2254:Lands Administration Building
1555:`Windmills', 2008, viewed at
1273:Heritage Unit, p. 9 & 11.
1225:. Queensland Heritage Council
1115:
859:
585:
339:
3572:Moreton Bay penal settlement
3537:Queensland Heritage Register
3532:Meteorological observatories
1450:, accessed 24 November 2011.
1222:Queensland Heritage Register
993:Queensland Heritage Register
803:
760:National Trust of Queensland
721:Radio and telephony research
564:
408:Queensland Heritage Register
404:Moreton Bay penal settlement
295:Queensland Heritage Register
7:
3527:Windmills completed in 1824
3522:Grinding mills in Australia
2620:Lang Park (Suncorp Stadium)
2028:Heritage Unit, Appendix 11.
1998:Heritage Unit, Appendix 13.
1082:
813:execution to have happened
609:
337:1820s, 1860s, 1894 (fabric)
10:
3588:
2666:All Saints Anglican Church
2375:Brisbane Exhibition Ground
2327:Queensland Maritime Museum
2010:Heritage Unit, Appendix 7.
1546:, viewed 24 November 2011.
602:and one of his party near
421:
182:The Old Windmill, Brisbane
3471:
3455:
3401:
3365:
3356:
3280:
3232:
3124:
3076:
3069:
3043:
2809:
2788:
2781:
2765:
2749:
2691:St Luke's Anglican Church
2653:
2580:
2567:Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges
2527:
2474:
2428:
2360:
2287:
2231:
1796:Heritage Unit, pp. 31-32.
645:
561:mills largely redundant.
369:
365:
357:
349:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
292:
288:
280:
272:
235:
215:
186:
181:
163:
153:
142:
134:
124:
114:
109:
101:
64:
54:
46:
41:
37:
25:
20:
2640:Queensland Tennis Centre
2274:South Brisbane Town Hall
2107:. Brisbane City Council.
2037:Conservation Plan, p. 16
1787:Heritage Unit, p. 27-28.
1643:Stories of the Southside
781:University of Queensland
488:There were two pairs of
86:27.465256°S 153.022867°E
3547:Spring Hill, Queensland
2600:Chandler Aquatic Centre
1894:10.25120/qar.10.1996.96
1641:Roberts, Beryl (1991).
906:Eucalyptus siderophloia
353:amphitheatre, time ball
59:Spring Hill, Queensland
3567:Lookouts in Queensland
3512:Windmills in Australia
3257:North Rhine-Westphalia
3252:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
2696:St Stephen's Cathedral
2385:Brisbane Festival Hall
2317:Queensland Art Gallery
926:Araucaria cunninghamii
844:Spring Hill Reservoirs
808:Paranormal researcher
783:team, revealing clear
773:Lord Mayor of Brisbane
478:Peter Beauclerk Spicer
350:Significant components
167:of pairs of millstones
91:-27.465256; 153.022867
3482:Wind power portal
2610:Eagle Farm Racecourse
2168:on 15 October 2014).
1845:Heritage Unit, p. 35.
1814:Heritage Unit, p. 33.
1805:Heritage Unit, p. 30.
1751:Heritage Unit, p. 26.
1364:Heritage Unit, p. 25.
1355:Heritage Unit, p. 16.
1291:Heritage Unit, p. 17.
1249:Brisbane City Council
715:Brisbane City Council
378:is a heritage-listed
219:226 Wickham Terrace,
2676:Howard Smith Wharves
2514:South Bank Parklands
2509:Roma Street Parkland
2489:City Botanic Gardens
2484:Brisbane Forest Park
2264:Old Government House
2019:Heritage Unit, p. 37
1574:on 24 November 2011.
1522:on 19 September 2009
1498:on 24 November 2011.
1474:on 22 September 2009
1446:3 April 2015 at the
1421:on 24 November 2011.
914:Flindersia xanthoxya
257:27.4657°S 153.0231°E
3542:History of Brisbane
2743:Windmills by region
2686:St John's Cathedral
2441:Courier Mail Piazza
2390:Brisbane Powerhouse
2312:Old Museum Building
2297:Brisbane Powerhouse
2158:State of Queensland
2140:State of Queensland
1245:"Spring Hill parks"
967:The tower has five
910:Eucalyptus maculata
617:Moreton Bay Courier
600:Granville Stapylton
575:Granville Stapylton
253: /
82: /
2605:Doomben Racecourse
2451:Post Office Square
2446:King George Square
2429:Squares and plazas
2307:Museum of Brisbane
2076:. Urbne Festival.
2050:. Urbne Festival.
1973:Skeptical Inquirer
1681:Geelong Advertiser
1074:In popular culture
932:and is lined with
798:ground disturbance
777:Sallyanne Atkinson
746:Tourist attraction
414:over parts of the
334:Significant period
326:Reference no.
262:-27.4657; 153.0231
3489:
3488:
3451:
3450:
3393:US Virgin Islands
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3144:Charente Maritime
3039:
3038:
2832:Island of Ireland
2709:
2708:
2590:Ballymore Stadium
2552:Clem Jones Tunnel
2476:Parks and gardens
2466:Gasworks Newstead
2456:Queen Street Mall
2420:Wheel of Brisbane
2332:Queensland Museum
2279:Treasury Building
2156:published by the
2138:published by the
2117:978-0-9751793-6-9
1958:in November 2011.
1836:, 3 November 2009
1832:Campbell Newman,
1598:978-0-9751793-6-9
1564:on 5 October 2015
1097:Queensland portal
934:tongue-and-groove
652:Queensland Museum
522:Western Australia
373:
372:
174:
173:
138:Four storey tower
3579:
3480:
3479:
3363:
3362:
3184:Loire-Atlantique
3139:Bouches-du-Rhône
3074:
3073:
2872:
2871:
2786:
2785:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2542:Brisbane Airport
2289:Arts and culture
2269:Parliament House
2249:Government House
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2131:
2108:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1944:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1896:. Archived from
1879:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:The Queenslander
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1560:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1515:. Archived from
1514:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1467:. Archived from
1466:
1457:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1390:. Archived from
1389:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1213:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
987:Heritage listing
969:casement windows
864:
861:
856:King Edward Park
854:to the west and
482:Allan Cunningham
396:City of Brisbane
376:The Old Windmill
344:
341:
268:
267:
265:
264:
263:
258:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
225:City of Brisbane
202:
201:
195:
179:
178:
166:
145:
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
50:The Old Windmill
30:
21:The Old Windmill
18:
17:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3397:
3358:
3344:
3276:
3228:
3179:Ille-et-Vilaine
3120:
3096:Flemish Brabant
3065:
3035:
2961:Nottinghamshire
2889:Buckinghamshire
2870:
2805:
2777:
2761:
2745:
2740:
2710:
2705:
2671:Brisbane Arcade
2649:
2576:
2557:Goodwill Bridge
2547:Central station
2523:
2470:
2424:
2415:Treasury Casino
2356:
2283:
2227:
2221:
2174:
2125:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1949:
1948:on 18 June 2012
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:"Archived copy"
1508:
1506:
1502:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:"Archived copy"
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:Wayback Machine
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:"Archived copy"
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1214:
1123:
1118:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1076:
989:
939:Toona australis
862:
828:
806:
756:Warana Festival
748:
723:
702:to protect the
664:
648:
626:
612:
588:
567:
546:South Australia
538:New South Wales
459:
424:
388:Wickham Terrace
342:
338:
321:21 October 1992
297:
261:
259:
255:
252:
247:
244:
242:
240:
239:
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
203:
177:
154:Auxiliary power
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
33:
12:
11:
5:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3487:
3486:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3354:
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3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
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3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
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3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Maine-et-Loire
3191:
3189:Lot-et-Garonne
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
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3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
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3071:
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3064:
3063:
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3053:
3047:
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3037:
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3034:
3033:
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3026:
3021:
3016:
3008:
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2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2939:Leicestershire
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Greater London
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Cambridgeshire
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2867:
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2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Czech Republic
2792:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
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2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Chandler Arena
2592:
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2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Queens Gardens
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
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2366:
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2329:
2324:
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2314:
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2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Newstead House
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2172:External links
2170:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2065:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1960:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1825:
1816:
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1397:on 5 July 2009
1375:
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1348:
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1329:
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1100:
1084:
1081:
1075:
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988:
985:
895:the walls are
827:
824:
805:
802:
747:
744:
722:
719:
663:
660:
647:
644:
635:Charles Tiffin
625:
622:
611:
608:
587:
584:
566:
563:
558:South Yunderup
503:Robert Dixon's
458:
457:Grain grinding
455:
434:Brisbane River
423:
420:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
361:Convict labour
359:
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23:
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9:
6:
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3434:
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3431:Massachusetts
3429:
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3422:
3421:United States
3419:
3415:
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3407:
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3355:
3341:
3338:
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3333:
3331:
3330:South Holland
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:North Holland
3318:
3316:
3315:North Brabant
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Saxony-Anhalt
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Pas-de-Calais
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Haute-Garonne
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Côtes d'Armor
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3116:West Flanders
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:East Flanders
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
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3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Staffordshire
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
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2920:
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2900:
2897:
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2890:
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2885:
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2877:
2873:
2865:
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2860:
2857:
2855:
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2850:
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2845:
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2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
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2718:
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2714:
2702:
2699:
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2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Albert Bridge
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
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2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:Sports venues
2579:
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2530:
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2499:New Farm Park
2497:
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2464:
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2413:
2411:
2410:Queen's Wharf
2408:
2406:
2403:
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2398:
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2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
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2373:
2371:
2368:
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2362:Entertainment
2359:
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2352:State Library
2350:
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2270:
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2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Customs House
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
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2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
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2145:
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2110:
2106:
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2100:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1903:on 3 May 2013
1899:
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1652:0-947336-01-X
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1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Andrew Petrie
1103:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1080:
1071:
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1062:
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1018:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:chamferboards
942:
940:
935:
931:
927:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Andrew Petrie
898:
894:
891:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Brisbane Tuff
866:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
816:
811:
801:
799:
794:
789:
786:
785:stratigraphic
782:
778:
774:
768:
764:
761:
757:
752:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:Darling Downs
727:
718:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
659:
657:
653:
643:
639:
636:
632:
621:
618:
607:
605:
604:Mount Lindsay
601:
597:
593:
592:Andrew Petrie
583:
580:
576:
572:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
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531:
527:
523:
519:
513:
511:
506:
504:
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:Patrick Logan
468:
464:
454:
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448:
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435:
430:
419:
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401:
397:
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368:
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336:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:Official name
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:Design period
271:
266:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
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194:
185:
180:
169:
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159:
156:
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137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
95:
67:
63:
60:
57:
55:Mill location
53:
49:
45:
40:
36:
29:
24:
19:
16:
3473:
3441:Rhode Island
3247:Lower Saxony
2996:Warwickshire
2944:Lincolnshire
2884:Bedfordshire
2757:South Africa
2701:Pugin Chapel
2681:The Mansions
2572:Story Bridge
2537:Airport Link
2519:Wickham Park
2436:Anzac Square
2342:Old Windmill
2341:
2162:CC-BY 3.0 AU
2152:
2144:CC-BY 3.0 AU
2134:
2126:
2104:
2097:Bibliography
2082:. Retrieved
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1969:Nickell, Joe
1963:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1935:
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1885:
1881:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1735:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1661:
1642:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1588:
1579:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:the original
1551:
1524:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1503:
1476:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1455:
1435:
1426:
1399:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1220:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1063:
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1055:
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1050:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
990:
981:
977:
973:
966:
958:duckboarding
954:wrought iron
943:
922:
918:
897:English bond
890:cantilevered
887:
867:
852:Wickham Park
846:, the three
832:iron railing
829:
814:
807:
790:
769:
765:
753:
749:
741:
737:
728:
724:
712:
697:
685:
665:
662:Time keeping
656:Queen Street
649:
640:
627:
613:
589:
579:James Warner
571:Robert Dixon
568:
554:Murray River
542:Mount Barker
534:Campbelltown
514:
507:
499:
487:
475:
460:
425:
416:Brisbane CBD
384:Wickham Park
375:
374:
15:
3517:Tower mills
3282:Netherlands
3242:Brandenburg
3159:Deux-Sèvres
3001:West Sussex
2966:Oxfordshire
2909:East Sussex
2849:Isle of Man
2123:Attribution
1979:(3): 12–13.
1558:"Windmills"
1259:25 February
1110:John Petrie
863: 1968
826:Description
810:Joe Nickell
692:Roma Street
631:John Petrie
518:South Perth
392:Spring Hill
343: 1828
260: /
248:153°01′23″E
236:Coordinates
231:, Australia
221:Spring Hill
110:Information
89: /
77:153°01′22″E
65:Coordinates
3552:Time balls
3496:Categories
3325:Overijssel
3300:Gelderland
3010:Yorkshire
2971:Shropshire
2934:Lancashire
2562:Legacy Way
2461:South Bank
2405:Riverstage
2232:Government
1907:30 October
1704:"SKETCHER"
1116:References
950:balustrade
688:Federation
669:Caboolture
586:Executions
490:millstones
451:television
400:Queensland
380:tower mill
318:Designated
245:27°27′57″S
229:Queensland
158:Treadwheel
149:Four sails
129:Tower mill
102:Year built
74:27°27′55″S
3463:Australia
3366:Caribbean
3305:Groningen
3295:Friesland
3272:Thuringia
3164:Finistère
3006:Wiltshire
2954:windpumps
2645:The Gabba
2529:Transport
2395:Cloudland
2239:City Hall
2226:landmarks
804:Hauntings
681:Greenwich
677:mean time
565:Surveying
510:lightning
494:cogwheels
463:Redcliffe
447:telephony
438:time ball
429:treadmill
170:Two pairs
119:Corn mill
47:Mill name
3436:New York
3426:Illinois
3402:Northern
3383:Barbados
3204:Morbiham
3056:Portugal
3044:Southern
2976:Somerset
2899:Cornwall
2864:Anglesey
2854:Scotland
2827:Guernsey
2810:Northern
2654:Heritage
2224:Brisbane
2166:archived
2148:archived
2084:20 April
2078:Archived
2058:20 April
2052:Archived
1676:"SYDNEY"
1620:Archived
1536:cite web
1488:cite web
1444:Archived
1411:cite web
1253:Archived
1229:1 August
1083:See also
962:brackets
820:fakelore
610:Landmark
550:Wonnerup
530:Tasmania
526:Oatlands
358:Builders
216:Location
146:of sails
3456:Oceania
3378:Antigua
3359:America
3340:Zeeland
3335:Utrecht
3310:Limburg
3290:Drenthe
3234:Germany
3169:Gironde
3106:Limburg
3101:Hainaut
3086:Antwerp
3078:Belgium
3070:Western
2986:Suffolk
2949:Norfolk
2876:England
2822:Estonia
2817:Denmark
2789:Eastern
1716:7 April
1688:7 April
1401:21 June
893:balcony
882:lintels
708:masonry
673:Ipswich
422:History
412:lookout
386:at 226
135:Storeys
115:Purpose
3414:Quebec
3409:Canada
3262:Saxony
3224:Vendée
3199:Manche
3126:France
2991:Surrey
2844:Jersey
2801:Poland
2782:Europe
2773:Israel
2750:Africa
2160:under
2142:under
2115:
1834:"bmag"
1649:
1596:
878:ashlar
874:plinth
840:stairs
815:inside
700:render
686:After
646:Museum
596:Sydney
329:600173
42:Origin
3388:Nevis
3373:Aruba
3357:North
3219:Somme
3111:Namur
3061:Spain
3051:Malta
3024:South
3019:North
2914:Essex
2904:Devon
2859:Wales
1952:8 May
1901:(PDF)
1888:: 1.
1878:(PDF)
1626:9 May
1568:8 May
1526:9 May
1520:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1478:9 May
1472:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
930:newel
848:gable
704:brick
556:near
443:radio
284:1820s
281:Built
3209:Nord
3149:Cher
3134:Aude
3029:West
3014:East
2929:Kent
2837:Down
2766:Asia
2113:ISBN
2086:2015
2060:2015
1954:2017
1909:2018
1718:2024
1690:2024
1647:ISBN
1628:2017
1594:ISBN
1570:2017
1542:link
1528:2017
1494:link
1480:2017
1417:link
1403:2009
1346:243.
1261:2018
1231:2014
912:and
793:Q150
706:and
671:and
577:and
449:and
310:Type
125:Type
105:1828
1890:doi
952:is
916:).
822:."
679:at
544:in
536:in
528:in
165:No.
144:No.
3498::
2003:^
1977:40
1975:.
1886:10
1884:.
1880:.
1744:^
1706:.
1678:.
1612:.
1538:}}
1534:{{
1490:}}
1486:{{
1413:}}
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1247:.
1219:.
1124:^
908:,
860:c.
775:,
658:.
573:,
520:,
445:,
418:.
398:,
394:,
390:,
340:c.
227:,
223:,
2735:e
2728:t
2721:v
2216:e
2209:t
2202:v
2088:.
2062:.
1956:.
1911:.
1892::
1655:.
1572:.
1544:)
1530:.
1496:)
1482:.
1419:)
1405:.
1263:.
1233:.
937:(
924:(
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